V. Lysov
E-mail: sayensị4truth@yandex.ru
Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a ka ebipụtara na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na-enyocha ndị ọgbọ. Ọmụmụ ihe ọhụụ nke nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze, 2018; Olu nke 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "allanụ ọkụ na nnabata gbasara ojiji okwu a bụ" mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị "n'okwu sayensị na okwu ọha".
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Nchọta Isi

(1) Omume di nkpa n’ebe ndi mmadu n’emekorita nwoke ma obu ihe anabataghi ihe omumu nke phobia dika echiche nke uche. Enweghị echiche ọhụụ nke "ịkpa agwa", ọ bụ okwu nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.
(2) Oji okwu a bu “nmekorita nke nwoke” na oru sayensi gosiputa udiri akuko nke nwoke na nwoke inwe ezighi ezi. Ojiji nke okwu a "nwoke idina nwoke" na-egbochi ụzọ dị iche iche si ele ihe anya na nwoke idina nwoke dabere na nkwenkwe echiche na ụdị ngosipụta nke oke iwe, na-agbanwe echiche mmekọ na iwe.
(3) Ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwuru na ojiji nke okwu a bụ "mmekọ nwoke na nwoke" bụ ihe mkparị megidere ndị otu ahụ na-anabataghị ịkwalite ibi ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ọha mmadụ, mana ndị anaghị enwe ịkpọasị ma ọ bụ ụjọ na-enweghị isi nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke.
(4) Na mgbakwunye na nkwenkwe ọdịnala na mmepeanya, ihe ndabere maka omume dị oke njọ na mmekorita nwoke na nwanyị, o doro anya na ọ bụ sistemu eji eme aru aru - mmeghachi omume ndu ịkpọasịmepụtara usoro mgbanwe nke mmadụ iji hụ na ịdị ọcha kacha na ịdị ọcha nke ịmụ nwa.

Keywords: akụkọ ifo, “nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe”, ịkpọasị, ihe ọghọm, sistemụ mmadụ ịkpa ike, aghụghọ

Gbanyụọ

N'etiti akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọha mmadụ, enwere echiche dị oke mma maka ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ogo nke ngosipụta nke dị iche na nke ukwuu: site na ịkwado mmegide iwu na-anwa ịgbanye alụm di na nwunye iji sonye mmekorita nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị maka ikpe nke ime ihe ike megide ndị mmadụ na-egosipụta nke "mpaghara LGBTKIAP +" (Kohut 2013; 2013 Gray) N'ime usoro ngagharị "LGBTKIAP +", a na-akpa agwa dị etu a, agbanyeghị akara ngosipụta ya na ihe kpatara ya, akpọrọ ihe akpọrọ. "Homophobia" (Adams xnumx) Dabere na Oxford English Dictionary, neologism “homophobia” sitere n'okwu ndị a bụ “nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị” na “phobia” (Akwụkwọ akụkọ Bekee Oxford). A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "homophobia" mee ihe na mgbasa ozi na ọdịbendị a ma ama: onye nchọpụta Nungessor kwuru na:

"Homophobia" abụrụla oke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị eji zoo aka na agwa ọ bụla na-adịghị mma gbasara ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha ... "(Nungutor xnumx, p. 162).

«A na-ejikarị Homophobia "ekwu okwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọhụụ.EPR 2006). Yabụ, iji okwu a bụ "homophobia" kọwaa akparamagwa dị oke mkpa banyere ụkpụrụ nke ije "LGBTQIAP +" dabere na ụkpụrụ abụọ dị mkpa: (1) ọ na-emepụta njikọ njikọta n'etiti ỌZỌ akparamagwa akparamagwa gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nsogbu phobic, yana psychopathology; (2) ọ na-enye echiche na-adịghị mma ma na-emejọ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-akwado echiche dị iche na nke LGBTQIAP +.

Dika dibia nke sayensị sayensi Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin na ndi ode akwukwo na ede ihe n’oru ha:

“Most Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkparịta ụka ọ bụla na ndị na-agbasa okwu mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, mgbe ha na-ekwenyeghị na ha, taa gụnyere nnabata nke aha ọjọọ“ homophobe ”, na-ebughi ihe bụ isi na ụdị, ogo nke eziokwu na izi ezi nke nyocha dị oke mkpa nke nwoke idina nwoke. N'ọtụtụ mba, a na-egbochi ndị gosipụtara oke nkatọ gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nnwere onwe ikwu uche na nnwere onwe ikwu okwu, ọ bụghị naanị n'oge arụmụka ọha na eze, kamakwa n'ozuzu, na mbọ ọ bụla iji kwupụta echiche ha na mgbasa ozi. Ọzọkwa, enwere oku ọhaneze ka ịkpa ókè megide ndị dị otú a: ịjụ ikike ịbanye mba ndị ọzọ, ịtụ ha mkpọrọ, wdg. Mkparịta ụka dị otú ahụ na-adịghị mma na nkọwa dị otú a nke ụkpụrụ nke ịha nhata nke niile n'ihu iwu na ụlọ ikpe na ụkpụrụ nke nnagide abụghị naanị ekwekọghị n'ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, mana ọzọ, ha kwesịrị ime nzaghachi ozugbo site na steeti, nke na-enweghị ikike ịlaghachi na gburugburu ụwa iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ihi ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. usoro iwu na iwu nke ịha nhatanha niile n’iru iwu na ụlọ ikpe. Okwu "homophobe", "homophobia" ezighi ezi, a na-edebanye aha cliche-edepụtara na ndị ọ bụla na-akatọ echiche nke nwoke idina nwoke (n'agbanyeghị ụdị na ogo nke nkatọ dị otú ahụ), yana onye ọ bụla nke na-ajụ iwu na-akwadoghị na-amanye echiche nke idina ụdị onwe na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke (gụnyere ụmụ obere). Okwu ndị a bụ akara ngosipụta nke echiche na-adịghị mma nke ọdịnaya na-adịghị mma ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ihe arụ ụka na-enweghị isi maka ebumnuche aghụghọ iji mebie na ịkparị ndị na-ekwenye ekwenye (...) N'ezie, ndị na-anaghị anabata ụdị ndụ nwoke idina ụdị onwe, ị addicụ ọgwụ ọjọọ na nkwenkwe na-ekwupụta megide mkpọsa ọha na eze nke nwoke idina nwoke, enweghi “phobias”, ya bụ, oke ụjọ na-egbu mgbu na-eme ka ndị a na-atụ ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha egwu. Ndị mmadụ na-amachaghị usoro okwu ahụike pụrụ iche nwere ike ijikọ ihe okwu a bụ "homophobe" na enweghị mmasị n'ihe banyere mmadụ na mmadụ n'ozuzu (site na Latin homo - man). Nkọwa ezi uche nke enweghị uche (phobias) nye ndị na-ekwenyeghi mmekọ nwoke na nwoke abụghị naanị usoro ezighi ezi, kamakwa maka iweda ugwu dịịrị mmadụ nke ndị dị otu a, na-ekwutọ ha ... ”(Ponkin 2011).

Na-akọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi ụzọ nke nrupụta site na ebubo nke "homophobia" onye mgbasa ozi Sergei Khudiev:

“… Onye ọ bụla nke na-anwa anwa ekwenyeghị n'echiche nkwenye nke nwoke idina nwoke, a na-akpọ ya iyi na iwe na-ewe ya ozugbo. Ọ bụrụ n’ịchọta nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe gị inwe mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ihe ekwesighi ịkwado iwu, a ga-ekwupụta gị ozugbo ihe ọjọọ, ekweghị ibe nọrọ, onye na-anụ ọkụ n’obi, onye na-ala azụ na onye mmegide, onye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Ku Klux Klan, Taliban, were gabazie. Usoro dị mfe ma dị irè maka ịme mmụọ mmetụta uche na-eji ọtụtụ usoro pụtara ìhè. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-enye gị nhọrọ na-ezighi ezi - ma ọ bụ ịta nwoke idina nwoke ahụhụ, ma ọ bụ gbaa ya ume n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Ọ bụrụ na ị na-emegide mmegide kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ maka ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, mgbe ahụ ịkwesịrị ịbụ maka ịkwanyere ịlụ nwoke na nwoke ịlụ site na alụmdi na nwunye. Usoro ọzọ - “ụfọdụ ndị ọjọọ doro anya (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị Nazi) megidere ndina ụdị onwe - ị na-emegidekwa ya - yabụ na ị bụ onye Nazi. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọghị ka ndị Nazi were gị, kwenye na echiche anyị. " Onye nke ato kwuputara mpụ ọ bụla emere megide nwoke idina nwoke - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnọdụ ebe onye na-eto eto na-agba akwụna ka onye ahịa ya gburu ya - dịka ngosipụta nke "homophobia", na-ekwupụta nkwenye ọ bụla ịbụ "homophobic" wee si otú a na-ekewa ndị ọ bụla na-ekwenyeghị na ndị omekome. A gaghị ewere nrụgide mmetụta uche a dị ka ihe ọ bụla karịa ngosipụta nke esemokwu adịghị mma, mana nsogbu bụ na ọ na-arịwanye elu na mmanye gọọmentị; n'ọtụtụ mba Europe, a na-ele esemokwu ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha anya dị ka “ihe na-akpali ịkpọasị” na mpụ a ga-ekpe ikpe. Kaosiladị, nzuzu nke ụdị ebubo a pụtara dịka ozigbo anyị were nsogbu were chebara ya echiche ma ọ dịkarịa ala minit ise. Ndi Taliban tara ahuhu mmanya na egbu egbu; Nke a ọ pụtara na onye ọ bụla na-akwadoghị ịismụbiga mmanya ókè bụ ndị Taliban ma na-ezube iwebata iwu Sharia na ọha mmadụ? Ndị mmadụ (ma ndị nwoke ma ndị nwanyị) ndị na-akpata ego site na ịgba akwụna na-abụkarị ndị mpụ - nke a ọ pụtara na onye ọ bụla nke gosipụtara na ụzọ isi nweta ego dị njọ ma bụrụ ihe dị ize ndụ na-akwado ndị omekome? Nwere onye a ga-ata ụta maka ị drugụ ọgwụ ọjọọ n'ihi ajọ ịkpọasị ọ kpọrọ ndị ogbenye na-a drugụ ọgwụ ike? ... "(Khudiev 2010).

OT H KA HOMOPHOBIA SI KỌRỌ

American ọkà mmụta akparamaagwa na onye mmume "LGBTKIAP +" - ije (Nwanne Nwanyị 2002; Ximesi 2017) George Weinberg tụlere onye mepụtara okwu a '' nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị 'na onye dere akwụkwọ hypothesis nke ọgwụ psychopathological nke echiche dị oke njọ na mmekọ nwoke na nwoke (Herek 2004; Weinberg xnumx) N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na akwụkwọ edina ụdị onwe, Weinberg enyeghi azịza doro anya maka ihe mere o jiri bụrụ onye na-ekerechi òkè anya na LGBTKIAP +, ọ sịrị:

"Agbanyeghi na abughi m nmeko nwoke, enwerem nnwere onwe dika enwere ike na nmeko nwoke na nwoke, na ihe ndi ozo m choro ideghi ide."Nwanne Nwanyị 2002).

Weinberg kpọrọ onwe ya onye gosipụtara echiche ahụ bụ na ekworo na egwu bụ ihe na-akpata akparamagwa maka mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti afọ 1960, na nkwadebe maka ikwu okwu na ogbako na East Coast Homophile Organisation (Nwanne Nwanyị 2002; Ximesi 2017) Ọ gwara ndị ndọrọndọrọ "LGBTKIAP +", ngagharị Jack Nichols na Lige Clark, ndị buru ụzọ jiri okwu a bụ "homophobia" na edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ "Screw" (23 na Mee 1969 nke afọ), nke pụtara egwu ndị na-abụghị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. na enwere ike mehie ha maka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe - nke a bụ aha mbụ banyere okwu ahụ na okwu e biri ebi (Ximesi 2017; Herek 2004) Ọnwa ole na ole ka e mesịrị, e jiri okwu a n’isi akụkọ The Times (Ximesi 2017).

Na 1971, Weinberg ji aka ya buru ụzọ jiri okwu a mee ihe "nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị" n'otu isiokwu isiokwu ya bụ "Okwu maka Ọdịbendị Ọhụrụ" na izu izu "Gay"Ximesi 2017). Mgbe m gụsịrị isiokwu a, onye ọrụ ibe Weinberg bụ Kenneth T. Smith (Weinberg xnumx.Smith 1971) N'ikpeazụ, na 1972, Weinberg chepụtara echiche psychopathological nke "homophobia" n'akwụkwọ "Society and Healthy Homosexual" (Weinberg xnumx) N'afọ sochirinụ, Weinberg ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị isi nke ihe omume ọha na eze nke American LGBTKIAP haziri, otu ngagharị nke dugara na mkpebi nke Associationtù Ndị Ọrịa Ime Ọrịa America ka ha wepụta nchoputa nke “nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị” na ndepụta aha ọnya ụbụrụ na 1973 (Ximesi 2017) Agbanyeghi eziokwu na ndị na-akwado 'LGBTKIAP +' mechara were kwuo okwu ahụ maka ịkpa oke agwa, na Weinberg bụ onye siri ike na-akwado nkwenye ya na ndụ ya niile wee kwuo na ọ gụnyere “ụdị ịkpọasị” na ụdị nsogbu ahụ.Weinberg xnumx).

NJIRI EGO NA-EGO EGO

N'ime oge mbụ site na ọrụ mbụ nke ọrụ sayensị (1971 - 1972), ihe okwu a bu “homophobia” dịgasị iche na agwa mmadụ.Smith 1971na-enweghị egwu pathological egwu (Weinberg xnumx) n'omume ọ bụla siri ike (gụnyere, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nghọtahie na ikwe ka ndị nwoke na nwanyị nwere onwe ha iku ụmụ) ()Costa 2013) George Weinberg n'ọrụ ya ji okwu ahụ bụ "nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe" n'echiche nke egwu ịkpọtụrụ ndị mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị, ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu maka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, '' nwoke idina nwoke 'pụtara ihe na-asọ oyi nye onwe ha ()Weinberg xnumx) Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, Morin na Garfinkle kọwara dị ka “nwoke idina nwoke” ụdị onye ahụ na-ahụghị ụdị ibi ndụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ya na ndụ nwoke na nwanyị.Morin xnumx).

N'afọ 1983, Nung anam kwuru:

"..." homophobia "aburula oke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị eji gosipụta echiche ọ bụla na-abụghị nke ziri ezi n'ebe ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha ..." (Nungutor xnumx, p. 162).

N’otu afọ ahụ, Fyfe gosipụtara site na “mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị” echiche ọjọọ na ajọ mbunobi megide ndị edina ụdị onwe (Fyfe xnumx) Hudson na Ricketts kwuru na ndị ọkachamara na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọkachamara malitere iji okwu ahụ "homophobia mee ihe" iji gosipụta iro ọ bụla megide nwoke idina ụdị onwe na ọ tụfuru ihe mbụ ọ pụtara. "Hudson xnumx, p. 357). Na 1991, ọtụtụ ndị nyocha kọwapụtara "mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị" dị ka "ịkpọasị na ịkpa oke ọ bụla."Bell xnumx; Haaga xnumx), na Reiter kọwara ya dị ka "ajọ mbunobi na ọdịbendị ọdịnala"Reiter 1991) Afọ ise ka e mesịrị, Young-Bruehl kwuru na "nwoke na nwanyị na-edina ụdị onwe bụ ajọ mbunobi ọ bụghị megide ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ, kama megide ihe ụfọdụ."Na-eto eto-Bruehl 1996, p. 143). Kranz na Cusick mechara kọwaa "mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị" dịka "ụjọ na-enweghị isi nke ndị edina ụdị onwe" (Kranz 2000) N'afọ 2005, O'Donohue na Caselles kwuru na n'ime iri afọ ndị gara aga, okwu ahụ bụ "mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị" agbasawo echiche ọ bụla, nkwenye ma ọ bụ omume ọ bụla n'ebe ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nọ (O´Donohue na Wright xnumx, p. 68).

Na usoro nke sayensị sayensị nke oge gboo, phobia (ọrịa phobic) na-ezo aka n'ụdị nhụjuanya neurosis, isi nkatọ maka ịchọpụta nke bụ ụjọ na-enweghị atụ (ma ọ bụ nchekasị), nke na-enweghị nchịkwa na enweghị ike ịda mbà na ọnọdụ ụfọdụ (Kazakovtsev 2013, p. 230). Onye nwere phobia na-agba mbọ n'ụzọ ọ bụla kwere omume iji zere imetụ ihe ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ na-akpata phobia wee nwee nsogbu na nchekasị dị otú ahụ. N'ịkwado eziokwu ahụ bụ na akparamagwa akparamagwa maka omume nwoke na nwanyị abụghị phobia, Haaga (1991) tụlere ajọ mbunobi na phobias, mmeghachi omume akọwara na mgbasa ozi dịka “nwoke na nwanyị” na-emezu oke nke ajọ mbunobi (lee okpokoro n'okpuru) (Haaga xnumx).

Nkwekọrịta 1 atụnyere nke judkpọasị na Phobia dịka D.A.F. Haaga [30]

Ụdị	Judkpọasị (nke e weere dị ka “nwoke na-edina ụmụ nwoke ibe ha”)	Ezigbo phobia (neurosis)
Mmeghachi omume mmetụta uche	iwe, iwe	ụjọ, ụjọ
Arụmụka nke mmetụta uche	ọnụnọ nke ebumnobi	enweghị nkọwa, enweghi ihe kpatara ya
Mmeghachi omume	iwe	na-ezere n'ụzọ ọ bụla
Burukwa ọha	mmegide otu	ọ dịghị
Gbado anya na mbọ iji kpochapụ ọnọdụ adịghị mma	ịkpọasị asị	na onwe anyị

A tụọla ụzọ dị iche iche n'ụzọ ụfọdụ iji tụọ ogo echiche ọjọọ gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwoke - site na iji nyocha nke mmụọ (Smith 1971; Hudson xnumx; Lumby xnumx; Milham 1976; Logan 1996) Nyocha nyocha nke ndị isi awọ na ndị ọrụ ibe na Costa na ndị ọrụ ibe kpughere ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche achọrọ iji tụọ echiche nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'ebe ndị mmadụ na-egosipụta omume mmekọ nwoke na nwoke (Costa 2013; 2013 Gray) Assessmentzọ usoro nyocha niile siri dị nwere ndọghachi azụ dị mkpa - enweghị otu maka ntụle n'oge mmepe ha: nkwado na ule niile achọrọ dabere na ntụnyere nke otu ndị na-aza ajụjụ ndị gosipụtara ụkpụrụ oke dị elu na-emetụta naanị omume ọjọọ banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke (dịka ọmụmaatụ, okpukpe, ịtụ votu maka ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị etiti ha). Dabere na O'Donohue na ndị ọrụ ibe, a nwere ike iwepụ ntụpọ a ma ọ bụrụ na e jiri ya tụnyere ndị otu na-aza ajụjụ ikpe nke ime ihe ike idina ụdị onwe (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 77). Ya mere, nyere otutu nsogbu nsogbu uche na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụzọ nyocha ha siri chọọ, ihe ndị a chọpụtara na nkwubi okwu emere na ndabere nke ụzọ nyocha ndị a bụ ihe arụ (OfulDonohue in Wright xnumx, p. 77). Na mkpokọta, o doghị anya ma nke a kpọrọ. “Homophobia”: nkwenye n'ihe putara na “nwoke na nwoke ibe ya”, nke anabataghi ya, bu ihe di nkpa na nka, obu ihe ndi di iche na ndi ozo. Wright xnumx, p. 82).

Ọ kwesiri iburu n'uche na ojiji nke sayensi, ojiji ejiri okwu a mee ka “mmadụ na nwoke ịlụ agwa ọfụma” nwere nsogbu n'ihi opekata mpe anọ. Akpa, ihe akaebe doro anya na-egosi na ibu iro megide ndi edina ụdị onwe na pụrụ iche ikpe nwere ike bụrụ phobia n'echiche adakarị, dị ka claustrophobia ma ọ bụ arachnophobia. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ndị nwere nghọta ọjọọ gbasara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe nsogbu mmeghachi omume akwara dị ka ihe atụ (Xnumx ọta) Njikọ 'LGBTKIAP +' ugbu a, iji okwu ahụ bụ '' ịkpa oke '' n'ụzọ ọ bụla enweghị ọdịiche dị na steeti abụọ a. Nke abuo, iji okwu a bu “nmekorita” site n'echiche nke Weinberg cheputara na nke a bu ihe omuma nke mmadu, dika ihe omumu, ekwuputaghi nke a, ma gosiputa mmekorita doro anya na otu ngosiputa ihe ndi obodo na ndi mmadu.Kohut 2013) Nke ato, phobia na echiche banyere ulo ogwu jikọtara ya na mmeghachi omume na-adịghị mma na ahụmịhe nke na-emebi ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (Isiokwu 1), ma iro nke ndị mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị emetụtaghị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.Herek 2000, 1990) Nke anọ, itinye akwụkwọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iji echiche nke “mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị" na -eleta ibu iro megide nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na ihe atụ dịka, ịkpa agwa agbụrụ ma ọ bụ mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị (EPR 2006). Otú ọ dị, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma ọ bụ mmekọahụ bụ ihe a na-eme megide ndị na-ebu ụfọdụ njirimara ndị doro anya na-adabereghị n'omume ndị na-ebu ha (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịkpa ókè megide ndị Caucasians ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke). Ihe a na-akpọ "homophobia" n'ime usoro nke LGBTKIAP + bụ omume mmegide ọ bụghị n'ebe ndị na-ebu ihe ndị sitere n'okike, kama na omume (omume), karịa, na ngosipụta nke omume dị otú a, bụ nke ntụgharị nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị guzobere na mmekọahụ na / ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Enweghi otutu mmadu kwenyere na ndi nwoke na ndi nwoke na ndi nwoke ma obu nwanyi na nwanyi - onye na-emekorita nwoke na nwoke ma obu nwanyi; onye a manyere itinye aka na nmeko nwoke ma obu nwanyi ma obu onye mere nke aka ya, onye gosiputara onwe ya dika "nwoke" ma obu na obu, wdg, wdg. Nkwenye nke nkwupụta a - banyere omume, ọ bụghị usoro ndu nke echiche na-adịghị mma - bụ na nwoke idina ụdị onwe. onye anaghị egosiputa omume mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ọha na mpaghara "LGBTKIAP +" anaghị enweta mmetụta ọ bụla na-adịghị mma site na ọha mmadụ, nke na-agaghị ekwe omume n'ihe gbasara ụdị ihe ahụ dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.

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Ebe okwu a bu “phobia” putara ihe omuma putara ma gosiputa onodu ojoo n’enweghi nsogbu (oria ogwu), ikowasi agwa di nma banyere nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi dika phobia enweghi ihe ngosi sayensi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, echiche dị oke egwu na nka nke oge a site na echiche nke ụkpụrụ sayensị enweghị ike ịkpọ "avant-garde phobia": omume dị otú ahụ na-egosipụta nanị echiche mmadụ mma. Ọnọdụ nke imebisị ihe n'ihe metụtara ọrụ nkà bụ ihe a na-anabataghị na ya, na oke nke ihe gbasara nke puru omume, na-agba akaebe na ụfọdụ echiche mmebi nke vandals. Agbanyeghị, ịdị mkpa nke ụdị ikpe ịme ihe ndị dị otú a maka ịtụle ọrụ ndị a yana, ọkachasị, ndị niile na-enweghị mmasị n'ọrụ ọrụ nka a, hà.

Ọnọdụ dị oke mkpa n'akụkụ akụkụ metụtara ebumnuche LGBTKIAP - mmegharị ahụ, adịghị nkewa dị ka mmebi nke Healthtù Ahụ Ike orwa ma ọ bụ American Psychiatric Association (ICD 1992; DSM 2013) Maka ebumnuche ndị a gosiri n’elu, ọtụtụ ndị edemede akatọla iji okwu a bụ “mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị” maka mmekọ nwoke na nwanyịHerek 2004, Lee n'ime Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Xnumx ọta), na Kama nke ahụ, a tụbara ọtụtụ okwu: "heterosexism, homoerotophobia, nwoke idina nwoke, nwoke idina nwanyị, homonegativism, homo-prejud, anti-nwoke idina nwoke, effeminophobia, speedophobia, stigma mmekọahụ, prejudice mmekọahụ" and many other (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx; Sears 1997).

Ka o sina dị, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "homophobia" na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mgbasa ozi, ọdịbendị a ma ama, na ọbụna akwụkwọ sayensị iji kọwaa echiche dị oke egwu banyere ndina ụdị onwe. Connie Ross, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ nwoke idina nwoke ahụ, kwuru na ya agaghị ahapụ iji okwu ahụ bụ "homophobia" n'ihi ezighi ezi nke sayensị, ebe ọ na-ewere isi ọrụ dị ka "ọgụ maka ikike nke ndị idina ụdị onwe" ()Taylor 2002).

Smithmyer (2011) gosipụtara ihe ndị a:

“… Ojiji okwu a bu‘ homophobia ’bu ihe eji emegide ndi otu ahu na akwado ihe bu ihe di na nwunye, ma asukwa ndi na-edina nwoke ma obu nwoke ibe ha (…) Ojiji okwu a bu ihe ojoo (…) na nkwulu (…) homophobe "bụ aghụghọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke eji ma na iwu ma n'ụlọ ikpe ..." (Smithmyer 2011, p. 805).

Holland (2006) chọpụtara na:

"... Ọbụna nkọwa dị mfe nke ọnụ ọgụgụ banyere ọrịa AIDS n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na nwoke idina ụdị onwe na-ewelite ebubo nke 'homophobia' ..." (Holland xnumx, p. 397).

N'ihe gbasara 100% puru iche, a ga-egosiputa ozi a ozugbo site na “imekorita” site na ndi na akwado ndi otu “LGBTKIAP +”.

Na 2009, Miss California mara mma mmeri mpempe akwụkwọ Kerry Prechan sonyere na mmemme Miss America. Mgbe ọ zara nza ajụjụ nke ndị omekorita nwoke na-edina nwoke ma ọ bụ alụm di na nwunye ga-akwadoro na America, a chụpụrụ ya n'asọmpi ahụ wee yipụ aha Miss California ya.

Nzaghachi Kerry Preghan mere ka iwe jupụta 'ihe niile gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị' Western media, ebubo ya nke ịkpa oke, chọrọ iweghachite okwu ya ma kpọọ ya n'ihu ọha "ọkụ ọgbụgba"Prejean 2009) Maka gịnị? Prezhan kwere nkwa itinye ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke n'ụlọ nga?

Ee e, nke a bụ azịza ya:

“… Ọfọn, Echere m na ọ dị mma na ndị America nwere ike ịhọrọ otu ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ. Anyị bi na mba ebe ị nwere ike ịhọrọ ịlụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ alụmdi na nwunye ọdịnala. You makwa ihe, n'ọdịbendị anyị, na ezinaụlọ m, ọ dị m ka m kwenyere na alụm di na nwunye kwesịrị ịdị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị. Achọghị m imejọ onye ọ bụla, mana otu a ka esi tolite m ... ”(AP 2009).

Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe LGBTKIA +, ndị otu Kirk na Madsen, rụrụ ụka na iji okwu ahụ bụ "mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị" rụọ ọrụ nke ọma na atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji gbanwee ọnọdụ mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke.

“… Mgbasa ọ bụla iji nweta ọmịiko n’ihu ọha, ekwesịrị igosipụta nwoke idina nwoke dị ka ndị nwere mkpa nchedo, nke mere na ndị nwoke na nwanyị na-adabakarị na ọchịchọ a na-achọ ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị na-echebe ha… E kwesịrị igosipụta ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke dịka ndị obodo metụtara… E kwesịrị igosi ya: onyonyo eserese nke ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke; ihe nkiri nke enweghị ọrụ na ụlọ, enweghị ikike nke ụmụaka na mmechuihu ọha: ndepụta ahụ na-aga n'ihu ... Mgbasa ozi anyị ekwesịghị ịrịọ nkwado nkwado maka omume idina ụdị onwe, kama, anyị kwesịrị ịmalite ọgụ megide ịkpa oke dị ka isi ọrụ ... "(Kirk 1987).

N'ime akwụkwọ ewepụtara afọ ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Kirk na Madsen mesiri ike:

"... Ọ bụ ezie na okwu ahụ bụ 'homophobia' ga-abụ nke ziri ezi, 'homophobia' na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịkọwapụta okwu ... na-egosi n'ụdị a-quasi-na-egosi na mmetụta ndị na-emegide nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị nwere njikọta na nsogbu nke uche ha na-adịghị mma na enweghị ntụkwasị obi ..." (Kirk 1989, p. 221).

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A tụrụ aro ụdị agwa dị iche iche banyere ụdị mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị: mmadụ (Smith 1971), omume (O'Donohue n'ime Wright xnumx), omume (1991 Greychebara echicheBell xnumx), ihe nlere anya nke nghọta ma ọ bụ amaghị Gonsiorek xnumx), phobic (MacDonald 1973), omenaala (Reiter 1991) Enwetacha uche dị ukwuu na akwụkwọ sayensị na akwụkwọ sayensị a ma ama ka e nyere maka usoro mgbanwe okike nke ihe ọmụmụ.

Ihe nlere doro anya nyere anyi aka chee echiche banyere uzo ojoo ihe banyere nmekorita nwoke na nwoke. Ellis na ndị ọrụ ibe (2003) nyochara ụmụ akwụkwọ 226 nke ihe gbasara mmụọ site na mahadum atọ dị na Britain, bụ ndị, na-eji usoro abụọ dị iche iche, nyochaa echiche banyere ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na omume banyere usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emekọ ihe (okwu nke ikwe ka ndebanye nke mmekọrịta, nkuchi ụmụaka, wdg. .)Ellis 2003) Ọ bụ ezie na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị na-aza ajụjụ ahụ gosipụtara na ha kwenyere na nkwupụta izugbe na-akọwa nwoke idina nwoke dị ka ihe omume ebumpụta ụwa nke mmadụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị zaghachiri kwenyeere na nkwupụta akọwapụtara (dịka ọmụmaatụ, "okike adịghị mkpa di na nwunye, ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha nwere ike ije ozi agha, a kwesịrị ịkụziri ụmụaka. echiche nke nmekorita nwoke na nwoke ”, wdg.)Ellis 2003, peeji nke 129). Steffens (2005) duziri ọmụmụ banyere ụmụ akwụkwọ German 203 na-eji ụzọ pụrụ iche iji nyochaa akparamàgwà (adịghị) na nke zoro ezo (amaghị ama) gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwoke (Steffens xnumx) N'ime ọrụ a, a na-eji ajụjụ nyocha dị iche iche wee mụọ elebara anya nke mmụọ anya, a na-atụlekwa mmụọ amaghị ihe site na iji nnwale maka mkpakọrịta ndị zoro ezo.

Achọpụtara na mgbe mmụọ banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị dị ezigbo mma na nlele mbụ, omume amaghị ihe tụgharịrị nke ka njọ. Omume ziri ezi banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị kwekọrọ na njirimara nwoke idina nwoke nke ndị zara. (Steffens xnumx, p. 50, 55). Inbar na ndị ọrụ ibe (2009) gosiri na ọbụlagodi ndị ahụ na-ele onwe ha anya dị ka otu ndị na-eme mmekorita nwoke na nwanyị, n’amaghị ama, na-asọ oyi ma ha na-esiko ndị mmadụ na ibe ha ọnụ.Inbar 2009).  

Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ndị nwere mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị na-amata ihe mmadụ bu pụta ụwa maka nwoke idina nwoke:

"... Mmasị maka ndina ụdị onwe na ụmụ mmadụ bụ n'ogo nke reflex ojuju ..." (Mironova 2013).

Nkwupụta ikpeazụ ahụ nwere nkọwa sayensị. Ọtụtụ ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kwenyere na usoro mmalite, ihe a na-akpọ. sistemu na - eme ka ihe ghara ịba uru ọhụụ - bụ ihe dị iche iche nke mmeghachi omume mgbanwe ahụ, nke edepụtara iji chebe nsonaazụ ọhụrụ na nje ndị ọzọ (Schaller in Forgas xnumx; Faulkner 2004; Park 2003; Filip-crawford xnumx).

Usoro mgbochi omume na-adabere na mmetụta nke ịkpọasị na-enweghị atụ: ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na-akpakọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na ọkachasị ndị na-eme omume na-ekwekọghị n'okike nke gbasara nri, ịdị ọcha na okike, nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke ịfefe ọhụrụ (na, ya mere, karịsịa dị ize ndụ) ndị na-efe efe. Ya mere, mgbe gị na ndị dị otú ahụ na-akpakọrịta, a na-arụ ọrụ usoro ahụ ji arụ ọrụ, na-asọ oyi (Filip-crawford xnumx, p. 333, 338; Curtis 2011a, 2011b; Curtis 2001) Ebe obu na nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi n’etiti ndi mmadu na nwoke ma obu nwunye di na nkpuru ndi ozo di iche, ya na ndi nwuru anwu ma obu ndi umuaka, na ndi ozo bu ihe an’abughi ime, mmeghachi omume nke otutu mmadu na ngosiputa omume ahu bu ihe iju anya igbochi ihe nwere ike imebi ya. Mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi na - adighi ahu aru na ndi mmadu. Mmekọrịta nke ịkpọasị na echiche ọjọọ banyere amụghị nwa, gụnyere nwoke idina nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị, egosila mmekọahụ n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ (Mooijman 2016; Bishọp xnumx; Terrizzi 2010; Olatunji 2008; Cottrell xnumx;  Herek 2000; Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). Mmetụta ndị ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị - mmetụta ịkpọasị nke a na-akpaghị aka na-akawanye njọ na ọkwa amaghị ihe banyere onyonyo na isiokwu idina ụdị onwe (Dasgupta xnumx).

Aversion bụ usoro mmegharị ahụ nke emebere iji kpalite omume iji zere ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa (Schaller in Forgas xnumx; Curtis 2004, 2011b; Oaten xnumx; Tybur 2009; Fessler xnumx) A zụlitere usoro mgbanwe a na anụmanụ iji mee ka amara nke ihe na ọnọdụ metụtara ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa, ma, yabụ, iji zụlite omume ịdị ọcha, si otú a belata ihe ize ndụ nke iso na nje na obere nje; na ngagharị nke mgbanwe nke ọha mmadụ gaa na ụdị ultrasocial, ọrụ nke ihe arụ na-enwetakwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na-enye ebumnuche maka ịta akparamagwa ikpe mmekọrịta na izere ndị mebiri iwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze (Chapman 2009; Haidt 1997) Miller (1997) kwenyere na osote na-akpata ịkpọasị. O kwuru na ihe ọjọọ, ihe arụ, omume ọjọọ na omume ndị a na-ama site na mmejọ ebumpụta ụwa nke ihe arụ, na-ejighi mmụọ dị elu.Curtis 2001) Mmeghachi omume mmadụ na-emetụta mkpesa na-adabere n'ụdị mmadụ na ahụmịhe ya, yana ọdịnala na ụkpụrụ omume obodo (Curtis 2011b) Curtis (2011) na-enye ndepụta nke ọrịa na-efe efe na-eme ka njikọta nke ihe arụ, gụnyere AIDS, syphilis, wdg (Curtis 2011a) Agba ntụ na ndị ọrụ ibe kwuru na nyocha ha (2013 Gray, p. 347) na e jikọtara omume dị oke mma maka mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na echiche adịghị mma maka ọrịa HIV yana ndị nwere ọrịa HIV / AIDS.

Enwere otutu nlebara anya banyere njikọta n’etiti ihe arụ na amaghị ihe gbasara mmụọ.Zhong 2006, 2010; Schall xnumx): omume na ndị mmadụ na-emebi ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-ebute ihe arụ (Curtis 2001), mmeghachi omume physiological na mmegharị nke mpaghara ụbụrụ na - ahụta na usoro ndu na omume (mmekọrịta).Chapman 2009; Schaich xnumx) Olatunji kwuru na isi ihe mmụọ bụ ihe ejikọtara ya na mgbakasị nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi mmeghachi omume anụ ahụ, dịka vomiting (Olatunji 2008, p. 1367). Fessler na Navarette rụtụrụ aka na “ọ dị ka nhọrọ sitere n'okike ekepụtawo usoro nke na-echebe ahụ pụọ na nje na nsí, nke ahụ na-ewepụkwa omume mmekọahụ na-ebelata ihe ịga nke ọma ndu”.Fessler xnumx, p. 414). Haidt na ndị ọrụ ibe ha rụtụrụ aka na ọ bụ ezie na mkpesa bụ usoro iji kpochapụ nri nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ, ọha mmadụ kwesiri ị wepu ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere mmekorita nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.Haidt 1997).

Activitiesfọdụ omume mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ike iso nwee mmekọ na-asọ oyi (Tybur 2013; Rozin 2009) Tybur na ndị ọrụ ibe na-arụ ụka na n'ihi na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-eburu ihe egwu nke ọrịa site na nje, mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke na-anaghị ebute uru ịmụ nwa ma ọ bụ na-ebute nsogbu nke ọrịa mkpụrụ ndụ (ya bụ, inwe mmekọrịta nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị, ụmụaka, ma ọ bụ ndị agadi, ezigbo ndị ikwu), na-eduga n'eziokwu ahụ na mmadụ ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke ibute ọrịa, n'otu oge ahụ na-enweghị ohere ọ bụla iji melite arụmọrụ omumu ọmụmụ.Tybur 2013) Ya bu, nmekorita nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi site na nkowa akowapughi ihe ageme, nke mere n’eji nwe nmekorita nwoke na nwoke na - ebute ihe ojoo (Filip-crawford xnumx, p. 339; Curtis 2001).

Ngosiputa nke ihe ojoo dika nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi na nmekorita ya na nmekorita nke ihe mmetuta a, site n'uzo a nejuputa omume, uzo ahu ka izere ihe nmekorita nke aru na inwe ocha dika “sacha aru” (Golec de zavala xnumx, p. 2).

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