Hiki iā ʻoe ke lohe pinepine i ka ʻōlelo hoʻopunipuni i ʻae ʻia ʻo Freud i ka male kāne a manaʻoʻiʻo he "bisexual mai ka hānau ʻana." E noʻonoʻo kākou.

I kāna hana ʻEkolu mau manaʻo e pili ana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka moekolohe, ke kālailai ʻana i ke kuhiakau o ka predisposition biological i ka homosexuality (a i ka hopena e haʻi ana ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia), ʻōlelo ʻo Freud i kā Fliess kumumanaʻo o "bisexuality kumukānāwai" (ʻo ia hoʻi, bisexualic organic) o ka poʻe Eia nō naʻe, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i kā lākou physiology, ʻaʻole i ka moekolohe. ʻO kēia ke kumumanaʻo aomimamua o ka bisexuality psychological. ʻO nā kāne like ʻelua he mau hiʻohiʻona kūpono o ka wahine ʻē aʻe: nā ʻōpio i nā kāne, ke clitoris ma nā wahine, ʻoi aku nā kāne a me nā kāne kāne i kūkulu ʻia i loko o ke kino o lāua, a pēlā pū kekahi. Ua manaʻo ʻo Freud ʻo kēlā kanaka ke ʻano hui o nā ʻāpana symmetrical ʻelua, ʻoi kekahi, he melemine, a ʻo kekahi ʻano wahine ʻē aʻe, "a no laila hiki i nā mea āpau ke hōʻike i nā hiʻohiʻona wahine a me nā kāne a i ʻole nā ​​hemahema. Eia naʻe, ke kuhikuhi nei i nā mea i ʻike ʻia e ka wahine o ka male.

"ʻAʻole hiki ke hōʻike i kahi pilina pili loa ma waena o ka herthaphroditism herpesaphitical a hoʻokumu ʻia ka anatomical ... ʻAʻohe pono a hōʻoia paha no ka pani ʻana i ka pilikia psychological me ka anatomical ... ʻO ke kuhiakau ʻole, ke ʻano o ke ʻano, i loko o kekahi ʻano ʻano pīhoihoi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka" sex ʻekolu "e nānā."^[1]

No ka manaʻo i ka hoihoi wahine, i manaʻoʻiʻo Freud i ka manawa mua i paʻa ʻole ia. ʻIke nui nā keiki i nā ʻokoʻa ʻaʻole ma waena o nā kāne, akā pū kekahi me nā mea pili i ka laulā nui, a kau aku iā lākou me ka waiwai nui iā lākou (Freud kapa "polymorphic perversion"). ʻOiai he mea kūlohelohe ka wahine i ka pili ʻana i nā kāne, i loko o kahi pākeke ʻo nā ʻōpiopio pēpē e hōʻike nei i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka psychosexual, ʻoiai ʻo kāna pahuhopu loa he heoseosexuality E like me Freud i kākau ai:

"ʻAʻole hiki i nā kāne like ʻole i hoʻopiha i nā kū hoʻokahi o ka hoʻomohala pilikino."^[2]

Ua kākau ʻo Freud i kēlā me kēia hana hoʻomohala e lawe i loko o ia iho ka hua o ke kulekele, i hiki ke hōʻike iā ia iho a me nā mea e hoʻohiolo.

"ʻO ka hana i hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka hana moekolohe, ma waena o nā mea maʻamau ʻē aʻe, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka poʻe hoʻowalewale, ʻoiai me ka hana o ka wahine?^[3]

Ke hōʻike nei i kahi loiloi maʻi haʻahaʻa a me ka manaʻike, ʻike kekahi kanaka no nā kumu he nui i hiki ke paʻa i nā kikowaena waena o ka hoʻomohala ʻole me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pono heterosexual. ʻO nā kumu pili i kēia mau hakakā kūloko hoʻi ʻole, ka hoʻoweliweli, hōʻole ʻia e ka poʻe hoaʻāina, kākā ʻohana ʻohana makemake ʻole, nā pilina pili ʻole me ka makuakāne ʻauhau nui a me ka makuahine mālama pono ʻole, a me ka makuakāne nāwaliwali, ʻole a i ʻole ʻole. Wahi a Freud:

"ʻO ka hele ʻana o kahi makua ikaika e hoʻolako no ke keiki  ia maʻamau ke koho i kahi ʻano kolohe, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi kanaka o nā kāne ʻē aʻe. "^[4]

ʻEkolu mau hanana nui o ka hoʻomohala ʻokoʻa ʻana:

1) Kahiʻike (ke kauā nei nā keiki iā lākou iho).

2) Kaikahiki (makemake nā keiki i kā lākou iho wahine - e pāʻani nā keikikāne me nā keikikāne, nā kaikamahine me nā kaikamahine).

3) heterosexual (pae hope o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kahi kanaka makua i hoʻokō pono ʻole i nā hana o mua).

ʻO ka homosexuality kahi hoʻoponopono i nā papa mua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ma kahi ʻē ma waena o ka narcissism pēpē a me ka heterosexuality makua, kahi kokoke loa i ka narcissism, ʻo ka mea ke koho ʻia i koho ʻia no ka like me ia iho. Wahi a Freud:

“ʻIke mākou ua loaʻa nā poʻe me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka moekolohe, e like me nā perverts a me nā kāne like ʻole, e koho i nā mea o kā lākou aloha ma o ka mea kuhi. Lawe lākou iā lākou iho e hoʻohālike ma ke ʻano.^[5]

ʻO ia hoʻi, me ka hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻole o nā hanana, ua mālama ʻokoʻa ka autoerotic phase, a me ka makemake libidinal i nā mea o waho (object cathexis) i ka pae narcissistic. ʻO ke hopena, ke ʻimi nei ke kāne i kahi mea aloha e hōʻike nei iā ia iho, kahi, e like me ia iho, ke koi ʻia i ka male kāne. Pēlā, ua pili pono ke kanaka me ia a me kāna ʻano kāne ponoʻī ma ke ʻano o kekahi kanaka, e hōʻailona ana iā ia iho.

ʻO ke kumu maʻamau o ka male male, e like me Freud, he hana maʻamau loa a me ka hoʻonāʻana i ka makuahine i ka manaʻo o ka paʻakikī Oedipus. Aia i ka hopena o ka wā puberty e hiki mai ana ka manawa e kahuli ai i ka makuahine i kekahi mea moekolohe, ʻo ke kanaka ʻōpio, aia i kahi neʻe loa aku i ka makuahine, e hōʻike ana iā ia iho. Psychologically, ʻo ia iho i hoʻololi i ia mea a hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻimi i nā mea e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i kāna ego a hāʻawi i ke aloha a me ka mālama ʻana i loaʻa ai iā ia mai kona makuahine.^[6]

Ma ka ʻike ʻana me ka makuahine, hiki iā ia ke hoʻāʻo e hoʻokani i kāna kuleana ma o ka mea hoʻokipa. Inā ikaika aʻe ka ʻike ʻana me ka makuakāne, e hōʻike aku ʻo ia i nā kāne ʻē aʻe i ka hana pānaʻi, e hōʻailona ana iā lākou i ka wahine a i ka manawa like like me ka hōʻike ʻana aku i ka huhū iā lākou i ke kāne. No laila, ʻo ka homosexuality, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ala e hiki ai i ka hoʻonāukiuki me ka makuakāne a me ka makuakāne a hōʻoluʻolu i ka makemake pili i ka manawa like.

Ua hōʻike ʻo Freud i ka male male Nā Kūlana^[7] (perversvers) ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i ka huaʻōlelo - Hoʻopiʻi^[8] (hoʻohuli), i hōʻike ʻia i "ʻĀpana"^[8] (kahi ʻokoʻa mai ka maʻamau), kāhea ʻia "Wehewehenga Fatal"^[9] и "ʻO kahi kuhi hewa i ke koho ʻana i kahi kiʻi kolohe". ^ E Ha yM. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ia, ua pili ka homosexuality i ka paranoia.^[10] a me ka hipi^[11].

No hea mai ka hāʻule ʻana mai kēlā Freud i "hoʻopaʻa ʻia" i hoʻohālike?

Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo hope loa

"ʻO ka homosexuality he mea ʻole ia he maikaʻi, ʻaʻole hoʻi he kumu no ka hilahila, ʻaʻole hoʻi he kuhua a me ka hōʻino ʻole. ʻAʻole hiki ke helu ʻia he maʻi. Manaʻo mākou ua ʻano ʻano o kēia i ka hana moʻo ʻana ... "

Hoʻopili nei i kēia ʻōlelo me ka nānā iki, lawe aku nā mea LGBT i ko lākou pale, wahi a lākou, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Freud iho, he ʻano ʻano kēia, ʻaʻole he maʻi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia kuʻuna kīnā ʻole APA ma ka Lawrence v. Texas pili kānāwai, ka mea i hoʻopiʻi ai i ke hoʻopau ʻana o nā kānāwai sodomy i ka mokuʻāina 14. Eia naʻe, ʻo ke ʻano ka huaʻōlelo a pau:

"Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei mākou he ʻano ʻano like ʻole o kēia hana i hana ʻia e kekahi pani. 

ʻO ia hoʻi, kahi hōʻeha ʻeha kēia PATHOLOGY mai kahi kūlana maʻamau a i ʻole kahi hanana hoʻolālā.

ʻAʻohe pili kēia ʻōlelo i ka hana a Freud. Lawe ʻia ʻo ia mai ka leka pane ʻana o 1935 o ka makahiki i kekahi makuahine nāna i noi iā ia e hoʻopakele i kāna keiki kāne i ka wahine pelekane. I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole ʻike ka psychiatry i ke ʻano kūpono o ka mālama ʻana i ka kāne male, a no laila, i ka nele o ka maikaʻi, ua hana ʻo Freud i nā mea e hana ai a ka luna o kāna ʻoihana - hoʻāliʻi ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana o ka makuahine kīnā ʻole, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo iā ia ʻaʻohe mea hewa o kāna keiki kāne. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka mea āna i manaʻo ai i ka male i ka pelekane e maopopo mai kāna mau palapala.

ʻO 20 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua kākau aku nei ka mea maʻi holomua manuahi o Freud iā Edmund Bergler i ka mea aʻe:

"10 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, hiki i ka ʻepekema ʻoi loa ke hāʻawi he hoʻolauleʻa o kahi kāne like ʻole me kona" hopena ", i ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ke kāʻili ʻana o kahi hewa. Ua hōʻike maoli ʻia e ka maʻi psychiatric a me ka noiʻi i ka hopena i manaʻo ʻia ʻole e hoʻoweliweli ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā kāne i kekahi mau kāne (ʻo kekahi manawa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kūlana olakino a me nā kūlana o ka hormonal) ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale i kahi maʻi therapeutically variable o neurosis. Hōʻalo ka hopena o ka pakanima therapeutic i nā wā ma mua: i kēia lā hiki i ka psychoanalytic psychotherapy ke ho'ōla i ka male.^[12]

Hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu e pili ana i nā haneli o nā hoʻohālike lapaʻau. maanei.

E nānā pū mākou i ke kuhiakau psychoanalytic o homophobia ", e like me ka" homosexualit latent ", ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i kāohi ʻia i nā ʻano homosexual o ke kanaka, ua hoʻololi ʻia ma lalo o ka hana o ka hana pale o ka" reactive hoʻokumu "i makemake ʻole i nā homosexuals. ʻAʻole pili iā Freud ka mea kākau o kēia kuhiakau, no ka mea ua kuhi hewa ʻia ia, akā na ka poʻe parapsychologist Pelekane, criminologist a me ka homosexual ʻo Donald West, nāna i hōʻike mua iā ia i ka makahiki 1977. ʻO kēia moemoeā he mea ia o ka hana rhetorical i hoʻolālā ʻia e huikau nā mea kūʻē i ka neʻe male.

A ʻoiai i loko o nā hihia pākahi, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka huhū i ka wahine i ka hana hoʻohālike e hana i kahi alibi pilikino, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i nā hana noʻonoʻo, ʻoiai ʻo ka "react formation" i hana ʻole.

ʻO ka mea kākau o ka huaʻōlelo "latent homosex", ʻo Sigmund Freud, i hoʻomaopopo ʻia e ia i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka homoseksual i hoʻokumu ʻia i kēlā me kēia kanaka, hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka naʻaupō i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka psychosexual normal.

"ʻO ka hoʻoikaika o ka hoʻokauʻi ʻana i kēlā me kēia kanaka ka hakakā ma waena o ʻelua mau ʻano kiʻi. ʻO ka moʻo ʻana o ka wahine i hoʻomau ʻia i ka manaʻo o ka moekolohe i ka wahine ʻole. "^[13]

Aia ma lalo iho kahi hiʻohiʻona o kahi hoʻolaha lawelawe aupuni maoli mai nā makahiki 80 mai ka nūpepa ʻAmelika e pili ana i ke kumuhana o "latent homosexuality":

Ma 1996, ua hoʻāʻo ʻia ma ke Kulanui o Georgia e hāʻawi i kahi kumu empirical no ka West hypothesis, ʻaʻole naʻe i hūnā i nā hopena hopena a ua hōʻole ʻia e kekahi mau haʻawina ma hope.

 

Puna	Mālama, ka helu o nā kāne♂ a me nā wahine♀	Hoʻohālikelike Heteronā kāne pilikino,%	Ke ʻano no ka loiloi ʻana i ka hoihoi homothetical huna	Ke ʻano no ka loiloi ʻana i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻano koʻikoʻi ma ka hana like	Hiki i nā hopena ke hōʻike i ke aloha ʻia mai ka psychoanalysis? kuaana?
Adams xnumx	64♂	100	Palapala Kahakaha	Hudson xnumx	Ae, aia ma ke ʻano
Mahaffey 2005a	87♂   91♀	100	Hoʻolāleʻa hoʻomakaʻu hopena	Kanaka xnumx	No
Mahaffey 2005b	49♂	100			No
Mahaffey 2011	104♂	100			Ka helunā hopena maikaʻi
Kahiki xnumx	32♂48♀	80	TSA	Herek 1994	No
Meier 2006	44♂	100	ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hana a me ka lōʻihi o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi	Hudson xnumx	No
Weinstein xnumx	27♂62♀	94	TCA e hoʻohana ana i nā primers huna	Wright xnumx	Ae, aia ma ke ʻano
	68♂114♀	90			No
	35♂154♀	94			Nā hopena paʻakikī
	44♂140♀	ʻaʻole i koho ʻia		LaMar 1998	Nā hopena paʻakikī
MacInnis a me Hodson 2013	85♂152♀	90	TSA	Herek 1988	No
Lazarevic 2015	122♂155♀	100	TSA	Jankovic 2000, Živanoviс 2014	No
Cheval 2016a	38♂	100	ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka hana a me ka lōʻihi o ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi	Morrison xnumx	Nā hopena paʻakikī
Cheval 2016b	36♂	100	Nā ʻano pane	Morrison xnumx	No
Roberts 2016	37♂	100	Palapala Kahakaha	Herek 1988, Morrison xnumx	No

 

Nā kumuhana:

1-11,13. Freud - Nā Hana Hou na Ivan Smith: 2000, 2007, 2010.

12 . ^ E Ha yM. Bergler, E. ʻO ka palalolo: ka maʻi a me ke ala o ke ola? Nu Ioka, NY, US: Hill & Wang.