Ua paʻi ʻia ka hapanui o kēia mau puke i ka puke ʻo Lūkini Russian Education of Psychology: Lysov V. ʻepekema a me ka paluʻikahi: ka hoʻomehana politika ma kēia ao.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

"Ua ʻaihue ka inoa o nāʻike ʻepekema maoli e kāna mea lawehala
māhoe tuahine - "ʻekekema" ʻimi, ʻo ia
He kumumanaʻo ia wale nō.
Ua hāpai kēia ʻano noʻonoʻo i ka hilinaʻi
pono ia i ka ʻepekema ʻoiaʻiʻo. "
mai ka puke ʻo Austin Rousse ʻo Fake Science

Hōʻuluʻulu

ʻO nā ʻōlelo e like me "ua hōʻoia ʻia ke kumu kumu o ka male kāne" a i ʻole "ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka homosexual attraction" i hana mau ʻia i nā hanana hoʻonaʻauao ʻepekema kaulana a ma ka Pūnaewele, i manaʻo ʻia, i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, no ka poʻe ʻepekema ʻike ʻole. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e hōʻike ana au i ka mana o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema hou e nā poʻe e hoʻopuka nei i ko lākou manaʻo socio-political i kā lākou mau hana ʻepekema, e hana ana i ke kaʻina hana ʻepekema. ʻO kēia mau manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo politika, e pili ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO nā "mea liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi", ʻo ia hoʻi "ʻo ka homosexuality ka ʻano maʻamau o ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona", ʻo "ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka kāne like ʻole a hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia", "ʻo ke kāne ka mea i kūkulu ʻia ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka helu binary", etc. a laila. E hōʻike aku au ua manaʻo ʻia kēlā mau manaʻo he orthodox, kūpaʻa, a hoʻokumu ʻia i nā pōʻai ʻepekema Western hou, ʻoiai me ka ʻole o nā hōʻike ʻepekema koʻikoʻi, aʻo nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe e kapa koke ʻia ʻo "pseudoscientific" a "false," ʻoiai inā loaʻa iā lākou nā hōʻike koi. mahope o lakou. Nui nā kumu i hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ke kumu o ia ʻano hoʻokalakupua - he hoʻoilina pilikanaka a me ka mōʻaukala i alakaʻi ʻia i ka puka ʻana mai o nā "taboos ʻepekema", nā hakakā politika koʻikoʻi i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻokamani, ka "kalepa" o ka ʻepekema alakaʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā manaʻo. , etc. ʻO ka hiki ke pale loa i ka ʻepekema i ka ʻepekema e hoʻopaʻapaʻa. Eia naʻe, i koʻu manaʻo, hiki ke hana i nā kūlana no kahi kaʻina ʻepekema equidistant maikaʻi loa.

Hōʻike

Ma ʻApelila 2017, ua hoʻopuka ka ʻike ʻike USA I kēia lā i kahi wikiō e pili ana i ka The Psychology of Infertility (USA ʻO kēia lā ma MSN) Ua haʻi ka moʻolelo i nā moʻolelo ʻekolu o nā kāne ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa i nā keiki a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka ʻae ʻole - ʻo ia hoʻi, ua loaʻa iā lākou ka maʻi palupalu, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana o ka World Health Organization (ʻO Zegers-Hochshild 2009, p. 1522). Ua hoʻoholo ʻo kēlā me kēia kāne i ka pilikia o ka infertility ma kekahi ʻano - ma muli o ka hoʻokaʻawa vitro, hana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka makuahine surrogate. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka wikiō a hana ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano ʻepekema kaulana, a ua wehewehe ʻia ka mōʻaukala o kēlā me kēia pākahi i nā kikoʻī.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka punaewele o ka USA Today, ma kahi hana maʻamau a me ka ʻole o ka mahele iki o ka haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻano olakino, kākau i nā pālua o nā kāne ʻelua i waena o nā kāne ʻelua i loaʻa i nā pilikia olakino (nā hana reproduction impaired a me nā kino). ʻO nā mea kākau o ke wikiō e pili ana i ke mele pākōlani i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka poʻe e ʻike nei i ka pilikia o "infertility" ʻelua mau kāne male ʻAmelika kāne ʻo Dan - a ʻo Will Neville-Reyben - ʻo ia ka "ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻōpū" (Lua 2017) Malia paha, 'Amelika Mea Aloha i kēia lā no kekahi wahi o ka' aha i 'ike' ia, 'aʻole like' ole i maopopo i kēia 'ano o ke kāne kāne a me ka wahine. ʻO hoʻokahi ala a i ʻole kekahi, ʻo kekahi o nā leitmotif nui o ka nūhou ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana e pono e mālama i ka inikua lapaʻau i nā hoʻolimalima o nā kāne o nā kāne no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi infertility.

Nā mea leka o kēia ʻano, piha me ka poʻomanaʻo o ke ola, he mea maʻamau ʻole ma ka papahaki Atlantika, a, ʻoiai, ke ʻike nei ka nui ma nā ʻike o Rūsia a me nā wahi ʻike ʻepekema kaulana. Hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka "ʻano genetika kumu o ka moʻolelo" a i ʻole "hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua tausani mau holoholona hānai" i nā hanana hoʻonaʻauao kaulana no nā ʻōpio.

Ma kēiaʻatikala, e hōʻike wau i loko o nā kaiāulu ʻepekema hou o ka poʻe e hoʻomohala i ko lākou manaʻo i ke ʻano o kā lākou hana ʻepekema, hana ʻana i nā mea ʻepekema ponoi, nui. ʻO kēia mau manaʻo lelo pili i kahi ʻano o nā ʻōlelo hoʻolaha e pili ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia "ʻO nā ʻokoʻa a ka wahine" ("LGBT"), ʻo ia hoʻi, "ʻo ka male i ka pelekane he ʻano ʻano ʻano kūpono i ka kāne a me nā holoholona", "he ʻano hoʻonaninani ʻia ka wahine like ʻole a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia," "He hana kanaka ka wahine, ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia i ka papa koho" etc.

Ma hope ma ka kikokikona e haʻi wau i ia mau manaʻo e like me ka propaganda LGBT¹. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka manawa like, aia nā manaʻo a me nā manaʻo i kūʻē kūʻē i nā mea i luna, e kāhea wau iā lākou o LGBT-skeptical. E hōʻike aku nei au i ka loiloi LGBT i ka kaiāulu kula kaiaulu hou e manaʻo ʻia ana he orthodox, hoʻomau a paʻa i ka pae kūloko ʻana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole i hiki ke hōʻoia i nā hōʻike ʻepekema, ʻoiai nā manaʻo LGBT ua kānalua a kapa ʻia ʻo "pseudo-ʻepekema" a "wahaheʻe", ʻoiai ke kākoʻo ʻia lākou. maopopo kūloko.

ʻO ka ʻepekema ʻepekema a me nā koho politika

ʻO ke kumu nui no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka mea ʻepekema e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano o ka ʻepekema. Nui nā ʻano ʻepekema hana i: he (1) ka manaʻo i ka nīnau (nā mea e pono ai ke aʻo ʻia): ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka mea a me ke kumuhana, nā pahuhopu a me nā pahuhopu o ke aʻo ʻana; (2) hana me nā mea nūpepa: ke aʻo ʻana o nā pilikia ma kēia kumuhana i kūkā ʻia e kekahi; (3) kahi hana hypothesis: ka hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi kuhi e pili ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ke kaʻina hana ma lalo o ke aʻo ʻana a he aha e hiki ke hele i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai; (4) hoʻokolohua: hoʻāʻo i ka ha maʻi; (5) ka nānā ʻana o nā hopena: e nānā ana i nā hopena o ka hoʻokolohua a me ka ʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka hopena i hōʻoia ʻia ma ka mana; a, i ka hopena hope loa, (6): e lawe ana i nā hopena ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻokolohua a me ka hoʻohālikelike.

ʻO kēia kumu no ka noiʻi ua kumu i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema no nā kenekulia, a me kāna ʻano ʻoihana kūpono, ka hiki ʻana i ka poʻe ke hoʻokō i nā hopena kupaianaha.

Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana o ka Pelekikena Henry Bauer i ka makahiki 1992, ʻo ka ʻepekema a me ka nui loa o ka ʻepekema kaulana nui hoʻi e huli nei i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema e hoʻokō ai i ka ʻatikala liberal a ʻo ke ala maikaʻi loa i ka "ʻepekema" wehewehe i ka honua a puni.ʻO Bauer 1992) No laila, ua hōʻemi ʻia ke ʻano ʻepekema koʻikoʻi ma kēia: (1) wehewehe i ka pilikia a, hiki i ka hiki, ke pale aku i nā kumuhana "papa ʻia", ʻano. ʻ andlelo a me nā ʻano kāne ma ke ʻano he kumumanaʻo e pili ana i nā hana, "orientation male" ma kahi ʻano kaiāulu; (2) ke ʻimi ʻana i nā mea i aʻo ʻia e kekahi e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, a me ke koho ʻana i nā hualoaʻa i kūʻē ʻole ʻole i ka ʻālana hoʻokele; (3) kahi hana hoʻonaninani (hypothesis): ka manaʻo o ka wehewehe ʻana i kahi pilikia e kū ʻole ʻole ai i ka ʻatikala liberal; (4) hoʻokolohua: hōʻike hoʻāʻo; (5) ka nānā ʻana o nā hualoaʻa: ka nānā ʻole a ka hoʻohiolo ʻana i ka manaʻo nui o nā hopena "ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻole ʻia" ʻoiai e hoʻonui ana a nānā hou i nā hopena "manaʻo"; a hope; (6) nā hopena: ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā hualoaʻa e hoʻokūkū nei "i ke kākoʻo" liberal ideology. ʻAʻole wale ʻo Profesor Bauer ka mea e hopohopo nei i kēia neʻe ideology i ka ʻepekema.

No ka mea aʻe, nā hopena like e pili ana i ka ʻepekema o kēia manawa i hana ʻia e ka Propesor Ruth Hubbard (ʻO Hubbard lāua ʻo Wald 1993), Ua'ōlelo ʻo Lynn Wordel ()Ward Ward 1997, 852), Kauka Stephen Goldberg (ʻO Goldberg 2002), Kauka Alan Sokal a me Kauka Gene Brichmont (ʻO Sokalona a me Brichmont 1998), Nā mea lehulehu o Kirsten Powers (Na makahiki 2015), a me Kauka Austin Ruse (Ke hoʻoikaika 2017).

Ua hoʻokumu ʻo Professor Nicholas Rosenkrantz o Georgetown Law School a me Professor Jonathan Haidt o ke Kulanui o New York i ka Heterodox Academy, kahi papahana pūnaewele e pili ana i ka pilikia o ka homogeneity ideological a me ke kū'ē ʻana i nā manaʻo like ʻole i nā kula kiʻekiʻe o ʻAmelika.Heterodox academy.nd).

Ua haʻalele ʻo Dr. Bret Weinstein i kā Evergreen State College ma hope o kona hōʻole ʻana i ka hana ʻana i ka "Day of Absence" - i ka manawa i kū ʻia ai nā ʻelele o nā iwi ʻē aʻe a me nā iwi ʻē aʻe ma kahi o ka poʻe Caucasians i ka kulanui - ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia e nā haumāna huhū a me nā mea hana (Weinstein xnumx) Ma hope mai, me kona kaikaina, ʻo Dr. Eric Weinstein a me nā mea ʻepekema ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kaiāulu, me ka ʻakaʻaka i kapa ʻia ʻo “Ka ʻona Manaʻo Manaʻo.”Bari xnumx). Ua wehewehe ka mea kākau moʻolelo Bari Weiss i kēia kaiāulu penei: "ʻO ka mea mua, ua mākaukau kēia poʻe e pale ikaika i ko lākou manaʻo, akā i ka manawa hoʻokahi e hoʻopaʻapaʻa civilly, ma kahi kokoke i nā kumuhana pili: hoʻomana, hoʻohemo ʻana, neʻe, ke ʻano o ka ʻike. ʻO ka lua, i ka wā i hōʻole pinepine ai ka manaʻo kaulana e pili ana i ka honua a me nā hanana a puni mākou i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo maoli, ua paʻa nā mea a pau e kūʻē i ka poʻe hoʻolaha o nā manaʻo kūpono i ka politika. A ʻo ke kolu, ua uku kekahi i ke kumukūʻai o ka makemake e hōʻike i nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe ma o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana mai nā hale kula i lilo i mea kūʻē i ka manaʻo unorthodox - a loaʻa i ka poʻe e hoʻokipa ma kahi ʻē aʻe "(Bari xnumx).

No ka poʻe i makemake ʻole i mua o kēia pilikia, ʻo ka lohi o ka dogmatism ideological i ka ʻepekema nei e ʻike nui ʻole. Hiki iā lākou ke manaʻoʻiʻo i ka ʻepekema ʻoihana hou wale nō ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ʻole a ʻoi wale nō ka pono, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā mea āpau i nā kuhi, nā hypotheses, nā manaʻo a me nā hana socio-politika. Eia nō naʻe, ke kuhi nei i ka manaʻo kuhihewa, nā hypotheses, nā ʻoriʻoniʻi a me ka sīlio-politika politika e like me ka "hōʻike hōʻike" ʻike ʻia i ka nui o nā pilikia.ʻO Bauer 2012, c i. 12), kekahi o ka haunaele nui. ʻO ke ʻano, he ʻano hōʻano homose kāne ka "ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano o ke kanaka," a he ʻano hana kūlohelohe ʻole ia e pili ana i ka moe kolohe me nā mea aloha i nā keiki, nā holoholona, ​​a i ʻole nā ​​mea make? I kēia mau hihia, a me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe, ua lilo ke ʻano ʻepekema hana i ka nānā ʻana i nā manaʻo politika.2005 ma Wright a me Cummings, p. XIV).

E noʻonoʻo i kēia mau mea: i kēia lā, ma ka akademia, nā mea noiʻi e noi ana i loaʻa i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻO nā manaʻo "holomua" ua ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aku i nā mea e ʻōlelo ana "mau ʻāpono" mau manaʻo.ʻO Abrams 2016) Loaʻa ka papa inoa o nā nūpepa helu peer e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻopuka like ʻole i ka ʻikepili o ka Heterodox Academy i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei.Heterodox Academy nd Peer-ʻĀina ʻImi) A ʻo ka manaʻo LGBT hoʻolaha manaʻo nui kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o ka ideology liberal "modernist".

Ma kahi kamaʻilio pilikino, kekahi o kaʻu mau hoa hana, ka mea ʻomaʻomaʻo e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ana a me Ph.D. i kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale nui loa ma Rūsia (ua noi mai iaʻu e haʻi i kona inoa no ka mea he makaʻu ʻo ia i nā hopena o nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe) i ʻōlelo mai iaʻu e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi o ke "ʻepekema kaulana" hou, no laila Lailai e nā kumuhana pili i ka moeʻuhane: nā mea a pau e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau manaʻo maikaʻi no nā kāne like ʻole e hōʻike ʻia e kekahi kumu o ka ʻepekema pilikino a me kahi ʻano hana ʻepekema kūwaho. I ka huli ʻana, ʻo nā mea āpau e hōʻike ana i kekahi manaʻo ʻole e pili ana i nā kāne i nā kāne i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo "pseudoscience mai nā poʻe ihe pono kūpono" (kamaʻilio pilikino, ʻOkakopa 14, 2018). Ma ka huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, i ka "ʻepekema hou" e kānalua i ka "normality" o ka hoʻonaninani o ke kāne he mea nui e kānalua i ka "holomua" o ka postmodernism a me ka moʻomeheu kaulana. No ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kēia hanana, ʻo ka ʻike maʻalahi wale nō o ka ʻatikala ʻenehana kaulana hou ua lawa. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā aupuni o nā ʻāina waiwai a me nā kumu waiwai ʻona ʻole i kekahi mau manaʻo kūpono e pili ana i ka palu ʻana, me he mea lā he kūʻiʻo ʻole a maopopo ʻole hoʻi, e like me nā wahine wale nō e hānau ai nā kānaka (ʻoiai hopohopo wau i ka ʻike o ka mea e hana nei i ka pā o "transgenderism" i kēia lā , ka mea, e hōʻino nui ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona)

Ke hoʻololi nei i ka ʻepekema me ka hoʻoponopono kālaiʻāina

ʻO kekahi e manaʻo ʻo ka ʻepekema politika a me ka lehulehu e pono i ka lehulehu o nā kumuhana no ka paʻu o ka mōʻaukala kanaka. Akā ʻaʻohe pili o nā meaʻepekema pono i ka politika. Aia nō nā ʻoliona kūloko ʻē aʻe ma waena o nā lāhui kanaka (phenotypes) (2005 XNUMX), aia nā meaʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe ma waena o nā kāne kāne (Evans a me DeFranco 2014) a pela aku. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻohana maoli ʻia kēlā mau ʻike me nā "hoʻopaʻapaʻa" no ka hewa ʻole a me nā ʻinoʻino ma ka mōʻaukala o ke kanaka, a e noʻonoʻo mau ke kanaka a me ke kaiāulu i kēia mau mea. ʻAʻohe hoʻopaʻapaʻa no ka like ʻole.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hōʻole nā ​​ʻaoʻao kaumaha o ka mōʻaukala i ka noho ʻana o nā physiological phenotypes a me nā ʻokoʻa kāne i loko o ke kanaka, no ka mea, aia lākou ma ke ʻano a ua hoʻoholo ʻia i ka biologically. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki i ke kāne ke hānau ma muli o ke ʻano o ke kino o kona kino (ʻo ka nele o kahi kōpū, ʻo ka mea mua, e like me ka USA Today i ʻike pono ai). Hiki iā mākou ke pale wale i ke kamaʻilio ʻana no ia mea, e hoʻomālamalama i kēia mau mea kūlohelohe maoli, a i ʻole e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo "wahine" - ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻohui i ka ʻike maoli ʻole o ka ʻepekema. Loaʻa nā ʻike ʻepekema me ka nānā ʻole i kā lākou wehewehe ʻana e ka poʻe ideologues o nā aʻo politika, me ka nānā ʻole i ka helu ʻia ma kekahi ʻōlelo a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā maʻi, a me ka nānā ʻole i ka pololei politika.

I koʻu manaʻo, ʻo ke hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hōʻailona ma waena o ka "hoʻoponopono kālai'āina" a me ka ʻepekema kekahi o nā pilikia nui o ko mākou manawa, a ʻo kēia mea maoli i ka mea hou a me ka hana hou. Loaʻa i kekahi poʻe noiʻi kekahi manaʻo like (Hole 2005) Wahi a ka puke ʻo HarperCollins ma Pelekānia Pelekane, "ʻo ke kūpono kā mākou politika" ʻo ia ka "hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo ʻōpiopio, ʻoiai ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻohana i kahi kīʻōlelo i manaʻo ʻia he kuhihewa, manaʻo a hewa paha kēia.ʻInslelo Pelekānia ʻo Collins. ik) A e like me ka ʻōlelo a Webster "Random House" o ʻAmelika Pelekane, "ʻenehana politika" "... ke ʻano, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ma ka makemake no ka holomua ʻana o nā ʻōiwi a me nā kāne a me ka wahine kāne, ka moʻo ʻana o ka wahine a me ka ecology" (ʻĀpanaʻāina / Thesaurus nd).

ʻO ka poʻomanaʻo ʻauhau hale ʻo Belyakov a me nā mea kākau kākau i wehewehe "ʻae me ka pololei politika" me ka leʻa ʻole:

"... ʻO ke kūpono politika i kekahi o nā huahana o ka lahilahi postmodern i hōʻailona ʻia e ka multiculturalism, methodical anarchism, social fragationation a me ka hele mai i ka mua o nā mea e ʻike ai. Aia ka Democracy i loko o kahi kaiāulu e like me kahi pūnaehana kaiāulu, ʻaʻole koi ʻia ka mana o ka hapa nui, akā ʻo ka pale ʻana o nā kuleana o kekahi mauʻu liʻiliʻi, i lalo o kēlā kanaka. ʻO ka mea ʻoi loa, ʻo ka mokuʻāina kūlike loa, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke pale aku i nā kuleana a pau a ka mea i hoʻolaha ai a hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo o kēlā me kēia lālā o ke kaiāulu. ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻonā i kēia pilikia ke hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka ʻōlelo ʻōlelo no ka hoʻoponopono politika, e ʻōlelo ana e pale i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ia mau huaʻōlelo a me nā ʻano e pili ana i ka lāhui a me ka wahine, ka makahiki, ke olakino, ka nohona, a me ka helehelena o nā poʻe o nā hui kaiāulu a lākou e manaʻo ai he hewa No laila, he "pololei kālaiʻāina" ke kāhea aku i kahi kanaka makua ʻāina ʻo "ʻAmelika ʻAmelika", he ʻAmelika "kamaʻāina ʻAmelika", kahi kanaka maʻi "hopohopo i nā pilikia no kona kūlana kino (hoʻokūkū kūlohelohe), a me kahi kanaka momona" pae kū i ka pae ”( ʻiliʻolima hanohano), ʻo ka ʻilihune - "ua hōʻino ʻia ka maikaʻi" (maikaʻi ʻole), ka ʻāʻī ʻana o ke kanaka ma nā wahi ʻōpala - "ka ʻili o nā mea i hōʻole ʻia" (hōʻole i nā mea hōʻiliʻili), a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me ka manaʻo ʻole. orientation "(ʻoiai ʻo ka euphemism kūloko politika), i mua agaetsya hoʻohana iā ia, no ka mea hoike, i ka manawa "Māhū" a me "homosexual." ʻO nā huaʻōlelo "Sexist" i ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ka nui o nā kāne ma luna o nā wahine, ua ʻike ʻia nō hoʻi ka hewa. Nā hua'ōlelo etymologically pili i ke kumu 'kanaka' (luna), foreman (luna), ke ahi ahi, ka mea nona ke ahi, postman (postman) i manaʻo ʻia e kāpae ʻia mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka luna, kiaʻi, mea hoʻokele ahi, ka mea lawe leka, ma kēlā me kēia . ^ E Ha yM. Nā kumu like loa, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo wahine e neʻe i kēia manawa e kākau ʻia ʻo ka "womenyn" (a i ʻole nā ​​ʻūlū o ka maiʻa), a ma kahi o nā huaʻōlelo nui iā ia, ʻae, pono e hoʻohana mau ʻo ia iā ia, me ia, ia). No ka pale aku i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka anthropocentrism e hōʻeha ʻia i nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, ʻo nā huaʻōlelo nā holoholona (nā holoholona holoholona) a me nā mea kanu ʻohana (home plant) e hōʻike ana i kahi kanaka e like me kā kā lākou mea e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻololi ʻia e nā hoa holoholona (hoa manu) a me nā hoa huaʻai (nā hoa kanu) ... ”(ʻO Belyakov lāua ʻo Matveychev 2009).

No laila, "ʻoluʻolu politika", inā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe mākou i kēia huaʻōlelo mai ka "kālai politika" kālai ʻia, ʻaʻole ia he ʻoi o ke ʻano he censorship.

Ua lilo kekahi mau manaʻo moʻomeheu i kahi moʻomeheu hema no ka lehulehu o ka poʻe i kuleana ʻole e hoʻi. Pono kekahi ʻepekema makemake e hoʻokō a me ka loaʻa kālā i ka ʻōlelo o ka "kūpono politika." No laila, "ʻoluʻolu kāwika" i kekahi manawa i kapa ʻia ʻo "libism libism", e hoʻomohala ana i ka hoʻopunipuni o nā libres i hoʻopuka ʻia e hana nei ma ke ʻano o nā pasista hoʻomakei (ʻO Coppingge 2017).

Ua maopopo maoli ka pili o ka "pololei politika" i ka ʻepekema, ʻoiai ke luku nei i nā ʻano a me nā kumuhana ʻepekema āpau. Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia kēia mau ʻano maʻamau me ka universalism, ka wehe, ʻāpono, nā hewa ʻole, ka mea i manaʻo ʻia ma ka ʻepekema i ka ʻike ʻana, a me ka pono o ka hewa a me ka nele o ka maikaʻi ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kēia lā ka mea i lawe ʻia ma mua ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e like me ia. I ka hopena, ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i kekahi mea i hōʻike ʻia ʻole a hōʻike ʻole ʻia i ka manawa e ʻike ai ʻo ia i nā kuhi kūkaʻi (e ʻike ʻia ana i nā mea ʻepekema hoʻowahāwahā a mua ʻole.

I kēia manawa, ʻike ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Tom Nichols:

"... hopohopo au i ko mākou neʻe aku nei mai ka kūlohelohe kūlohelohe kūlohelohe e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo a nā poʻe loea e pili ana i ka pau ʻana o ka manaʻo loea e like me: ke hoʻoulu ʻia ʻana e Google, e hoʻokumu ʻia ana i Wikipedia a hoʻopuhi ʻia e nā blog e nā poʻe loea a me nā limahana. nā haumana a ʻike a makemake hoʻi ... "(ʻOnikza xnumx).

ʻO Wikipedia a me Youtube ke kumu o ka "ʻike"

ʻO Wikipikia kekahi o nā pūnaewele Pūnaewele i kipa nui ʻia, e hōʻike ana iā ia iho ma ke ʻano he "encyclopedia" a ʻae ʻia e nā poʻe loea ʻole a me nā keiki kula e like me ke kumu ʻole o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pūnaewele i ka makahiki 2001 e kahi mea kālepa Alabama i kapa ʻia ʻo Jimmy Wales. Ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana iā Wikipedia, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Jimmy Wales i ka papahana Pūnaewele ʻo Bomis, ka mea nāna i hāʻawi i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i uku ʻia, kahi ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e hemo mai kāna moʻolelo pilikinoHansen xnumx; Kūleʻa xnumx).

Manaʻo kekahi poʻe he hilinaʻi ʻo Wikipedia, no ka mea "hiki i kekahi mea hoʻohana ke hoʻohui i kahi ʻatikala a hoʻoponopono paha i kahi loulou." ʻO kēia ka mea ʻoi aku kaʻoiaʻiʻo - ʻo ia ka ʻike like ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻoliva radical liberal a me ka hema ʻōpala e loiloi ʻia ma muli o ke ʻano o nā hana kuʻuna hoʻomau no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka ʻatikala ma lalo o laila kahi hui o nā mea i kapa ʻia. nā kikowaena - nā mea hoʻoponopono e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau ʻano liberal, no ka laʻana, kahi kikowaena mai "LGBT +" - kahi ʻano e hiki ke hoʻoponopono a hōʻole paha i nā mea (Jackson 2009) No laila, ʻoiai kāna kulekele kūlike o ka neutrality, he ikaika liberal ka Wikipedia a he hamali haʻalele hema.

I loko o kahi ʻatikala ma FrontPageMagazine moʻohelu, hōʻike ʻo David Swingle a hōʻike ʻia i ka papahana Wikipedia e hōʻike nei i ke kuhi o nā mea hoʻoponopono hoʻomau a maʻamau, ʻo kekahi o lākou (i ka nui o nā wahi kūwaho o ka nohona) nā mea hana e ʻimi nei e hoʻōla i ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu (Swingle xnumx) No ka laʻana, a i Swingle i helu ʻia:

"... Hoʻohālikelike i [nā 'atikala Wikipedia] e pili ana iā Ann Coulter²) a me Michael Moore (Michael Moore³) ʻO ka ʻatikala e pili ana iā Coulter i mau huaʻōlelo 9028 (ma 9 o ʻAukake 2011 o ka makahiki). ʻO kēia helu, aia nā huaʻōlelo 3220 ma ka ʻāpana "Contraditions and Criticism", i wehewehe i nā hanana me Coulter a ua haʻi ʻia nā ʻōlelo kuikamu nāna e hoʻāhewa iā ia, ʻo ka mea ma waena o nā hema a me nā liberal. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua mālama nui ʻia ʻo 35,6% o ka ʻatikala i hoʻolaʻa ʻia iā Ann Coulter e hōʻike nei ma kahi kukui maikaʻi loa, a me nā hakakā a me nā hoʻohewa ʻana.

Ma kekahiʻaoʻao, kahi ʻatikala e pili ana iā Moore i mau huaʻōlelo 2876 (kahi e like me ke alike ʻana o ka nui o nā ʻatikala e pili ana i nā ʻano politika i Wikipedia), aia nā huaʻōlelo 130 ma ka ʻāpana "Kūʻē". ʻO kēia ke 4,5% o ka ʻatikala holoʻokoʻa Moore.

ʻO kēia manaʻo ke manaʻo nei ka mea heluhelu "unbiased" ua ʻewalu mau manawa ʻo Coulter i ka hoʻokūkū ma mua o Moore? ... "(Swingle xnumx).

Ma kāna moʻolelo, kākau ka mea kākau ʻo Joseph Farah i ka Wikipedia:

"... ʻaʻole wale ka mea hoʻolaha i ka pololei a me ke kaulike. He mea hoʻolako palaka ia mea wahaheʻe a hoʻopunipuni, e like me ka honua i ʻike ʻole ... "(Farah 2008).

Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohaʻaha nui ʻia ʻo Wikipedia e nā ʻikepili ākea uku a me nā limahana hoʻokele waiwai e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea ʻike maikaʻi e pili ana i kā lākou mea kūʻai aku a ʻike i nā ʻikepili maʻalahi (Aloha 2007; ʻO Gohring 2007) ʻOiai ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia kēia hoʻoponopono uku, ʻae iki a Wikipedia e hoʻokō me kāna mau rula, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā mea hāʻawi nui.

ʻO ke kumu hoʻokūkū Wikipedia kahi i loaʻa ai ʻo Larry Sanger, ka mea nāna i haʻalele i ka papa hana, ua ʻae ʻo Wikipedia ʻaʻole i hahai pono i kāna kulekele pono e kūlike.Hui ʻAi ʻia 2016).

Ua kākau ʻo Keawana Brian Martin i kāna hana:

“... ʻOiai ka pili ʻana i ke alakaʻi mea hoʻohana, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ma Wikipedia, i mālama mau ʻia. ʻO nā ʻenehana no ka hoʻoponopono ʻino ʻana i kahi komo Wikipedia, ʻo ia ka holoi ʻana i ka ʻike maikaʻi, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke koho ʻana i nā kumu, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi o nā kumuhana kikoʻī. No ka mālama ʻana i ka manaʻo i loko o kahi komo, ʻoiai inā kuhikuhi ʻia e kekahi mau mea hoʻohana, ʻo nā ʻenehana koʻikoʻi e komo i ka hoʻoponopono ʻole ʻana i ke komo ʻana, ke koho ʻana i nā lula Wikipedia, a me ka pale ʻana i nā mea hoʻoponopono ..." (Martin 2017).

Pono nā ʻatikala a pau ma ka pūnaewele LGBT + e ʻae ʻia e ka poʻe i kapa ʻia nā mea kikowaena, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hōʻole ʻole iā lākou e kāpae ʻia i nā kumuwaiwai. Na ke kikowaena o ka luna kānāwai LGBT + i koi no nā ʻatikala āpau o LGBT +, a ʻo ia ka mea nūnū e hoʻoholo i nā mea e hoʻopuka a me ka mea e ʻole. ka rule Wikipedia.

No laila, pili nā ʻatikala Wikipedia āpau e pili ana iā LGBT +, mālama iā ia iho, a hōʻike wale i ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o ka ʻike i hoʻoponopono pono ʻia mai nā kumuwaiwai kānalua a i ʻole ʻepekema hoʻi. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohui wale i kahi ʻatikala hou, a i ʻole ka hana ʻana i nā ʻatikala i kahi ʻatikala e kū nei, akā ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana i hoʻokahi huaʻōlelo inā kūʻē ia i ka dogma i ʻōlelo ʻole ʻia "maikaʻi a ʻaole paha"

Ma kahi o 300 mau hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻouka ʻana o Wikipedia, me ka manaʻo o LGBT +, ua kākau ʻia ma ka pūnaewele Conservapedia (Conservapedia 2018).

No ka laʻana, ma Wikipedia, no kahi lōʻihi loa, ka ʻatikala e pili ana i ka ʻano like o ka kāne me ka holoholona (ʻo ia hoʻi ka manawaleʻa ʻana, ʻike ʻia ka Mokuna 2), he huaʻōlelo kūpono ʻole e pili ana i "1500 species of homosexual animal", i hoʻopuka ʻia e Wikipedia me kahi ʻepekema kūlima. - ka manaʻo o ka ʻike ʻole o nā kumu ʻike i kēia mau helu. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia pōkole hoʻolaha e kekahi limahana o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Noremania i kapa ʻia ʻo Petter Böckmann i ka wā o ka hoʻonohonoho o ka hōʻike i 2006, ʻo Böckmann ka mea laweia nona ma ka 'atikala Wikipedia i ka makahiki 2007. ʻO 11 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka ʻike: i ka wā kūkākūkā, ʻaʻole hiki iā Böckman ke hāʻawi i kahi kumu a hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hāʻule o ka ʻōlelo. 

Ma ka hope loa, e like me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o Wikipedia i nā:

“… ʻO Wikipedia kahi pūnaewele pilikino nona e ka pilikino Foundation Wikimedia i mālama ʻia a hoʻohana wale ʻia e ka Board of Trustees a Wikimedia Foundation. Ua manuahi ʻo Wikipedia a me ka Wikimedia Foundation e hoʻonohonoho i kā lākou mau lula ponoʻī e pili ana i ka mea hiki ke kākau a hoʻoponopono i nā ʻatikala ma ka pūnaewele ... Ma ke ʻano he pūnaewele pilikino, he kuleana ko Wikipikia e ālai, pāpā, a i ʻole kapu i kekahi mea heluhelu. heluhelu a hoʻoponopono paha i ka ʻike o ka pūnaewele no nā kumu, a i ʻole no ke kumu ʻole ... He kuleana ko ka Wikimedia Foundation e hoʻololi i kāna mau lula no nā kumu a lākou e manaʻo ai he pono - a i ʻole no ke kumu ʻole, no ka mea "makemake ʻoe e" ... "(Wikipedia: Nā Kauka Hōʻaha 2018).

ʻO ia kēia "encyclopedia" ke kumu nui o ka "ʻike" e pili ana i ka honua a puni no ka nui o nā ʻōpio ...

ʻO kekahi kumu o ka ʻike no ka poʻe kānaka o kēia wā ʻo ia ka lawelawe lawelawe wikiō YouTube, nona ka hui ʻana nui o Google. Ua hoʻonoho ʻia ka pūnaewele YouTube ma kahi pono kīnā ʻole i kuhi ʻole ʻia ke kuhihewa ʻia e ka poʻe LGBTKIAP +, a i ʻole nā ​​ʻōlelo e hōʻole nei i ka ʻano o ka LGBTKIAP +. ʻAʻole pēlā kēia.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo YouTube e kāohi i nā manaʻo conservative (ʻO Carlson 2018) Ua kālai ʻia ʻo Censorship ma YouTube i ke kahawai "PragerU" a me nā kaha ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano kuhihe ʻokoʻa ka manaʻo o nā poʻe ideolog liberal.

Ua haʻi aku ka poʻe nūhou FoxNews i ka memo YouTube kūloko a hiki i kā lākou hoʻolaʻa ʻana i ʻApelila 2017, e hōʻike ana i ka hopena o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o nā wikiō. ʻO kekahi o nā kumu ʻaʻole i maopopo ka nui o ka censorship ma YouTube i ka hapa nui o ka poʻe no ka mea ʻoi aku ka naʻauao o ka ʻoihana e hoʻopau i nā wikiō āpau āu e makemake ai e helu. Ma kahi, hoʻokomo ʻia kahi "ʻano hana" no nā wikiō he nui.⁴. ^ E Ha yM. Kūkulu ʻia kēlā mau wikiō i nā pā kula, nā kula, nā hale waihona puke, a me nā wahi ākea ʻē aʻe; ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke ʻike ʻia e nā keiki liʻiliʻi a me nā mea hoʻohana ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia. Hoʻouna ʻia ka ʻikepili paʻa o ka pūnaewele i ka hopena hope loa, no laila e paʻakikī hou ʻia. Eia nō lākou, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia lākou: ʻaʻole i hiki ke loaʻa ka mea nāna i hoʻopili iā lākou i ke kālā ma luna o lākou, me ke ʻano o ka ʻike.

E noʻonoʻo, no ka laʻana, ua haʻalele ka New York Times i ke kūʻai ʻana aku i ka nūhou - hiki iā ʻoe, ʻoiaʻiʻo, loaʻa iā ia, akā ma o ke kākau inoa wale nō. A, ʻoi aku, - kūʻokoʻa loa no ka manuahi. ʻO ia hoʻi, ua pāpā ʻia nā mea hoʻolaha e hoʻolilo i ke kālā kūʻai i nā nūpepa. E ʻikea, e hāʻule nā ​​hana a ma lalo o ka wehewehe o ka censorship.

He aha nā hōʻailona censorship no nā wikiō YouTube? E like me ka hōʻike ʻana i loko o ka memo, pili nā censorship, haʻi wau, "i nā manaʻo hoʻomana a i ʻole nā ​​chauvinistic", a me ka "manaʻo nui loa a me nā hoʻonāukiuki." ʻAʻole wehewehe i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻoili - nā hoʻomana kūwaho, chauvinistic, haipule a i ka hoʻonāukiuki - ʻaʻole i hāʻawi ʻia. Hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka YouTube, a he ʻano kālai ʻia e like me ka mea hiki.

Hōʻike ʻo FoxNews i kahi hiʻohiʻona: ua loaʻa i ka YouTube kahi channel PragerU kahi "hoʻāla" hei hoʻāhewa i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokūkū nui ma waena o nā mākaʻi US. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā mākaʻi āpau o ʻAmelika lawehala he racist, a laila, e like me YouTube, ua kahele ʻoe "ʻo ka manaʻo nui a me nā mea hoʻonāukiuki." No laila ʻo ka wikiō "PragerU" i hoʻowahāwahā ʻia, a, ʻoiai, ua haʻi ʻia e hoʻāla ʻia. Ma ka manawa like, e noho nā wikiō e hoʻopiʻi nei i ke kino "keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo" ma YouTube me ka ʻole e palena.

Hāʻawi kahi memo i kahi hoʻomaopopo maopopo i ka wahi e lawe ai ka YouTube i nā mea kākau. Hōʻike ka palapala i ka ʻoihana e hana i ke "kūʻokoʻa o ka noho ʻana, me kēlā mau pōmaikaʻi he huahana a ʻano like ʻole." ʻO kekahi o nā mea a YouTube i hāʻawi i ka censorship e kūʻē i ka ʻikepili o ka extremist 'he hui ia e kaʻana like a me ka liberal ultraical liberal, me nā manaʻo "LGBT +", - "Southern Poverty Law Center" (Hoʻohui hewa; ʻO Thiessen 2018).

Nā Kahuna Pūnaewele

Nui, ʻike kālā a, ma muli o nā hopena, nā hui ikaika a me nā hui e like me ke Southern Poverty Law Center, e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻike no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1970 o ka makahiki hope (e ʻike i ka Mokuna 14), e hana i kahi kūlana i kuhi ʻia ai kekahi e ka mea e ʻōlelo ana, a hoʻopuka pū me ka ʻepekema hoʻi. , ʻaʻole i hoʻohui ʻia me ka rhetoric o "LGBT +", ʻalo i ka nalowale - mai ka hana a ke olakino. ʻOiai ke kakahiaka i ka wā o ka "koʻikoʻi ʻepekema" a me ka "pololei politika", ʻo nā mea noiʻi e pale aku i nā manaʻo i ʻokoʻa ʻole i ka "laina nui o ka pāʻina" holo i ka hopena o ka hoʻopiʻi "hewa"Marmor xnumx), "Kūlana, homophobia a me ka hoʻoweliweli" (ʻIsay 1986) Kākoʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia "moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi" i ka ma ka pāpā a hōʻike i nā ʻoihana.

Ua haʻi ʻo Profesor Robert Spitzer (1932–2015) i nā mea nui i ka hana hewa i ke alakaʻi o ka American Psychiatric Association i 1973, e hana ana i nā hana a pau e haʻalele i ka male i ka papa inoa o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo, ʻo Spitzer i hana no ka "LGBT", ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea ʻē aʻe. ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mahalo a me ka mana mai ke kaiāulu LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Eia naʻe, kokoke he 30 mau makahiki ma hope, i kahi hālāwai kūkākūkā o ka American Psychiatric Association i 2001, ua hōʻike ʻo Spitzer i nā hopena o kāna mau noi ʻana i hala i hala "ʻo ka 66 pakeneka o nā kāne a me 44 pākēneka o nā wahine i ʻike maikaʻi i ka hana heterosexual," ʻo ia ka, "hoʻomau lākou i ka pilina heterosexual i loko o ka makahiki. ka lawa ka ʻoluʻolu mai ka pilina i ka pilina me kā lākou hoa, i helu ʻia ma kahi o ka 7 mau poʻokina ma kahi pākeke 10-2001, ka ulu ʻana i ka wahine a me ka hoa kāne i cr ma ka liʻiliʻi he mau mahina, a i ʻole a kaulana ʻole paha ka manaʻo i ka pili o ke kamaʻilio kāne i ka wā o ka moe kolohe '; ma hope mai, paʻi ʻia nā hopena i loko o ka puke nūpepa Archives of Sexual Behaviourment (Spitzer 2003; 2012a). Ua kue haki maoli kēia i nā ʻano kolohe propagand LGBT e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻano lawehala hoʻohuli loa. Hōʻalo ʻia ʻo Hell a puni ʻo Spitzer: "I kēia lā, ua lilo koke ka mea kaulana o ka neʻe i ka wahine ʻo Iuda" (van den Aarweg 2012). ʻO ka puke a Spitzer ua hōʻino maikaʻi ʻia e ka poʻe hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻi repressive kaulana e like me A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kennette Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, a me Roger Worsington (Rosik XNUMX).

ʻO ka mea kupaianaha, e like me ka ʻōlelo a Kauka Christopher Rowsick, kekahi o nā ʻōlelo hōʻino o ka hana ʻo Spitzer 2003 i ko penei: ʻo ka haʻawina ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā kūkākūkā pilikino mai kahi ʻāpana kūkā a me nā National Association for the Study and Treatment of Homosexuality (NARTH) (Wilde 2004 ) ʻO kēia ka pae kiʻekiʻe o ka maikaʻiʻole: kahi hana i hōʻike ʻia ai nā hopena o kahi noi LGBT-skeptical i ka hōʻino no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano like like i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā hana kākoʻo LGBT, no ka laʻana ʻo Shidlo lāua ʻo Schroeder i hoʻokumu pū ʻia e pili ana i nā hōʻike pilikino (Shidlo a me Schroeder 2002 ) ʻO ke kumu maoli, ʻo nā ʻepekema ʻepekema a me nā haʻawina ʻepekema ʻē aʻe he hilinaʻi nui i ka kamaʻilio pilikino a me nā hōʻike o nā mea noiʻi. Eia kekahi, he nui ka nui o nā hoʻolaha hoʻolaha LGBT e pili ana i nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā kāne like o ka wahine ma nā kikowaena liʻiliʻi e hōʻiliʻili ʻia e nā hui homoseksuale (Marks 2012).

I ka hopena, ma hope o ka ʻumi makahiki o ka inaina e huhū ana iā ia, ua haʻalele ʻo Spitzer. I ka makahiki o 80, ua kākau ʻo ia i kahi leka i nā mea hoʻoponopono o Archives of Sexual Behance e noi ana iā ia e haʻalele i ka ʻatikala (Spitzer 2012). Ua noi hou aku ʻo ia i ka hui holoʻāina āpau no ka "hōʻeha." Ua haʻi ʻo Kauka van den Aardweg i ke kamaʻilio kelepona me Polofesa Spitzer, ma kekahi manawa ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kāna nūhou i ka makahiki 2003, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e pili ana i nā ho'āʻo ʻana e kū kūʻē i ka poʻe mau ʻōlelo hōʻemi: (Spitzer 2003b): "Ua nīnau au iā ia inā e hoʻomau ʻo ia i kāna noiʻi, a i ʻole iā ia e hoʻāʻo Hana pū ʻo ia me nā poʻe me nā pilikia pelekane e ʻimi nei i ke kōkua "kōkua" hou, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kōkua a me ke kākoʻo i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kā lākou kamaʻilio kāne i nā poʻe heterosexual ... ʻO kāna pane i kūlike. ʻAʻole, ʻaʻole loa ia e hoʻopā hou i kēia kumuhana. Ua ʻoki loa ia i ka ʻehaʻeha ma hope o nā hōʻino kū ʻana o nā mea hōʻeuʻeu a me nā mea kākoʻo. He kahawai o ka inaina. Hiki i kahi kanaka ke wāwahi ʻia e kēia ʻike traumatic. " (Spitzer 2003b).

ʻO kekahi mea noiʻi nona ka hana e haʻi pinepine ʻia nei e nā mea hana pilikino i nā ʻ Charleslelo Pelekikena Charles Roselli o ke Kulanui o Oregon. Ua noiʻi ʻo Polofesa Roselli i nā ʻōnaehana neʻe i ka hana ʻōhua. I ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana o kāna hana, ua hana ʻia e ka Mea Kaukula ʻo Roselli i nā hoʻokolohua e hoʻopaʻa i ka pili i nā hana pili i nā hipa hipa home. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hiki ai i kekahi ke hōʻemi kūpono o ka hana hormonal e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hana kūpono o nā hipa kāne. Ma kāna mau puke mua e pili ana i kēia kumuhana, ua pili pono nā haʻawina a Kauka Roselli i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻouluulu hipa a me kona hopena i ka ʻoihana, a ua ʻike ʻo Roselli i ka hemahema o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka moe kolohe kanaka i nā hiʻohiʻona holoholona, ​​ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana. he mea koʻikoʻi nā hipa i ka hoʻouluulu hipa. ʻO ka ʻike i loaʻa ma luna o ka hana hormonal, neural, genetic a me ke kaiapuni e hoʻoholo ai i nā makemake o nā hoa hana moekolohe e ʻae i kahi koho maikaʻi loa o ka hipa no ka hana hou aku a, ma muli o ia pono waiwai. Eia nō naʻe, he ʻike nui ʻia kēia noiʻi no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka kāohi ʻana i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka male ʻana a me ke koho ʻana i nā pakanā no nā ʻano like ʻole o ka mammals, me nā kānaka. Ma kēia noʻonoʻo, he mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo e pili ana ka hana kūpono o ke hipa kāne i manaʻo ʻia i kekahi kāne ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka haʻahaʻa o kekahi kanaka, no ka mea, ʻo ka moeʻuhane o ke kanaka ke komo ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo, nā moʻo ʻano a me nā ʻike, a me ka ʻano hana i ʻike ʻia "(Roselli 2004, p. . 243).

Ma kāna ʻatikala loiloi 2004, ua ʻae ʻo Polofesa Roselli ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike i nā hōʻike hōʻoiaʻiʻo no kāna kumumanaʻo [o intrauterine hormonal imbalance], a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia i nā manaʻo like ʻole e wehewehe i ka ʻano kāne like ʻole i kekahi mau hipa kāne (Roselli 2004, pp. 236 - 242). Ma kāna mau hana, ua maʻalahi loa ʻo Roselli i ka poʻe LGBT i kāna mau ʻano a me kāna wehewehe ʻana, a ʻaʻole maoli i hōʻike i nā manaʻo kānalua LGBT.

Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopilikia ʻia a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ka poʻe kauā ʻo LGBT no ka wehe ʻana i nā autopsies i kāna keʻena - ʻoiai ua maopopo ʻole kahi ala maʻalahi e aʻo ai i ka hipa anatomy (Cloud 2007). Ua hoʻolaha koke ʻo Roselli "homophobic" a "flayer." I loko o kahi ʻatikala e kapa ʻia ana "Hands Off Gay Sheep!" ma loko o ka Lāpule ʻo Lā Times, ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Roselli "ke poʻo o kahi kipi kipi e kūʻē i nā kāne like ʻole" (Ersly 2013, p. 48). ʻO PETA, i ke ʻano o kona ʻelele, he mea hoʻokūkū kaulana a he mea hana o ka hoʻonaninani LGBT + ʻo Martina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), i hui pū me ka piʻi mai o ka haunaele. Ua hoʻouna aku nā mea hoʻouluulu iā Roselli a me nā limahana limahana o ke Kulanui o Oregon e pili ana i 20 mau leka me nā hoʻoweliweli a me nā hōʻino ("pono ​​ʻoe e pana!", "E make!", Etc.) (Ersly 2013, p. 49).

I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, i ka wā i aʻo ʻia ai ʻo Roselli e ka ʻike ʻawaʻawa o ke kūʻē ʻana i nā manaʻo nui, hoʻololi i ka ʻōlelo a "LGBT +" - ka neʻe ʻana, i loko o kahi ʻatikala aʻe ua kākau ʻo ia: "ʻO ka makemake o nā hoa kolohe i ke kanaka e hiki ke aʻo ʻia i nā hiʻohiʻona holoholona e hoʻohana ana i nā hoʻokolohua kūikawā ... ʻOiai ka hemahema. , hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua makemake i ka hoa holoholona e hoʻohālikelike i ka moekolohe o kekahi kanaka ”(Roselli 2018, p. 3).

He mana ʻo Kauka Ray Milton Blanchard o ke Kulanui o Toronto ma ka sexology a ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ka American Psychiatric Association's Gender Identity Subcommittee nāna i hoʻomohala i ka hoʻohālikelike DSM-IV. Ua kuhi ʻo Kauka Blanchard ʻo ka homosexual attraction (me ka homosexual pedophilia) a me ka transsexualism (DSM-IV gender identity disorder, i kēia manawa ʻo DSM-5 gender dysphoria) ma muli o nā pane kūlohelohe o ke kāne e like me ka male kāne. incompatibility (Blanchard 1996) . ʻOiai ʻo ka haʻiʻōlelo ʻepekema a Kauka Blanchard ua kāohi loa a kokoke i LGBT-propagandistic, ua hoʻomāinoino ʻia ʻo ia e nā mea hoʻoikaika LGBT no kona manaʻoʻiʻo he maʻi noʻonoʻo ka transsexualism. He mea hōʻino kēia i ka manaʻo LGBT hou, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻohewa nui ʻia ai ʻo Kauka Blanchard e kekahi poʻe LGBT (Wyndzen 2003). Eia kekahi, i loko o kahi ninaninau, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Blanchard: "E ʻōlelo wau, inā hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaka mai ka ʻōpala, e haʻalele i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ka haʻalele ʻana i ka male kāne mai ka DSM, ʻo ka moekolohe maʻamau e pili ana i ka hānau ʻana" (Cameron 2013). E pili ana i ka transsexualism, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Dr. Blanchard: "ʻO ka hana mua i ka hoʻopololei ʻana i ka transsexualism - inā ʻoe e ʻae a kūʻē paha iā ia - ʻo ia ka nānā ʻole a hōʻole paha i kona ʻano kumu ma ke ʻano he ʻano maʻi noʻonoʻo" (Blanchard 2017 ma Twitter).

Ua kākau kekahi mea hoʻoikaika LGBT mai ka papahana Bilerico e pili ana iā Blanchard: "Inā he ʻano pupule ʻo Kauka Blanchard me ka ʻole o ke kūlana a i ʻole ka mana, hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ʻo ia. Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia - akā, aia ʻo ia ma ke komite ʻAmelika Psychiatric Association e kuleana no nā paraphilias a me nā maʻi maʻi "(Tannehill 2014). Inā loaʻa iā ʻoe ka manaʻo pololei, ke hoʻopiʻi nei ka mea hoʻoikaika ʻo Kauka Blanchard "he mana" inā ʻaʻole "e maʻalahi ʻo ia e hōʻino." ʻo ia wale nō.

ʻAʻole i loaʻa i kā Kauka Mark Regnerus o ke Kulanui o Texas kahi mana o Blanchard i ka wā i paʻi ai ʻo ia i kāna mau ʻike i ka makahiki 2012 ma ka puke noiʻi moʻoʻōlelo ʻo Science Science e pili ana i ka pili ʻana o nā mākua i nā kāne like male (Regnerus 2012). Ua paʻi ʻia ka mea hoʻopuka i ka hopena o kahi pōkā pahū ma mua o ke kaiāulu o nā mea ʻepekema hana e hana ana i ka pānaehana ʻohana. Ua kūʻē nō kēia ʻike i ka mana o ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema mai liberal a mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka 2000 e pili ana i ka lilo ʻana o ka mana o nā manaʻo kolohe wahine i nā keiki a nā kumu o ka huhū o nā hui lehulehu. Ua hōʻike koke ʻia ʻo Regnerus i kahi "homophobia" a hoʻopiʻi ʻia i kāna hopena ma ke kū kānāwai o ka male "male" a nui ka moʻolelo ma mua o ka manaʻo kaulana o ka ʻAha Kiʻi o ʻAmelika) ʻoiai ʻo Regnerus ʻaʻole i waiho i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa i nā wahi āpau. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka media liberalus ʻo Regnerus "he elepani i loko o ka hale kūʻai china o ka pālauwai nui kaiāulu" (Ferguson 2012).

He alakaʻi kaiāulu ʻo Gary Gates, ka luna o ke Institute for Sexual Oriation a me Gender Identity ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, i alakaʻi i kahi hui o ʻelua mau kānaka aloha hoa LGBT i hoʻopaʻa inoa i kahi leka i ka luna Lunahooponopono o ka Pūnaewele ʻepekema Social Science e noi ana iā lākou e koho i ka hui o nā kānaka ʻepekema me ka ʻike kūikawā ma ka LGBT makua. e kākau i kahi ʻike koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ma ka ʻatikala e Regnerus (Gates 2012).

ʻO ke ʻano o ke kūlana ʻo Gary Gates, e noho nei i kahi hui like-hoʻonaninani, ua ʻōlelo ʻino ʻia e nā mea hoʻoikaika LGBT "he mea hūnā i nā manaʻo" (Ferguson 2012) no ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kahi haʻawina e 3,8 wale nō pakeneka o nā ʻAmelika e hōʻike nei iā lākou iho he mau kāne like ʻole ( Gates 2011a). Ua hōʻole kue i ka ʻōlelo o "10%" mai ka hana a ka ʻelemologist kaulana o Alfred Kinsey, ka mea e kū nei i kekahi o nā kaomi o ka hoʻolaha LGBT. Ma ka haʻi like ʻana o Gates, "I ka wā i paʻi mua ʻia ai kaʻu noiʻi, ua kāhea ʻia aku nā poʻomanaʻo kāne kaulana a me kā lākou poʻe hahai me aʻu" he kumu ʻole, "he mau ʻōlelo hoʻowahāwahā ʻia o kaʻu hana, a hoʻohālikelike iaʻu me nā Nazis" (Gates 2011b).

Ma kekahi kumu, he hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope iho, ua alakaʻi ʻo Gates i ka hōʻino o Regnerus a me kāna noiʻi LGBT-skeptis. ʻO LGBT ka mea hana ola ʻo Scott Rose i hoʻouna kahi leka i ka pelekikena o ke Kulanui o Texas, e koi ana i nā hoʻopaʻi e kū'ē iā Regnerus no ka hoʻopuka ʻana i mea he "hewa ethical" (Rose 2012). Ua pane ʻo ua kulanui ʻo ia ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia i kahi hoʻokolohua e hoʻoholo ai inā loaʻa ka lula Regnerus i loaʻa i kahi "corpus delicti" e hoʻomaka ai he hoʻokolokolo pono. ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokō i kekahi mea i hiki ʻole ai ke hana me Regnerus me nā ʻano kaulike ʻepekema ethical, a ʻaʻohe ʻano hoʻokolokolo. Eia naʻe, uaʻoi loa ka moʻolelo. Ua ʻāhewa ʻia ʻo Regnerus e ka blogosphere, i ka pāpā, a me nā nūpepa kūhelu, ʻaʻole wale i ka ʻano o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i kāna hana ʻepekema (hoʻokolokolo hoʻokūkū a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili helu) akā naʻe, i ke ʻano o nā hōʻino pilikino a me nā hoʻoweliweli i ka olakino a hiki i ke ola (Wood 2013).

Ua haʻi aku ʻo Christian Smith, he loio o ka sosiology a me ka luna o ka Center for the Study of Religion and Society ma ke Kulanui ʻo Notre Dame, i kēia hanana: "ʻO ka poʻe nāna e hōʻā iā Regnerus, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hōʻoia maʻa i ko lākou mau manaʻo politika ponoʻī, no laila ʻo kā lākou hoʻolālā e hōʻino iā ia no ka lawe ʻia "ʻepekema maikaʻiʻole." He mea wahahee kēia. ʻAʻole kūpono kāna ʻatikala [Regnerus] - a ʻaʻohe pono i ʻike ʻia. Akā mai kahi ʻanoʻike ʻepekema, ʻaʻohe hewa kēia ma kahi o ka mea i paʻi ʻia ma nā nūpepa pūlala. Kahi kānalua paha, inā ua hoʻopuka ʻo Regnerus i nā hopena ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka palekikena like, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i kāna mau kaʻina. Eia kekahi, hōʻike kekahi o kāna mau loiloi i nā hopohopo pili i nā haʻawina mua e pili ana i ke kumuhana like, ʻoi aku ka hewa o nā mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā palena o ka mea e kūkākūkā ma ka kikoʻī o Regnerus. ʻOiaʻiʻo, nā haʻalulu nāwaliwali i hiki mai i ka hopena "pololei" e ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu ma mua o nā haʻawina ikaika e kū ana i ka hopena "mōmaku" (Smith 2012).

ʻO Kauka Laurence Meyer lāua ʻo Kauka Paul McHugh, nāna i paʻi kahi loiloi nui o ka noiʻi ʻepekema ma New Atlantis, i kapa ʻia ʻo Sexuality and Gender: Loaʻa nā ʻike mai ka Biological, Psychological, a me nā ʻepekema pilikanaka ma lalo o ke kaomi nui mai ka neʻe LGBT + (Hodges 2016). I kā lākou hana, ua hōʻike maikaʻi loa nā mea kākau a hōʻike pono ʻole i ke kumu ʻole o ka haʻiʻōlelo o ka neʻe ʻana o ka moekolohe e pili ana i ke kumu o ka hoʻokipa homosexual, e hoʻopau ana "ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena o ka noiʻi biology, psychological a me ka pilikanaka.. and McHugh 2016, p. 7).

Ua haʻi ʻo Kauka Quentin van Mieter, hoa hana ʻo Mayer a me McHugh ma ke kula ʻo Johns Hopkins, i ka manawa ma mua, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Mayer lāua ʻo McHugh e paʻi i kā lākou moʻolelo i kekahi o nā loea ʻepekema kākau palapala i ʻike ʻia, akā ua hōʻole hou nā mea hoʻoponopono iā lākou. "Politically pololei" (Van Meter 2017).

ʻO kahi ʻatikala a Mayer lāua ʻo McHugh i hōʻeuʻeu koke ʻia e nā mea hoʻomake LGBT + - ka neʻe. ʻO ka Human Rights Campaign (HRC), e like me kāna pūnaewele, ʻo LGBT + ka mea nui i koho nui a loaʻa iā lākou he kālā makahiki ma kahi o $ 50 miliona, ua paʻi i ka ʻōlelo ma Mayer a me McHugh, e ʻōlelo nei i kēia mau mea kākau "Kuhihewa", "pālahalaha inaina", etc. Ua hoʻomaka nā mea hoʻouluulu e kau i nā hoʻoilo o nā mea hoʻoponopono o ka makasina, e koi ana e hoʻowahāwahā i ka ʻatikala (Hanneman 2016). Ua hoʻōla ʻia nā mea hoʻoponopono o ka nūpepa e hoʻopuka i kahi leka mana no ka pane ʻana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi HRC i kapa ʻia ʻo "Lies and Bullying from the Human Rights Campaign," i kamaʻilio ʻia lākou e pili ana i kekahi mau hōʻeha ʻino loa. Ua kākau ka mea hoʻoponopono o New Atlantis: "ʻO kēia hana ʻino e hoʻoweliweli he mea weliweli loa ia no ka ʻepekema, ke manaʻo nei e hōʻoki i ka noho kūlike o nā manaʻo kūlike i nā pilikia ʻepekema kūwaho. Hoʻopilikia nā hana hoʻohālikelike o kēia ʻano i ka lewa o ka noi manuahi a wehe ʻia, kahi e kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻepekema ʻepekema "(Editors of The New Atlantis 2016).

Hoʻopili ʻia kahi ʻoliʻoli like mai nā mea hoʻoikaika LGBT me ka paʻi ʻana o Dr. Lisa Littman, he kaukaʻi kōkua o ka ʻepekema ʻano a me ka pilikanaka ma ke Kulanui ʻo Brown. Ua aʻo ʻo Kauka Littman i nā kumu o ka piʻi ʻana o ka "rapid-onset gender dysphoria" (ka inoa no ka transsexualism adolescent) ma waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio a ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hoʻolaha ʻia ko lākou makemake koke no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kāne ma o nā hoa a he ʻano hana hoʻopiʻi pathological no ka makahiki. - nā pilikia pili (Littman 2018). Ma mua o ka haʻi ʻana iā lākou iho he "transgender," ua nānā ka poʻe ʻōpio i nā wikiō e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kāne, kamaʻilio me nā transsexuals ma nā ʻoihana pūnaewele, a heluhelu i nā kumuwaiwai "transgender". Eia kekahi, nui ka poʻe i hoaaloha me hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā transsexuals. Ua hōʻike ka hapakolu o ka poʻe i pane ʻia inā loaʻa iā lākou hoʻokahi ʻōpio transgender ma kā lākou pōʻai kaiaulu, ʻoi aku ka hapa o ka hapa o nā ʻōpio i kēia hui i hoʻomaka e ʻike he "transgender." ʻO kahi hui kahi 50% o kona mau lālā i lilo i "transgender" he 70 mau manawa kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia o kēia ʻano ma waena o ka poʻe ʻōpio. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka male dysphoria, 62% o nā mea pane i loaʻa i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā maʻi o ke olakino noʻonoʻo a i ʻole ka maʻi neurodevelopmental. A ma 48% o nā hihia, ua loaʻa nā mea pane i kahi hanana traumatic a koʻikoʻi paha ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka "gender dysphoria," me ka hoʻoweliweli, ka hoʻomāinoino, a i ʻole ka hemo makua. Ua manaʻo ʻo Kauka Littman i ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa kaiapili a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa interpersonal he kuleana nui i nā kumu o ka maʻi ʻike kāne. ʻO ka mua "ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka hopena a i ʻole ka hana ma waena o kahi pūʻulu heluna kanaka" (Marsden 1998). ʻO ka lua ʻo "ke kaʻina hana e hoʻopili ai ke kanaka a me nā hoa i kekahi i kekahi i nā ala e hoʻoulu ai i nā manaʻo a me nā ʻano e hiki ai ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ko lākou ulu ʻana a i ʻole e hōʻeha i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe" (Dishion and Tipsord 2011). Ua kau ʻia nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana ma ka pūnaewele ʻo Brown University. Akā ʻo kēia hoʻolaha, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ua hālāwai me nā hoʻopiʻi hysterical o "transphobia" a me nā koi no ka censorship. Ua komo koke ka luna hoʻomalu o ke kulanui a wehe koke i ka ʻatikala noiʻi mai kāna pūnaewele. Wahi a ka dean, ua hōʻike ka poʻe hana kaiāulu o ke kulanui i ka hopohopo e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻike o ka noiʻi e hōʻino i nā hana e kākoʻo i nā ʻōpio transgender a nānā ʻole i nā manaʻo o nā lālā o ke kaiāulu transgender" (Kearns 2018).

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Polofesa Jeffrey S. Flier, ke kahu mua o ke Kula Lapaʻau ʻo Harvard, no ka pilikia: "I koʻu mau makahiki āpau i ke kula, ʻaʻole au i ʻike i kēlā ʻano pane mai kahi puke pai i kekahi mau lā ma hope o ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻatikala a ka puke pai i nānā mua ai. , nānā ʻia e nā hoa, a ʻae ʻia.” no ka hoʻopuka. Hiki i kekahi ke noʻonoʻo he pane nui kēia pane i ke kaomi ikaika a me ka hoʻoweliweli - maopopo a i ʻole implicit - ʻo ka ʻoi loa o ka backlash media kaiapili e loaʻa iā PLOS One inā ʻaʻohe hana censorship i lawe ʻia "(Flier 2018).

Ua'ōlelo ʻo Kenneth Zucker o ke Kulanui o Toronto ʻo ia ka luna o nā mua (ua pani ʻia ma Kēkēmeka 2015) KKKUʻOLAHA Gender Identity no nā Keiki a me nā ʻohana ma ke Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH).

Ua paʻi ʻo Profesor Zucker kahi papa inoa o nā hana no ka hōʻino wahine, he lālā ia i ka hui ʻana o ka hui DSM-IV a me DSM-IV-TR a alakaʻi i ka American Psychiatric Association's Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Working Group for "DSM-5." Ua hiki ʻole ke kāhea ʻia ʻo ua ʻōlelo ʻo Zimer Zucker he LGBT kuʻuna, a ma lalo o kāna alakaʻi he "hou a kahi" Psychiatric Association "i hōʻike ʻia ke" maʻi kūlohelohe o ka wahine "a" wahine dysphoria, "e huki ana i ka huaʻōlelo" pilikia "mai ka maʻi i ka lanakila o ka poʻe LGBT (Thompson 2015).

Hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao a i ʻole, ma ka Gender Identity Clinic mua, ua hana ʻo Professor Zucker me nā mea maʻi mai 3 a 18 mau makahiki, kūʻē i nā kumu nui o nā lawelawe pediatric "gender-positive" ma Kanada, e hāʻawi ana i nā kōkua āpau i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kāne. ia mau keiki - kākoʻo i ka hōʻike ʻana i ke kāne i makemake ʻia ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā inoa, nā lole, nā ʻano a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe - a hiki i nā keiki ke hiki i nā makahiki kānāwai no ke ʻoki ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā hormones. Akā, ua manaʻoʻo Dr. Zucker i kēia wā'ōpiopio, hiki ke maʻalahi kaʻike kāne kāne a e emi iho ka dysphoria wahine i ka manawa (Zucker and Bradley 1995). Ua kūʻē kēia ʻano i ka manaʻo LGBT, a ua lōʻihi ka hana a Kauka Zucker ma lalo o ke kaomi ʻana mai nā mea hoʻoikaika LGBT. ʻOiai ka ʻike ʻia ʻana o nā ʻano lapaʻau like ʻole no ka maʻi ʻike kāne kāne (Ehrensaft 2017), ua hoʻoholo ka hoʻokele o ka Center for Addiction and Mental Health e hana i kahi loiloi o nā hana a Dr. Zucker (Thompson 2015). Ua kākau nā mea loiloi i koho ʻia i kā lākou hōʻike, "I ka wā o ka loiloi, ʻelua mau manaʻo nui i puka mai e like me nā hopohopo no ka poʻe loiloi: ʻo ka mua, ʻike ʻia ka Clinic ma ke ʻano he outlier i loko o ka ʻōnaehana Addiction and Mental Health Center a me ka kaiāulu ma ka laulā, a - ʻo ka lua, ʻaʻole like nā hana o ka Clinic i nā hana lapaʻau a me nā hana hana hou. ʻO nā manaʻo mai nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea pili i ka maikaʻi a me ka maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i ka Clinic. Ua hauʻoli loa kekahi mau mea kūʻai mua i ka lawelawe i loaʻa iā lākou, aʻo kekahi poʻe i manaʻo he mea kūpono ʻole, hoʻonāukiuki a kōkua ʻole kekahi. Ua ʻike ke kaiāulu ʻoihana i nā haʻawina hoʻonaʻauao o ka Clinic, ʻoiai ua hōʻike kekahi mau mea kuleana i nā hopohopo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i kēia manawa. " (CAMH 2016).

Ua kākau pū ka poʻe loiloi ua kono lākou i nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia e haʻi i kā lākou ʻike ma ke keʻena, me ka ʻōlelo ʻana a Dr. he 'palapala huluhulu liʻiliʻi.' (Singal 2016a). Ua hoʻopau koke ʻia ʻo Kauka Zucker (ua hoʻopau ʻia ka lua o ka limahana manawa piha o ke keʻena ʻo Kauka Haley Wood ma mua), no laila ua pani ʻia ka Gender Identity Clinic. ʻAe, ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo "ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau mea kuleana" (ʻoiai ua loaʻa i ka Gender Identity Clinic ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hoʻonaʻauao) a me ka hoʻopiʻi kumu ʻole o ka mālama pono ʻole - ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia e ka mea hoʻopiʻi (Singal 2016b) - ua lawa ia e hoʻopili i ka censorship koʻikoʻi.

ʻO Kauka Robert Oscar Lopez o Ke Kulanui o Kaleponi o Kaleponi, nāna ia i hāpai i ka pālua o kekahi mau kāne like ʻole a ua manaʻo ʻo ia he bisexual, i paʻi ʻia kahi puke ma ka makahiki 2012, "Nui Ka Pūʻulu Me ʻElua mau makuahine. nā wahine, ma hope mai ua lilo iā ia i mea hōʻoia o LGBT kānalua e pili ana i ka male male a me nā keiki. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka hoʻopiʻi hōʻino a me ke ʻano o ka blog (Flaherty 2015). Ua hoʻomau ʻo Lopez e kākau i loko o ka puʻupuʻu like ʻole, ma muli o kona komo ʻana i nā papa inoa o ka "ʻōlelo ʻino" o nā hui hoʻolaha LGBT e like me Human Rights Campaign (HRC limahana 2014) a me GLAAD (GLAAD nd).

Kekahi mau ʻōlelo hoʻonaninani LGBT-kānalua hoʻi e hōʻailona koke ʻia e like me ka inaina.

Hōʻike ʻia kēia mea e kahi wahine i hānai ʻia i kahi kāne like, ʻo Heather Barwick, nāna i hoʻopuka i kāna mea kupaianaha - i loko o ka ghetto ʻike o ka pāpāho o nā kuʻuna kuʻuna - kahi leka hāmama i ka "LGBT +" - kaiāulu. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Barwick ʻaʻole like me nā keiki i ʻike i ka hemo male, a ʻokoʻa nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā kāne ʻē aʻe, e hoʻohewa ʻia nā keiki o ka wahine like inā hoʻoholo lākou e hoʻopiʻi no kā lākou kūlana: "… Nui loa mākou. Ua makaʻu nui ka hapanui o mākou e ʻōlelo aku a haʻi iā ʻoe e pili ana i ko mākou ʻeha a me nā ʻeha, no ka mea no nā kumu āpau, me he mea lā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hoʻolohe ana. Ka mea āu e makemake ʻole ai e hoʻolohe. Inā mākou e ʻōlelo ua ʻeha mākou no ka mea ua hānai ʻia mākou e nā mākua kāne like, ʻike ʻole ʻia a kapa ʻia mākou he mau ʻenemi ... "(Barwick 2015). I hoʻokahi mahina ma hope mai, ua paʻi kahi kaikamahine ʻē aʻe o kahi wahine male wahine i kāna leka hāmama, me ka hōʻino ʻana i ka moʻomeheu totalitary o ke kaiāulu "LGBT +" i loko o ia mea: ʻaʻole hōʻike i ke ahonui, i kekahi manawa i kāna mau lālā ponoʻī. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻouka kēia kaiāulu i kēlā me kēia mea e kūlike ʻole me ia, no ka ʻano o ka puʻuwai e hōʻike ai i ka ʻae ʻole ... "(Walton 2015).

He ʻano hoʻoweliweli ʻepekema no ka ʻatikala

Pono nā ʻepekema a me nā poʻe a pau e pili ana i ka ʻepekema i nā manawa a pau e kū i waho o ka moʻomeheu a me ka hoʻomehana politika ma kahi o kā lākou hana ʻepekema. ʻO ka ʻepekema he makemake mau loa a me ka makemake ʻole e ʻimi i ka ʻike no ka honua a puni mākou e hoʻoholo ai i ka mea "kūpono", i hoʻokumu ʻia i nā hōʻike hōʻike, ʻaʻole "nā hopohopo i hōʻike ʻia e kekahi mau mea makemake i ke kaiāulu". Inā ʻaʻohe mea hōʻike i ke kue ʻole paha, a laila hiki iā mākou ke kamaʻilio wale nō e pili ana i nā manaʻo a me nā hypotheses. Pono ka ʻepekema i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā koina maʻamau no ka unuhi ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua a me ka noiʻi. ʻAʻohe mea hoʻolaha kūpono; aia nā hana ʻepekema āpau i kau ʻia ai nā hemahema. Eia nō naʻe, inā he haʻawina a i hoʻopaʻa ʻia paha nā hopena o LGBT-kuʻeiki ke hōʻike nei i ka palena o ka palekana, a ʻaʻole i ʻae kēia palena i nā hopena hope loa, a laila i nā ʻano like ʻole like ʻole i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kahi noiʻi a hoʻolaha paha nona ka hopena o LGBT-propaganda ma ke ʻano like. ʻaʻole ʻae ia e ʻike i nā hopena i hope. No ka hoʻohālikelike, ua hōʻike ʻia nā palena palena he nui i nā hana koʻikoʻi LGBT kaulana na Alfred Kinsey (Terman 1948; Maslow a me Sakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) a me Evelyn Hooker (Cameron and Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Eia nō naʻe, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau hana i mea e ʻike ai i ka 'ōlelo maopopo a me ka hōʻoia' ike 'ana i nā' epekema e hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hoʻoholo socio-politika a me ka ʻepekema. I ka manawa like, nā mana ʻē aʻe i LGBT-skeptical publication i maoli mau ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia iā ia i "pseudoscience." Ma waho aʻe, he laʻa maʻamau kēia o kahi speck a me kahi log i loko o ka maka.

Ua paʻi ʻo Kauka Lauren Marx no ke kulanui ʻo Louisiana State University i ka makahiki 2012 i ka loiloi o nā pepa ʻepekema 59 (Marks 2012) e pili ana i nā keiki i hāpai ʻia i nā kāne like ʻole; ʻo kēia mau pepa i hoʻohana ʻia no ka manaʻo no ka ʻōlelo a ka American Psychological Association i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka hopena o ka pilina makua ma nā keiki. (APA 2005). Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Marx i nā hemahema a me nā kaupalena o kēia mau hana. ʻAʻole wale ka loiloi ʻo Kauka Marx e ka alakaʻi ʻana i nā hui noiʻi, akā ua kapa ʻia ʻia ʻo ia no ka “noiʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa,” “ʻaʻole kūpono no kahi puke nūpepa e hoʻolaha ana i ka noiʻi mua” (Bartlett 2012).

Ma nā ʻano he nui, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia aʻe nei, makaʻu kūpono nā mea noiʻi a hōʻole i ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manaʻo kānalua o LGBT, a hōʻole hoʻi e hana ma ia ʻano kuhikuhi "pāpā ʻia". Kuhi kēia ʻepekema i kēia ʻepekema? Kanalua ʻole. ʻO kahi laʻana, Pelekikena mua o ka American Psychological Association (1979-1980), ʻo Kauka Nicholas Cummings, i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka emi ʻana o ka ʻepekema pilikanaka no ka mea aia ia ma lalo o ka dictatorhip o nā mea hana kaiāulu. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kauka Cummings ke hana ka ʻAmelika Psychological Association i ka noiʻi, hana wale ia "ke ʻike lākou i ka hopena ... ʻae ʻia nā noiʻi ʻana me nā hopena maikaʻi i koho ʻia" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

ʻO kekahi pelekikena mua o ka American Psychological Association (1985-1986), ʻo Kauka Robert Perloff, i ʻōlelo: "... ʻO ka American Psychological Association he" politika "hoʻi ... a ʻo ka mea lawelawe i nā pono kūikawā ..." (Murray 2001).

Ua haʻi ʻo Clevenger i kāna hana e pili ana i ka maʻi pānaehana pili i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā ʻatikala e pili ana i ke kumuhana o ka male (ʻo Clevenger 2002). Ua hōʻike ʻo ia aia kahi bias institutionalized e pale i ka hoʻopuka ʻana o kekahi ʻatikala nāna i kū pili i kekahi ʻike politika a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka male male. Ua ʻoki ʻo Clevenger e lilo i ka ʻAmelika Psychological Association, e like me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano loiloi, e alakaʻi ana i nā kānalua e pili ana i ka ʻikepili o kā lākou mau ʻōlelo a me ka pilikino o kā lākou mau hana, ʻoiai ke mahalo nui ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia ʻia i ka hoʻoponopono kānāwai pilikia. ʻO ka manaʻo o nā mea noiʻi e kūʻē i ke aʻo libereral a ka nalowale.

E mālama, no ka laʻana o ka makahiki 2014 i kapa ʻia "ʻOiai e hoʻololi ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā manaʻo: kahi hoʻokolohua i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kākoʻo no ka hoʻohālikelike o ka gay", a ua hoʻokolokolo ʻo Michael Lacourt mai Los Angeles i nā pane. nā kānaka e noho ana i kahi nīnau e pili ana i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo ia "Ka Lāpule" hōʻa ʻia "male like me ka manaʻo o ka wahine ninaninau (LaCour and Green 2014). Ua ʻōlelo ʻo LaCourt, i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai ka mea ninaninau i ka wahine, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka pane hōʻoia. Hola hou nā hualoaʻa ma nā poʻo o ke kumu alakaʻi. Ua aneane ua lilo ʻo LaCourt i kahi hōkū. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kahi kolohe ke pepehi iā ia i ka wā i ʻike ʻia ai kahi mea heluhelu pilikino ua hōʻike wahaheʻe loa ʻo LaCourt i ka ʻike ma kāna noiʻi (Broockman et al. 2015). Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hoʻolaha o LaCourt (McNutt 2015), akā, hou, ʻaʻole i hoʻolaha ʻia ka nūhou o ka hoʻomanaʻo i ka poʻe media.

Ua wehewehe ʻo ka mea kākau ʻo Naomi Riley i ka hihia o ka paʻi ʻana ʻo Mark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). I ka makahiki 2014, ua haʻi aku ke kumu kula o ke Kulanui o Columbia University ʻo Mark Hatzenbühler i ka mea i loaʻa i kēia mau mea: ʻo ka poʻe homosolo e noho ana ma nā wahi me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka "hoʻowahāwahā" he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ola 12 mau makahiki ma mua o ka poʻe e noho nei i nā "liberal". No ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻana: ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o ka mau makahiki 12 ma mua o kahi ʻokoʻa like ma waena o nā mea ulaula maʻamau a me nā mea inu ʻole. ʻO ka mea kūlohelohe, ʻo ka nūhou o ka hōʻike a Hatzenbühler e pālahalaha ana ma nā poʻo o ka pā kula nui, ʻoiai nā mea hoʻolaha o ka marginalization e hōʻole i ka male i ka male i loaʻa ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa "ʻepekema" i mau kumu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe o kēia mau pālaha i ʻōlelo ʻia i ka nūpepa i ka puke o ka Science Science and Medicine i ʻōlelo ʻia e ka mea noiʻi ma luna nei, ke Kulanui ma ke Kulanui o Texas Mark Regnerus, i hoʻohuli ai i ka hopena o Hatzenbühler a loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole iʻike - ʻaʻohe kumu o ka "pae o ka pāpaʻi" i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe pelekane. (Regnerus 2017). Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Regnerus me ka ʻumi i nā ʻina like ʻole o ka helu helu helu helu i loko o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻoia i ka ʻikepili i ʻōlelo ʻia e Hatzenbühler, akā ʻaʻole hoʻokahi ʻano hōʻike i nā hopena koʻikoʻi statistically. Ua pau ʻo Regnerus: "ʻO nā loli ma ka noiʻi Hatzenbühler kumu mua (a no laila ke ʻike nui ʻia nā mea ʻike nui) e pili ana i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka kumuhana i ka manawa e hiki ai iā lākou ke manaʻo i kahi mea kūpono ʻole" (Regnerus 2017).

I ka ʻepekema kaiāulu, ʻo kahi “pilikia o ka hoʻohālikelike maoli” (ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻohuli ʻia, i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē) o nā haʻawina i paʻi ʻia a hiki i kēia lā. I ka makahiki 2015, kahi papahana noiʻi nui i kapa ʻia ʻo Reproducibility Project, i alakaʻi ʻia e Brian Nosek o ke Kulanui o Virginia, ua hana ʻia me ka hoʻohau hou ʻana ʻana i nā hopena o nā noiʻi naʻauao 100 i paʻi ʻia - hoʻokahi hapakolu o lākou i hana hou ʻia (Aarts et al. 2015).

ʻO Richard Horton, ka Luna Hoʻokele o ka nūpepaʻepekema ʻo The Lancet, i hōʻike i kona hopohopo i ka ʻatikala a ka mea kākau.

"... ʻO ka hapa nui o nā palapala ʻepekema, hapa paha, ʻaʻole paha e hōʻike i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo. Hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā noiʻi ʻana me nā mea liʻiliʻi, nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole, ka lawa pono ʻole o ke anamanaʻo, a me nā hakakā o ka hoihoi, a me ka pīhoihoi me nā loina o ke ʻano kānalua, ua huli ka ʻepekema i ka pouli ... ʻO ka prevalence maopopo o ka lawena noiʻi ʻae ʻole i loko o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema e weliweli ... e hoʻoweliweli pinepine i nā ʻepekema e hoʻoponopono i ka ʻikepili i kūpono i kā lākou ʻike honua a hoʻoponopono paha i ke kuhiakau i kā lākou ʻikepili ... ʻO kā mākou alualu ʻana i ka "mea nui" ka mea make i nā puke ʻepekema me nā moʻolelo moʻoheluhelu helu helu ... Ke hana nei nā Kulanui i kahi hakakā mau no ke kālā a me nā tālena ... hana iki i ka hoʻololi i ka moʻomeheu o ka ʻimi ʻimi ʻana, ka mea i ka palena manawa i ka hōʻino ... ”(Horton 2015).

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka maka pālolo i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o Regnerus a me Hatzenbühler ua maopopo loa: aia kekahi mau manaʻo e ʻae ʻia ma mua o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe [1].

ʻO Professor Walter Schumm o ke Kulanui o Kansas, ma ke kumuhana like, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "... ua hōʻike nā noiʻi he nui nā mea kākau ʻepekema, ke nānā nei lākou i nā puke, makemake lākou e nānā i nā noiʻi nāwaliwali o ke ʻano hana, inā ua hoʻoliʻiliʻi kēia mau noiʻi i ka hopena i makemake ʻia i ke kākoʻo o ke kuhiakau o ka mana ... "(Schumm 2010, p. 378).

I ka makahiki 2006, ua kākau ʻo Kauka Brian Meyer o ke Kulanui ʻo Gettysburg, e pili ana i ka hopena o ka pāpāho o Adams et al., Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēlā ʻōlelo hoʻowahāwahā homosexuality e hōʻike ana i ka "homosexuality huna" (Adams et al. 1996): "... ʻO ka nele o [ka noiʻi noiʻi replicative] inā ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ke kēkelē o ka nānā i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka ʻatikala [Adams et al. 1996]. ʻIke mākou he mea hoihoi ia i ka nui o nā nūhou (nā ʻatikala, nā puke, a me nā pūnaewele pūnaewele lehulehu ʻole) i ʻae i ke kuhiakau psychoanalytic ma ke ʻano he wehewehe no ka homophobia, ʻoiai me ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hōʻike empirical mahope ... "(Meier et al. 2006, p. 378).

I ka makahiki 1996, ua hāʻawi ʻo Kauka Alan D. Sokal, he polopeka o ka physics ma ke Kulanui o New York, i kahi pepa i kapa ʻia ʻo "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" i ka puke pai palapala Social Text". Ua hoʻoholo nā mea hoʻoponopono o Social Text e hoʻolaha i kēia ʻatikala (Sokal 1996a). He hoʻokolohua - he hoʻopunipuni piha ka ʻatikala - ma kēia ʻatikala Sokal, e kūkākūkā ana i kekahi mau pilikia o kēia manawa i ka makemakika a me ka physics, hōʻike maoli i ko lākou koʻikoʻi i ke kahua o ka moʻomeheu, philosophy a me ka politika (no ka laʻana, ua manaʻo ʻo ia i ka quantum gravity. he hana kaiaulu) i mea e huki ai i ka manaʻo o nā mea hoʻopuka hoʻonaʻauao hou e nīnau nei i ka objectivity o ka ʻepekema, he parody kākau akamai ia o ka noiʻi interdisciplinary philosophical hou, me ka ʻole o kekahi ʻano kino (Sokal 1996b). E like me ka wehewehe ʻana o Sokal: "No kekahi mau makahiki ua pilikia au i ka emi ʻana o nā kūlana o ka manaʻo o ka naʻauao ma kekahi mau wahi o ka ʻAmelika hoʻonaʻauao kanaka. Akā, he physicist wale nō wau: inā ʻaʻole hiki iaʻu ke hoʻomaopopo i ka pono o kekahi mea e like me kēia, e hōʻike ana paha ia i koʻu hemahema ponoʻī. No laila, no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā kūlana noʻonoʻo nui, ua hoʻoholo wau e hana i kahi hoʻokolohua haʻahaʻa (inā ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia): e hoʻopuka i kahi puke moʻomeheu moʻomeheu koʻikoʻi o ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, nona nā limahana hoʻoponopono i loaʻa nā kukui e like me Fredric Jameson lāua ʻo Andrew Ross, e hoʻopuka i nā mea ʻole inā he lapuwale kēia. (a) maikaʻi ke kani a (b) hoʻomaliʻi i nā manaʻo manaʻo o nā mea hoʻoponopono? ʻO ka pane, akā naʻe, ʻae. (Sokal 1996b).

ʻO kekahi hōʻoia hou o ka mokuahi o ka ʻepekema hou i hāʻawi ʻia e ʻekolu ʻepekema ʻAmelika - ʻo James Lindsey, Helen Plakrose a me Peter Bogossyan, ka mea no ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa manaʻo kuhi ia i loko o ka hopohopo a me ka hala ʻole o ka ʻepekema "kūwaho" i nā ʻano ʻepekema ʻepekema pono loa e hōʻoia: ideology i kēia kahua ua lōʻihi ka lanakila ma luna o ka manaʻo maʻamau. Mai ʻAukake 2017, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā mea ʻepekema, ma lalo o nā inoa hana, 20 i nā mea i hana ʻia i hana ʻia me ka noiʻi ʻepekema ponoʻī no nā mea hoʻonaʻauao kaulana a me nā loiloi ʻē aʻe. Kūpono nā kumuhana o nā hana, akā ua pau nā mea āpau i nā hōʻike like ʻole o ka hakakā ʻana me ka "hewa kūwaho pāpaho": nā haʻawina o ka wahine, kahi moʻomeheu o nā moʻomeheu, nā hanana kūloko, nā ʻano maikaʻi, a pēlā aku. I loko o kēlā me kēia ʻatikala, hāʻawi ʻia kahi ʻano kuʻuna i ka hōʻole ʻia e ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i kekahi i kekahi. Mai kahi ʻike kuʻepekema ʻike mau, ua kuhi hewa paha nā ʻatikala a ua hiki ʻole i ke kūpaʻa kekahi ʻano hoʻohewa ʻana.

Ma kahi ʻatikala ma A magazine magazine, ʻo Lindsay, Plakrose a me Bogossian ua kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā kumu kumu no kā lākou hana: "... Ua hewa kekahi mea i loko o ka ʻepekema, akā ma nā wahi o nā ʻano kanaka. Ua hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kēia noiʻi ʻepekema, ʻaʻole kū i ka ʻimi no ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā i ka ʻike ʻole a me nā hakakā e kū nei i ko lākou kumu. ʻO kekahi manawa kā lākou i hana ʻole ai i kēia mau wahi, a ua ʻoliʻoli nui nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā haumāna, nā luna hoʻomalu, a me nā keʻena ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole kēia he ʻike ʻepekema, a he haʻahaʻa. No ka poʻe he nui, ʻoi aku ka pilikia o kēia pilikia, akā, ʻaʻole lākou iʻike i ke ʻano ʻoiaʻiʻo. No kēia kumu, ke hana nei mākou i ka kula aʻo i hoʻokahi makahiki holoʻokoʻa, i ka ʻike ʻana i loko o kahi ʻano o ka pilikia ... ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

"Ma kēia kaʻina hana, hoʻokahi loulou ka pilina e hui pū ai i nā mea 20 o kā mākou pepa ʻepekema, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana mākou i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole, e hoʻokau nei i kēia mau manaʻo a i ʻole i ka manaʻo e ʻike pehea e kū nei nā mea hoʻoponopono a me nā loiloi. I kekahi manawa i hele mai mākou i kekahi ʻano manaʻo luhi a inh human ʻole a hoʻomaka e hoʻolaha. No ke aha e kākau ai i kahi pepa e pili ana i pehea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ai nā kāne e like me nā ʻīlio e pale ai i ka moʻomeheu o ka hana ʻino? No laila ua kū pono kā mākou hana "Park for Dog Walking". A no ke aha ʻoe e kākau ai i kahi noiʻi me ka ʻōlelo e hoʻohiki malū ana kekahi kanaka, e noʻonoʻo ana i ka wahine (me ka ʻole o kona ʻae ʻole, a ʻike ʻole ʻo ia e pili ana iā ia), ua hana kolohe ʻo ia iā ia? No laila mākou i ka noiʻi Masturbation. A no ke aha ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻōlelo e pili i ka naʻauao loea i ka superintelligent, no ka mea he papahana papahana, ʻoiʻo ka misogynistic a me ka imperialistic, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka psychoanalysis a ka mea kākau o Frankenstein, ʻo Mary Shelley a me Jacques Lacan? Ua hoʻolaha lākou - a loaʻa ka hana "Feminist Artificial Intelligence". A i ʻole pehea e kau i mua i ka manaʻo he kino maoli kahi kino momona, a no laila i ka bodybuilding loea e pono ai e hoʻopuka i kahi māhele hou no nā poʻe momona? Heluhelu i ka "Fat Study" a laila e hoʻomaopopo ʻoe i ka mea i loaʻa.

I kekahi manawa ua aʻo mākou i nā haʻawina no ka makemake ʻole e hoʻomaopopo i ka wahi a me ka mea e hele ana, a laila hoʻāʻo e hōʻoia hou i kēia mau pilikia. Aia anei kekahi hana "Feminist Glaciology"? Ma ia mea, e kope mākou iā ia a kākau i kahi hana ma ka astronomy femist, kahi i hōʻike ai mākou e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka ʻatikala o nā femists a me nā kāne i ke ʻano he mea nui o ka ʻepekema o ka astronomy, pono e kapa ʻia ʻo ka misogyny. ʻAno nui ka poʻe nānā i kēia manaʻo. Akā he aha inā mākou e hoʻohana ai i ke kaʻina hana loiloi kumuhana e juggle i kāu wehewehe data punahele? No ke aha? Ua kākau mākou i kahi moʻolelo e pili ana i ka hana o ka poʻe transgender, kahi lākou i hana ai i kēlā. E hoʻohana anei nā kāne i nā "mālama mālama kāne" e hōʻike i ko lākou mau kuhi manu i laila i kahi kūpono ʻole i ke kaiāulu? ʻAʻohe pilikia. Ua paʻi mākou i kahi pepa, ʻo ka puʻupuʻu e like me ka penei: "ʻO ka mea noiʻi o nā pilikia kāne hele i ka hale ʻaina me nā waitrepes hapalua i loaʻa ke kumu e pono ai iā ia." Luhi ʻoe e ka manaʻo makemake ʻia, a ke ʻimi nei ʻoe i kāu wehewehe ʻana no kēia? Ua wehewehe mākou iā mākou iho i nā mea a pau i kā mākou hana "Dildo", e hāʻawi ana i ka pane i kēia nīnau: "No ke aha e hana pinepine ʻole ai nā kāne pololei i ka anal anal, a he aha ka mea e hoʻomaka ai i kēia hana?" Hāʻawi mākou i kahi mākaukau: e like me kā mākou ʻatikala ma ke ʻano loea ʻepekema kaulana loa a me ka moʻomeheu, ʻo nā kāne ma kēia hihia e nui loa aku ka huhū ma nā poʻe transgender a me nā poʻe transgender, a e lilo ana lākou i wahine.

Ua hoʻohana mākou i nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. No ka laʻana, manaʻo mākou inā kākau ʻoe i kahi "moʻolelo holomua" me kahi manaʻo e pāpā iā ʻoe i nā kāne keokeo i loko o nā koleke e ʻōlelo ana i ka poʻe e lohe ana (a i ʻole i pane a pane aku paha nā kumu i nā leka uila i hele mai iā lākou), a laila, i ka hoʻohui i nā mea āpau, e hoʻonoho iā lākou ma luna o ka papahele i nā kaulahao. no laila ke manaʻo nei lākou i ka kala a hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou hala moʻolelo. ʻAʻole liʻuliʻu i ʻōlelo ʻia ma mua. Ua ʻike ʻia kā mākou noi i kahi pane ola, a manaʻo ʻia e like me ke ʻano o ka titan o ke koʻikoʻi wahine, ua huli ka ʻatikala ʻo "Hypatia" me ka ʻoluʻolu nui. Ua alo mākou i kekahi nīnau paʻakikī: "Ke kānalua nei au inā paʻi ʻia ka puke mai Hitler's Mine Kampf inā kākau ʻia ka wahine manaʻo?" Ka mea, ua pane maikaʻi ia i kēlā pane, no ka mea, ʻo ka nūpepa haʻahaʻa wahine i hana ʻo Affilia i kākau ʻia i ka puke no ka paʻi. Ke neʻe nei i mua o ke ala ʻepekema, hoʻomaka mākou e ʻike hiki iā mākou ke hana i kekahi mea inā ʻaʻole i hele ma mua o nā paepae o ka ʻāpono i ʻike ʻia a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia nā ʻike ʻepekema ʻekepekema.

Ma nā huaʻōlelo, he kumu maikaʻi kā mākou i manaʻoʻiʻo inā inā ʻoluʻolu mākou i nā moʻolelo i hala a e hōʻaiʻē mai ia mea (a aneane pinepine kēia - ʻike wale mākou i nā kumu kumu mua), e loaʻa iā mākou ka manawa e hana ai i nā ʻōlelo ʻano kāula. I kēlā me kēia hihia, kū hoʻokahi a me ka nīnau kumu: he aha ka mea e pono ai mākou e kākau a he aha mākou e pono ai ke kuhi (ʻo ko mākou mau pilina, e ke ala, he ʻano maoli) no ia mea, e hoʻopuka ʻia ko mākou nonsense e like me ka ʻepekema o ka lele kiʻekiʻe. "

Ua hoʻāʻo nui ʻia kēia mau ʻatikala a hoʻopaʻa ʻia hoʻi i nā nūpepa hoʻonaʻauao huakaʻi pono. Ma muli o ko lākou "ʻano kūlohelohe koʻikoʻi", ua loaʻa i nā mea kākau i nā kono 4 i lilo i mau loiloi i loko o nā moʻolelo ʻepekema, a ʻo kekahi o nā mea i manaʻo ʻia loa, ʻo "Dog Park", ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻo ia i ka papa inoa o nā ʻatikala maikaʻi loa i loko o ka papa kuhikuhi kaulana o ka wahine feminis "Gender, Place and Culture". ʻO ke ʻano ke ʻano o kēia hana kuʻikuʻu penei:

"ʻO nā māla ʻīlio e hana i ka hana hoʻomāneʻe a i kahi o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka moʻomeheu lawaiʻa kuri, kahi i hoʻokau ʻia ka ʻōnaehana o ka" ʻīlio ʻawaʻake ʻia, i hiki iā mākou ke ana i ke ala o nā kānaka i nā pilikia ʻelua. Hāʻawi kēia i kahi manaʻo o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i nā kāne mai ka moekolohe a me ka hoʻokūkū nui a lākou i makemake ai "(Lindsay et al. 2018).

Ad hominem

ʻO ka mea hana ʻAmelika a me ka mea kākau, ʻaʻole e hūnā i kāna mau makemake kāne kāne, ke polofesa o nā kānaka ʻo Camilla Paglia, i loko o kāna puke ʻo Vamp And Tramps i ka makahiki 1994, ua kākau ʻo ia: "... , i kēia hihia, nā mea hoʻoweliweli gay, me ka absolutism fanatical, e koi nei i ka loaʻa wale o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ... ʻO ka ʻepekema gay ka mua he ʻepekema, a laila ʻo ka pelekane… ”(Paglia 1995, p. 91).

Ua kupaianaha hoʻi ka ʻōlelo hope. ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka manaʻo ideological a me ka nānā ʻana i ka poʻe olakino olakino maikaʻi - ʻaʻole ka nānā ʻana i ke olakino a me nā ʻike ʻepekema - he ikaika ka hopena o nā hopena noiʻi. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua nui ka manaʻo o ka poʻe e aʻo ana i ka male male i kekahi hopena.

ʻO nā mea noiʻi e hōʻole ʻia ana nā hopena i ka manaʻo o ka "homosexuality ma ke ʻano o ka orientation" ua hoʻohewa pinepine ʻia ma ke kumu o ka ʻōlelo "ad hominem keadaanantiae". He hana ʻino maikaʻi kēia ma kahi o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, akā ma kahi o nā kūkākūkā maoli ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, ka mea i hōʻole ʻia ma o ka kuhikuhi ʻana i nā kūlana, ʻano, a manaʻo a i ʻole kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka mea e lawe mai i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa, a i ʻole ka mea i pili pū me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa. ʻO ka mea kumu, ʻo ka mea ʻike i ka mea ʻepekema he mea hilinaʻi a kākoʻo paha i nā pāʻina kālaiʻāina me nā manaʻo conservative, ua paʻi ʻia ka ʻatikala i loko o kahi "non-mainstream" a i ʻole nā ​​loiloi non-pe-loiloi, Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻohuli i kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa he 180 kiʻekiʻe ka hoʻoheheʻe koke ʻia e nā hoʻopiʻi wahaheʻe, hemahema o "ke kūloko politika", "homophobia" a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka inaina.

E hoʻoponopono iā ʻoe iho.

ʻO Carl Maria Kertbeny, ka mea kākau puke Austrian nāna i hoʻokumu i nā huaʻōlelo heterosexuality, monosexuality, and homosexuality (ua kapa ʻia ka hana moe kāne like ma mua he sodomy a pederasty), he kāne homosexual (Takács 2004, pp. 26-40). ʻO ka loio Kelemania nāna i hoʻokumu i ka huaʻōlelo "sexual orientation" a koi ʻia e manaʻo ʻia ka pilina pili kāne maʻamau no ka mea he ʻano maoli lākou, ʻo Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, he kāne kāne (Sigusch 2000). ʻO Edward Warren, he miliona miliona ʻAmelika me ka hoihoi i ka wā kahiko, ua hāʻawi i ka lehulehu i kahi kīʻaha kahiko me nā kiʻi o nā hana pederastic, i ʻōlelo ʻia i hōʻoia i ka normativity o ka homosexuality ma Ancient Greece (ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Warren Cup), he kāne kāne (BrightonOurStory). 1999). Entomologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey—"ka makua kāne o ka sexual revolution in the United States"—he bisexual (Baumgardner 2008, p. 48) a moe kolohe me kekahi mau kāne, me kāna haumāna a me kāna mea kākau ʻo Clyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. . 59). ʻO ka psychiatrist Fritz Klein, ka mea kākau o ka Klein Sexual Orientation Scale, he bisexual (Klein and Schwartz 2001). Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kauka Evelyn Hooker i kāna noiʻi kaulana ma muli o ke koi ʻana o kāna hoaaloha ʻo Sam Frome a me nā kāne male kāne ʻē aʻe (Jackson et al., 1998, pp. 251-253), a ua paʻi ʻia kāna hōʻike mua loa e pili ana i ke kumuhana i loko o ka puke gay magazine Mattachine. Nānā (Hooker 1955). ʻO ka psychiatrist Paul Rosenfels, nāna i hoʻopuka i ka Homosexuality: The Psychology of the Creative Process i ka makahiki 1971, nāna i nānā i ka homosexual attraction ma ke ʻano he ʻano maʻamau, a ʻo kāna komo ʻana i hana i nā hanana o 1973, he kāne male (Paul Rosenfels Community website nd).

ʻO Kauka John Spiegel, ka mea i koho pelekikena o ka American Psychiatric Association ma 1973, he homosexual (a he lālā nō i kapa ʻia ʻo "GayPA") (mau huaʻōlelo 81, 2002), e like me nā hoa hana ʻē aʻe i kōkua i ke wehe ʻana i ka male like me ka papa inoa o nā deviations: Ronald Gold (Humm. 2017), Howard Brown (Brown 1976), Charles Silverstein (Silverstein a me White 1977), John Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) a me Richard Green (Green 2018). ʻO Kauka George Weinberg, ka mea i kāohi i ka huaʻōlelo manipulative "homophobia" ma lalo o ka hopena o nā pilina me nā hoa kelepona, he mea hoʻokani ahi no ka hoʻonaninani (ʻo ka Pelekikena Ayyar 2002).

ʻO Kauka Donald West, ka mea nāna i hoʻohālikelike i ka "hypothesis" ʻo nā mea kānalua i ka wahine he "pelekikina huna", "ʻo ia nō ʻo ia he kāne (ʻoihana ʻo 2012). ʻO Kauka Gregory Herek, kahi loea i "homophobia," e noʻonoʻo nei i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā "hewa hewa," ʻo ia nō ʻo ia he kanaka Pelekane (Bohan lāua ʻo Russel 1999). ʻO nā mea kākau o nā haʻawina nui, ka mea i hoʻākāka ʻia me ke kākoʻo ʻana o ke ʻano kūlohelohe i ka moʻolelo o ka male male male, ʻo Dr. Simon LeVey ("noiʻi o ka hypothalamus") (Allen 1997), ʻo Dr. Richard Pillard ("noiʻi o kā māhoe māhoe") (Mass 1990) a me Dr. Dean Heimer ("ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o nā ʻano kāne") (The New York Times 2004). ʻO Kauka Bruce Badgemeal, nāna i hoʻopuka i kahi puke e ʻōlelo ana he ākea ka pelekikena ma waena o nā holoholona a he nui nā "hopena o nā kānaka," ʻo ia ka kāne Pelekikena (Kluger 1999). ʻO Dr. Joan Rafgarden, he mea kākoʻo o ka hypothesis o ka "kūlohelohe" o ka moʻomeheu a me ka transsexualism i nā holoholona, ​​he nee ʻo Jonathan Rafgarden, ka mea i lawena ʻo ia no ka palaualelo o nā kāne i nā wahine i ka makahiki o 52 (Yoon 2000).

ʻO ka hōʻike a ka American Psychological Association e pili ana i ka gay reparative therapy i hoʻoholo ai "ʻaʻole paha e kūleʻa nā hoʻoikaika ʻana e hoʻololi i ke ʻano moe kolohe a lawe i kekahi pilikia o ka pōʻino, kūʻē i nā koi o ka reparative therapy practitioners and advocates" (APA 2009, p. V); Ua hana ʻia kēia hōʻike e kahi hui hana o ʻehiku mau kānaka, ʻo Judith M. Glassgold, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Lee Beckstead, Clinton W. Anderson he kāne kāne, a he bisexual ʻo Robin Lyn Miller (Nicolosi 2009). ʻO ka mea kākau o kekahi American Psychological Association hōʻike e pili ana i nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā kāne kāne like ʻole, nāna i kākau "ʻaʻohe haʻawina i ʻike i nā keiki a nā mākua kāne male kāne a i ʻole nā ​​​​mākua male kāne i hemahema ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā keiki a nā mākua heterosexual" (APA 2005, para. 15), ʻO Polofesa Charlotte J. Patterson o ke Kulanui o Virginia ʻo ia ka pelekikena mua o ka Mahele 44, ka hui kākoʻo wahine wahine, male kāne, a bisexual o APA, a he lālā kumu kipa ma ka LGBT Health Graduate Certificate Program ma Columbia College of Arts and Sciences (GW). Ke Kulanui ʻo Columbian). ʻO Kauka Clinton Anderson, ka mea a Kauka Patterson i mahalo ai no kāna "kōkua nui" me ka hōʻike (APA 2005, p. 22), he kāne kāne (e ʻike i luna). ʻO nā poʻe ʻehiku ʻē aʻe a Kauka Patterson i hoʻomaikaʻi ai no kā lākou "manaʻo kōkua" ʻo Kauka Natalie S. Eldridge, he kāne male (Eldridge et al., 1993, p. 13), a me Kauka Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, ʻO ia ke kāne male (Dayton Daily News 2009). ), He wahine wahine ʻo Kauka April Martin (Weinstein 2001) a "he paionia i ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka moekolohe queer a me nā hoʻonohonoho ʻohana ʻē aʻe" (Manhatann Alternative. n.d.). A i loko o kahi mana mua o ka hōʻike (APA 1995), mahalo pū ʻo Kauka Patterson iā Kauka Bianca Cody Murphy, he wahine wahine hoʻi (Plowman 2004).

ʻO Igor Semenovich Kon, ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka mea pili i ka mea i hoʻopuka i ka nui o nā hana e wehewehe pono ana i ka ʻōleʻa i ka lōlani Lūkia, ua kākoʻo pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻonaninani o ka hanana o ka male i loko o Lūkia, he mea hoʻokipa i ka hāʻawi mai nā ʻAmelika a me nā ʻoihana LGBT +, i hala i hoʻokahi, ʻaʻole loa. ʻaʻole i male (Kuznetsov a me Ponkin 2007). ʻO Celia Kitzinger lāua ʻo Susan (Sue) Wilkinson, nā mea kākau o ka British Psychological Society a me ka American Psychological Association, nā mea kākau i nā puke he nui a me nā paʻi e hōʻhewa nei i ka ʻike kuʻuna o nā kuleana wahine a me ka heterosexuality, ua mare kekahi i kekahi (Davies 2014). ʻO Psychiatrist Martha Kirkpatrick, mea kākau o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo 1981 ma ka "ʻaʻohe hopena" ma ka hānai ʻana i nā hana like-sex like, he wahine wahine (ʻo Rosario 2002). ʻO Gynecologist ʻo Catherine O'Hanlan, ka mea kākau i nā ʻatikala ma ka homophobia, ʻo ia ka wahine i ka wahine (The New York Times 2003). ʻO Dr. Jesse Bering, popularizer o nā ʻano āpau i kapa ʻia. "Pūnaewele maikaʻi aʻe", he mau kāne (Bering 2013).

E hooki au ma ʻaneʻi i ka nānā ʻana i nā pilikino o nā mea hoʻolaha LGBT ʻepekema, no ka mea, ʻaʻole kēia ke kumu o kēia ʻatikala. ʻO wau iho, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei au ʻo Ad Hominem ka nānā ʻana i nā mea he kumu hewa a hemahema no ka ʻepekema a pono e pale ʻia i nā koina āpau. kiko.

Eia kekahi, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he mau kānakaʻepekō kanaka ka poʻe iʻike i ka hopena o LGBT-skeptical: no ka laʻana, ʻo Dr. Emily Drabant Conley, he kanaka neʻeneʻe wahine mai ka hui genomic "23andme" (Rafkin 2013), ka mea i hōʻike i ka pepa i nā hopena o ka noi nui o genomic hui o nā makemake i ka moekolohe i ka ʻaha kūkā makahiki o ka American Society of Human Genetics ma 2012 - ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i waena o nā mea hoihoi a me nā ʻano o nā kāne (Drabant et al., 2012). ʻOiai, e like me kaʻu i ʻike ai, no nā kumu ʻike ʻole ʻole ʻia, ʻaʻole i hoʻouna ʻo Drabant i kēia mau kumuwaiwai no ka paʻi ʻana i loko o kahi puke hana kūkā.

Akā ʻo ka hōʻole ʻia o ke kānāwai o "Ad hominem" e pono i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema. I kēia, inā ʻōlelo kekahi iā "A", pono ia e ʻōlelo ʻo "B". He hoowahawaha ʻia ʻole ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana i kekahi mau noiʻi e pili ana i nā manaʻo politika a i ʻole ka manaʻoʻiʻo ʻuhane o nā mea noiʻi, no ka mea, no ka mea i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano nūpepa i hoʻopuka ʻia e ka Catholic Medical Association, a i ʻole nā ​​loiloi i loaʻa kālā mai nā Witherspoon Institute ʻānela, a i ka manawa like i ʻole e nānā i nā ʻikepili i luna. noiʻi noiʻi e hōʻike ana i nā hopena advocacy LGBT. A laila, i ke kamaʻilio ʻana, i ke kūkākūkā i ka pilikia o ka mea hoʻonaninani o ke ʻano hoʻohālike, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka "Ad hominem" i ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kekahi manaʻo.

hopena

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻepekema i ka politika "pololei" a me ka "hewa," ʻano a me ka conservative, democratic a me ka mana. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ʻepekema ke hoʻolaha i ka LGBT a i ʻole ke kānalua LGBT. ʻO ka maʻalahi, nā kaʻina hana ʻepekema - psychophysiological phenomena a me nā hopena, nā maʻi a me nā maʻi bacteria - ʻaʻole makemake nui i nā manaʻo politika o ka ʻepekema e aʻo nei iā lākou; ʻaʻole ʻike ka bacteria e pili ana i nā "kaua moʻomeheu". He mau ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia i hāʻawi ʻia, hiki ke nānā ʻole ʻia a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka poʻe i haʻi iā lākou, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke kīkē ʻia kēia mau ʻoiaʻiʻo. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻepekema ma ke ʻano ʻepekema, ʻo nā mea a pau e hoʻohuli i ka ʻepekema i mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻohe mea i alakaʻi ʻia e lākou - humanism, ideology a me ka politika, ka hoʻoponopono pili kanaka a me ka ʻenekinia kaiaulu, etc. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kaiāulu ʻepekema, e like me nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe o ka poʻe me ko lākou mau manaʻoʻiʻo a me ko lākou mau manaʻo ponoʻī, pili i ka manaʻo. A ʻo kēia manaʻo kūʻē i kekahi poʻe, ka mea i kapa ʻia. Ua hōʻike ikaika ʻia nā waiwai "neoliberal" i kēia ao hou. He nui nā kumu i hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ke kumu o kēia manaʻo - he hoʻoilina pilikanaka a me ka mōʻaukala i alakaʻi ʻia i ka puka ʻana mai o nā "taboos ʻepekema", nā hakakā politika koʻikoʻi i hoʻomaka ai i ka hoʻokamani, ka "kalepa" o ka ʻepekema alakaʻi i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā manaʻo. , etc. ʻO keʻano maoli,ʻaʻole i kaupalenaʻia ka pilikia o kaʻikeʻepekema i ka manaʻoʻole i ka loiloiʻana i ka male kāne, akā e komo pū ana me nā pilikia'ē aʻe he nui a koʻikoʻi i ka uluʻana o ke kanaka. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻalo loa ʻia ka manaʻo ʻole i ka ʻepekema. Eia naʻe, i koʻu manaʻo, hiki ke hana i nā kūlana no kahi kaʻina ʻepekema equidistant maikaʻi loa. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau kūlana ʻo ia ke kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema - kālā, politika a, ʻaʻohe mea nui, kūʻokoʻa mai ka media.

Hoike hōkeo

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Nā memo

ʻO 1 Encyclopedia Britannica ke wehewehe i ka hoʻolaha ma lalo nei: ʻO ka Propaganda kahi hana ʻoi aku ʻole a emi iki paha ka hoʻonāukiuki i nā manaʻo, nā pili a i ʻole nā ​​hana a nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ma o nā hōʻailona (nā huaʻōlelo, nā mea hoʻohalike, nā pou, nā mea hoʻomanaʻo, nā mele, nā kapa, nā pāpale, nā hiʻohiʻona, nā kahakaha kālā a me nāʻaoʻao postage, etc.). Intentionality a me kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma ka hoʻopunipuni ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā propaganda mai ka kamaʻilio maʻamau a i ʻole ka loli maʻalahi a me nā maʻalahi o nā manaʻo. Loaʻa i kahi propagandist kahi pahuhopu kūikawā aiʻole nā ​​pahuhopu. E hoʻokae iā lākou, koho maikaʻi ka propagandist i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻopaʻapaʻa, a me nā hōʻailona a hōʻike iā lākou i ke ala e hiki ai i ka hopena koʻikoʻi. I mea e hoʻonui ai i ka hopena, e nalo paha ʻo ia i nā ʻike maoli a hoʻokaʻawale paha iā lākou, a hiki paha iā ia ke hoʻowahāwahā i ka ʻike o ka lehulehu mai nā kumu ʻike ʻē aʻe. " https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

2 ʻiticlelo Pololei

3 Luna Hoʻomau Kaiiwa-Wing

4 No laila ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia i ka memo

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Nā kumuwaiwai puke

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3. Aarts, Alexander A., ​​Joanna E. Anderson, Christopher J. Anderson, Peter R. Attridge, Angela Attwood, Jordan Axt, Molly Babel, Štěpán Bahník, Erica Baranski, Michael Barnett-Cowan, et al. 2015. "Kuhi ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana o ka ʻepekema noʻonoʻo." Science 349, no. 6251: aac4716.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac4716.
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