ʻO ka pelekane: pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo a i ʻole?

ʻO ka helu ʻana i ka ʻike ʻepekema.

He kumu ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekania: Robert L. Kinney III - ʻO ka palaka a me nā hōʻike ʻepekema: Ma ka mea hopohopo hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻike, antiquated data, a me nā laulā ākea ākea.
ʻO Linacre Quarterly 82 (4) 2015, 364 - 390
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000002
He unuhi hui ʻEpekema no ka ʻoiaʻiʻo/ MA ʻO Lysov, MD, Ph.D.

NA MEA: Ma ke ʻano he kūlike no ka "normalativeness" o ka pelekane, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka "hoʻololi" a me ka hana ʻana o nā kāne o nā kāne he kanaka like ʻole heterosexual. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia "ʻaʻole pili i ka hoʻololi ʻana" a me ka hana i ka pili ʻana i ka hoʻoholo inā he kūpaʻa ka moe kolohe i ka noʻonoʻo a alakaʻi i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ke neʻe ʻole ka hele ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo, no ka mea, ʻaʻole alakaʻi ʻo ia ʻano aupuni i ka "hoʻololi", ke kaumaha a i ʻole ka hopena o ka nohona, inā ʻaʻole ʻia nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo ʻole e kuhihewa ʻia e like me nā kūlana maʻamau. ʻAʻole nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka puke i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā poʻe kākoʻo o ka ʻano ʻo ka hoʻonaninani o ka male male.

Introduction

Ma hope koke o kēia kākau ʻana, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kekahi nū Katolika [kākau i kahi ʻatikala koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka male.)Funk 2014) No ke kumu like, ua kākau kekahi mea hoʻowalewale ua kākau ʻo ka nun "i ka ʻāina o ka ʻepekema a me nā anthropology", ʻo ia nā mea "ʻaʻole i hiki iā ia ("ʻO Gallbraith xnumx). ʻAʻole maopopo loa i ke ʻano maoli o ka manaʻo, akā ʻo ka pane ʻana i ka ʻatikala e hāpai ana i nā nīnau nui. ʻO ka uku o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili kahiko a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi i loko o kahi ma waho o ka manaʻo o kekahi e pili ana i ʻelua mau mea. ʻO ka mea mua, hōʻike ia aia kekahi mau hōʻike e ʻoi aku ka hou ma mua o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka nun ma ke kumuhana o ka moekolohe. ʻO ka lua, kuhikuhi ia aia he loea hilinaʻi i ʻoi aku ka mākaukau e wānana e pili ana i ka moekolohe. Kū aʻe nō hoʻi ka nīnau: he aha, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka moekolohe "ʻaʻole i hala ʻole", ʻike hou? Eia kekahi, he aha ka ʻōlelo a ka poʻe loea i kapa ʻia he mana no ka moekolohe? Hōʻike kahi ʻimi pūnaewele maʻalahi he nui nā mea i kapa ʻia he loea no ka olakino noʻonoʻo e koi ana aia he kino nui o nā hōʻike ʻepekema e kākoʻo i ko lākou manaʻo ʻaʻole ka homosexualite i kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo. I kēia kūlana, pono e lawe i kahi loiloi a me ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā hōʻike ʻepekema i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole ka homosexualite kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo.

ʻElua mau pūʻulu i kapa ʻia he "kaulana a he hilinaʻi e like me nā poʻe loea i nā maʻi noʻonoʻo i loko o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa" ʻo ia ka American Psychological Association (APA) a me ka American Psychiatric Association. No laila, e hāʻawi mua wau i ke kūlana o kēia mau hui e pili ana i ka male male, a laila e kāʻei wau i ka "ʻikeʻike ʻepekema" a lākou e ʻōlelo ai e ʻōlelo i ka pono o kēlā ʻano.

E hōʻike aku nei au he mau manaʻo nui ʻole i loko o nā kumu, ka mea i hōʻike ʻia me ka "hōʻike ʻepekema" e kākoʻo ana i ka manaʻo i ka manaʻo o ka male i ka maʻi male ʻole ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. Ma kahi kikoʻī, kahi hapa nui o ka puke i hōʻike ʻia e like me nā hōʻike ʻepekema ʻaʻole pono i pili i ke kumuhana o ka maʻi like a me ka pili kino. Ma muli o kēia mau hemahema, ka hōʻike kālā ʻana o ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa o ʻAmelika a me APA, i ka liʻiliʻi loa me ka pili i kā lākou mau ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka ʻano kanaka, ua nīnau ʻia.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION AND AMERICAN PSYCHIOTRIC ASSOCIATION

E hoʻomaka wau me kahi wehewehe o ka APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association, a kamaʻilio e pili ana i ko lākou manaʻo i ka male i ka male. Wahi a APA he:

"... ʻo ka ʻepekema ʻepekema nui loa a me nā loea e hōʻike ana i ka psychology ma United States. ʻO APA ka hui nui o ka honua o ka psychologists me e pili ana iā 130 000 mea noiʻi, nā mea hoʻonaʻauao, nā mea lapaʻau, nā mea aʻoaʻo a me nā haumāna. " (American Psychological Association 2014)

ʻO kāna pahuhopu "ʻO ka hāʻawi i ka manaʻo, ka kamaʻilio a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻike noʻonoʻo i ka pono o ke kaiāulu a me ka holomua o nā nohona kanaka" (American Psychological Association 2014).

American Psychiatric Association (kahi e hoʻohana ai i ka acronym APA):

"... ʻo ia ka ʻoihana psychiatric nui loa o ka honua. ʻO kēia kahi ʻoihana olakino olakino e hōʻike ana i ka nui o nā lālā, i kēia manawa ma mua o 35 000 psychiatrists ... Hana pū nā lālā nona ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka mālama kanaka a me ka mālama pono no nā poʻe āpau me ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, ka komo pū ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo a me nā mea hoʻohana. ʻO APA ka leo a me ka noʻonoʻo o ka psychiatry hou " (ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 2014a).

Hoʻopuka ka American Psychiatric Association i ka Diagnostic a me ka Manual Manual o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo - DSM, ʻo ia hoʻi:

"... kahi kuhikuhi e hoʻohana ʻia e nā limahana mālama ola ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā ʻāina he nui ma ka honua o mea kākau alakaʻi alakaʻi maʻi maʻi kino. ʻO "DSM" ka ho'ākāka, nā hōʻailona a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i nā pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo. Hāʻawi ia i ka hui ʻana o ka kamaʻilio ʻana no nā kauka lapaʻau e kamaʻilio e pili ana i kā lākou mau maʻi a hoʻokumu i nā hopena maʻamau a hilinaʻi hoʻi hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo. Hāʻawi ia i ka hoʻohui o ke kamaʻilio ʻana no ka poʻe noiʻi e ʻimi i nā loiloi no ka hiki ʻana i nā loiloi e hiki mai ana a kōkua i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. " (ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Huipū ʻ Xlelo 2014b, hoʻohui i koho).

ʻO nā alakaʻi diagnostic a statistic no nā pilikia noʻonoʻo, i manaʻo ʻia nā alakaʻi kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kūlana olakino noʻonoʻo. Ke hahai ia nei kēlā mau psychiatrists i hoʻokumu ʻana i ka American Psychiatric Association, ʻoiai hoʻi ka poʻe e komo i ka wehewehe ʻana i ka ʻike o "DSM," e manaʻo ʻia he mau mana a me nā loea i ka psychiatry (no ka poʻe i ka ʻike ʻole i ka ʻike maʻamau ʻepekema, ʻokoʻa ka aʻo ʻana o ka psychology ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka psychiatry, no laila aia kekahi mau ʻenehana ʻokoʻa like ʻokoʻa e aʻo nei i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo - psychiatric a me psychiatric).

ʻO ke ʻano o ka APA a me ka ʻAmelika Psychiatric Association e pili ana i ka moekolohe i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ʻelua mau palapala nui. ʻO ka mea mua o kēia mau palapala ka mea i kapa ʻia. ʻO ka pōkole a Amici Curiae no APA¹ua hoʻolako ʻia i ka wā ʻo US Supreme Court Lawrence v. Texas i hihia e hoʻokau ʻia ai nā kānāwai anti-sodomy. ʻO ka lua ʻo kahi palapala APA i kapa ʻia "Report Group Target ma nā hopena kūpono e pili ana i ka hopena kūpono".². ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā mea kākau ma kēia hōʻike "Ke hana nei i ka loiloi ʻōnaehana'ōnaehana i nā loea ʻepekema i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana pilikino" i hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻōlelo ʻoi aku ka nui o nā loea olakino. (Glassgold et al., 2009, 2) Aia nā palapala ʻelua i nā ʻōlelo hōʻike mai nā kumuhana i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he "hōʻike" e kākoʻo ai i ka manaʻo no ka maʻi he male ʻole. E nānā wau i ka ʻikeʻike ʻepekema i hāʻawi ʻia i nā palapala a kāʻei wau i nā kumuwaiwai i hōʻike ʻia ma nā hōʻike ʻepekema.

Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka "hui pūʻulu" i hoʻomākaukau i ka palapala lua ua alakaʻi ʻia e Judith M. Glassgold, he mea maʻi psychbi wahine. Noho ʻo ia ma ka papa o Journal of Gay and Lesbian Psychotherapy a ʻo ia ke poʻokela mua o nā APA's Gay and Lesbian Department (Nicolosi 2009) ʻO nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ka hana hana: ʻo Lee Bexted, Jack Drescher, Beverly Green, Robin Lyn Miller, Roger L. Worsington a me Clinton W. Anderson. Wahi a Joseph Nicolosi, ʻO Bexted, ʻo Drescher lāua ʻo Anderson he "pākōlio," ʻo Miller ka "bisexual," a ʻo Green hoʻi kekahi wahine.Nicolosi 2009) No laila, ma mua o ka heluhelu ʻana i ko lākou manaʻo, pono ka mea heluhelu e lawe ʻole i nā luna o APA i kahi kulekele i kēia pilikia.

E haʻi wau i kēia mau palapala ʻelua. E ʻae kēia i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka kūlana o ka APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association.

PĀHANA O KA MUA ANU I ON HOMOSEXUALISM

APA kākau e pili ana i ka hoihoi 'ana i ka male aku;

"... ʻoi aku ka hoʻonaninani ʻano-ʻano like ʻole, ka ʻano, a me nā hana pilikino i loko o lākou iho i nā ʻano maʻamau a maikaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ʻano kanaka - ma nā ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻike i ka maʻi noʻonoʻo a i ʻole ka ulu ʻana." (ʻO ke kāʻei Glassgold et al. 2009, 2).

Ua wehewehe lākou ma ka "maʻamau" lākou "ʻO ka hala ʻole o kahi pilikia noʻonoʻo a me ka hele ʻana o ka hopena maikaʻi a olakino e ulu ai ke kanaka" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 11) Hoʻomaopopo nā mea kākau a APA i kēia mau ʻōlelo "Kākoʻo ʻia e kahi waihona mana nui" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 15).

Hoʻohana ka palapala noi ʻana i ka APA Expertion i nā ʻōlelo like:

"... mau makahiki o ka noiʻi a me ka ʻike loea e alakaʻi i nā ʻoihana olakino āpau o kēia ʻāina e hoʻopau i ka homosexuality he ʻano maʻamau o ke ʻano kanaka." (Ka pōmaikaʻi ʻo Amici Curiae 2003, 1).

No laila, ʻo ke kūlana nui o ka APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association ʻo ka homosexuality is not a mental disorder, but into a form of normal sex of human sex, and theylaim they based on their kūmau e pili ana i nā hōʻike ʻepekema koʻikoʻi.

ʻO Sigmund Freud

Ke hoʻomau nei kēlā me nā palapala ʻelua i nā loiloi pili ʻole o ka moʻa male a me ka psychoanalysis. Hoʻomaka hoʻokahi pepa ma ka helu ʻana iā Sigmund Freud, ka mea nāna i hōʻike ma ke ʻano he male "ʻAʻole he mea hoʻohilahila, ka hewa, a me ka hoʻohaumia, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia he maʻi, akā he ʻano ʻano ka hana hoʻonaninani" (Freud, 1960, 21, 423 - 4) Ua kākau nā mea kākau e hoʻāʻo ʻo Freud e hoʻololi i ka moe wahine i ka wahine hoʻokahi, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka kūleʻa. "Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Freud e ho'āʻo ana e hoʻololi i ka moeʻuhane pilikino paha i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia." (Glassgold et al., 2009, 21).

Hele ʻo ia me ka ʻōlelo ʻole o ka leka i kākau ʻia e [Freud] i ka makahiki 1935 i hala a i ʻole kūpono ʻole paha, e pili ana i ka koho o nā huaʻōlelo. ʻO ka hopena ʻo Freud he hoʻololi i ka hoʻololiʻana i ka "male"paha paha ʻaʻole i kūpaʻa ʻo ia "ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo hoʻokahi e pono ʻia he" moʻolelo kānalua. " No laila, ʻaʻole lawa nā hōʻike a Freud i kēia hihia; pili i kāna leka, ʻaʻole hiki ke hiki ke hana i kahi ʻōlelo no ka homosexuality he ʻano maʻamau ia o kahi ʻano pilikino kanaka. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua kuhi hewa ka mea kākau mai ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka manaʻo o Freud, ka mea nāna i ʻōlelo ke "male".ka ʻokoʻa ʻana i ka hana moʻo ʻana i hana ʻia e kekahi mea i kāpae ʻia i ka ulu ʻana i ka moekolohe"(Herek 2012) E ʻoluʻolu e pale aku i kēia ʻōlelo mai ka hana a Freud me ka hoʻopunipuni. (I nā ʻōlelo hou aku no ka mea a Freud i kākau ai e pili ana i ka palupalu. hiki ke heluhelu ʻia i ka hana a Nicolosi).

Alfred Kinsey

A pili ka palapala ʻ APlelo APA Task Force e pili ana i ʻelua puke i kākau ʻia e Alfred Kinsey ma 1948 a me 1953 (ʻAne Pūnaewele i loko o ke kāne a me ke ʻano kūpono i ka kāne male):

"... ma ka manawa like o nā manaʻo pathologizing e pili ana i ka palupalu ma ka psychiatry a me ka psychology a me nā psychology ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ʻike nā mākaʻikaʻi e hōʻike nei i kēia ʻano haʻaheo. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana o "Nā Hana Pūnaewele i ke Kamaliʻi o ke kāne" a me "ʻO ka Pelekane i loko o ke kāne" a ua hōʻike ʻoi aku ka maʻi o ka male male ma mua o ka manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia, e hōʻike ana i kēlā ʻano hana he ʻano o ka hoʻomau o ka moekolohe a me ke ʻano. (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

I loko o kēia mau ʻōlelo, ke kī nui ʻo ia ka hoʻohanohano o ka moʻolelo o ka pelekane i ka "mau ka hoʻomau" maʻamau. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka APA i ka pae e pili ana i nā puke a Kinsey:

Ua hōʻike ʻia no ka maʻamau o ka homosexuality i waena o nā poʻe ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo mua ai;
No laila, aia kahi hoʻolaha maʻamau (a "maʻamau 'mau") kahi o ka hōʻeuʻeu i ka moekolohe i nā kāne like ʻole.

ʻO nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa a Kinsey (i ʻae ʻia e APA) he ʻano kūlike loa ia e like me ka hoʻākāka ʻana o ka mea a Freud i ʻōlelo ai. ʻO "Continum" he ʻano mau loa ia e hoʻohuli iki ʻole ai nā mea pili i kēlā me kēia, ʻoiai ke ʻano like loa nā kiʻekiʻe.ʻO New Oxford American Dictionary 2010, sv ka hoʻomau) ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻomau i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā mahana - "ʻālio" a me "anuanu" ʻokoʻa loa ia mai kekahi i kekahi, akā hikiʻole ke hoʻokaʻawale i waena o 100 ° F a me 99 ° F. Kinsey e wehewehe nei i kāna kumumanaʻo no ka hoʻomau i loko o ke ʻano:

"ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻoka honua ʻia i ka hipa a me nā kao. ʻAʻole keʻokeʻo a pau ka keʻokeʻo. ʻO ke kumu o ke ʻauhau ʻikepili i ʻole ke kamaʻilio ʻana o ke ʻano ka ʻatikala. Hoʻokumu wale ka noʻonoʻo kanaka i nā helu a hoʻāʻo e waiho i nā hua āpau i loko o nā hīnaʻi. He ʻōlelo mau ka holoholona hihiu ma nā ʻano āpau.. ^ E Ha yM. Ma kahi koke koke mākou e hoʻomaopopo ai i kēia e pili ana i ka moe kolohe kanaka, hiki koke iā mākou ke hoʻokō i kahi ʻike kūpono o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka wahine. (ʻO Kinsey a me Pomeroy 1948, hoʻohui i koho).

E pili ana i ka pelekane, ʻo Kinsey (e like me ka poʻe kākau o ka APA) i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kekahi mau kāne i kā lākou moeʻuhane ponoʻī, e hahai koke ana aia i ka hoʻomau mau o ka hana ka wahine. I mea e ʻike ai i ka hemahema o kēlā mau wehewehe wehewehe ʻana, ʻaʻole ia e loaʻa i kahi pae ʻepekema. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻano maʻamau o ka nānā ʻana ma nā nānā ʻana i kēlā ʻano ʻano i loko o ke kaiāulu. Hoʻopau kēia i nā ʻepekema āpau.

I mea e maʻalahi ai ke hoʻomaopopo i ka nāwaliwali o kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa, e haʻi hou wau i kahi ʻano o kekahi ʻano ʻano koʻikoʻi i ʻike ʻia i waena o nā poʻe. Ke makemake nui nei kekahi poʻe e kāpae i kā lākou mau ʻaoʻao maikaʻi o ke kino; i waena o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe he makemake e hōʻeha i nā mea hōʻeha ma ko lākou kino, ʻoiai ke ʻimi nei nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hōʻino iā lākou iho ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole lawehala kēia mau kānaka āpau, ʻaʻole lākou e ʻimi i ka make, akā makemake wale e kāpae i ko lākou mau kino olakino a hoʻopōʻino paha i ko lākou kino.

ʻO ke ʻano e manaʻo ai kekahi kanaka i ka makemake e wehe i kahi ʻāpana olakino i ʻike ʻia i loko o ka ʻepekema ʻo "apotemophilia", "xenomelia", a i ʻole "syndrome integrity disorder '". ʻO ʻo Apothemophilia ka "ʻO ka makemake o ke kanaka olakino e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i kahi wāwae e olakino a e hana pono" (ʻO Brugger, Lenggenhager a me Giummarra 2013, 1) Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ia "ʻO ka hapa nui o nā poʻe me ka apotemophilia he mau kāne",ʻo ia "ʻO ka hapa nui e hoʻokaʻawale i nā wāwae"ʻoiai "He hapa nui o ka poʻe me ka apothemophilia e makemake e wehe i nā wāwae ʻelua" (Hilti et al., 2013, 319). I loko o hoʻokahi haʻawina me nā kāne 13, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua loaʻa nā ʻōlelo āpau me ka apotemophilia «ikaika ikaika nahele " (Hilti et al., 2013, 324, hoʻohui hoʻohui). Hōʻike nā haʻawina i kēia ʻano e ulu a i ke wā kamaliʻi, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ia mai ka wā o ka hānau ʻana (Blom, Hennekam lāua ʻo Denys 2012, 1). I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hānau ʻia kekahi poʻe me kahi makemake a makemake paha paha e hoʻoneʻe i kahi ʻōpū palekana. Eia nō hoʻi, ma kahi noiʻi ma waena o ka poʻe 54, ua ʻike ʻia aia ka 64,8% o nā poʻe me xenomyelia i haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe (Blom, Hennekam lāua ʻo Denys 2012, 2). Ua hōʻike kekahi noiʻi e lawe ana i ka palaka olakino e alakaʻi i "ʻO ka hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke ola" (Blom, Hennekam lāua ʻo Denys 2012, 3).

No laila, e hōʻuluʻulu i: aia kahi kūlana noʻonoʻo kahi i makemake ai ka poʻe "ʻimi" a ʻimi ʻoka e hemo i ko lākou mau kino ola. Manaʻo paha kēia makemake, a i ʻole, i ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, e hānau ʻia nā kānaka me ka makemake e lawe i ko lākou mau kino. ʻO kēia "makemake" a me ka "makemake" ua like ia me "ke makemake" a i ʻole ka "makemake". ʻO ka "makemake" a "manaʻo" ʻole, ʻaʻole ia i kūlike me ke kōmike (a ʻia), akā he makemake, makemake, makemake, a me ka makemake, a me ke ʻano o ka wehe ʻana iā ia iho ua manaʻo ʻia he mau hewa (Hiltiet al., 2013, 324)³.

ʻO ka wehe ʻana i nā wāwae olakino hopena maʻi, a me ka makemake no hoʻi e hoʻoneʻe i nā olakino olakino makemake pathological ai ole ia, heleʻai pathological. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokumu kahi makemake pathological i ke ʻano o nā manaʻo, e like me ka manaʻo o ka hapa nui (inā ʻaʻole pau) nā makemake. I nā hihia he nui, ua loaʻa ka maʻi maʻi mai ka wā kamaliʻi. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻoi aku ka poʻe e hoʻokō nei i ko lākou makemake a wehe i kahi wāwae olakino maikaʻi aʻe ma hope o ka ʻōpala. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka poʻe e hana e like me ko lākou makemake i ka makemake (nā manaʻo no ka palolo) a hana i ka hana pathological e hoʻoiho i kahi wāwae maikaʻi, eʻike i kahi hoʻomaikaʻi i "maikaʻi o ke ola" a i ʻole ka hanana i kahi leʻaleʻa ma hope o ka hana ʻana i kahi hana pathological. (Kūpono ka mea heluhelu ma waena o kahi ʻano i waena o ke ʻano o ke apotemophilia a me ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka male.

ʻO ka lua o nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo aʻu i ʻōlelo ai ma luna, ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia. "Non-suicidal self-harm", a i ʻole "auto-mutilation" (ka makemake e hōʻeha iā ia iho, nā scars). Ua ʻōlelo ʻo David Klonsky:

"Ka non-suicidal auto-mutation e wehewehe ʻia ka lepiho i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia o nā kiko o ke kino ponoʻī. ʻO nā ʻano ʻano ʻē aʻe kekahi o ke kālai ʻia ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona ma ka ʻili, nā ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana. (Klonsky 2007, 1039 – 40).

Ua kākau ʻo Klonsky lāua ʻo Muehlenkamp i kēlā:

“E hoʻohana paha kekahi i ka hōʻino pono iā ia iho i mea e hoʻowalewale ai a leʻaleʻa paha, e like me ka parachuting a i ka ʻoi hoʻi ka bungee. No ka laʻana, nā kumu hana e hoʻohana ai kekahi mau kānaka e like me ke kaohi ʻana i ka auto e pili ana "makemake wau e kiʻekiʻe", "manaʻo ia he mea leʻaleʻa" a "no ka hauʻoli". No kēia mau kumu, hiki i ka auto-mutation ke hui pū i loko o kahi pūʻulu o nā hoaaloha a i ʻole nā hoa ʻē aʻe paha. ” (ʻO Klonsky lāua ʻo Muehlenkamp 2007, 1050)

Pēlā nō, haʻi ʻo Klonsky i kēlā

"... ka kiʻekiʻe o ka auto-mutation ma ka nui o ka lehulehu a ʻoi paha ke kiʻekiʻe i waena o nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio ... ua ʻike ʻia ka automutation i ʻike ʻia ma nā pūʻulu o nā limahana ʻole a hoʻokau koʻikoʻi, e like me nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe, nā haumāna haumāna haumāna a me nā pūʻali koa ... Ke ulu nui nei o ka auto-mutation ua manaʻo e ʻoi aku nā mea lapaʻau ma mua o ka manawa e hālāwai me kēlā ʻano hanana i kā lākou ʻano lapaʻau. " (Klonsky 2007, 1040, hoʻohui hoʻohui).

Hoʻomaopopo ka American Psychiatric Association me ka non-suicidal auto-mutation, pololei hōʻino "Hoʻopā pinepine ʻia ka makemake, a ʻo ka ʻino iā ia iho ka maikaʻi, ʻoiai ke ʻike nei ka mea kūlohelohe iā ia iho" (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 806).

No ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana, ʻo ka mea hoʻokaumaha ole-suicidal iho hopena maʻi e mua e makemake pathological (ai ole "Hoʻoikaika") hōʻino ʻoe iā ʻoe iho. ʻO ka poʻe hōʻino iā lākou iho ke hana lākou no ka "Makana". ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kekahi mau maʻi me ka maʻi kuhi "Ke lawelawe nui" i ka ʻike hiki ai iā lākou ke ola, hana a hana ma ke kaiāulu, ma ka manawa like a loaʻa iā lākou ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. I ka hopena "He kiʻekiʻe ke kiʻekiʻe o ka auto-mutation a ʻoi aku paha i kiʻekiʻe aʻe i waena o nā ʻōpio a me nā ʻōpio" (Klonsky 2007, 1040).

Ano, e hoʻi i ka pahuhopu mua - e noʻonoʻo i nā hiʻohiʻona o apotemophilia a me ka auto-mutation i ka hoʻolālā o ke loiloi o APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association. Ua ʻōlelo ka APA, ua hōʻole ka noiʻi noiʻi a Alfred Kinsey i ka palupalu ma kahi o ke kuʻikahi. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka APA i kēia ʻōlelo ma ka noiʻi o Kinsey "Ke hōʻike nei ka maʻamau i ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka male male ma mua o ka manaʻo i hōʻike mua ʻia, e hōʻike ana i kēlā ʻano hana he wahi o ka hoʻomau o ka moe kolohe a me ke kuʻikahi" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Eia hou, ke nānā pōkole nei ka pane a Kinsey e like me kēia:

I waena o nā poʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia he mea maʻamau ka maʻamau o ka male i ka ma mua;
No laila, aia kahi loli maʻamau (a ʻole "maʻamau" maʻamau o ka moekolohe.

Hoʻopili i ka pelekane me nā hiʻohiʻona o apotemophilia a me ka auto-mutation, e hahai ana i nā loiloi o Kinsey a me APA, a laila ka hoʻoilina:

Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻowalewale ʻia kekahi poʻe a makemake nui e hōʻeha iā lākou iho a ʻokiʻoki i nā ʻāpana olakino o ko lākou kino;
Ua hōʻike ʻia i waena o nā kānaka he nui ka makemake e hana ʻino iā ia iho a ʻoki i nā ʻāpana kino olakino ma mua o ka manaʻo ma mua.
No laila, aia he loli maʻamau o ka makemake e hōʻeha iā ʻoe iho a ʻoki i nā ʻaoʻao kino olakino; aia ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka hoʻololi maʻamau e pili ana i nā ʻano e pili ana iā ia iho.

A laila, ʻike mākou pehea pehea hoʻohālike a me ke kūpaʻa i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa o Kinsey a me APA; ka nānā 'ana i ka maʻi' ana ma mua o ka manaʻo ma mua, 'aʻole hiki ke alakaʻi i ka hopena. Hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia ka nānā ʻia o kēlā me kēia kanaka i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka "hoʻomau" o ke ʻano o ke kanaka; inā hōʻike ka makemake i ka hōʻeha ʻana iā ʻoe iho a i ʻole ka makemake e hoʻoneʻe i kahi olakino olakino e hōʻike ʻia i ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka mea ma mua o ka manaʻo mua ʻia, a laila (ma o kā lākou ʻano) ke ʻano o ka hanana maʻamau a me nā pahuhopu o ka hoʻomāinoino ʻia.

Ma kekahi pau ʻana o ka Kinsey spectile e loaʻa nā mea e makemake iā lākou e pepehi iā lākou iho, a ma kēlā me kēia o ka hoʻopuni i laila e loaʻa nā poʻe e makemake ana i ke olakino a me ka hana maʻamau o ko lākou kino. Ma kahi o lākou, e like me ka loiloi a Kinsey, aia nā poʻe e manaʻo e ʻokiʻī i ko lākou lima iho, a ma hope o lākou aia kahi e makemake ana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe piha i kēia mau lima lima. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka nīnau: no ke aha e hiki ʻole ai i ke ʻano o nā ʻano kanaka a pau ke ʻano maʻamau i nā ʻano o ke ʻano kanaka? ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mākeke o Kinsey, inā hoʻomau ka hoʻomau ʻana, e hoʻopau loa i ka pono no ka ʻolaʻōlelo a i ʻole psychiatry; Ua kākau ʻo Kinsey ua "he ʻōlelo mau ka honua ola ma nā ʻano a pau"." Inā he mea kēia, a laila, ʻaʻohe mea e like me ka maʻi kino (a i ʻole ka hōʻeha kino), ʻaʻohe pono o kēia mau hui a me nā hui āpau e hōʻike a mālama i nā maʻi noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka hoʻowalewale i ke kōmike o nā hewa hana, e like me ka loiloi Kinsey, ʻo ia wale kekahi o nā koho maʻamau i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo i ke ola o ke kanaka.

No laila, ʻōlelo ka APA, ʻo ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Kinsey he "refutation" o ka male i ka pelekane no ka mea ʻaʻole lawa ka lawaleʻa. ʻAʻole kākoʻo nā ʻike o ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i kēlā mau manaʻo, a ʻo ka hopena, ʻaʻole hewa. (Hoʻohui ʻia, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa wahaheʻe ʻole ʻia, ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka hapa nui o Kinsey.Kūʻai xnumx; E ʻike i nā kikoʻī ʻoao 10%).

K. S. FORD MA FRANK A. BEACH

ʻO kekahi kumuwaiwai i waiho ʻia i mua ma ke ʻano he ʻike ʻepekema ʻaʻole ka homosexuality he maʻi lolo kahi aʻo na C. S. Ford a me Frank A. Beach. Ua kākau ka APA:

"Hōʻike ʻo CS Ford a me Beach (1951) i ka ʻano o ka ʻano like o ka wahine a me ka male i ka pili o nā holoholona nui a me nā moʻomeheu kanaka. Hōʻike kēia hōʻike i ʻaʻohe mea kūlohelohe i ka ʻano like a me ka hana like ʻole."(Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Lawe ʻia ka ʻōlelo mai loko mai o kahi puke i kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻano hoʻohālike i nā hanana kāne. Ua kākau i loko o ka makahiki 1951, a ma loko, ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ʻike anthropological, ua ʻōlelo aku nā mea kākau e ʻae ʻia ka hana like ʻole i 49 mai ka 76 kanaka kanaka (Pono a me Miller, 2009, 576). Ua kuhikuhi aku ʻo Ford a me Beach i waena o nā kāne me nā kāne a me nā wahine i komo i ka hana male "Pono a me Miller, 2009) No laila, manaʻo ko nā mea kākau APA ma muli o ka ʻike ʻelua mau mea noiʻi ma 1951 e ʻike ʻia ana kekahi i nā kānaka a me nā holoholona, e hahai ana ia i kekahi mea ʻole i ka homosexuality. ua "hi". ʻO ka manaʻo nui o kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa e hiki ke hōʻike ʻia:

He ʻano hana a ʻano paha e nānā ʻia ma ka laulā o nā holoholona holoholona a me nā moʻomeheu kanaka e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe mea kūlike o ia ʻano a hana paha;
Ua mālama ʻia ke ʻano like o ka moe me ka wahine a me ka moʻomeheu i kahi pānaʻu holoholona me nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole;
ʻO ka hopena, ʻaʻohe mea kūlike i ka ʻano like a me ka ʻano hana like ʻole.

Ma kēia hihia, ke ʻike hou nei mākou me kahi "kumu huna" (aʻo 1951 aʻoi aku o ka makahiki), ka mea no ka hoʻolālā ʻana. ʻAʻole kūpono ke nānā ʻana i kekahi ʻano i waena o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona no ka hoʻoholo ʻana ʻaʻohe mea kūlike o ia ʻano (inā ʻaʻole manaʻo APA i kekahi ʻano kumu no ka "ʻano maoli" e hoʻokae e like me kēia ʻano) . ^ E Ha yM. I nā huaʻōlelo, he nui nā hana a i ʻole nā ʻano i hana a ke kanaka a me nā holoholona, akā ʻaʻole kēia e alakaʻi mau i ka hopena "ʻAʻohe mea maoli»I nā hana a me nā ʻano hana. No ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia, ua hōʻike ʻia ka cannibalism i pā i ka moʻomeheu kanaka a me nā holoholona (Petrinovich 2000, 92).

[Iwakālua mau makahiki ma hope, ua kuhi ʻo Beach i ka ʻike ʻole ʻia o kahi ʻano ʻoi loa o nā kāne a me nā wahine i loko o ka honua holoholona i makemake i kahi kāne like ʻole. "Aia nā kāne e noho ma luna o nā kāne ʻē aʻe, akā me ka ʻole o ka intromissi a i ʻole ka hopena. Hiki iā ʻoe ke nānā i kahi hīnaʻi ma waena o nā wahine ... akā ʻo ke kāhea ʻana he homosexuality ia i ka manaʻo o ke kanaka he unuhi, a he maʻalea nā wehewehe ʻana. (Karlen 1971, 399) - kū. per.]

ʻO ka noi ʻana i ke ʻano cannibalism i ka loiloi i hoʻohana ʻia e ka APA e hopena i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa penei:

He ʻano hana a ʻano paha e nānā ʻia ma ka laulā o nā holoholona holoholona a me nā moʻomeheu kanaka e hōʻike ana ʻaʻohe mea kūlike o ia ʻano a hana paha;
Hana ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻano ʻano like ʻole i nā holoholona like ʻole a me nā ʻano kanaka;
No ia ʻano, ʻaʻohe mea maʻamau i ka ʻai ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻano o kā lākou iho.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻoe i manaʻo e maopopo maoli kekahi mea "naturalatural" i ka cannibalism? Hiki iā mākou ke hiki i kēia hopena ma ke kumu like o ka noʻonoʻo maʻamau (me ka ʻole o ka anthropologist, sociologist, ʻona wahaʻōlelo a i ʻole biology. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka APA o ka hopena hewa o Ford a ʻo Beach me he "hōʻike hōʻike" ʻaʻole ke kīleʻaleʻa i ka maʻi noʻonoʻo a ua nele. Eia hou, ʻaʻole hōʻoia ka mea noiʻi ʻepekema i kā lākou hoʻoholo ʻana, a ʻo ka hopena ke lalau ʻole; ʻaʻole kā lākou hoʻopaʻapaʻa kuʻepekema. (Ma kēia ʻāpana hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i ka loikini o ka kiʻi ʻana o Kinsey a me APA: aia ka veganism ma kekahi kihi o ka "ka hoʻomau mau o ka hana o ka meaʻai" a me ka cannibalism ma kekahi).

ʻO Evelyn Hooker a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ke "Adaptability"

ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻikepili a nā mea kākau o ka hui kikowaena APA e pili ana i ka paʻi ʻana o Evelyn Hooker:

"ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o ka psychologist ʻo Evelyn Hooker i kau ʻia i ka manaʻo o ka male e like me ka pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo ma kahi hōʻike ʻepekema. Ua aʻo ʻo Hooker i kahi tauira non-Clinical of male kāne a hoʻohālikelike iā lākou i kahi kikoʻī i hoʻohālikelike i nā kāne heterosexual. Loaʻa ka mea hooker, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, mai nā hualoaʻa o nā hōʻike ʻekolu (hoʻoliʻi apperceptive hōʻike, E haʻi i ka moʻolelo ma nā hōʻike kiʻi a me ka hōʻike ʻo Rorschach) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kāne male wahine i kahi hui heterosexual e ka pae o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. ^ E Ha yM. He mea kupaianaha ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o nā poʻe loea i aʻo i nā protocols Rorschach i ka ʻokoʻa i waena o nā protocols o ka hui like homosexual me ka hui heterosexual, ka mea i hana i ka kūʻē kuʻikahi me ka ʻike nui i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻa o ka male a me nā ʻano loiloi projective i kēlā manawa. " (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22, hoʻohui hoʻohui).

ʻO APA Expert Opinion e pili pū ana i ka Hooker i "ʻ Thlelo paʻa loa":

“... i kekahi o ka mea mua e akahele ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana i ke olakino noʻonoʻo i ka homosexuals Ua hoʻohana ʻo Dr. Evelyn Hooker i kahi pākaukau o nā hoʻokolohua psychological maʻamau e aʻo i nā kāne male kāne a me nā kāne heterosexual i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka makahiki, IQ, a me ka hoʻonaʻauao ... Mai kāna ʻikepili, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia ʻaʻole pili pono ka homosexuality me ka psychopathology a "ʻaʻole noho ka male kāne ma ke ʻano he maʻi maʻi." (Kahiolelo o Amici Curiae 2003, 10 - 11, koho ʻia

No laila, ma 1957, hoʻohālikelike ʻo Evelyn Hooker i nā kāne nāna i ʻōlelo he palupalu i nā kāne i ʻōlelo he heterosexual. Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo ia i nā kumuhana e hoʻohana ana i ʻekolu mau hoʻokolohua hoʻonaʻauao: he hōʻike hoʻokaʻawale tematikala, kahi “hōʻike i kahi moʻolelo mai nā kiʻi” i hōʻike ʻia, a i kahi hōʻike Rorschach. Ua hopena ʻo Hooker i ka "homosexuality ma ke ʻano he maʻi kaukau ʻana ʻaʻole"Kahiolelo o Amici Curiae 2003, 11).

ʻO kahi nānā loiloi a me ka hōʻoleʻike o ka aʻo ʻana ʻo Hooker ma mua o ke kākau o kēia ʻatikala, akā e ʻike ʻia kekahi mau helu.

ʻO nā mea nui i nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe: (1) ka paona helu (ʻ Englishlelo Pelekania: “hopena”; wahi hope), a me (2) paha he mea hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena hopena ma o ke ana ʻana i kēia ʻāpana.

ʻO kekahi ʻano nui o ka hoʻopaʻa inā pololei nā ana. Ua nānā ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a Hooker i ka “hoʻoponopono” o nā homosexuals a me nā heterosexuals ma ke ʻano he ana palena. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Hooker ua like ka adaptability i ana ʻia i nā homosexuals a me nā heterosexuals. ʻAʻole naʻe ia e hāʻawi i ka wehewehe no ka huaʻōlelo "adaptability". I kēia manawa, e noʻonoʻo pono ka mea heluhelu i ka manaʻo o "adaptability," aʻu e hoʻi ai i hope. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma aneʻi i nā hana ʻē aʻe he nui i hōʻike hewa ʻia i nā hewa hana ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a Hooker (ʻelua mau hana e pili ana i nā hewa hana i ka noiʻi a Hooker i hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻāpana kūmole. Kūmole (2012) и ʻO Cameron a me Cameron (2012)) Ma kēia ʻatikala, e noho wau ma ka kikoʻī a Hooker i hoʻohana ai i ka ʻike ʻepekema i ke aloha ʻana i ka ʻōlelo pili e pili ana i ka "normality" o ka moʻomeheu: ka manawa kūpono.

Uku wau i kēia uaki, no ka mea, ma ka makahiki 2014, "adaptability" mau ke ʻano i hōʻike ʻia e nā hui nui e like me nā hōʻike ʻepekema, no ka mea, he ʻano ʻoi aku ka "homosexuality" he ʻano ʻano maʻamau o ka hana like ʻana o ke kanaka.

Ma hope o ka haʻi ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o Evelyn Hooker i mea ʻike kūloko, ʻike ʻia nā mea kākau o ka hana APA hana:

“Ma ke noi ʻana o Armon ma waena o nā wahine pelekane, he hopena like [me ka data mai Evelyn Hooker]. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei ma hope o nā haʻawina e Hooker a me Armon, ua mahuahua ka nui o nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka wahine a me ka wahine pili. ʻElua mau hanana nui i hōʻailona i kahi loli nui i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka male male. ʻO ka mea mua, ma hope o ke ʻano o Hooker, ua hoʻomaka hou nā mea noiʻi e hana i ka noiʻi ʻana i nā pūʻulu like ʻole o nā kāne kāne a me nā wahine. ʻO nā noi i hala aku nei ua komo pū kekahi o nā poʻe i hopohopo a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻole. ʻO ka lua, ʻo nā hana kuʻuna no ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ke kanaka (no ka laʻana, ka hōʻike ʻano pilikino Eysenck, ka nīnau nīnau Cattell, a me ka hōʻike Minnesota) a ua hoʻomohala nui a he hoʻomaikaʻi psychometric nui ma mua o nā hana mua, e like me, me ka laʻana, i ka hōʻike Rorschach. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina i hana ʻia me kēia mau loiloi hoʻolālā hou e like me nā kāne a me nā wahine i like ʻole i ke kāne he wahine a me nā wahine i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hana. "(Glassgold et al., 2009, 23, hoʻohui hoʻohui).

ʻO kēia laina hope, aʻu i kuhikuhi ai, he mea nui loa ia; "nā hana hou"Hoʻohālikelike"hoʻoponopono"A ʻo ka hiki ke hana i loko o kahi kaiāulu ma waena o nā kāne a me nā heterosexual, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua hoʻohana lākou i kahi hoʻohālikelike e hāpai i ke ʻano he kīʻaha ka maʻi male. E nānā ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ua "hoʻololi" ʻia i hoʻohana ʻia me ka "adaptability" (Jahoda xnumx, 60 - 63, Seaton i Lopez 2009, 796 - 199). No laila, hoʻopiʻi hou ʻo APA, ʻoiai ua like me ka ʻae ʻana o nā kāne o ka wahine he wahine like a me nā kāne a me nā wahine i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me nā hana hana kaiāulu, pono kēia e hōʻike i ka maʻi o ka male he wahine maʻi. ʻO ia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa a Evalyn Hooker i hoʻoikaika ai i kāna manaʻo ʻo ka homosexuality ʻaʻole ia he pathology me nā data e hōʻike ana i kahi like ma waena o nā kāne a me nā heterosexual ma "adaptability".

ʻO kahi loiloi a John C. Gonsiorek i kapa ʻia ʻo "Empirical Basis for the Demise of the Illness Model of Homosexuality" e ʻōlelo ʻia ana e APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association i hōʻike ʻia he kīnā ʻole o ka male i ka maʻi (Glassgold et al., 2009, 23; Kahiolelo o Amici Curiae 2003, 11). I kēiaʻatikala, hana ʻo Gonsiorek i nā ʻōlelo like ʻole e like me ka Evelyn Hooker. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Gonsiorek i kēlā

"... he maʻi kūpono loa ka maʻi psychiatric akā, he palapala hewa a noi ʻole kona noi ʻana i ka moʻolelo. I nā huaʻōlelo, ʻo ka hōkeo ʻana i ka male like me kahi maʻi he ala ʻepekema maikaʻi ʻole. No laila, he aha paha a ʻae ʻia ka hōʻoia o ka hana diagnostic a i ʻole ʻia i ka psychiatry, ʻaʻohe kumu e noʻonoʻo ai i ka male i ke ʻano he maʻi a i ʻole ka hōʻike ʻana o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. ". (Gonsiorek, 1991, 115).

Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo Gonsiorek i ka poʻe e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻōlelo, ʻo ke kīlea i ka maʻi he pilikia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i "ʻano hana ʻepekema maikaʻi." Eia kekahi, ʻōlelo ʻo Gonsiorek i kēlā "ʻO ka nīnau kūpono wale nō paha he pili i nā kāne o nā kāne a pau" (Gonsiorek 1991, 119 - 20) a

"... i ka nīnau inā he hom a he palemia paha kekahi a pili pū me ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, e maʻalahi ka pane ʻana .... nā hōʻike like o nā hui like ʻole i hōʻike pinepine ʻia ʻole kahiʻokoʻa ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka naʻau ma waena o ka wahine a me ka heterosexual. ^ E Ha yM. No laila, ʻoiai nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana kekahi i nā maʻiʻelima. ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia ka pilina pili kino a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo.. (Gonsiorek, 1991, Ua hui ʻia ʻo 123 - 24)

No laila, ma ka hana a Gonsiorek, "adaptability" i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he ana hoʻohālike. Eia hou, ua ʻike ʻia nā hōʻike ʻepekema i ʻōlelo ʻia e Gonsiorek, e ʻōlelo nei he "homosexuality ka mea maʻamau", e pili ana i kahi ana o ka "adaptability" o nā kāne like ʻole. Ke kuhi nei ʻo Gonsiorek inā he "pili" i ka hana pilikino me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo, a laila hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo he mau kānaka maʻi maʻi ka maʻi. Akā, inā ʻaʻohe kumu o ka adaptability o nā heterosexuals a me nā pelekane, a laila (e like me Gonsiorek) ʻoihana pelekikena ʻaʻole ia he maʻi noʻonoʻo. ʻAʻohe hoʻoweliweli kāna hoʻopaʻapaʻa me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻi a Evelyn Hooker, penei:

ʻAʻohe mea hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka naʻauao ma waena o nā kāne a me nā heterosexual;
No laila, ʻaʻole kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo i ka homosexuality.

Hoʻohālikelike ka ʻAʻike a APA i ka Lawrence v. Ua kau ʻo Texas i ka loiloi ʻo Gonsiorek e like me nā hōʻike ʻepekema e kākoʻo ana i ka ʻōlelo “ʻAʻole pili ka homosexuality me ka psychopathology a i ʻole ke kahakaha piliona” (Kahiolelo o Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Ua haʻi ka APA Expertion Opiniion i kekahi mau mea e pili ana i nā hōʻike ʻepekema e kākoʻo ana i kēia koi. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻōlelo i haʻi ʻia nei, ʻo ka loiloi loiloi 1978 o ka makahiki, ka mea e noʻonoʻo pū ana i ka adaptability "a" hoʻopau ʻana i nā hopena i loaʻa i kēia manawa ʻaʻole i hōʻike i ka mea hoʻomohala pilikino i hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia i ka psychologically ma mua o kāna ʻano heterosexual "()Hart et al., 1978, 604). Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me APA i nā haʻawina e Gonsiorek a me Hooker i hōʻike mau ʻia ma ke ʻano o kā lākou huakaʻi hou no ka US v. Windsor (Kahiolelo o Amici Curiae 2013, 8). ʻO ka hopena, ua hana hou ʻia nā hana o "adaptability" e kākoʻo i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka maʻi he male ʻole ka maʻi. No laila, pono mākou e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka "adaptability", ʻo ia ke kumu no ka hapanui o nā "ʻepekema ʻepekema" i ʻōlelo ʻia he maʻi noʻonoʻo.

"ADAPTABILITY" IN PSYCHOLOGY

Ua kākau wau ma luna o ka "adaptability" kahi huaʻōlelo i hoʻohana nui ʻia me "adaptation". Ua kākau ʻo Marie Jahoda ma 1958 (hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope o ka paʻi ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻo Evelyn Hooker) i kēlā

"Ma ke ʻano" adaptability "e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma mua o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ka mea pono ma ka pepa nūhou e pili ana i ke olakino noʻonoʻo, akā pinepine ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka ʻili o ke ʻano. hoʻohuli ". (Jahoda xnumx, 62).

ʻO ka noi Hooker a me ka noiʻi Gonsiorek e hōʻike nei i nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻohana kuʻikahi o ka huaʻōlelo "adaptability". ʻAʻole kekahi mea kākau i wehewehe pono i kēia huaʻōlelo, akā ʻo Gonsiorek e pili ana i kāna manaʻo i kēia huaʻōlelo ke kamaʻilio nei ʻo ia i nā haʻawina he nui i paʻi ʻia ma waena o 1960 a me 1975 mau makahiki (ka huaʻōlelo piha o ka paʻakikī o ka loaʻa ma muli o ka pono ua hoʻolaha ʻia lākou ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka waihona hoʻoili kamepiula):

“Ua hoʻohana kekahi nui o nā mea noiʻi no ka hoʻokolohua ʻo ka Adji Check List (“ ACL ”). Hoʻololi a hāpau, hoʻokaʻa, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia hoʻokolokolo, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā ʻokoʻa i ka huina hoʻokahoʻa ma waena o nā kāne male male heterosexual. Loaʻa ʻo Evans, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻokolohua like, ua ʻike ʻia nā kāne he nui i nā pilikia me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana iho ma mua o nā kāne heterosexual, akā he mea liʻiliʻi wale nō kekahi o nā kāne. maikaʻi maikaʻi ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Thompson, McCandless, a me Strickland i ka ACL e aʻo ai i ka noʻonoʻo hoʻokahoʻa ʻo nā kāne a me nā wahine - nā kāne male a me nā heterosexual, ka hopena e pili ana ka ʻona ʻana i ka moe kolohe me ka hiki ʻana o kekahi. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Hassell lāua ʻo Smith i ka ACL e hoʻohālikelike i nā wahine he wahine a me nā heterosexual a loaʻa kahi kiʻi i hui pū ʻia o nāʻokoʻa, akā ma ka laulā maʻamau, e pili ana i kēia mea hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i loko o ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo homosexual hoʻokahoʻa Ua hewa a ʻehu. " (Gonsiorek, 1991, 130, hoʻohui hoʻohui).

No laila, e like me Gonsiorek, ma ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi o nā hōʻike o kāna hana hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka "manaʻo pilikino". ʻO Lester D. Crow, i kahi puke i paʻi ʻia ma ka manawa like me nā haʻawina i loiloi ʻia e Gonsiorek, ua kākau

“Hiki ke hoʻokō pono, hiki ke hoʻokō pono i ka wā e hōʻike ai kekahi kanaka i kekahi mau ʻano. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia iā ia iho ma kahi kanaka, he like a ʻokoʻa ʻole i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Aia ia ia iā ia iho, akā, me ka maopopo maoli o kona mau ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali. Ma ka manawa like, hiki iā ia ke loiloi i nā ikaika a me nā nāwaliwali o kekahi ʻē aʻe a hoʻoponopono iā ia i kona ʻano ma ke ʻano o nā waiwai kūpono ... Ua manaʻo maluhia kahi kanaka maikaʻi e hoʻomaopopo i kona mākaukau e lawe i kāna pilina i kahi kūlana kūpono. ʻO kona manaʻo hilinaʻi a me kahi manaʻo o ka palekana pilikino e kōkua iā ia e alakaʻi i kāna mau hana i ke ʻano no ka mea a lākou e nānā nei i ka nānā mau ʻana i ka pono o kona iho a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻoponopono ikaika a paʻakikī paha i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi ma mua i kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ke hoʻomohala nei ka mea i loaʻa i ka palalike o ke ola a me kahi ʻōnaehana o ka waiwai e lawelawe pono iā ia i nā ʻano o ka hana - hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hana paha, a me ka launa pū me ka poʻe āpau me ia e kamaʻilio pū ai. ((Kukulu xnumx, 20 – 21).

Kahi wahi punahele ma hope o The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā

"I ka ʻimi noiʻi noʻonoʻo, pili ka adaptability i nā mea e hoʻokō ai i ka hopena a me ke kaʻina hana ... He hoʻokaumahaʻo Psychological kahi ʻano maʻamau o ka loiloi ʻana i nā hopena i loko o ka noiʻi ʻepekema, a me nā hana ʻana e like me ka manaʻo a i ʻole ka nele i ke kaumaha, hopohopo, a hoʻoluhi pinepine. Hiki i nā kānaka noiʻi ke ana i ka pae o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka a i ʻole maikaʻi ʻia i ka pane ʻana i kekahi ʻano kaumaha e like me ka hōʻemi ʻana a i ʻole ka hemahema pono ʻole, e like me ka waiʻona a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. " (Seaton in Lopez 2009, 796 – 7).

ʻO nā kaʻaila mai ka puke 1967 o ka makahiki a me ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i hope aʻe mai ka puka nūhelu e pili ana i nā wehewehe mai nā haʻawina i haʻi ʻia e Gonsiorek. Hoʻopau ʻo Gonsiorek i nā haʻawina he nui

“Loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka hui kāne, ka heterosexual a me nā hui bisexual, akā ʻaʻole naʻe i ka pae i hiki i ka psychopathology ke hāʻawi. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā hana no ke ana ʻana i ka pae o ke kaumaha, ka manaʻo ponoʻī, ka pilikia pili a me nā pilikia ma ke ola kino. " (Gonsiorek, 1991, 131).

ʻIke maopopo, ua ʻoli ʻia ka "adaptability" o kahi kanaka (ma ka liʻiliʻi loa) ma ke ana ʻana i ka "hōʻeha, a me ka hopohopo, nā pilikia a me nā pilikia i ke ola kino", ke kaumaha a me ke kaumaha. A laila, ua manaʻo ʻia he kanaka maikaʻi ʻole ka maʻi kaumaha a hōʻeha i ke kaumaha, he mea kiʻekiʻe a ma ke ʻano ponoʻī paha, hiki iā ia ke mālama i kahi pilina a me ke ola ʻana, e manaʻo ʻia "kūpono" a "kūpono". Wahi a Gonsiorek ʻoiai ka like o nā kāne like ʻole me nā heterosexual i ke ʻano o ke kaumaha, ka manaʻo ponoʻī, ka pili ʻana o nā pilikia a me nā pilikia i loko o kā lākou ola moeʻuhane, ke kū nei ia i ka maʻi kīlohelohe i ka maʻi, no ka mea, e like me ka moʻolelo o Gonsiorek: "Ua maopopo ka hopena nui: ke hōʻike nui nei kēia mau haʻawina e pili ana i ka male like me ka psychopathology a i ʻole ka hoʻopili naʻauao" (Gonsiorek, 1991, 115 - 36). Eia ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana ʻo Gonsiorek:

ʻAʻohe mea hoʻohālikelike o ka hoʻonaninani, ka manaʻo ponoʻī, nā pilikia pili a me nā pilikia i ke ola kino ma waena o ka poʻe homosexual a me heterosexuals;
No laila, ʻaʻole kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo i ka homosexuality.

E like me ka hopena o Evelyn Hooker, ʻaʻole like ka hopena o Gonsiorek mai ka ʻikeʻikena e, i kona manaʻo, e kākoʻo ana iā ia. Nui nā manaʻo noʻonoʻo ʻole i alakaʻi ʻole i kahi kanaka e hopohopo nei a me ke kaumaha a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; I ka ʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo “adaptability” ʻaʻole ia he kūpono kūpono e hoʻoholo ai e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo o kēlā me kēia kaʻina o ka noʻonoʻo a me nā ʻano e pili ana i kēia kaʻina noʻonoʻo. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa, ka naʻau ponoʻī, "ke kūlike ʻole o nā pilina", "disualance sex", ʻeha a me ka hiki ke hana i loko o ka nohona pili ʻole i nā pilikia āpau; ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole nā pilikia noʻonoʻo āpau e alakaʻi i ka "hoʻopaʻapaʻa". Ua haʻi ʻia kēia manaʻo ma The Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology. Kuhi ʻo ia ke ana ʻana i ka manaʻo ponoʻī a me ka hauʻoli e hoʻoholo i ka adaptability pilikia.

ʻO kēia mau ana kikoʻī, e like me ka mea kākau,

"... e pili ana i ka makemake kanaka. ʻAʻole ʻike paha kekahi kanaka, a no laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike ʻia kahi hewa a me ke ʻano noʻonoʻo. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka poʻe me nā maʻi noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo nui paha, e hōʻike akā ua hauʻoli lākou a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi i ko lākou ola. ʻO ka hope loa, ʻo ke ola pono o ka suby. (Seaton in Lopez 2009, 798).

I mea e hōʻike ai i kēia, e noʻonoʻo i kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona. Wahi a kekahi pedophiles ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i kahi pilikia me kā lākou "makemake aloha" i nā keiki, a hiki ke hana i loko o ka nohona. ʻO ka American Psychiatric Association e hōʻike ana no ka pedophilia e:

"... inā hōʻike ʻo kekahi i nā mea hoʻoweliweli pilikino i nā keiki e hōʻeha i nā pilikia psychosocial, a laila hiki ke maʻi lākou i ka maʻi pedophilic. Eia nō naʻe, inā hōʻike lākou i ka hala ʻole o ka hala, hilahila a hopohopo paha e pili ana i ka hoʻowalewale ʻana a ʻaʻole paʻa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia ʻana e ko lākou mau paraphilic impulses (e like me ka hōʻike pono ʻana iho, loiloi loiloi, a i ʻole nā ʻelua) ... a laila ua loaʻa kēia poʻe akā, ʻaʻole he maʻi pedophilic ". (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 698, hoʻohui hoʻohui).

Eia kekahi, nā poʻe i pilikia e pili me ka apotemophilia a me ka hana auto-mutation hiki ke hana pono i ka hana kaiāulu; ua kaulana ʻia e mālama ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o "ka poʻe haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe, e like me nā haumāna kula kiʻekiʻe, nā haumāna haumāna a me nā pūʻali koa" (Klonsky 2007, 1040). Hiki iā lākou ke hana ma ke kaiāulu, e like me ka poʻe pākeke me ka "makemake kūpono" i nā keiki e hiki ke hana i loko o ka nohona a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka kaumaha. Hiki i kekahi mau anorexicics "noho ikaika i ka ʻoihana a me ka hana."Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 343), a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana o ka lāʻau hānai, a me nā mea ʻole meaʻai (like plastik) "ka mea ʻaʻole ke kumu kumu o ka hana a ka launa ʻana i ka hana"; ʻAʻole ʻo APA i hōʻike i ke kaumaha, hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a i ʻole nā pilikia i ka pilina a i ke ola kino paha ke ʻano no ka maʻi ʻana i kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo e ʻai ai ka poʻe i ka meaʻai pono ʻole, a me ka mea ʻole e ʻai ai ka leʻaleʻa iā lākou iho. (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 330 -1).

Ua ʻōlelo pū ka ʻaha ahahui ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hiki ai i ka maʻi ʻo Tourette (kekahi o nā maʻi ʻeha) hiki ke hele mai me ka hopena i loko o ka hopena (a no laila, ʻaʻohe mea e pili ana i nā hana a "adaptability"). Na lākou nō i kākau "He nui ka poʻe me ka ʻōpala i nā lāʻau koʻikoʻi aʻaʻohe pilikia i ka holo ʻana, a ʻaʻole paha lākou ʻike i ka lāʻau o ka ʻōpala" (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 84). ʻO nā maʻi ʻeha ka maʻi i hōʻike ʻia me nā hana kū ʻole i mālama ʻia (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 82) (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻike ka poʻe maʻi ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻo i ka wikiwiki, ka hoʻihoʻi, ka neʻe o nā ʻano a i ʻole nā ʻōlelo a me nā ʻōlelo a nā maʻi (pinepine ʻole ʻia). Wahi a ka palapala kuhikuhi DSM - 5, ʻaʻole i koi ʻia ka pilikia a me ka hana luhi i mea e hopohopo ai e ʻike ʻia ai nā maʻi a Tourette, a no laila he mea hoʻohālikelike hou kēia o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo i ka pili ʻole ʻole o nā hana adaptability. ʻO kēia kahi hopena mai kahi hiki i ka adaptability hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā hōʻike ʻepekema inā ʻaʻole ke ʻano maʻi ʻo Tourette.

I ka hopena hope loa, kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo i pili ʻole i ka "adaptability" ʻo ia ka maʻi delusional. ʻO nā poʻe me nā maʻi hoʻokamakama nā hewa ʻole

"... ua hoʻokumu ʻia i ka manaʻo kuhihewa i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o waho, i paʻa paʻa ʻia, ʻoiai ke hōʻole ʻia ka manaʻo ʻē aʻe e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe, a me ka maopopo a ke maopopo ʻole ke hōʻike ʻia ʻole. (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 819)

Ua hoʻomaopopo ka American Psychiatric Association e "me ka ʻole o ka mana pololei o ka delirium a i kona hopena paha, ʻaʻole kūlike ka hana a kēlā kanaka.ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 2013, 90). Eia kekahi, "kahi maʻamau maʻamau o ka poʻe me ka maʻi delusional ka mea maʻamau o kā lākou ʻano a me ko lākou helehelena inā ʻaʻole lākou i hana e like me kā lākou mau manaʻo noʻonoʻo" (ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 2013, 93).

ʻAʻole hōʻike nā kānaka me ka maʻi delusional e hōʻike i nā hōʻailona o "ke kino hōʻino"; kaawale mai ko lākou mau manaʻo hoʻopunipuni koke, he mea maʻamau lākou. No laila, ʻo ka maʻi delusional kahi hiʻohiʻona mua loa o kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo e pili ʻole ana i nā ana hoʻoponopono; ʻaʻohe mea o ka hoʻoikaika kino me ka maʻi delusional. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia he homosexuals, ʻoiai he ʻano like ko lākou ʻano me ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, "kū maʻamau" ma nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ko lākou ola, e like me ka hana kaiaulu a me nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ke ola kahi e kū ai ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻole. No laila, he nui nā maʻi noʻonoʻo kahi i pili ʻole ai ke ana o ke olakino me ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. He kīnā koʻikoʻi kēia i loko o nā puke i hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā hōʻike ʻepekema e kākoʻo i ka hopena ʻo ka homosexuality ʻaʻole ia he maʻi noʻonoʻo.

He hopena koʻikoʻi kēia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole wau ʻo ka mea mua e haʻi i ka pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka maʻi noʻonoʻo ma o ka hana koʻikoʻi o ka loiloi ʻana i ka hōʻeha, ka hana a nā ʻāpana, i komo i nā huaʻōlelo "adaptability" a me "adaptation". Ua kūkākūkā ʻia kēia pilikia ma kahi ʻatikala a Robert L. Spitzer a me Jerome C. Wakefield e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻino kino noʻonoʻo e pili ana i kahi maʻi kuhihewa a i ʻole ka hana pono ʻana o ka nohona (ʻo ka ʻōlelo i kākau ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo hōʻino no ka hopena kahiko o ka Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, akā ua pili nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i kaʻu kūkākūkā) . ^ E Ha yM.

Ua ʻike ʻo Spitzer lāua ʻo Wakefield, ma ka psychiatry, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kekahi mau maʻi noʻonoʻo ma muli o ka manaʻo

“[Ma ka psychiatry] he hana ia e hoʻoholo ai he pathological ke ʻano, me ka loiloi ʻana i ka maʻi a me ka hōʻino i ka hana a i ʻole ka hana a kekahi kanaka. I nā wahi āpau o ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻike ʻia ke kūlana me ka palolo inā he mau hōʻailona o ka dysfunction ola i loko o ke kino. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻaʻohe paʻakikī a ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻokō ʻia ka hana hoʻonaninani ua lawa ka hoʻonā ʻana i ka hapa nui o nā hopena maʻi, ʻoiai ʻo kēia mau kumu ʻelua e hele pinepine nei i nā ʻano koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi. No ka laʻana, ka maʻi maʻi o ka pneumonia, nā abnormalities cardiac, nā maʻi ʻōpū, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe he nui ʻē aʻe i hiki ke hōʻoki ʻia ma ka hemahema o ke ahonui a me ke kūleʻa o ka hoʻokō pono e pili ana i nā hana āpau."(Spitzer a me Wakefield, 1999, 1862).

ʻO kahi maʻi ʻē aʻe kekahi e hiki ke hōʻike me ka ʻole o ke kaumaha a i ʻole ka hopena o ka nohona pili, pono e haʻi ʻia ma ʻaneʻi, ʻo ia ʻo HIV / AIDS. He lōʻihi ka lōʻihi o ka maʻi o HIV, a nui nā poʻe no ka manawa lōʻihi ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ka maʻi maʻi o HIV. Ma kekahi mau koho, ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe 240 000 aia nō iā lākou ka maʻi HIV (CDN 2014).

Hoʻomaopopo ʻo Spitzer a me Wakefield hiki i kahi maʻi ke kū i kahi hiki ke kū pono ʻole ke kanaka i ka ʻōpū a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe o ka "adaptability". I kekahi mau hihia, ʻike ka hana ma ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i ke kaumaha a me ka hana ma ka hopena i ka hopena "hewa maikaʻi" i loaʻa i ka mea i ka maʻi noʻonoʻo kino, akā ʻaʻole ia ka maʻi like ʻole e like me ka hewa (Spitzer a me Wakefield, 1999, 1856). Hāʻawi ʻo Spitzer a me Wakefield i nā hoʻohālike he nui o nā kūlana noʻonoʻo i hiki ai ke loiloi hewa hewa paha ke kū nei inā he pae wale nō ke ʻano o ka hana a i ʻole ka hele ʻana o ke kaumaha e lilo i mau koina diagnostic. Ua mākaukau lākou

"ʻO ka pinepine ke loaʻa nā hihia o nā poʻe i nalowale i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a ma muli o kahi hopena hōʻeha i nā pilikia ʻē aʻe (e pili ana i nā pilikia olakino). Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole paʻakikī o kēlā mau kānaka a hiki ke hoʻokō pono i kahi kuleana. E noʻonoʻo, me ka laʻana, ka hihia o kahi mea kūʻai manuahi i hoʻolako ʻia i ka cocaine i ka nui i hoʻoweliweli ʻia e kona olakino kino, akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka pilikia a ʻaʻole i hoʻolako ʻia kāna mau hana. Inā ʻaʻole i pili ʻia nā ʻōlelo “DSM - IV” i kēia hihia, a laila hōʻoia pololei ʻia ke ʻano o ka hilinaʻi ʻana i kēlā me kēia kanaka. Ke hoʻohana nei i nā koina "DSM - IV", ʻaʻole ke ʻano o ke ʻano o kēia kanaka " (Spitzer a me Wakefield, 1999, 1861).

Hāʻawi ʻo Spitzer a me Wakefield i nā manaʻo ʻē aʻe o nā maʻi noʻonoʻo i ʻike ʻole ʻia e kahi maʻi ʻole inā e noʻonoʻo mākou i ka hiki ʻana o ke pohō a me ka pae o ka hana kaiāulu; kekahi o lākou i kekahi paraphilia, ʻ syndromelelo a me nā hana pilikino o Tourette (Spitzer a me Wakefield, 1999, 1860 - 1).

Ua noiʻi ʻē aʻe kekahi i ka kūkākūkā a ke Spitzer a me Wakefield, me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka wehewehe ʻana o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka adaptability ("e pili ana i ke kaumaha a i ʻole ka hana a ke kanaka.", "Circular," ʻo ia hoʻi:

"Spitzer a me Wakefield (1999) kekahi o nā mea ʻike kaulana kaulana loa o ka hōʻuluʻulu kuleana, e kāhea ana i ka hoʻopuka ʻana iā" DSM - IV "" paʻa manaʻo "(p. 1857) ma mua o ka emiriki. Kūpono ka manaʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo o kēia kramika no ka pilikia loa a alakaʻi i nā kūlana pōkole e pili ana i ka wehewehe: ka hopena o ka pilikia ma mua o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ke hana i ka maʻi, ʻo lākou iho he kuhihewa, nui loa e manaʻo ʻia ai kahi pilikia ... He ʻano hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka laʻana i ka maʻi lapaʻau e like me ke kaumaha a i ʻole ka hana hoʻopiʻi hana ʻaʻole pono no ka maʻi ʻana. ʻOiai, he nui nā kūlana asymptomatic i ka lāʻau lapaʻau e ʻike ʻia me nā pathologies e pili ana i ka data pathophysiological a i ʻole i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka nui (no ka laʻana he nui nā maʻi lahilahi a me ke ʻano maʻi HIV, ka maʻi o ka arterial). Ke manaʻo nei ʻaʻole mau ka maʻi a hiki i ka hopena ʻana o ke koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ke kīnā. (Nāhea aku a me Kuhl i ʻO Regier 2011, 152 - 3, 147 - 62)

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo i luna aʻe e pili ana i ka "DSM - IV," akā ʻo ka nele o ka ʻōlelo no ka "ʻāʻī a i ʻole ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ʻana i ka hana pili lima" i hoʻohana ʻia e kūʻē ai he male ʻole ka male. Eia kekahi, e kuhikuhi pololei i ka huaʻōlelo, ʻo ka ho'ākāka o kahi pilikia noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke "koʻikoʻi a i ʻole ka haunaele i ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana. ʻO nā wehewehe wehewehe pōleʻa maikaʻi nā hewa kūpono ʻole; ʻO ka pili i ke ʻano o ka "noʻonoʻo noʻonoʻo", e like me ka American Psychiatric Association a me APA i kā lākou kuleana i ka male, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka "pilikia a i ʻole ka hōʻino i ka hana kanaka". No laila, ua pili ka ʻōlelo pili e pili ana i ka male i ka pili male ma ke ʻano he kumu ʻole (a hala ʻole).

Kauka Dr. "ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui e komo i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa mōʻaukala, e hoʻomaka ana i ka hoʻoholo 1973 e kāpae i ka pelekikena mai ka papa kuhikuhi o nā maʻi psychiatric" (NARTH Institute), hōʻoia i kēia hewa i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa (ua manaʻo ʻia ke ʻano like ma ka ʻatikala Kaumakaiwa (Xnumx), 165, malalo). Ua hōʻike ʻo Bieber i nā pilikia pilikia o ka American Psychiatric Association no ka hoʻomaka ʻana i nā pilikia pili kino. I ka pōkole o kahi puke o Bieber, ʻike ʻia

“... Ua hōʻike ke [American] Psychiatric Association i ka hana hoʻokūkū maikaʻi loa a me ka hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ʻana i nā hoalauna he nui i hōʻike ʻia i ka maʻamau o ka moʻolelo. Akā ʻaʻole ka haʻalele wale ʻana o kēia mau mea i ka hele ʻana o psychopathology. ʻAʻole mau ʻia ka psychopathology e nā pilikia adaptability; no laila, e hoʻomaopopo ai i kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo, ua nele kēia mau mea paʻa. ” (NARTH Institute nd)

ʻO Robert L. Spitzer, kahi psychiatrist i komo i ka wehe i ka male o ka pelekikena mai ka papa kuhikuhi o nā pilikia psychiatric, ʻike koke i ka hewa kūpono o ke ana ʻana i ka "adaptability" ma ka hoʻomohalaʻana i nā pilikia noʻonoʻo. Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻo Ronald Bayer i kāna hana i nā hanana i pili me ka manaʻo o ka American Psychiatric Association (1973), me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana

"... i ka manawa o ka hoʻoholo no ka haʻalele i ka male i ka papa inoa o nā hoʻokaʻawale, Spitzer i hoʻohālikelike i ka palena palena o nā pilikia noʻonoʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ʻelua mau: (1) i kuhi ʻia ke ʻano he hanana kuhihewa, ʻo ia mau ʻano e hele pū me ka hoʻonanininau a me / a i ʻole" kekahi kaumaha hana paʻa a hana paha. " (2) Wahi a Spitzer, me ka ʻokoʻa o ka pelekane a me kekahi mau wahine ʻē aʻe, a me nā maʻi ʻē aʻe āpau ma DSM - II ua like ka like me nā hōʻano like ʻole o ka maʻi like. " (Bayer, 1981, 127).

Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻōlelo ʻana o Bayer, "i ka manawa o ka makahiki, ua kiʻi ʻia ʻo ia [Spitzer]" i ka manaʻo ʻole o kāna hoʻopukapuka pono ʻole (Bayer, 1981, 133). I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻo Spitzer i ka kūpono ʻole o ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka "stress," "social functioning", a i ʻole "adaptability" e hoʻoholo i nā maʻi noʻonoʻo, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma kāna ʻatikala hope i haʻi ʻia ma luna (Spitzer a me Wakefield, 1999).

ʻOiaʻiʻo, aia ka liʻiliʻi o nā pilikia o ka noʻonoʻo i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka pukana DSM ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia i ka pilikia me ka "adaptability" a i ʻole ka hana kaiāulu. ʻO nā mea e hōʻoki iā lākou iho me nā mea ʻoi ʻili no ka leʻaleʻa, me ka poʻe i makemake nui i ka moekolohe a me nā moemoeā wahine e pili ana i nā keiki, he mau manaʻo kūpono ʻole o ka noʻonoʻo; ʻO ka anorexics a me nā mea e ʻai ana i ka plastic i manaʻo ʻia nā kānaka he kīnā ʻole o ka maʻi e like me ka DSM - 5, a me nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi delusional e noʻonoʻo kūleʻa ʻia nei ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. Eia nō naʻe, he maʻamau ka hapanui o nā pedophiles o luna, nā automutilants, a i ʻole anorexics a ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka pilikia i ka holo ʻana i ka hana. " I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, nui nā poʻe i noʻonoʻo ʻole i ka noʻonoʻo ma ke ʻano kaiāulu a ʻaʻole i hōʻike i nā hōʻailona a i ʻole nā hōʻailona o ka "adapta adaptability". ʻO nā maʻi noʻonoʻo ʻē aʻe he mau manawa lōʻihi a i ʻole nā manawa e kala ʻia, i ka wā e hiki ai i nā mea maʻi ke hana i loko o ke kaiāulu a ʻike maoli ʻia hoʻi ia.

ʻO ka poʻe me ka makemake homosexual, ka poʻe me ka maʻi delusional, pedophiles, auto-mummers, ka mea ʻai no ka palaka a me ka anorexic, hiki ke hana maʻamau i ka nohona (a, i ka liʻiliʻi no kekahi manawa,) ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻike mau i nā hōʻailona o ka "adaptability adapta" . ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole pili me ka psychological psychability i kekahi mau pilikia noʻonoʻo; ʻo ia hoʻi, nā haʻawina e noʻonoʻo ana i nā 'ana o ka "adaptability" e like me ke ana me ka helu ʻana i hiki ʻole ke hoʻoholo pono i nā ʻano o nā kaʻina noʻonoʻo o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka ʻano e pili pū ana me lākou. No laila, ʻokoʻa (he hewa) nā haʻawina i hoʻohana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka naʻau a me ka mea hiki i ke ana ke ana he mau hemahema, a ʻaʻole i lawa kā lākou mau ʻike e hōʻoia i ke ʻano he male ʻole ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. Aia ma muli o ka ʻōlelo a APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association ka manaʻo o ka male i ka maʻi he maʻi noʻonoʻo ʻole ʻia e ka ʻikepili a lākou e kamaʻilio ai. ʻO nā hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia ai lākou ʻaʻole kūpono i ko lākou hopena. He hopena maikaʻi ʻole kēia i huki ʻia mai nā kumu kūpono ʻole. (Eia nō hoʻi, i ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻole ʻia mai nā hualoaʻa. ʻO ka ʻōlelo a Gonsiorek he ʻano ʻē ʻole i waena o nā kāne a me ka heterosexual i loko o ka manaʻo hoʻopulapula a me ka manaʻo iho, a ke ʻano maoli nō hoʻi ʻo ia he wahaheʻe. ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka heterosexual, ka hopena i ke kaumaha nui, ka hopohopo a me ke pepehi ʻana,Bailey 1999; Kukui xnumx; Fergusson et al., 1999; Herrell et al., 1999; Phelan et al., 2009; Sandfort et al. Xnumx). Hoʻomaopopo ʻia e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau helu helu i ka manaʻo he hoʻokae ka kuleana no ia ʻano ʻokoʻa ma ke koʻikoʻi, hopohopo a me ka suicidality. Akā he hopena hou kēia e pili ʻole i ka premise. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i kahi hopena kānalua ʻole ʻo ke kaumaha, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, he hopena ia o ka stigma, ʻaʻole ia he hōʻike pathological o ke ʻano. Pono e hōʻoia ʻepekema kēia. Maliʻa paha he ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻelua: kaumaha, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, he pathological, a ʻike ʻole ʻia nā kānaka homosexual e like me ka maʻamau, a laila, hoʻomāhuahua hou aʻe i ke koʻikoʻi o ia poʻe.

"ADAPTABILITY" MA KE PILI ANA

ʻO ka mea hou aʻe, makemake wau e noʻonoʻo i ka hopena o ka hoʻohana wale ʻana i nā 'ana o ka "adaptability" a me ka hana lima e hoʻoholo ai inā paha ka moekolohe a me nā hana noʻonoʻo e pili ana me ia. Ma ke ala, pono e ʻōlelo ʻia he koho iki kēia ala a ʻaʻole i pili nā maʻi āpau āpau. Aia kekahi mea he kumu no ka APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association e noʻonoʻo wale nō i ka "adaptability" a me nā ana o ka hana o ka nohona e hoʻokolokolo ai i kekahi mau ʻano hana (no ka laʻana, pedophilia a homosexuality) akā, ʻaʻole no kekahi? No kekahi mea, no ke aha e noʻonoʻo ʻole ai kēia mau lālā i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka paraphilia (ka hoʻoweliweli kelepili) e hōʻike maopopo ana i ko lākou ʻano pathological? No ke aha ke ʻano o ka mea i hoʻohālikelike ai kekahi kanaka i kahi orgasm, a manaʻo paha e pili ana i ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka ʻeha a me ke kino paha i kekahi kanaka (ʻoluʻolu sadism), ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia he kūleʻa kulekele, akā ʻo ke ʻano i mea i kuhi ai kekahi kanaka i kahi maʻi i manaʻo ʻia he pathology?

Aia ka poʻe i maopopo ka ola ʻana o nā pūpū a me nā pōpoki ma lalo o ko lākou ili, ʻoiai he hōʻike klinika ākea e hōʻike ʻole ʻia ka maʻi āpau; ʻike ʻia kēlā mau maʻi me ka mahele ʻino. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi mau kāne i manaʻoʻiʻo he wahine lākou, ʻoiai he hōʻike hoʻokolohua hoʻākāka e hōʻike i ka ʻaoʻao - a, eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kēia mau kāne me ka maʻi delusional. ʻO nā pākahi me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka pelaphilia wahine i hōʻike i nā kumukūʻai like o ka hoʻokō a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia e like me nā kāne. ʻO nā mea exhibitionists kekahi me nā kumu ikaika e hōʻike i ko lākou mau ʻōhua i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe ke kū nei i kēia e hiki ai ke loaʻa i ka moe kolohe.Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 689). Hoʻokahi kahi kumu

“Kahi hapalua a ʻelua hapakolu o nā mea hōʻike i komo i loko o ka mare maʻamau, e loaʻa ana i nā helu leʻaleʻa maikaʻi o ka mare ʻana a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka moekolohe. Ka ʻike, hoʻonaʻauao hoʻonaʻauao a me nā makemake pilikino ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou mai ka lehulehu ākea ... Ua ʻike ʻo Blair lāua ʻo Lanyon, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noi ʻana ua loaʻa nā mea hōʻike i ka hōʻemi o ka manaʻo haʻahaʻa a me ko lākou manaʻo wale nei, ʻaʻole i hoʻohui pū kekahi a me nā pilikia i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kahi ulu kanaka. Ma nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole he mau loli o ka poʻe hōʻikeʻike i nā mea e pili ana i ka hana o ke kanaka ". (Adams et al., 2004, hoʻohui i koho).

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kahi pae ʻoluʻolu o ka hana ma ka hui pū ʻana me nā ʻano hana kūlohelohe. ʻO ke ʻano moeʻuhane male, e like me kaʻu i ʻōlelo ai ma mua, ʻo ia nō "Ke ulu hewa ʻana mai ka ʻeha kino a i ʻole ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o kekahi kanaka, ka mea e hōʻike ana iā ia iho i nā moemoeā, hoʻomāukiuki, a ʻano hana paha" (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 695); seksual masochism he "ʻO ka hōʻaʻi pinepine a me ke ʻano ikaika mai ka ʻike ʻana i kahi hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa, ka pepehi ʻana, ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana a i ʻole kekahi ʻano hana e hōʻike ana iā ia iho i nā moemoeā, hoʻopuka a ʻano paha."(Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 694). Ua ʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi ma Finlandia ʻo ka poʻe sadomasochists i “maikaʻi ʻia”Sandnabba et al., 1999, 273). Ua kākau aku ka mea kākau, ua noiʻi ʻia ʻo 61% o nā sadomasochists "Noho nui ke kūlana ma ka wahi hana, a ua hoʻohana ka 60,6% i nā hana aupuni, no ka laʻana, he lālā o nā papa kula kaiaulu" (Sandnabba et al., 1999, 275).

No laila, ʻaʻohe mau pilikia o nā sadomasochists a me nā mea hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka hana ʻana a me ka haunaele (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā huaʻōlelo i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka hua ʻōlelo umbrella "adaptability"). Ua kākau kekahi mea kākau e "hiki ke hoʻākāka" nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻikepili i hana ʻia (a kapa ʻia ʻo paraphilia kekahi mea) ma ka ʻano o ke ʻano moeʻuhane a kēlā me kēia ʻano hana liʻiliʻi ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka hana psychosocial "()Adams et al., 2004)).

“I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe ʻano o ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me ka hoʻokō pono no ka nānā ʻana i ke komo ʻana o ka pili o ke ʻano a me ke ʻano. Me ka ʻokoʻa ʻole o ka pepehi kanaka, ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka moe kolohe ke nānā ʻia i ke ao holoʻokoʻa ... ʻO ke ʻano no ka haʻalele ʻana i ka pelekane mai ka ʻano o ka palaualelo ʻana i ka moekolohe, ʻo ia ka hapa o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka male. Eia naʻe, pīhoihoi ia hiki ʻole i ka loina loina like ʻole i pili i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe, e like me ka fetishism a me ka consensus sadomasochism. "ʻAe pū aku mākou me nā Laws a me O'Donohue, ʻaʻole ke ʻano holomua o kēia mau kūlana, a ʻo ko lākou kuhi ʻana i kēia mahele, e hōʻike ana i nā kūlike o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana." (Adams et al., 2004)

A no laila, ʻōlelo aku ka poʻe kākau, ʻo ke ʻano o ka hana ʻano i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano "ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa" (a no laila ke manaʻo ʻia nei i ka maʻi manaʻo) he pepehi kanaka. Ua hiki mai lākou i kēia hopena, e hōʻike nei i kekahi ʻano moekolohe a me nā hana noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka mea ʻaʻole e hoʻonāukiuki i ka hana a me ka hana “adaptability” ʻaʻole i ka hoʻohewa hewa. E like me kaʻu i wehewehe ai i luna, he hewa hewa kēia ʻano, a ke alakaʻi nei i nā manaʻo i hala. He mea maopopo ʻole ka pili kino ʻole a pau, akā ua hewa kekahi mau psychiatrists a me psychologists i ke kaiāulu ma o ka haʻi ʻana i nā hana kūpono ʻole e loiloi i ke ʻano noʻonoʻo e like me ka hōʻike ʻana o ka maʻi maʻamau. (ʻAʻole wau e ʻōlelo nei ua hana ʻino ʻia kēia. Hiki paha ke hana hewa.

Nā hopena pōʻino o kēlā ala, kahi e hiki ai ke koho ke ʻike i kahi hana kolohe (ʻano hana) i ke ʻano a i ʻole kekahi ʻano hana, ke hoʻohana nei i nā ʻano hana ʻole e nānā ai i ka "adaptability" a me ka hana pono ʻana, ʻike ʻia i nā kūkākūkā ma ka palapala DSM - 5 e pili ana i ka sadism a me ke pedophilia . ^ E Ha yM.

ʻAʻole manaʻo hou ka American Psychiatric Association i kahi hoʻokau kūlohelohe ka hoʻoweliweli. Na ka American Psychiatric Association kākau:

"ʻO ka poʻe e hōʻoiaʻiʻo nei i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka makemake nui o ka moekolohe i ka ʻeha kino a i ʻole ka noʻonoʻo o nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i kapa ʻia" ʻae ʻana i nā kānaka. Inā hōʻike pū kēia poʻe i nā pilikia psychosocial ma muli o ko lākou makemake i ka moekolohe, a laila hiki ke ʻike ʻia lākou me ka maʻi ʻehaʻeha. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, inā ʻōlelo ʻo "ka poʻe i haʻi ʻia" ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia kā lākou mau manaʻo kaumaha iā lākou i ka hopohopo, ka hewa a i ʻole ka hilahila, ka nānā ʻana, a i ʻole ke keʻakeʻa i ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā hana ʻē aʻe, a hōʻike ko lākou manaʻo ponoʻī a me ka psychiatric a i ʻole ka moʻolelo kānāwai. ʻAʻole lākou i ʻike i ko lākou mau manaʻo, a laila pono e loaʻa i kēlā poʻe ka makemake moe kolohe, akā ʻo ia poʻe ʻaʻole ia hoʻokō i nā pono no ka maʻi kūlohelohe wahine. " (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 696, koho mua)

No laila, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ka ʻAmelika Hema o ka American i kēlā me ia "ʻO ke ʻano hoʻonaninani i ka hōʻeha kino a noʻonoʻo paha" he mea maʻi noʻonoʻo kekahi kanaka. I nā huaʻōlelo, loaʻa nā manaʻo a me nā moemoeā i ke ʻano o nā manaʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā manaʻo o kekahi kanaka e noʻonoʻo nei i ka hōʻeha kino a me ke kino ʻana i kekahi kanaka ʻē aʻe i mea e hoʻoulu ai iā ia iho i ka orgasm, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia ka Hui Pūʻulu ʻĀmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.

Pono e noʻonoʻo he ʻokoʻa ka American Psychiatric Association ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo i ka pedophilia iā ia iho i ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. Ka hōʻike like ʻana hiki i ka pedophile ke hōʻike i ka hele ʻana o "aloha pilikino i nā keiki," kākau lākou:

"Inā hōʻike nā poʻe hoʻokahi e hāpai kā lākou hana i ke keiki i ka pilikia psychosocial, hiki iā lākou ke maʻi me ka maʻi pedophilic. Eia naʻe, inā hōʻike kēia mau mea i ka hala ʻole o ka hala, hilahila, a i ʻole ka hopohopo e pili ana i kēia mau kumu, a ʻaʻole i paʻa ʻia ka hana a ko lākou mau paraphilic impulses (e like me ka hōʻike pono ʻana i ka loiloi a ka pahuhopu, a i ʻole ʻelua), a me kā lākou hōʻike pilikino a me ka mōʻaukala hōʻike e hōʻike nei lākou ʻaʻole i hana like e like me kā lākou hoʻokau, a laila ʻike kēia poʻe i ka pedofilic orientation male wale nō, ʻaʻole he pelophilic kahi pilikia " (Hui Pūʻali KoaʻAmelikaʻo 2013, 698).

Eia hou, hana ʻia nā moekolohe a me nā "hoʻonaninani wahine" i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo, ʻo ia ke kumu a 54 X-makahiki e loaʻa nei i ka "makemake kūpono" i nā keiki, e noʻonoʻo mau ana i ka wahine me nā keiki e paipai iā ia iho i ka orgasm, e like me ka American Psychiatric Association. ʻaʻohe hika. Hana ʻo Irving Bieber i ka ʻike like ʻole ma ka 1980's, kahi hiki ke heluhelu i ka hopena o kāna hana:

“He hauʻoli a kūpono hoʻi ke pelophile" maʻamau "? Wahi a Kauka Bieber ... hiki i ka psychopathology ke ego-syntonic - ʻaʻole ke kumu o ka hōʻino, a me ka hoʻokō pono ʻana (ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻomau i ka pilina pili pono a me ka hana pono) hiki ke hui pū me ka psychopathology, i kekahi mau hanana a ʻo ka psychotic ma ke ʻano ". (NARTH Institute nd).

ʻOiai pīhoihoi loa ia kahi manaʻo sadistic a pedophilic paha e manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole hoʻokō nā kūlana no ka maʻi noʻonoʻo. ʻO Michael Woodworth et al. Drew nānā i ka ʻike i kēlā

“... ua wehewehe ʻia ka moekolohe male wahine i loko o ke ʻano o ka hana a ke kanaka. Hoʻololi loa nā ʻike o nā moʻoʻike wahine i waena o nā poʻe a manaʻoʻiʻo ke hilinaʻi nui i loko o ke ʻano a me waho, e like me ka mea e ʻike ai ka poʻe e lohe, a lohe a ʻike. " (Woodworth et al., 2013, 145).

ʻO nā kiʻi moe wahine kahi kiʻi noʻonoʻo a i ʻole nā manaʻo e alakaʻi i kahi ulu ulu, a hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau moemoeā e hoʻoikaika i ka orgasm i ka wā o ka masturbation. ʻO nā mea o nā moeʻuhane pilikino e pili ana i nā mea a ka poʻe e ʻike, lohe a ʻike pono ai. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka pedophile, i ka pili a ka poʻe e noho ai nā keiki, e loaʻa nā moeʻuhane pilikino me kēia mau keiki; ʻAʻole ia he mea kupanaha i ka manaʻo e manaʻo ʻino i ka manaʻo kaumaha i ke kumu o ka hōʻeha a me ka maʻi kino e pili ana i kona hoalauna. Eia naʻe, inā ʻaʻole i ʻike ka mea kaumaha a pedophile paha i ka hōʻino a i ʻole ka hana a ka lehulehu i ke ʻano hou (i kēia manawa, ua kau ʻia kēia mau huaʻōlelo i loko o ka "umbrella term" "adaptability") a i ʻole pehea lākou i ʻike i ka moe kolohe ʻana, a laila ʻaʻole lākou i manaʻo ʻia he mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke moekolohe a i ʻole nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka moe kolohe me ke keiki 10-makahiki heʻumi ma ka noʻonoʻo o kahi 54 makahiki a pedophile a i ʻole nā manaʻo a ke ʻano hopohopo kaumaha e pili ana i ka hoʻokauʻeha a me ka hōʻeha kino ʻana i kona hoalauna, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia he pathological inā ʻaʻole lākou i hakakā, ʻole ka luhi, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hana i ka hana kaiāulu. hana ino i kekahi.

He ʻano kūpono kēia ʻano, ma ke kumu o kahi kuhi hewa, hāʻawi ʻia kahi hopena ʻike ʻole ia e noʻonoʻo ʻia kekahi ʻano noʻonoʻo i manaʻo ʻole i ke kumu hoʻopiʻi ʻole i ka hoʻololi ʻia ʻole kahi maʻi noʻonoʻo. E ʻike ʻoe i kahi ua ʻili ʻia e ka APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association me lākou iho i kahi lua hohonu me kahi neʻe like ʻana e ʻike ai i nā moe kolohe. Me he mea lā ua hoʻohālikelike lākou i nā kuikahi a me nā hana hoʻohiki i kahi o ka "ʻae" ʻana o ka poʻe e komo i loko o kēia mau hana. No ka like me nā loiloi like ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i ka homosexuality, pono lākou e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ʻano moeʻuhane e hoʻoulu ai i ka orgasm ʻaʻole e hoʻonāukiuki i ka "adaptability" a ʻaʻole i alakaʻi i ka hana lōkina. He mea pono ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia e like me kēia ʻano loiloi, ʻoiai hoʻi ka hana moekolohe i hana ʻia kekahi e kekahi ʻaʻole e manaʻo ʻia he līeʻu - inā ʻae ka mea like. ʻO Sadomasochism kahi ʻano e hoʻonaninani ai kekahi kanaka a i ʻole kekahi manawa i ka orgasm ma o ka hōʻeha a loaʻa paha ka ʻeha ʻana, a ʻo kaʻu ʻōlelo ʻana ma luna, ua noʻonoʻo ʻia kēia ʻano hana ʻia e ka American Psychiatric Association.

Kāhea paha kekahi i kēia ʻatikala he "hoʻopaʻapaʻa haʻalulu," akā he kuhi hewa ʻole ia i ka mea aʻu e hoʻāʻo nei e hōʻike: Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa mua ka American Psychiatric Association i nā ʻano hana hoʻonāukiuki a ka orgasm koe wale nō nā mea e "pilikia" nā pilikia (stress, etc.) nā pilikia i ka hana kaiaulu, hōʻeha i ke olakino a i ʻole ka hopena o ka hōʻeha ʻana i kekahi kanaka. I ka hihia hope - "hōʻeha a makaʻu paha i ka pōʻino" - pono ʻia kahi asterisk, no ka mea, ʻae kēia kumu i nā ʻokoʻa: inā loaʻa ka ʻae like, a laila ʻae ʻia ka lawena stimulus, a hiki i ka hōʻeha ʻana i ke olakino. Hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka normalization o sadomasochism, a wehewehe kēia i ke kumu e koi ai nā hui pedophile e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka makahiki o ka ʻae (LaBarbera 2011).

No laila, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka hoʻopiʻi a kēia ʻikepeke e kū nei: ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia kēia mau maʻi noʻonoʻo āpau e ka American Psychiatric Association. He mea pīhoihoi kēia e ka mana o ka hui i nā ʻano e alakaʻi i ka orgasm, inā loaʻa ka ʻae ʻia no kēlā ʻano; ʻo ka hana maʻamau ka hopena o kahi kuhi hewa ʻole "kekahi ʻano hoʻonaninani hoʻonaninani a me nā hana noʻonoʻo e pili ana ʻaʻole i alakaʻi i nā pilikia me ka adaptability a i ʻole ka hana i loko o ke ʻano maʻi." ʻAʻole lawa ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui kēia. ʻOiai aia ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi o ka mea i koi ʻia e hōʻike piha i ke kumumanaʻo e hoʻoholo i nā mea e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka male ʻana, akā e hoʻāʻo wau e hōʻuluʻulu i kekahi mau kulekele. Ua hōʻike ʻia ma luna aʻe o ka 'psychology a me "psychiatry" maoli ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kēlā me kēia ʻano moekolohe (me ka manaʻo ʻole o ka pepehi kanaka) ʻaʻole ia he pilikia noʻonoʻo. Ua ʻōlelo mua wau ua nui nā maʻi noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nonphysiological o kekahi pilikino ponoʻī - apotemophilia, auto-mutation, peak a me anorexia nervosa. ʻO nā maʻi ʻē aʻe kekahi e hiki ke haʻi ʻia ma aneʻi.

Hoʻomaʻama pinepine ʻia nā pilikia kino ma ke ana ʻana i ka hana o nā huina a i ʻole nā ʻōnaehana o ke kino. ʻO kahi kauka a i ʻole nā mea aʻoaʻo paha e ʻōlelo aku ana ʻaʻohe mea like ʻole e like me ke hana ʻana o ka puʻuwai, ka mākele, nā maka, nā pepeiao a me nā ʻano o nā ʻano o nā kino o ke kino e kāhea ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi me ka ignoramus, kahi mea ʻole ke kala i loko o nā ʻaʻahu lole, mai iā ʻoe e lawe koke i ka lāʻau lapaʻau diploma. Pēlā, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka maʻi ʻeha ma mua o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo, no ka mea, he mea maʻalahi ka ʻokoʻa o ke kino no ka ana ʻana o ka pahuhopu: ke koko, ke ake ʻana a me ka puʻuwai ʻana, a pēlā aku. kekahi mau maʻi a me nā ʻōnaehana polokalamu. No laila, i ka laʻau o nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ke kumu aʻo i kū mau ka hana maʻamau o nā hui a me nā ʻōnaehana. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO kēia ke kumu kumu a me ke kumu kaulike e pono ai e ʻike ʻia e kekahi mea lapaʻau, inā ʻaʻole lākou e pili i ka lāʻau lapaʻau (e hoʻēmi ʻia lākou i "ka lāʻau e like me Alfred Kinsey", aia kahi kikowaena o kēlā kino e loaʻa iā ia kahi hoʻomau maʻamau o ka hana).

ʻO nā hui pili e pili ana i ka ole (orgasm) kahi i haʻalele ʻia mai kēia kumumeaʻo nui o ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Kuhi hewa nā mea kākau ma ka Mainstream e ʻike ʻole ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mea moʻokū i ke ʻano kūpono.

Hiki i ka normativeness manaʻo pilikino ke hana (ma ka liʻiliʻi loa) i hoʻoholo ʻia e ka normalativeness o ka hele kino. Pela, e pili ana i na kane nana i moe kane me na kane, he trauma faaletino i hana ia e ka genital-anal friction he hana ino kino; pili pinepine i ka pili o ke kaona mea pili i ke kino kūlohelohe ma ka manawa anorectal o ke komo ʻāpono, a, hiki paha ma ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana o ka mea komo.

"Pono ke olakino kūpono ʻo Anus i ke kūlike o ka ʻili, e hana ana me ka pale koʻikoʻi e kū'ē i ka invogive pathogens o nā maʻi ... He hōʻemi i nā hana pale o ka mucous complex of the rectum e nānā ʻia i nā maʻi like i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka pilina kūlohelohe. Ua luku ʻia ka membrane haʻahaʻa i ka wā o ke kūlohelohe.a komo pololei nā pathogens i loko o nā crypts a me nā kolamu i pahu ... ʻO nā hana o ka hana anoreceptive moe kolohe, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻonaninani, a kau ʻia ma kahi kokoke i ka hoʻopulapula o ka hana o ka cellular a me ka mucous pale palekana o ka kolo a me ka wī. (Keokeo i loko Beck xnumx, 295 - 6, hoʻohui hoʻohui).

ʻIke ʻia iaʻu ʻo ka ʻike i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻōlelo i hala aku nei he mea kūʻiʻo ʻoi ʻia kahi ʻike kūʻiʻo; ʻO kēlā mea iaʻu nei he mea noiʻi, mea lapaʻau, lapaʻau a ʻomaʻemaʻi paha e hōʻole nei i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka mea e kapa ʻia ʻo kahi ʻaluna luhilahi, inā ʻaʻole he lawehala i loko o nā ʻaʻahu ʻaʻahu e pono koke i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau.

Pēlā, ʻo kekahi o nā moʻoʻōlelo no ka hana kūlohelohe a pilikino paha inā he kumu no ka hōʻeha kino. Me he mea lā he hanana pilikino ka mea hoʻoweliweli a pili i ka maʻi kino. ʻOiai he nui nā kāne e moe kolohe ʻana i nā kāne e makemake e hana i kēia mau hana kūlohelohe kino, no laila, he hewa ʻole ka makemake e komo i loko o ia mau hana. ʻOiai ʻoiai nā manaʻo e kū i ka pae “noʻonoʻo” a i ʻole ka noʻonoʻo.

Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ke kino o ke kanaka nā ʻano o ke ʻano o ke ʻano. ʻO "nā kino" kēia ʻano, he hana pilikino i loko o nā palena maʻamau (eia hou, he ʻano maʻi wale nō kēia i hāʻawi - nā wai i loko o ke kino kanaka i kekahi mau hana pono). Hōʻalo, nā plasma koko, ke kai interstitial, lacrimal wai - loaʻa nā hana kūpono. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, ʻo kekahi o nā hana o ke koko koko e hoʻoneʻe i nā ʻoka sela a me nā momona i nā ʻāpana āpau o ke kino.

ʻO Sperm kekahi o ka wai o ke kino o ke kāne, a no laila (ke ʻole he ʻano koho ma ke ʻano lāʻau lapaʻau ka noi ʻana), loaʻa pū ka sperm i nā hana pilikino (a i ʻole nā hana kūpono). Aia ʻo Sperm, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua ʻike ʻia ka sperm, a he mau kuleana kēia i kēia mau wahi i kahi e lawe aku ai lākou - i ka lula o ka wahine. Pēlā, ʻo ke kauoha kūlohelohe o ke kāne ka mea e hoʻokūkū pono ai ka sperm. No laila, aia kahi ʻano kūpono no ka moe kolohe maʻamau ke kūlana i hana maikaʻi ai ka sperm, hāʻawi ʻia ka sperm i ka cervix.

(Pane paha kekahi e manaʻo paha paha nā kāneos e mālama i ka azoospermia / aspermia (nele i ka sperm i loko o ka huaʻima), no laila ke manaʻo nei lākou ʻo ka hana maʻamau o ka sperm ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i ka sperm i ka mālama o ka wahine, a i ʻole lākou e haʻi mai, i koʻu hoʻopaʻapaʻa, hiki i ka poʻe me ka aspermia ke hoʻokuʻu i kā lākou ejaculate i nā wahi a lākou e makemake ai, akā, ʻo ka manaospermia / aspermia he mea ʻokoʻa loa ia i ka maʻamau matogeneza) aie i ka pathology o na testes ... a, oi olelo, wahine'āpana iaʻi (e like no me ka vasectomy, gonorrhea a Chlamydia maʻiʻaʻai) "(Martin 2010, 68, sv azoospermia). Ma ke kino o nā kāne ola, hoʻoulu ʻia ka sperm, ʻoiai he mau kāne me ka maʻi maʻi i loaʻa i nā kūlana i hiki ʻole ke helu i ka nui o ka sperm i loko o ka huaʻai. Inā loaʻa nā hana maʻamau o kekahi ʻāpana o ke kino, a laila he hihia a ʻaʻole paha i mālama i kekahi wahi o ke kino ʻaʻole pono e alakaʻi i kahi loli i ke hana o kekahi ʻāpana o ke kino. Pēlā e like ka ʻōlelo ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana, ʻo ka hana maʻamau o ke plasma koko, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopuka i nā kaila koko a me nā mea momona i loko o ke kino, e like me ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi maʻi.)

Eia nō naʻe he mea like ka kino o ke kino "ka ʻoluʻolu a me ke ʻeha." A i kapa ʻia kekahi ʻenehana o ka uku a me ka hoʻopaʻi ". ʻO kēia ʻōnaehana leʻaleʻa a me ke ʻeha, e like me nā ʻōnaehana āpau a me nā ʻāpana o ke kino, he hana kūpono. ʻO kāna hana nui e hana iā ia ma kahi o ka hoʻouna ʻana o kahi hōʻailona i ke kino. ʻO ka leʻaleʻa a me ka ʻeha ʻana e ʻōlelo i ke kino i ka mea “maikaʻi” no ia a he aha “ʻino” no ia. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana o ka leʻaleʻa a me ke kaumaha, ma kahi manaʻo, e hoʻoponopono ana i ka ʻano kanaka. Ka ʻai, excretion o ka urine a me nā moʻo, hiamoe - he mau ʻano kēia o ke ʻano maʻamau o kanaka me ka loaʻa ʻana o kekahi o nā leʻaleʻa he mea hoʻoikaika. ʻO ka ʻeha, ma kahi ʻaoʻao, he hōʻailona ia o ke ʻano pilikino i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke kanaka, a i ʻole ke kala ʻole i ke kino o ke kino. ʻO ka ʻeha e pili ana i ka pā ʻana i kahi palala wela e pale iā ia mai ka hōʻā ʻana i ka puhi a hoʻopau ʻia, aʻo ka urination hōʻeha e hōʻike pinepine ana i kahi pilikia me ke kino (bladder, prostate, a i ʻole urethra).

ʻAʻole hiki i kahi kanaka me ka "insensitivity congenital i ka hōʻeha me nā anhidrosis (CIPA)" ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻeha i ka ʻeha, a no laila e hiki ai ke ʻōlelo ʻia ke kīnā ʻole o ka ʻeha. ʻAʻole hoʻouna kēia ʻōnaehana i nā hōʻailona kūpono i ka lolo e hoʻoponopono i ka ʻano o ke kino. Hiki paha i nā mea leʻaleʻa ke hauʻoli, ʻike ʻia kēia i nā poʻe me ka "agovesia" ʻaʻole manaʻo i ka ʻono o ka meaʻai.

ʻO Orgasm kahi ʻano leʻaleʻa kūikawā. Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hopena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau e like me ka opiates (heroin) (Pfaus xnumx, 1517). ʻO Orgasm, akā, i hoʻokō maʻamau i nā poʻe e hana maʻamau i nā ʻano kāne. ʻO kekahi (ʻoi pū kekahi me ka American Psychiatric Association) paʻa ʻo ia i ka orgasm he ʻano leʻaleʻa i maikaʻi iā ia iho, me ka mea e kū ai i nā orgasm.

Eia hou, pono ʻia kekahi ʻano ʻōlelo e haʻi i nā hemahema o kēlā ʻōlelo.

Eia naʻe, ma ka pōkole, inā he mau ʻo nā luna i loko o ka lāʻau lapaʻau (a ʻaʻole koho), pono lākou e ʻike o ka leʻaleʻa e pili ana i ka orgasm i lilo i hōʻailona a i ʻole nā mea pili i ka lolo i ka mea i loaʻa i ka maikaʻi i ke kino. ʻO kēia "mea maikaʻi" pili i ka orgasm ʻo ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka penis a hiki i ka sperm ejection ma ka lopa. ʻO kēlā me kēia ʻano ʻano hoʻoweliweli orgasmic (no ka laʻana, kekahi ʻano ʻano masturbation - ʻo ia iho ke hoʻoikaika ʻana, ka hui like ʻana, a me ka hui pū ʻana paha me ka wahine ʻē aʻe - he hana hōʻeuʻeu no ka leʻaleʻa ʻana i ka leʻaleʻa i ka wā o ka masturbation (a i nā hana like me ka hana a ka orgasm-hoʻonaninani) i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. i wehewehe ʻia e ka laʻana o nā ʻoliʻoli kino ʻē aʻe. Inā hiki i ka pā ʻana o ke pihi e hōʻeha i ka manaʻo o "satiety" pili i ka meaʻai, a laila ka pā mau ʻana i kēlā kī ʻoi paha i hōʻino ʻia e ʻO ka ʻōnaehana leʻaleʻa e hoʻouna i nā hōʻailona hewa ʻole "hewa" i ka lolo. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana leʻaleʻa e kekahi "hoʻopunipuni" ma ke kino. Inā makemake ka kino e pili me ka hoʻomaha o ka pō maikaʻi, akā, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaha iki; ka urination a i ʻole defecation, me ka ʻole o ka urination a i ʻole defecation, i ka hopena, hiki mai nā pilikia kino i loko o ke kino.

Pēlā, ʻoi aku ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻano o ke ʻano moeʻuhane a i ʻole e hoʻowalewale ʻo ka hoʻoholo ʻana paha e alakaʻi ka hana pili i ka hūnā i ka hana ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana leʻaleʻa a i ʻole hōʻeha ma ke kino.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, hele ia me ka ʻole o ka ʻōlelo i ka ʻae (e like me ka ʻae ʻana o ka ʻae ʻana o ke ʻae ʻana i koi ʻia) ka mana e pono ai ka pili ʻana o ka olakino mai ka "seksual orientation".

KONIKOLAI

ʻO ka American Psychiatric Association a me APA ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei o nā haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia ma nā hōʻike ʻepekema ʻo ke ʻano o ka homosexuality he ʻano maʻamau o ka moe kolohe kanaka. Ua hōʻike ʻo APA he palupalu ʻo ia e like me ka mea i ka hopena ʻole i ka noʻonoʻo, kūpaʻa, hilinaʻi a me ka nui o ka nohona a me ka pono. Eia kekahi, kāhea ʻo APA i nā limahana olakino āpau e hana i ka hopena e mālama i ka stigma o ka maʻi noʻonoʻo i ka mea i hoʻopili pinepine ʻia i ka male like (Glassgold et al., 2009, 23 - 24).

A ʻo ka APA Expert Opinion e haʻi i ka huaʻōlelo, e like me ka ʻae ʻana no kēia ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka puke i haʻi ʻia, i ʻōlelo ai i ka "adaptability" a me ka hana lima hana (Kahiolelo o Amici Curiae 2003, 11). Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka adaptability a me nā hana lima e pono ai e hoʻoholo no ka mea pili i ka moe kolohe. A ʻo kahi hopena, ʻo nā noiʻi ʻepekema i nānā ai i nā hana wale o ka adaptability a me ka hana hana ʻana e alakaʻi i nā hopena hewa ʻole a hōʻike i nā hopena "hewa maikaʻi" e like me ka Spitzer, Wakefield, Bieber a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ua kākela ʻia ka manaʻo kuhihewa i ke kumu no ka mea hoʻopiʻi "Hōʻike maopopo a me ka maopopo"nā mea e huna nei i ka manaʻo i ʻole ka male i ka pelekane ʻaʻole ia ka pale ma ka noʻonoʻo.

ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo i kekahi ʻano maʻamau o ke ʻano maʻamau o ke kanaka no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia (e like me kā Alfred Kinsey), a i ʻole ʻo nā ʻano kanaka āpau, e like me ka pepehi kanaka serial, e manaʻo ʻia he maʻa mau. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo he "ʻaʻohe mea kūlohelohe" e pili ana i kekahi ʻano maʻamau no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia i loko o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona (e like me C.S. Ford a me Frank A. Beach), a i ʻole ia e manaʻo ʻia ka cannibalism he kūlohelohe. ʻO ka mea nui loa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopau i ka mokuʻāina noʻonoʻo ʻole, no ka mea ʻaʻole hopena ka mokuʻāina i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ke koʻikoʻi, a me ka hōʻino ʻia o ka hana kaiāulu (e like me Evelyn Hooker, John C. Gonsiorek, APA, ʻAmelika Psychiatric Association a me nā mea ʻē aʻe), Inā ʻole, pono e kuhi hewa ʻia nā maʻi noʻonoʻo he nui ma ke ʻano maʻamau. ʻO nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia i loko o nā puke i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea e kākoʻo ana i ka maʻamau o ka moekolohe ʻaʻole ia he ʻike ʻepekema i hōʻoia ʻia, a ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā loiloi kānalua i nā kumuwaiwai hilinaʻi.

Ma APA a me ka ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Hui Pūnaewele ua hana hewa maoli ʻia ka catastrophic i ke koho ʻana i nā puke nūpepa, a lākou i hōʻike ai i mea hōʻike no ke kākoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka manaʻo o ka male (a me kekahi mau wahine ʻē aʻe) ʻaʻole he maʻi noʻonoʻo; hiki i kēia ʻano hana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohilahila a mālama ʻole i nā manawa kūpono e loaʻa ai i nā hui ikaika e hoʻokō i nā ʻepekema propaganda. Aia nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa koʻikoʻi ma nā loiloi logical, a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka hopena a me nā loina e nā poʻe i manaʻo ʻia "nā mana" i loko o ka psychiatry a me ka psychology. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā puke nūpepa i loaʻa i loko o kēia ʻatikala, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo "paʻakikī" a me ka "hōʻoia" hōʻike hōʻoia i nā hōʻike hōʻike, hōʻike i nā hemahema nui - ka hewa ʻole, ʻike ʻole, a me nā moʻolelo. No laila, ke hōʻoia nei ka hilinaʻi o ka APA a me ka American Psychiatric Association e pili ana i ka wehewehe o ka maleʻe wahine. ʻO ka hopena hope loa, nā moʻolelo manaʻo hopohopo a me ka ʻike hoʻihoʻi hoʻohana maoli lākou i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ke kumuhana o ka male like o ka male, akā ʻaʻole e kānalua nā hui mana e hoʻopili i kēia ʻano.

¹ Ma ka pūnaehana kānāwai Anglo-Saxon, aia kekahi hui o "nā hoaaloha" ʻoihana.

² Ka hōʻike a ka luna hana ma ka hopena kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻonaninani i ka hana pilikino.

³ ʻAʻole noʻonoʻo ka Hui Pūʻulu ʻĀmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hewa apotemophilia; ʻ stateslelo aku ʻo DSM-5: "Apotemophilia (ʻaʻole ia he kue e like me" DSM-5 ") pili i ka makemake e hoʻoneʻe i kahi wāwae i mea e hoʻoponopono ai i ka ʻolua ma waena o ka moe ʻana o kekahi kino a me kona ʻano kūlohelohe. ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Huipū ʻ Xlelo 2014b, p. 246-7).

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Ka leka wehe "Ma ka pono e hoʻi i ka ʻepekema a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hana lapaʻau i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka makemake kolohe"

4 mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka "Homosexual: Mental Disorder a i ʻole?"

Илья:

ʻApelila 2, 2021 ma 08: 52

ʻO ka pākana moe kolohe ka homosexual sex drive ʻoiaʻiʻo he maʻi maʻi ʻoi loa ia ma kekahi hihia, a i ʻole kekahi pathologic congenital i kahi hihia ʻē aʻe. Aia kekahi ʻano ʻelua mau kāne kāne kāne -1 poʻe me ka hōʻino kūlohelohe i ke kumukānāwai hormonal /// ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻōla ʻia // / akā ʻo kēia mau mea, he kakaikahi loa o ka heluna nui o nā kānaka. 2 ua loaʻa kēia hana moekolohe ma muli o ka moekolohe moekolohe a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ke kanaka, ma lalo o ka mana o nā subcultures marginal / anti-culture / e laʻa me ka hana kolohe a me nā pilina ma nā hale paʻahao. Maʻalahi ke kumu o kēlā ʻano maʻi o ka lawena - ka ikehu / ka hormones / kekee / kekeʻe ʻia / akā me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi puka maʻamau kuhikuhi lākou iā ia ma kahi e pono ai, keu hoʻi i ko lākou kaiapuni ʻaʻole i hoʻohewa ʻia kēia ʻano a manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka maʻamau // e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo ai, hoʻokolokolo nā kānaka āpau i ka nui o ko lākou hoʻohaʻahaʻa /// ʻo ka hopena he bias i ka noʻonoʻo pathological a me ka lawena. Hiki i kēlā poʻe ke hōʻoluʻolu i ko lākou makemake me nā ʻīlio a me nā lio a me nā mea ola ʻole hoʻi. I ka moʻomeheu o kēia mau lā, hoʻokomo ʻia ka moekolohe me ka huhū a me ka hoʻomau ʻole, no laila, hoʻomehana ʻia kahi kanaka e kēia mau manaʻo a me nā huakaʻi wahine e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo. Hiki ke haki mai ka debauchery kuʻuna ma o ka moe kolohe lōʻihi a i ʻole ka hopena o ke kaomi o ka subcultural a me nā mea lawe e hoʻopuni iā ia. I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe mea i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka lōʻihi o ka hana ʻino a me ka pepehi kanaka mai ka maʻamau, akā makaʻu wau i ke ʻano o ka hoʻāpono ʻana i nā deviations e alakaʻi ai i ka hōʻoia ʻana i kēia mau mea. Ma ke ala, i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomana a i ʻole ka ideology mokuʻāina, kūpono ʻia ka hana ʻino a me ka pepehi kanaka, akā ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano. Hiki ke hoʻāpono ʻia kekahi mea a ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea maʻamau me ke kōkua o ka hoʻopunipuni, akā ʻaʻole e lilo ka ʻino i mea maʻamau mai kēia. ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka mea maʻamau no nā palena palena ʻole no kahi kaiāulu civili. No laila e wehewehe i ke ʻano o ke kaiāulu a mākou e kūkulu nei. E hele a maikaʻi wau, ʻaʻole pono e hoʻokae ʻino ʻia kēia poʻe maʻi a hoʻomaʻau ʻia i kēlā me kēia ʻano. Hiki iā mākou ke pale aku iā lākou mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kā lākou deviations ma ke ʻano maʻamau a hāʻawi ʻoluʻolu i ke kōkua psychiatric i ka poʻe hiki ke kōkua ʻia. No laila e koho kēlā me kēia i kā lākou koho ponoʻī o ke ʻano .. ..

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1. Sergey:
  
  19 Iulai, 2021 ma 11: 42
  
  ʻO ka hoʻomeamea homosexual kekahi o nā ʻano o ka maʻamau. ʻAʻole paha ʻoe e maopopo iki i ke kumuhana.
  
  pane
  1. ʻO Alexander:
    
    Kekemapa 3, 2021 ma 09: 06
    
    ʻAʻohe homosexual orientation. Aia ka homosexuality - deviant sexual behavior, psycho-emotional disorder in the sexual sphere, deviation from the norm, and not at all a type of norm.
    
    pane
  2. Anonymous:
    
    Kekemapa 12, 2022 ma 06: 17
    
    He moron ʻoe, ua kākau ʻia a maopopo nā mea a pau iā ʻoe
    
    pane