“Sayensị ọgbara ọhụrụ” ọ̀ bụ na ọ dịghị ele mmadụ anya n’ihu?

E bipụtara ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ a na akwụkwọ akụkọ Russia Journal of Education and Psychology: Lysov V. Sayensị na nwoke na nwanyị: mgbagha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ọmụmụ Ọgbara Ọhụrụ..
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

“Onye mejọrọ ya ezuru ezi aha sayensị
nwanne ejima - "sayensi" sayensị, nke
Ọ bụ naanị echiche echere n'echiche.
Zọ echiche a wepụtara ntụkwasị obi a
nke ziri ezi nke sayensị. "
sitere Austin Rousse akwụkwọ Fake Science

Nchịkọta

A na-ekwukarị okwu ndị dị ka “ihe na-akpata nwoke idina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwaanyị idina nwaanyị” ma ọ bụ “mmasị nwoke na nwaanyị idina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwaanyị idina nwaanyị” n’oge ihe omume mmụta sayensị ndị a ma ama na n’Ịntanet, bụ́ ndị e zubere, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ, maka ndị na-amaghị nkà mmụta sayensị. N'isiokwu a, m ga-egosi na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nke oge a na-achịkwa ndị na-emepụta echiche ha na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime ọrụ sayensị ha, na-eme ka usoro sayensị dị oke njọ. Echiche ndị a tụrụ anya na-agụnye ọtụtụ nkwupụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere n'ihe gbasara ihe a na-akpọ. "Obere mmekọahụ", ya bụ na "mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke mmekọahụ n'etiti mmadụ na anụmanụ", na "mmasị nwoke na nwanyị bụ ihe ebumpụta ụwa na enweghị ike ịgbanwe", "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị bụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-ejedebeghị na nhazi ọnụọgụ abụọ", wdg. were gabazie. M ga-egosipụta na a na-ewere echiche ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka ọtọdọks, kwụsiri ike, ma guzosie ike na mpaghara sayensị nke Western nke oge a, ọbụlagodi na enweghị ihe akaebe sayensị na-akpali akpali, ebe a na-akpọ echiche ndị ọzọ ozugbo dị ka "pseudoscientific" na "ụgha," ọbụna mgbe ha nwere ihe akaebe siri ike. n'azụ ha. Enwere ike ịkọwa ọtụtụ ihe dị ka ihe kpatara esemokwu dị otú ahụ - ihe nketa dị egwu nke ọha na eze na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mere ka mmalite nke "ihe gbasara sayensị", mgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke kpatara ihu abụọ, "ịzụ ahịa" nke sayensị na-eduga n'ịchụso mmetụta uche. , wdg. Ma ọ ga-ekwe omume ịzere enweghị mmasị na sayensị na-anọgide na-arụrịta ụka. Otú ọ dị, n'echiche m, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmepụta ọnọdụ maka usoro nkà mmụta sayensị kachasị mma.

Okwu Mmalite

N'April 2017, akụrụngwa ozi USA USA bipụtara vidiyo akpọrọ Psychology of Infertility (USA Taa site na MSN) Akụkọ ahụ kọrọ akụkọ nke ndị di na nwunye atọ na-enweghị ike ịmụ ụmụ ọbụna ha nwere mmekọahụ ogologo oge na-enweghị mgbochi - ya bụ, ha tara ahụhụ site na amụghị nwa, dịka nkọwa nke Healthtù Ahụ Ike Worldwa si (Zegers-Hochschild 2009, p. 1522). Di na nwunye ọ bụla doziri nsogbu nke amụghị amụ nwa n'ụzọ ụfọdụ - n'ihi njikọta spam nke njikọta nwa, ikuchi nwa na ijiri nne nwa. Emere vidiyo a n'ụzọ dị mma ma chịkọta ya n'ụzọ usoro sayensi ama ama, ma kọwaa akụkọ banyere di na nwunye ọ bụla.

Agbanyeghị, akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi nke USA Today, n'ụzọ dị oke mma ma na-enweghị obere ihe ọchị ma ọ bụ nke uche mmadụ, edepụtara ụmụ nwoke abụọ n'etiti di na nwunye nwere nsogbu ahụike (arụ ọrụ akụkụ ọmụmụ na akụkụ ahụ). Ndị dere vidio a na-emetụ n'ahụ kọwaara ndị na - ege ntị na nsogbu "amụghị amụ" nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke abụọ America - Dan na Will Neville-Reyben - bụ na "ha enweghị nwa" (Ifuru osisi 2017) Eleghị anya, USA Today kwetara na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ndị na-ege ya ntị, ụdị aghụghọ ahụ nke ụdị nwoke na nwanyị ka amabeghị ugbu a. Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ, otu n'ime isi akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ arụmụka na mkpuchi ahụike kwesịrị ikpuchi mmefu nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke maka ịgwọ ha.

Ozi nke okike a juputara na ezighi ezi n'ihe banyere ihe, abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị na mgbasa ozi Atlantic, na n'eziokwu, a na-ahụwanye na ozi Russia na oghere sayensị a ma ama. A na-ekwupụta nkwupụta banyere "mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nwapụtara na-akpata mmekọ nwoke na nwoke" ma ọ bụ "otu ụdị na puku ụdị anụmanụ nke nwoke idina ụdị onwe" na-eme ememme ọmụmụ sayensị maka ndị na-eto eto.

Dan na Will agaghị enwe ike ịtụrụ ime
enyi n'ihi na ha bu nwoke.

N’isiokwu a, aga m egosipụta na obodo ndị sayensị ugbu a, ndị na-etinye echiche ha na-emesapụ aka na ọrụ sayensị ha, na-eme ka sayensị kachasị nwee oke, na-ebute ụzọ. Echiche ndị a na-emesapụ aka nwere usoro okwu nduhie gbasara ndị a na-akpọ "Ndị nwere obere mmekọahụ" ("LGBT"), ya bụ, na "nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti mmadụ na anụmanụ", na "mmasị nwoke na nwoke bụ nwanyị ebighi ebi na enweghị ike ịgbanwe," "okike bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọ bụghị naanị maka nhazi ọnụọgụ abụọ" wdg

Emechaa na ederede aga m ekwupụta echiche ndị dị ka okwu nduhie LGBT¹. N'otu oge ahụ, enwere echiche na echiche na-emegide ihe ndị dị n'elu, aga m akpọ ha LGBT-na-enweghị obi abụọ. M ga-egosipụta na nkwado nke LGBT na mpaghara agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị ọhụụ ugbu a na-ahụta ka ọ bụrụ ihe mgbe ochie, na-adịgide adịgide na nke kwụsiri ike, ọbụlagodi na enweghị nnabata nke sayensị, ebe echiche LGBT nwere obi abụọ ma kpọọ ya dịka “pseudo-sayensị” na “ụgha”, ọbụlagodi na-akwado ya nkwenye factology.

Science na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị echiche

Ọnọdụ mbụ dị mkpa maka ịghọta ihe sayensị bụ ịchọpụta ihe sayensị bụ. Usoro sayensi nwere otutu uzo: (1) n'aju ajuju (ihe odi ka ichoo ya): ichoputa ihe na isiokwu, ebum n’uche na ebumnuche nke ihe omumu a; (2) iji akwụkwọ na-arụ ọrụ: ọmụmụ ihe banyere isiokwu a nke ndị ọzọ nyochaworo; (3) mmepe nke echiche: echiche nke echiche banyere otu usoro a na-esi na-aga n'ihu na ihe nwere ike ime mgbe ekpughere ya; (4) nnwale: nwalee hypothesis; (5) nyocha nke nsonaazụ: ịmụcha nsonaazụ nke nnwale ahụ na ịchọpụta ókè nke nkwenye hypothesis ahụ dị; na, n'ikpeazụ, (6) nkwubi okwu: na-eweta nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ nke nnwale na nyocha.

Ntọala a maka ọmụmụ abụrụla ihe ndabere nke nyocha sayensị kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, ma nwee ezi echiche, usoro ebum n’uche emeela ka ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ nweta arụpụta dị egwu.

*Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Soviet. Belov V.E., 1972*

Agbanyeghị, dị ka Prọfesọ Henry Bauer kwuru na 1992, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na, karịchaa, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama na-agbakwunye na-agbaso usoro sayensị iji gbasoo echiche efu dị ka ụzọ kacha mkpa iji 'kọwaa sayensị' kọwaa ụwa gbara ya gburugburu (Ogwe ụlọ 1992) Ya mere, usoro nke sayensị gbadara ka ihe ndị a: (1) nkọwa nke nsogbu ahụ, rue oge enwere ike, na-ezere isiokwu ndị "machibidoro iwu", dịka ọmụmaatụ. agbụrụ na okike dika echiche nke biologically, "ntụzi agụụ mmekọahụ" dị ka usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze; (2) nchọta maka ihe ndị ọzọ mụrụla, na nhọrọ nke nsonaazụ na-emegideghị echiche dịkarịsịrị ama; (3) nchepụta echiche: echiche nke nkọwa nke nsogbu na-emegideghị echiche efu; (4) nnwale: nnwale nyocha; (5) nyocha nke nsonaazụ: ileghara na ibelata uru ihe nsonaazụ "a na-atụghị anya ya" nọ na-abawanye ma na-atụleghachi nsonaazụ "tụrụ anya"; ma n'ikpeazụ; (6) na nkwubi okwu: nkwuputa nke nsonaazụ na-akwado 'echiche mmeri' nke mmeri. Prọfesọ Bauer abụghị naanị onye nwere nchegbu banyere mgbanwe echiche a na sayensị.

Iji maa atụ, Prọfesọ Ruth Hubbard mere mkpebi ndị yiri nke ahụ banyere ọnọdụ sayensị ugbu a.Hubbard na Wald 1993), Prọfesọ Lynn Wordel (Wardle 1997, 852), Dr. Stephen Goldberg (Goldberg 2002, Dr. Alan Sokal na Dr. Gene Brichmont (Sokal na Brichmont 1998), Onye America onye mgbasa ozi Kirsten Powers (Ike 2015, na Dr. Austin Ruse (Ozo 2017).

Prọfesọ Nicholas Rosenkrantz nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Georgetown na Prọfesọ Jonathan Haidt nke Mahadum New York ọbụna tọrọ ntọala Heterodox Academy, ọrụ ntanetị lekwasịrị anya na nsogbu nke ịdị n'otu echiche na iguzogide echiche dị iche iche na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu nke America (Heterodox academy.nd).

Dr. Bret Weinstein kwụsịrị Evergreen State College mgbe ọ jụrụ ikere òkè n'ihe a sị na ọ bụ "ụbọchị nke ọnụnọ" - mgbe a na-anabata ndị nnọchi agbụrụ na agbụrụ ọ bụla na-abụghị ndị Caucasians na mahadum - ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị na-eme ihe ike kpaliri ya.Weinstein xnumx) Ka oge na-aga, ya na nwanne ya nwoke, Dr. Eric Weinstein na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ, guzobere obodo, jiri obi ụtọ na-akpọ "Intanet Dark Intanet"Bari xnumx). Onye nta akụkọ Bari Weiss kọwara obodo a dị ka ndị a: "Nke mbụ, ndị a dị njikere ịgbachitere echiche ha nke ọma, ma n'otu oge ahụ na-arụrịta ụka n'obodo, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ isiokwu niile dị mkpa: okpukpe, ime ime, mbata na ọpụpụ, ọdịdị nke nsụhọ. Nke abuo, n'ime oge mgbe echiche na-ewu ewu banyere ụwa na ihe ndị gbara anyị gburugburu na-ajụkarị eziokwu, onye ọ bụla kpebisiri ike iguzogide ndị na-agbasa echiche nke echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Na nke atọ, ụfọdụ akwụla ụgwọ nke ịchọ ikwupụta echiche ndị ọzọ site n'ịchụpụ ha na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ bụ ndị na-ebuwanye ibu megide echiche na-ezighị ezi - na ịchọta ndị na-ege ntị n'ebe ọzọ" (Bari xnumx).

Maka ndị na-enwebeghị mbụ nwere nsogbu na nsogbu a, nnabata nke nkwenkwe ụgha na sayensị nwere ike iyi enweghị isi. Ha nwere ike were nkwenye na sayensị nke oge a naanị eziokwu ndị enwesiri ike bụ naanị eziokwu, na ihe ọ bụla dabere na echiche, echiche, echiche na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Agbanyeghị, a na-ahụ echiche nke echiche, echiche, echiche na mmekọrịta ọha na eze dịka “eziokwu pụtara” n'ọtụtụ nsogbu na-arị elu (Ogwe ụlọ 2012, ch. 12), ụfọdụ n’ime ha nwere nnukwu mkpu ọhaneze. Iji maa atụ, nwoke idina ụdị onwe ọ bụ "mgbanwe dị iche iche nke mmekọahụ mmadụ," ka ọ bụ ihe mmekọahụ na - abụghị nke anụ ahụ yana mmasi nke ụmụaka, anụmanụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ndị na - adịghị ndụ? N'okwu ndị a, yana ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ, usoro sayensị esonyela na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (Wright na Cummings 2005, p. Xiv).

Tụlee ihe ndị na-esonụ: taa, na agụmakwụkwọ, ndị nchọpụta na-ekwu na ha nwere ihe a na-akpọ Nkwenkwe “na-aga n'ihu” na-akarị ndị na-ekwu na nkwenkwe “na-achọghị mgbanwe” (Ihe ngosi 2016) Enwere ike ịchọta ndepụta dị ịtụnanya nke akwụkwọ ndị ọgbọ nyocha nke na-ekpughe otu okwu ahụ na nchekwa data nke obodo Heterodox Academy kwuru n'elu (Heterodox Academy nd Pe-Inyocha Nyocha) Na echiche mgbasa echiche nke LGBT bụ otu n'ime akụkụ ndị isi nke echiche echiche “na-aga n'ihu” nke ugbu a.

Na mkparịta ụka nzuzo, otu n'ime ndị ọrụ ibe m, onye na-eme ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta na Ph.D. na otu n'ime obodo kachasị na Russia (jụrụ m ka m ghara ịkọwa aha ya n'ihi na ọ na-atụ ụjọ nsonaazụ nke inwe echiche ọzọ) ji ọchị gwa m banyere ụkpụrụ dị mfe nke sayensị ọgbara ọhụrụ "ugbu a, nke mere na Kpee ikpe gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwoke: ihe ọ bụla nke na-egosi na ihe ọ bụla dị mma maka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe bụ ihe atụ nke sayensị na ebumnuche mara mma. N'aka nke ya, ihe ọ bụla nke na-egosi obi abụọ ọ bụla gbasara ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha ka akpọrọ 'pseudoscience si right-wing extremists "(mkparịta ụka onwe onye, Ọktọba 14, 2018). N’aka ozo, na “sayensi nke oge a” inwe obi abua “nmekorita nke nwoke na nwoke” ya na nmekorita nwoke bu ezi omumu nke nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi nke oge ochie. Iji gosipụta ihe ịtụnanya a, naanị nchọpụta dị mfe n ’okwu sayensị a ma ama ugbu a zuru ezu. Gọọmentị nke mba ndị bara ọgaranya na ntọala ndị ọchịchị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị guzobere ụfọdụ nkwenye ndị nwere ike ime banyere nwoke idina nwoke, dị ka ọ bụ eziokwu a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na nke doro anya, dịka nke naanị ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịmụ nwa (ọ bụ ezie na m na-atụ ụjọ na n'ihi ihe na-eme n'ọhịa "transgenderism" taa , a ga-akatọ ihe atụ a).

Dochie ndozi sayensị na izizi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị

Fọdụ na-arụ ụka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sayensị na arụmụka ọha na eze ga-akpachara anya ọtụtụ isiokwu n'ihi oke ilu nke akụkọ ihe mere eme mmadụ. Ma eziokwu sayensị enweghị ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. E nwere ọdịiche doro anya nke ndu dị n'etiti agbụrụ mmadụ (phenotypes) (2005), odi nkpa iche nke ndu di n'etiti nwoke na nwanyi.Evans na DeFranco 2014) na ndị ọzọ. N'ezie, ejiri nke a mee ihe ụfọdụ dịka 'arụmụka' maka mpụ ndị a na-apụghị ịkọ nkọ na mpụ niile n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, mmadụ na ọha mmadụ kwesịrị iburu nke a n'uche mgbe niile. Enweghị esemokwu maka enweghị aha.

Otú ọ dị, ibe ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu dị mwute nke akụkọ ihe mere eme adịghị egbochi ịdị adị nke phenotypes physiological na mmekọahụ dị iche iche na ụmụ mmadụ, n'ihi na ha na-eme na ọdịdị ma na-ekpebisi ike n'ụzọ ndụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke enweghị ike ịmụ nwa n'ihi njirimara ndu nke ahụ ya (enweghị akpanwa, nke mbụ, dị ka USA Today kwuru nke ọma). Anyị nwere ike ịzenarị ikwu banyere ya, na-atụgharị uche n'ihe okike ndị a doro anya, ma ọ bụ gbanwee ihe okwu ahụ bụ "nwanyị" pụtara - nke a anaghị agbakwunye ihe ọ bụla na eziokwu sayensị na-enweghị mgbagha. Eziokwu sayensị dị n'agbanyeghị nkọwa ha sitere n'aka ndị na-eche echiche nke ozizi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, n'agbanyeghị ma edepụtara ha na nkwupụta ma ọ bụ nhazi nke ọrịa ọ bụla, na n'agbanyeghị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ziri ezi.

Ntachi obi bibiri nnwere onwe ikwu okwu.
Caricature sitere na “The Weekly Standard”

N'uche m, nguzobe nke ihe nha anya n'etiti “izi ezi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị” na sayensị bụ otu n'ime nnukwu nsogbu nke oge anyị, eziokwu a na-egbochi ihe ọhụụ na ihe ọhụrụ. Fọdụ ndị nyocha nwere echiche yiri nke ahụ (Hunter 2005) Dabere na akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu HarperCollins n'asụsụ Bekee Britain, 'ịgbazigharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị' pụtara “igosipụta echiche dị iche iche, ọkachasị site n'ịhapụ iji okwu okwu a na-eche dị ka mkparị, ịkpa oke ma ọ bụ katọọ, karịsịa n'ihe metụtara agbụrụ na okike” ()Collins English Dictionary. nd) Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Webster dere "Random House" nke Bekee American, "ndọrọndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị" "... ka amata, dị ka a na-achị, site na ntinye aka na usoro izizi na agbụrụ na okike, ntụzịaka nke mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu obibi" ()Ọkọwa / Thesaurus nd).

Ndị mgbasa ozi ụlọ Belyakov na ndị ode akwụkwọ kọwara “izizi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị” na-enweghị mmetụta na-enweghị isi:

“… Izizi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ otu n'ime ngwaahịa nke ọha na eze gafere tupu oge ndụ, usoro ọgba aghara, ịkpa ókè na-emetụta ọha na eze na-abịa n'ihu nke ụdị njirimara dị warara. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na-egosi dị ka sistemu na-elekọta mmadụ, na-egosi na ọ bụghị ike nke ọtụtụ, mana n'ụzọ bụ isi na-echebe ikike nke obere pere mpe, ruo onye ahụ. N’ezie, ọbụnadị steeti kachasị ike enweghị ike ichebe ikike niile ọ na-akpọsa ma hụ na ebumnuche ebumnuche nke onye ọ bụla n’otu n’otu. Ntughari uzo a ga - esi dozie nsogbu a bu iji asusu emee ihe banyere ndozi ndoro ndoro ochichi, nke na - egosi na iji ojiji okwu ndi mmadu na ndi mmadu gosiputara agbụrụ na nwoke na nwanyi, onodu ahuike, ahuike, onodu na ndi na egosi ndi otu ndi otu ha nwere ike itughari iwe ma na - akpa oke. Yabụ, ọ bụ “nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị izi ezi” ịkpọ onye isi ojii “African American”, onye Indian “onye america”, onye nwere nkwarụ “na-emeri ihe isi ike n'ihi ọnọdụ anụ ahụ ya (na aka anụ ahụ), na onye nwere akụ" na-agbadata n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ "() N'uzo ihu), ndi ogbenye - “ndi n’adighi nma”, mmadu na - akpo ahihia - “onye na - anakọta ihe a jụrụ” (ndị na - anakọta), wdg. Iji gbochie njo nke “ndị obere mmekọahụ”, ma ọ bụ “ndị na - abụghị ndị ọdịnala. nghazi ”(tinyekwara usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ziri ezi), tupu agaetsya were ha, n'ihi na ihe atụ, okwu bụ "nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke" na "ukemuduot." A na-ahụta na a na-akparị mkparị “sexist”, ndị e kwuru na ọ na-ekwu banyere ịdị elu ụmụ nwoke karịa ụmụ nwanyị. Okwu etymologically metụtara mgbọrọgwụ "nwoke" (onyeisi oche), foreman (onye isi), fireman (fireman), postman (onye na-ere akwụkwọ ozi) na-atụ aro ka a ga-ekwe ka ojiji na nkwado nke onyeisi oche, onye nlekọta, onye ọkụ ọkụ, ụgbọelu, karị . N'ihi otu ihe a, a ga-edezi okwu nwaanyị a ka ọ bụrụ 'nwanyị' (ma ọ bụ ọbụna american vaginal), na kama nnọchi nkwupụta ahụ, ya, ọ ga-eji ya, ya (ya, ya) oge niile. Iji zere ngosipụta nke oke ụjọ nke anụmanụ na osisi, okwu anụmanụ (anụ ụlọ) na osisi ụlọ (osisi) na-anọchite anya mmadụ dịka onye nwe ya na-atụ aro ka ndị nnọchi anụ ụlọ (ndị ibe anụmanụ) na ndị enyi na-ahụ maka osisi dochie ya. ”Belyakov na Matveychev 2009).

Ya mere, “ndozigharị nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị”, ọ bụrụ na anyị kpochapụ okwu a site na ihe mkpuchi "ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị," apụtaghị naanị ụdị mmachi.

Beliefsfọdụ nkwenkwe ọdịnala nke ntụgharị aka ekpe-aghọọla nkịta ọhaneze nke ọ nweghị onye nwere ikike ịlaghachi azụ, ma ha bụ ndị sayensị, ndị nkuzi ma ọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ. Ọkà mmụta sayensị ọ bụla chọrọ inweta otuto na ego kwesịrị iji asụsụ nke "izizi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Ya mere, akuko “izizi ndozi ochichi” mgbe ufodi bu akuko akporo “anakpo obi amamịghe”, na-emesi ihu abụọ nke ndi kwusara onwe ha ndi mmadu ndi na-eme ka ndi ochichi ndi ochichiCopped 2017).

*"Anyị na-emegide enweghị ndidi, yana onye ọ bụla nke na-ekwenyeghị na anyị." Katidọn si Magazine Azụmaahịa Ego ọ bụla*

O doro anya etu “izizi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị” si agbagọ sayensị, ebe ọ na-emebi ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ sayensị niile oge gboo. Enwere ike imeju usoro iwu ndi a dika ochicho zuru uwa, imeghe, enweghi ochicho, obi ojoo, nke ejighi ya na sayensi dika okwu a gha eme ya, ma eziokwu adighi nfe na enweghi ihu oma. Kaosinadị, taa, ihe a na-ewere dị ka nke abaghị uru ugbu a. Na njedebe, ịrụ ụka na ihe a na - enweghị ike inyocha ma ọ bụ n'echeghị echiche mgbe enwere ihe akaebe doro anya na ihe megidere (nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị tozuru oke na nke anaghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu) bụ eziokwu na - emeghị ihe n'eziokwu.

N'oge emume a, odeakụkọ Tom Nichols kwuru:

"... m na-atụ ụjọ na anyị na-ahapụ enweghị obi mmụọ nkịtị banyere nkwupụta nke ndị ọkachamara dị iche iche kwupụta mkpochapụ nke echiche ọkachamara dị ka: kwupụta Google, gbadoro na Wikipedia na ntinye nke blọọgụ site n'aka ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọkachamara na ndị laymen. ụmụ akwụkwọ maara ma nwee mmasị ... "("Nichols xnumx).

Wikipedia na Youtube dika isi “ihe omuma”

Wikipedia bụ otu n'ime saịtị ntanetị a gara nke ọma, nke gosipụtara onwe ya dị ka "encyclopedia" nke ọtụtụ ndị na-abụghị ọkachamara na ụmụ akwụkwọ nabatara dịka eziokwu na-enweghị mgbagha. Emepere saịtị ahụ na 2001 site na onye ọchụnta ego Alabama aha ya bụ Jimmy Wales. Tupu ịmalite Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales mepụtara ọrụ Bntanetị Bomis, nke kesara ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ na-akwụ ụgwọ, eziokwu nke ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike iwepu na akụkọ ndụ ya (Hansen xnumx; Schilling xnumx).

Ọtụtụ mmadụ na-eche na Wikipedia bụ ntụkwasị obi, maka "onye ọrụ ọ bụla nwere ike itinye edemede ma ọ bụ dezie edemede dị." Nke a bụ eziokwu eziokwu - n'ezie, a ga-enyocha ozi ọ bụla nke na-ekwekọghị na nkwanye ugwu na nkwonkwo aka ekpe site na ịdị adị nke usoro nzuzo iji gosipụta isiokwu dị n'okpuru ebe enwere ngalaba a na-akpọ. ndị ogbugbo - ndị editọ na-anọchite anya ụfọdụ mmegharị emmegharị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu okirikiri sitere na “LGBT +” - ngagharị nke nwere ike idezi ma ọ bụ jụ ihe (Jackson 2009) N'ihi ya, na agbanyeghị iwu gọọmentị nke iche na e weere na ọ nọpụrụ iche, Wikipedia nwere nnwere onwe na-efe efe na mgbagha mgbagha.

N’otu akụkọ dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ FrontPageMagazine, David Swingle nyochara ma gosipụta na ọrụ Wikipedia na-ewepụta echiche nke ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-ekwusi ike na nke oge niile, ụfọdụ n'ime ha (ọkachasị na mpaghara esemokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya) bụ ndị na-achọ ime ihe ndị mmadụ na-ekwu.Xgba xnumx) Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Swingle gbakọrọ:

“… Tụlee [isiokwu Wikipedia] banyere Ann Coulter²na banyere Michael Moore (Michael Moore)³) Edemede banyere Coulter nwere okwu 9028 (na 9 nke August 2011 nke afọ). Banyere ọnụ ego a, okwu 3220 dị na ngalaba “Mkpesa na Nkatọ”, nke kọwara ọtụtụ ihe na Coulter ma kwupụta nhota nke ndị nkatọ na-akatọ ya, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị aka ekpe na ndị nwere onwe. Nke ahụ bụ, 35,6% nke isiokwu enyere aka Ann Coulter bụ onye ewepụtara iji gosipụta ya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, na-ese okwu ma na-akatọkwa nkatọ.
N'aka nke ozo, edemede banyere Moore nwere okwu 2876 (nke odi ka odi elu nha maka edemede banyere ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Wikipedia), nke okwu 130 nọ na ngalaba “Esemokwu”. Nke a bụ 4,5% nke edemede Moore dum.
Nke a ọ pụtara na onye na-agụ akwụkwọ "enweghị obi ike kwenyere na Coulter ji okpukpu asatọ karịa nke Moore? ..." (Xgba xnumx).

N'edemede ya, odeakụkọ Joseph Farah dere na Wikipedia:

“... abụghị naanị onye na - ezighi ezi na echiche na - ezighi ezi. Ihe a bu ndi n’ere ahia na okwu nkwutọ, ndi nke uwa amaghi… .. ”(Farah 2008).

Na mgbakwunye, Wikipedia na-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu site na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-akwụ ụgwọ na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka njikwa na-ewepụ ihe ọ bụla na-adịghị mma banyere ndị ahịa ha ma na-egosipụta ọdịnaya na-akpa ọchị (Grace 2007; Gohring 2007) Agbanyeghị na akwadoghị ụdị ndozi ụgwọ a, Wikipedia emeghị ihe ọ bụla iji kwado iwu ya, ọkachasị ndị nyere onyinye buru ibu.

Onye nkwalite Wikipedia bụ Larry Sanger, onye hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ, kwetara na Wikipedia anaghị agbaso iwu ndọpụ iche ya kwuru.Arrington 2016).

Onye nyocha Brian Martin dere n'akwụkwọ ya:

“...N'agbanyeghị nrubeisi n'aha ntuziaka onye ọrụ, ndezi n'usoro nwere ike ime na Wikipedia, bụ nke a na-edobe mgbe niile. Usoro maka idezi ihe na-adịghị mma nke ntinye Wikipedia gụnyere ihichapụ ozi dị mma, ịgbakwunye ozi na-adịghị mma, na-eji nhọrọ enweghị mmasị na isi mmalite, na ikwubiga okwu ókè dị mkpa nke isiokwu dị iche iche. Iji nọgide na-enwe mmasị na ntinye, ọ bụrụgodị na ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ rụtụrụ aka na ya, usoro ndị bụ isi gụnyere imezigharị ntinye ahụ, ịhọrọ mmanye iwu Wikipedia, na igbochi ndị editọ...." (Martin 2017).

Edemede Wikipedia niile na LGBT + kwesiri ka ndị obodo kpọọ ya na etiti, yana ihe omuma banyere ha bu ihe a na-ewepụ. Usoro mgbanwe nke onye nnọchite anya LGBT + bụ iwu maka ihe niile metụtara LGBT +, ọ bụ onye ogbugbo nke na-ekpebi ihe a ga-ebipụta na ihe agaghị eme. ọchịchị Wikipedia.

Yabụ, edemede Wikipedia niile metụtara LGBT + na-ele mmadụ anya n'ihu, na-achọ ọdịmma onwe ha, ma na-anọchite naanị nchịkọta nke ozi edeziri nke ọma site na isi mmalite ma ọ bụ nke na-abụghị nke sayensị. Ọ gaghị ekwe omume ọ bụghị naanị ịgbakwunye isiokwu ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ iji tinye mgbakwunye na isiokwu dị ugbu a, mana ọbụlagodi ịgbanwe otu okwu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-emegide nkwupụta na-ekwupụtaghị "ọ dị mma ma ọ bụ na ọ nweghị".

Ihe dị ka ihe atụ 300 nke njikọ aka nke Wikipedia, gụnyere na nke LGBT +, ka edere na weebụsaịtị Conservapedia (Conservapedia 2018).

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na Wikipedia, ruo ogologo oge, isiokwu banyere omume nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ (nke nwere onwe ya kpamkpam, lee Isi nke 2) nwere ahịrịokwu na-enweghị isi banyere "ụdị anụmanụ anụmanụ 1500", nke Wikipedia gosipụtara dị ka eziokwu sayensị. - n’agbanyeghi eziokwu na onweghi isi mmalite na-ezo aka onu ogugu a. N’ezie, ọ bụ onye ọrụ nke Museumlọ ihe ngosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Norway aha ya bụ Petter Böckmann bụ onye malitere ngosipụta nke mgbasa ozi n’afọ 2006, nke Böckmann na wetara ya na edemede Wikipedia na 2007. Naanị afọ 11 ka e mesịrị, ehichapụla ozi ahụ: n'oge mkparịta ụka ahụ, Böckman enweghị ike inye isi mmalite ma kwenye na nkwupụta okwu a:

Na ngwụcha, dịka ndị isi Wikipedia na-ekwu:

“… Wikipedia bụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nzuzo nke ndị Wikimedia Foundation nwere nkeonwe ma na-arụ ọrụ nanị site na Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees. Wikipedia na Wikimedia Foundation nwere onwe ha ịtọ iwu nke ha gbasara onye nwere ike ide ma dezie edemede na saịtị ahụ ... Dịka ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nkeonwe, Wikipedia nwere ikike ọ bụla igbochi, gbochie, ma ọ bụ machibido onye ọ bụla na-agụ ya gụọ ma ọ bụ dezie ọdịnaya nke saịtị ahụ maka ihe ọ bụla, ma ọ bụ ọbụna na enweghị ihe kpatara ya ... The Wikimedia Foundation nwere ikike ọ bụla ịgbanwe iwu ya maka ihe ọ bụla ọ hụrụ na ọ dị mkpa - ma ọ bụ ọbụlagodi enweghị ihe kpatara ya, naanị n'ihi na "ịchọrọ" ... "(Wikipedia: Okwu Nkwuputa 2018).

Ọ bụ "encyclopedia" a bụ isi iyi nke "ihe ọmụma" gbasara ụwa gburugburu maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-eto eto ...

Isi ihe omuma ndi ozo maka laymen ugbua bu oru nnabata vidiyo YouTube, nke ulo oru kasi Google nwe. Ebe nrụọrụ YouTube ahụ etinyela onwe ya dịka onye nweere onwe ya dị ka ihe enyemaka echeghị na ọ naghị egbochi okwu ya na ihu ọma maka LGBTKIAP +, ma ọ bụ okwu na-egosi nkọwa okwu nke LGBTKIAP +. Nke a abụghị eziokwu.

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, e boro YouTube ebubo na ọ na-egbochi echiche na-achọghị ichebe (Carlson nke afọ 2018) Mkpesa na YouTube dobere ọwa "PragerU" na ọwa ndị ọzọ na-ekwupụta ụzọ isi ele ihe anya dị iche na echiche ndị ọkà mmụta na-anabata echiche.

Ndị nta akụkọ FoxNews kwuru ihe banyere YouTube dị na ntanetị nke bịara na nke ha na Eprel 2017, nke kọwara etu mmachi vidiyo si mee. Otu n’ime ihe kpatara etu nnyocha si aga na YouTube apụtaghị na ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ bụ n’ihi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ maara ihe nke ọma ka ọ ghara ihichapụ vidiyo ọ bụla chọrọ ịkatọ. Kama, a na-ewebata “ọnọdụ amachibidoro” maka ọtụtụ vidiyo.⁴. A na-egbochi vidiyo ndị dị otú a na ogige, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọba akwụkwọ, na ebe ọha na eze; ụmụntakịrị na ndị ọrụ na-edebanyeghị aha ha agaghị ele ya. A na-eji nlezianya ziga ọdịnaya saịtị ahụ na njedebe, yabụ na ọ ga-esiri ike ịchọta. Na mgbakwunye, a na-egbu mmụọ ha: ndị biputere ha enweghị ike ịnweta ego na ha, n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ echiche.

Chee, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na New York Times kwụsịrị ire na akwụkwọ akụkọ - ị nwere ike, ị ga-enweta ya, mana naanị site na ndenye aha. Na mgbakwunye, - naanị maka n'efu. Nke ahụ bụ, a machibidoro ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ iwu inwe ego na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ. N'ụzọ doro anya, omume ndị dị otú ahụ ga-adaba na nkọwa nke nyocha.

Kedu ihe nyocha ime vidiyo YouTube? Dịka ekwuru n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ntinye akwụkwọ gụnyere, m na-ekwu, "esemokwu okpukperechi ma ọ bụ chauvinistic" yana "oke esemokwu, ọdịnaya iwe." Enweghị nkọwa ọ bụla banyere ihe ọ bụ - esemokwu okpukpe, chauvinistic, okpukpe ma ọ bụ ọdịnaya na-akpasu iwe - anaghị enye. YouTube kpebiri mkpebi a, ọ dịkwa etu esi etinyere ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

FoxNews hotara otu ọmụmaatụ: YouTube chọtara ọwa PragerU ka ọ bụrụ "mkpasu iwe" iji gosipụta obi abụọ banyere ebubo nke ịkpa oke agbụrụ n'etiti ndị uwe ojii US. Ọ bụrụ na i wereghị ndị ọrụ uwe ojii America niile dị ka ndị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ, mgbe ahụ, dị ka YouTube si kwuo, ị na-ekerịta "ọdịnaya na-akpata esemokwu, nke na-akpasu iwe." Ya mere vidiyo a bu "PragerU" bu ihe ekwuputara ma n'ezie, ekwuputara na o bu mkpalite ịkpọasị. N'otu oge ahụ, vidiyo ndị na-ekwu na ha bụ "ihe ọjọọ dị ọcha" na-anọgide na YouTube enweghị mmachi ọ bụla.

Ihe ndetu na-enye nghọta doro anya banyere ebe YouTube na-eme nyocha. Ihe odide ahụ kọwara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbara mbọ 'nnwere onwe nke nnweta, gụnyere uru ndị ahụ sitere na ụdị dịgasị iche na nnabata.' Otu n'ime ndị YouTube nyefere nyocha maka "ọdịnaya ndị na-agba ọchịchị mgba okirikiri" bụ nzukọ nke nwere oke mmechi, gụnyere “LGBT +”, - “South Poverty Law Center” (Mmetụta Ọrịa; Ezigbo 2018).

Na-eyi Esemokwu Dissenters

Onu ogugu, ego zuru oke ma dika nke a, otutu ndi otu di iche-iche dika ndi South Po ogbenye Iwu Center, na-etinye ihe omuma banyere mmalite ndi 1970 n’azu gara aga (lee isi nke 14), meputa onodu ebe onye isi okwu obula kwudoro kpamkpam nke sayensi. , nke na-adabaghị na okwu nke "LGBT +", na-anọ n'ihe egwu ịhapụ ọtụtụ - site na ọrụ ruo na ahụike. Ọbụnadị n'oge mmalite nke '' sayensị kachasị '' na 'izizi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị', ndị nchọpụta na-ekwupụta echiche ndị dị iche na 'usoro ndị otu' na-enwe ihe egwu nke ịbụ onye e boro ebubo “enweghị ngbanwe,” “obi ọjọọ na obi ọjọọ” ()Marmor xnumx), "Inyeghị ikike, ndina ụdị agwa na ịkpọasị" ()Afọ 1986) Ebubo "usoro omenala" na mgbasa ozi ma gosiputa ahia na-akwado ụdị ebubo a.

Prọfesọ Robert Spitzer (1932-2015) bụ otu n'ime ndị kacha mkpa n'oge ndị isi nke American Psychiatric Association na 1973, na-agba mbọ iwepu nwoke idina nwoke na ndepụta nke nsogbu uche, Spitzer mere maka "LGBT" ngagharị, ikekwe karịa ndị ọzọ, na-enweta nsọpụrụ na ikike sitere na mpaghara LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Agbanyeghị, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 30 ka e mesịrị, na nnọkọ nke American Psychiatric Association na 2001, Spitzer kọrọ banyere nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na “pasent 66 nke ụmụ nwoke na pasent 44 nke ụmụ nwanyị enwetala ezigbo akara nke nwoke na nwanyị na-edina ụdị onwe,” ya bụ, “ha kwụsịrị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị n'anya. na-enweta afọ ojuju zuru ezu site na mmekọrịta mmetụta na onye ha na ya na-emekọ ihe, ma ọ dịkarịa ala, isi ihe dị ka nha 7, na-enwe mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na cr ọbụlagodi ọnwa, ma ọlị ma ọ bụ na-echekarị banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke n'oge nwoke na nwanyị ”; emesia, edepụtara nsonaazụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Archives of Sexual Behavio (Spitzer 10; 2001a). Nke a megidere nkịta na-agbasa echiche nke LGBT banyere ụdị e chere na nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke idina ụdị onwe. Hel wee daa gburugburu Spitzer: "Taa, dike nke ndị otu nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke ghọrọ Judas" (van den Aarweg 2003). Akpọrọ edemede Spitzer amala nkatọ siri ike site n’aka ndị mkpagbu a na-akpagbu mmụọ dịka A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kenneth Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, na Roger Worsington (Rosik 2012).

N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, dị ka Dr. Christopher Rowickick kwuru, ụfọdụ n'ime nkatọ akụkụ nke ọrụ Spitzer 2003 bụ ndị a: ọmụmụ a dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ a na-ajụ onwe ya sitere na nlele na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta na National Association maka Ọmụmụ na Ọgwụ nke Idina ụdị onwe (NARTH) (Wilde 2004) ) Nke a bụ ọkwa ihu abụọ kachasị elu: arụ ọrụ nke ewepụtara nsonaazụ nyocha nke LGBT na-enyo enyo maka iji otu usoro eji arụ ọrụ LGBT, dịka ọmụmaatụ ọmụmụ Shidlo na Schroeder dabere na akụkọ nkeonwe (Shidlo na Schroeder 2002 ) N'ezie, sayensị sayensị niile na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dabere na nkwukọrịta nke onwe ya na ịkọwa onwe nke ihe nyocha. Na mgbakwunye, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke akwụkwọ ndị LGBT na-ekwu banyere ụmụaka ndị nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-esite na obere ntinye nke ndị otu mmekọ nwoke na nwoke kpọkọtara (Marks 2012).

Na njedebe, mgbe afọ iri nke ịkpọasị kpasoro ya, Spitzer nyefere ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 80, o degaara ndị editọ Archives nke Mmekọahụ akwụkwọ ozi akwụkwọ ozi na-arịọ ya ka ọ wepu edemede ahụ (Spitzer 2012). Ọ gbaghaara ndị obodo niile edina ụdị onwe ha maka "mmerụ ahụ." Dr. van den Aardweg chetara mkparịta ụka ekwentị na Prọfesọ Spitzer, obere oge ka e bipụtachara akụkọ ya na 2003, nke o kwuru banyere ịnwa iguzogide ndị nkatọ: (Spitzer 2003b): “Ajụrụ m ya ma ọ ga-aga n'ihu nyocha ya, ma ọ bụ gbalịanụ Ọ na - eso ndị mmadụ enwe nsogbu mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na - achọ enyemaka ọkachamara, ya bụ, enyemaka na nkwado iji gbanwee oke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwoke na - edina ụdị onwe ha ... Azịza ya bụ enweghị nkwekọrịta. Mba, ọ gaghị emetụ isiokwu a ọzọ. Ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ daa mba n'obi mgbe mwakpo ndị ọgụ ọjọọ na ndị na-akwado ha wakporo onwe ya. Ọ bụ iyi dị ukwuu nke ịkpọasị. N'ezie, mmadụ nwere ike imebi ụdị ihe ahụ. ” (Spitzer 2003b).

Onye nyocha ọzọ nke ndị na - eme ihe nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị idina nwanyị na - ekwu okwu ya bụ Prọfesọ Charles Roselli nke Mahadum Oregon. Prọfesọ Roselli na-amụ usoro banyere akwara ozi banyere usoro atụrụ. Na mmalite nke ọrụ ya, Prọfesọ Roselli duziri nnwale iji mụọ omume mmekọrịta mmekọrịta atụrụ na atụrụ. Ọ tụrụ aro ka ụfọdụ intrauterine intrauterine intrauterine nwere ike imebi omume mmekọahụ nke ebule. Na mbipụta ya mbụ banyere isiokwu a, ihe ọmụmụ Prọfesọ Roselli lekwasịrị anya na imeziwanye ọzụzụ atụrụ na mmetụta ọ na-enwe na akụ na ụba, Roselli kwetakwara na ikike ịmụ banyere mmekọahụ ụmụ nwoke n'ụkpụrụ anụmanụ, na-ekwupụta: “Nnyocha ndị e mere iji ghọta ihe ndị na-achịkwa omume mmekọahụ na ọmụmụ ụmụ. atụrụ bụ ihe dị mkpa doro anya na ọzụzụ atụrụ. Ihe omuma a nwetara banyere homonụ, akwara, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-ekpebi mmasị nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị kwesịrị ịhapụ atụrụ kachasị mma maka ịmụpụta yana, n'ihi ya, nwere uru akụ na ụba. Agbanyeghị, ihe omumu a nwekwara odi ezigbo mkpa maka nghota mmepe na nchịkwa nke mkpali na mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi di iche, tinyere mmadu. N'akụkụ a, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na omume mmekọahụ nke ebule nke metụtara nwoke ọzọ enweghị ike ọ ga-adabacha na nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke, n'ihi na ntụgharị uche nke mmadụ na-agụnye nghọta, echiche na ahụmịhe, yana omume mmekọahụ a hụrụ anya "(Roselli 2004, p. . 243).

N'akwụkwọ nyocha ya nke 2004, Prọfesọ Roselli kwetara na ya ahụghị ihe akaebe doro anya maka echiche ya [nke intrauterine hormonal imbalance], ma kwuo okwu dị iche iche iji kọwaa omume nwoke na nwanyị na ụfọdụ ebule (Roselli 2004, p. 236 - 242). N'ime mmemme ya, Roselli nwere mmetụta nke ukwuu n'ebe ndị LGBT nọ na usoro ya na nkọwa ya, na n'ezie o kwupụtaghị echiche LGBT na-enyo enyo n'ụzọ ọ bụla.

Ka o sina dị, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri LGBT gbara Prọfesọ Roselli nsogbu ma kpagbuo ya maka imeghe akpaaka ụlọ nyocha ya - n'agbanyeghị na o nweghị ụzọ dị ọnụ ala iji mụọ ihe gbasara akwara anakpo (Cloud 2007). Roselli kwupụtara ozugbo "ịkpa ụdị agwa" na "flayer." N’otu isiokwu isiokwu ya bụ “Aka Gbanyụọ Atụrụ Gay!” Na London Sunday Times, a kpọrọ Roselli “onye isi nke izu nzuzo megide ndị idina ụdị onwe” (Ersly 2013, p. 48). PETA, n'ụdị onye nnọchi anya ya, onye ama ama na-eme egwuregwu na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke LGBT + Martina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), sonyeere ọgba aghara ahụ. Ndị na-eme ndọrọndọrọ zitere Roselli na ndị ọrụ dị iche iche nke Mahadum Oregon ihe dị ka puku akwụkwọ iri abụọ na egwu na mkparị ("ịkwesịrị gbaa!", "Biko nwụọ!", Etc.) (Ersly 20, p. 2013).

Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, mgbe Roselli, ikekwe kụziri site na ahụmịhe dị ilu nke na-emegide echiche ndị bụ isi, tụgharịrị na nkwupụta okwu nke "LGBT +" - mmegharị, n'isiokwu sochirinụ o dere: "Mmasị nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịmụ ihe n'ụdị anụmanụ site na iji ule pụrụ iche ... N'agbanyeghị ezughị okè , A na-eji ule anwale ọkacha mara anụmanụ gosipụta etu mmadụ si nwee mmekọahụ ”(Roselli 2018, p. 3).

Dr. Ray Milton Blanchard nke Mahadum Toronto bụ ikike na sexology wee jee ozi na kọmitii njiri mara okike nke American Psychiatric Association's Gender Identity nke mepụtara nhazi DSM-IV. Dr. Blanchard chepụtara na mmasị nwoke idina nwoke (gụnyere pedophilia idina ụdị onwe) na transsexualism (DSM-IV nsogbu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị, ugbu a DSM-5 gender dysphoria) na-akpata site na nzaghachi mgbochi ụmụ nwoke kpọmkwem yiri nke nwoke na nwanyị. enweghị nkwekọrịta (Blanchard 1996) . Ọ bụ ezie na okwu sayensị Dr. Blanchard na-egbochi nke ukwuu na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ LGBT-propagandism, ndị na-akwado LGBT na-akpagbu ya maka nkwenye ya na transsexualism bụ nsogbu uche. Nke a bụ ihe nkwulu megide echiche LGBT ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke mere na ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado LGBT ji akatọọ Dr. Blanchard nke ukwuu (Wyndzen 2003). Ọzọkwa, na N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Blanchard kwuru, sị: "M ga-ekwu, ọ bụrụ na ị nwere ike ịmalite site na ncha, na-eleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme dum nke mwepu nke nwoke idina nwoke na DSM, mmekọahụ nkịtị bụ ihe niile gbasara mmeputakwa" (Cameron 2013). Banyere transsexualism, Dr. Blanchard kwuru, sị: "Nzọụkwụ mbụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị transsexualism-ma ị bụ maka ma ọ bụ megide ya - bụ ileghara ma ọ bụ jụ ọdịdị ya bụ isi dị ka ụdị nsogbu uche" (Blanchard 2017 na Twitter).

Otu onye na-akwado LGBT sitere na ọrụ Bilerico dere banyere Blanchard, sị: “Ọ bụrụ na Dr. Blanchard bụ ụdị onye ara na-enweghị ọkwá ma ọ bụ ikike, a pụrụ ịkatọ ya ngwa ngwa. Ma nke a abụghị ikpe - n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ọ nọ na kọmitii American Psychiatric Association na-ahụ maka paraphilias na nsogbu mmekọahụ "(Tannehill 2014). Ọ bụrụ na ị nweta ihe ọ pụtara ziri ezi, onye na-eme ihe na-eme mkpesa na Dr. Blanchard "nwere ikike" ma ọ bụghị "ọ ga-adị mfe ịkatọ." Ọ gwụla.

Mark Mark Regnerus nke Mahadum Texas enweghị ikike Blanchard mgbe o bipụtara ihe ọ chọpụtara na 2012 na akwụkwọ nyocha ndị ọgbọ na-enyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmetụta na-emetụta ụmụaka (Regnerus 2012). Mbipụta ahụ kpatara nsonaazụ nke bọmbụ na-agafe n'ebe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-arụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta gbasara ọmụmụ ezinụlọ. Nchoputa a megidere ihe bu isi, nke guzobere na mpaghara sayensi ndi America nwere obi oma site na mmalite 2000s banyere enweghi nnabata nke mmekorita nke ndi nne na nna banyere umuaka ma kpasu oke iwe nke ndi otu nmekorita. Akpọrọ Regnerus ngwa ngwa dika "nwoke idina nwoke" ma bo ya ebubo maka nsonaazụ ya megide iwu nke "alụm di na nwunye" (akụkọ ahụ mere tupu mkpebi a ma ama nke Supremelọikpe Kasị Elu nke America), ọ bụ ezie na Regnerus edeghị arụmụka dị otú ahụ n'ebe ọ bụla. Ndị mgbasa ozi na -emekarị ihe akpọrọ Regnerus “enyí n'ụlọ ahịa china nke gbasara mmekọrịta ọha na eze” (Ferguson 2012).

Ọkachamara Sociologist Gary Gates, onye ntụzi nke Institute maka Mmekọahụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na Mahadum California, duuru ndị otu narị mmadụ na narị abụọ nke LGBT nwere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya wee degara onye edemede nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Social Science na-arịọ ha ka ha họpụta otu ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere ahụmịhe pụrụ iche na nne na nna LGBT. dee nkwuputa okwu di nkpa zuru oke banyere akwukwo nke Regnerus (Gates 2012).

Ọnọdụ ahụ bụ na Gary Gates, onye bi na otu mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri LGBT katọrọ ya nke ọma dịka "onye sabo n'echiche dị mma" (Ferguson 2012) maka ibipụta ọmụmụ na naanị pasent 3,8 nke ndị America kọwara onwe ha dị ka ndị idina ụdị onwe ( Gates 2011a). Nke a megidere nkwupụta nke "10%" site na ọrụ onye ama ama ama ama Alfred Kinsey, nke na-anọchite anya otu n'ime okwu nduhie nke LGBT. Dịka Gates kwupụtara n’ezoghị ọnụ, “Mgbe e bipụtara nyocha m nke mbụ, ndị na-ede blọgụ ndị ama ama na ndị na-eso ụzọ ha kpọrọ m“ onye na-enweghị ọrụ, ”kwupụtara nkatọ banyere ọrụ m, na ọbụna jiri m tụnyere ndị Nazi” (Gates 2011b).

N'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, nanị otu afọ ka e mesịrị, Gates duuru mkpagbu nke Regnerus na nchọpụta nyocha nke LGBT. Onye LGBT onye na-eme ihe nkiri Scott Rose zigaara onye isi oche nke Mahadum Texas akwụkwọ ozi na-emeghe, na-arịọ ka a machibido Regnerus maka ibipụta ya dị ka "mpụ ụkpụrụ" (Rose 2012). Mahadum ahụ zara na amalitela ule iji chọpụta ma mbipụta nke Regnerus nwere “corpus delicti” ịmalite nyocha gọọmentị dị mkpa. Nyocha ahụ egosighi ihe ekwenyeghi na omume nke Regnerus na ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ sayensị, na nyochaghị nke ọ bụla. Agbanyeghị, akụkọ ahụ adịbeghị anya. Regnerus enyela nsogbu na mgbasa ozi, mgbasa ozi, na mbipụta akwụkwọ gọọmentị, ọ bụghị naanị n'ụdị ịkatọ ọrụ sayensị ya (ụzọ nyocha na nhazi nke data ndekọ), kamakwa n'ụdị mkparị onwe onye na iyi egwu maka ahụike na ọbụna ndụ (Wood 2013).

Christian Smith, onye prọfesọ sociology na onye isi nke Center for the Study of Religion and Society na Mahadum Notre Dame, kwuru na ihe a merenụ: “Ndị na-awakpo Regnerus enweghị ike ikweta ebumnobi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha n'ihu ọha, yabụ atụmatụ ha bụ imebi ya maka ya. na-eburu "sayensị ọjọọ". Nke a bụ ụgha. Edemede [Regnerus] ya ezughi oke - ma odighi edemede zuru oke. Mana site na echiche sayensị, nke a adịghị njọ karịa ihe a na-ebipụtakarị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịbendị. Obi abụọ adịghị ya, ọ bụrụ na Regnerus bipụtara otu nsonazụ na-eji otu usoro ahụ, ọ nweghị onye ga-eme mkpesa banyere ụzọ ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nweghị onye na-ekwujọ ya gosipụtara nchegbu usoro gbasara ọmụmụ gara aga na otu isiokwu, ntụpọ ya dị njọ karịa mmachi a tụlere n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'isiokwu Regnerus. O doro anya, ọmụmụ na-esighi ike nke na-erute na nkwubi okwu "ziri ezi" bụ ihe a na-anabata karịa ọmụmụ siri ike na-arụpụta nsonaazụ "aghụghọ" (Smith 2012).

Dr. Lawrence Meyer na Dr. Paul McHugh, bụ ndị bipụtara nyocha dị ukwuu nke nyocha sayensị na New Atlantis, nke isiokwu ya bụ Mmekọahụ na Mmekọahụ: Nchọpụta sitere na Ahụhụ, Sayensị, na Ahụike Ọha, enwetawo nrụgide siri ike site na LGBT + ije (Hodges) 2016). N'ime ọrụ ha, ndị ode akwụkwọ gosipụtara nke ọma ma jiri nlezianya gosipụtara enweghị isi nke nkwupụta nke okwu mmekorita nwoke na nwanyị n'ihe metụtara mmekorita nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke, na-ekwubi na "nyocha nke nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ, mmụọ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze ... ekpughereghị ihe ọ bụla sayensị na-egosi maka ụfọdụ nkwupụta a na-agbasakarị banyere mmekọahụ" (Mayer na McHugh 2016, peeji nke 7).

Dr. Quentin van Mieter, onye ọrụ ibe nke Mayer na McHugh na Mahadum Johns Hopkins, kwuru na mbido, Mayer na McHugh zubere ịdepụta edemede ha na ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ọgụgụ isi akwụkwọ nyocha pụrụ iche, mana ndị editọ jụrụ ha ugboro ugboro, na-ekwu n'eziokwu na ọrụ ha. "Enweghị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ezighi ezi" (Van Mita 2017).

Otu edemede nke Mayer na McHugh wakporo ndị agha LGBT + ozugbo. Mgbasa Ozi Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (HRC), nke, dịka weebụsaịtị ya si kwuo, bụ onye nnọchi anya LGBT + ma nwee mmefu ego kwa afọ nke nde $ 50, bipụtara nkọwa na Mayer na McHugh, na-ekwupụta na ndị edemede a “Lezọ aghụghọ”, “gbasaa ịkpọasị”, wdg. Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri malitere itinye nrụgide na ndị editọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, na-achọ imebi akụkọ ahụ (Hanneman 2016). A manyekwara ndị editọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ka ha bipụta akwụkwọ ozi maka nzaghachi HRC akpọrọ "iesgha na mmegbu site na Mgbasa Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ," ebe ha kwuru banyere ụfọdụ n'ime mwakpo jọgburu onwe ya. Ndị editọ nke New Atlantis kwuru, sị: “Mgbalị a jọgburu onwe ya bụ ihe na-eweta mbibi sayensị, nke a na-ezube ibibi ịdị adị nke nkwanyerịta ọnụ n'okwu sayensị. Imidzọ iyi egwu ụdị a na-emebi ikuku nke nyocha na nke emeghị emepe, nke ụlọ ọrụ sayensị ga-akwadorịrị ”(Ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke New Atlantis 2016).

Orgy yiri nke ahụ sitere na ndị na-akwado LGBT jikọtara ya na mbipụta nke Dr. Lisa Littman, osote prọfesọ nke omume na sayensị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Mahadum Brown. Dr. Littman mụrụ ihe kpatara ịwa ahụ na "nnwale dysphoria nke nwoke na nwanyị na-amalite ngwa ngwa" (aha maka transsexualism na-eto eto) n'etiti ndị na-eto eto wee kwubie na ọchịchọ mberede ha maka nhazigharị nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike gbasaa site na ndị ọgbọ na nwere ike bụrụ usoro ọgwụgwọ ọrịa maka afọ. -ihe isi ike metụtara (Littman 2018). Tupu ha ekwupụta onwe ha "transgender," ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-ekiri vidiyo gbasara nhazigharị nwoke na nwanyị, na-ekwurịta okwu na transsexuals na netwọk mmekọrịta, ma gụọ ihe onwunwe "transgender". Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ndị enyi nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa transsexuals. Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị zara ajụjụ kọrọ na ọ bụrụ na ha nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu nwa agbọghọ transgender na gburugburu mmekọrịta ha, ihe karịrị ọkara nke ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma n'ìgwè a malitekwara ịmata dị ka "transgender." Otu nke 50% nke ndị òtù ya na-aghọ "transgender" dị okpukpu 70 karịa ihe a na-atụ anya na ihe a na-eme n'etiti ndị na-eto eto. Na mgbakwunye, a chọpụtara na tupu mmalite nke dysphoria okike, 62% nke ndị zara ajụjụ nwere otu ma ọ bụ karịa nchoputa nke ahụike uche ma ọ bụ ọrịa neurodevelopmental. Na 48% nke ikpe, ndị zara ajụjụ ahụ enwetala ihe egwu dị egwu ma ọ bụ mgbakasị ahụ tupu mmalite nke " dysphoria okike," gụnyere mmegbu, mmetọ mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ ịgba alụkwaghịm nke nne na nna. Dr. Littman tụrụ aro ka a na-akpọ. mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ihe na-ebute ọgba aghara njirimara nwoke na nwanyị. Nke mbụ bụ "mgbasa nke mmetụta ma ọ bụ omume n'ofe otu ndị mmadụ" (Marsden 1998). Nke abụọ bụ "usoro nke onye ọ bụla na ndị ọgbọ na-emetụta ibe ha n'ụzọ ndị na-akpali mmetụta na àgwà ndị nwere ike imebi mmepe nke onwe ha ma ọ bụ merụọ ndị ọzọ" (Dishion na Tipsord 2011). E bipụtara nsonaazụ ọmụmụ ahụ na webụsaịtị mahadum Brown. Mana akwụkwọ a, dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, nwere ebubo hysterical nke "transphobia" na arịrịọ maka nyocha. Ndị nchịkwa mahadum abanyela ngwa ngwa wee wepụ akụkọ nyocha ahụ na webụsaịtị ya. Dị ka onye isi ahụ si kwuo, ndị na-akwado obodo mahadum "kwupụtara nchegbu na a ga-eji nchoputa nke ọmụmụ ahụ mee ka mgbalị iji kwado ndị ntorobịa transgender na ileghara echiche nke ndị òtù transgender" (Kearns 2018).

Prọfesọ Jeffrey S. Flier, bụ́bu onye isi nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọgwụ na Harvard, kwuru banyere okwu ahụ, sị: “N’afọ nile m nọrọ n’ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ahụtụbeghị m mmeghachi omume dị otú ahụ site n’akwụkwọ akụkọ ọtụtụ ụbọchị ka e bipụtasịrị otu isiokwu nke magazin ahụ enyochalarị ụzọ. , ndị ọgbọ nyochara, ma nabata.” maka mbipụta. Naanị otu onye nwere ike iche na mmeghachi omume a bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu nzaghachi maka nrụgide siri ike na egwu egwu - nke doro anya ma ọ bụ nke doro anya - na ihe kachasị njọ nke mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ga-adakwasị PLOS Otu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe nyocha ọ bụla e mere "(Flier 2018).

Prọfesọ Kenneth Zucker nke Mahadum nke Toronto bụ onye ntụzi aka nke onye bụbu (nke emechiri na Disemba 2015) Clọ Ọgwụ Maka Nlekọta Ndị Inyeaka Maka Childrenmụaka na Ezinụ na Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH).

Prọfesọ Zucker bipụtara ndepụta dị egwu banyere nsogbu nwoke na nwanyị, ọ bụ onye otu DSM-IV na DSM-IV-TR nkewa na-arụ ọrụ ma duzie ndị otu na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị. "DSM-5." Prọfesọ Zucker enweghị ike ịkpọ ya onye obi abụọ nke LGBT, ọ bụkwa n'okpuru onye isi ya ka American Psychiatric Association “na - emelite” nchoputa nke "ụdị njirimara nwoke na nwanyị" na-ewepụ okwu ahụ "aghara" site na nchoputa ya na mmeri nke ndị LGBT (Thompson 2015).

Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ, na mbụ Gender Identity Clinic, Prọfesọ Zucker na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrịa dị afọ 3 ruo 18 afọ, megidere ụkpụrụ bụ isi nke ọrụ ụmụaka ụmụaka "mma nwoke na nwanyị" na Canada, nke na-enye enyemaka ọ bụla enwere ike na mgbanwe nwoke na nwanyị. ụmụaka dị otú ahụ - nkwado n'igosipụta nwoke na nwanyị chọrọ site n'ịgbanwe aha, uwe, omume na ụzọ ndị ọzọ - ruo mgbe ụmụaka ruru afọ nke iwu maka ịwa ahụ na ịṅụ homonụ. Kama nke ahụ, Dr. Zucker kwenyere na n'oge a na-eto eto, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na-adịwanye njọ na dysphoria okike ga-ebelata ka oge na-aga (Zucker na Bradley 1995). Ụzọ a megidere echiche LGBT, ọrụ Dr. Zucker anọwokwa na-enwe nrụgide site n'aka ndị na-akwado LGBT. N'agbanyeghị ịdị adị nke ụdị ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche maka nsogbu njirimara nwoke na nwanyị (Ehrensaft 2017), nchịkwa nke Center for Addiction and Mental Health kpebiri ime nyocha nke ọrụ Dr. Zucker (Thompson 2015). Ndị nyocha ahọpụtara dere na akụkọ ha, "N'oge nyocha ahụ, isiokwu abụọ kachasị mkpa pụtara dị ka nchegbu maka ndị na-enyocha ya: nke mbụ, na Clinic na-egosi na ọ na-eme ihe dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-emepụta ihe n'ime Addiction and Mental Health Center system karịsịa na obodo n'ozuzu, na - nke abuo, ihe omume nke Clinic adịghị ka kwekọrọ n'oge a clinical na arụmọrụ omume. Nzaghachi sitere n'aka ndị ahịa na ndị na-eme ihe dị mma ma na-adịghị mma gbasara ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ. Ụfọdụ ndị bụbu ndị ahịa nwere obi ụtọ maka ọrụ ha nwetara, ebe ndị ọzọ chere na ụzọ ndị ọkachamara si eme adịghị mma, na-akụda mmụọ na enweghị enyemaka. Ndị ọkachamara achọpụtala onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, ebe ụfọdụ ndị na-etinye aka na-ekwupụta nchegbu banyere ụdị nlekọta ugbu a." (CAMH 2016).

Ndị nyocha ahụ dekwara na ha kpọrọ ndị aka na-amaghị ama ka ha kwuo ahụmahụ ha n'ụlọọgwụ ahụ, otu na-ekwu na Dr. Zucker "jụrụ ya ka ọ yipụ uwe elu ya n'ihu ndị dọkịta ndị ọzọ nọ ya, chịrị ọchị mgbe o kwetara, wee kpọọ ya. a 'obere ntutu isi.' (Singal 2016a). A chụrụ Dr. Zucker ngwa ngwa (onye ọrụ nke abụọ nke ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ, Dr. Haley Wood, ka a chụrụ n'ọrụ na mbụ), yabụ mechiri Clinic Identity Clinic. Ọfọn, eziokwu ahụ bụ na "ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe ngosi gosipụtara nchegbu" (n'agbanyeghị na omume nke Gender Identity Clinic's omume natara akwụkwọ mmụta) na ebubo na-akwadoghị nke omume na-ezighị ezi-nke, n'ụzọ, onye ebubo ahụ wepụrụ (Singal 2016b) - ezuola itinye nlezianya nyocha.

Dr. Robert Oscar Lopez nke Mahadum California State, onye ya onwe ya zụlitere na nwoke abụọ na-edina ụdị onwe ya ma na-ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye na-edina nwoke na nwanyị, bipụtara edemede na 2012, "Uto na nne abụọ: Utold Children's View ', na-akọ banyere ahụmịhe ya kachasị njọ nke ịzụlite ụmụ nwoke abụọ. womenmụ nwanyị, ndị mechara mee ka ọ bụrụ onye kwenyesiri ike na LGBT nwere obi abụọ banyere ịlụ nwoke na nwanyị ịlụ nwanyị na nkuchi ụmụ. Nke a butere ebubo mkpagbu na ịde blọgụ ozugbo (Flaherty 2015). Lopez gara n'ihu na-ede otu okwu, n'ihi nke a gụnyere ya na ndepụta nke "okwu ịkpọasị" nke ndị otu mgbasa ozi LGBT dị ka Mgbasa Ozi Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (HRC 2014) na GLAAD (GLAAD).

Nkwupụta ọ bụla dị nro nke LGBT nwere nkwupụta dị ka asị.

Nke a gosikwara nke nwanyị zụlitere n'otu di na nwunye, Heather Barwick, onye bipụtara ihe ịtụnanya ya - n'ime ghetto mgbasa ozi nke echiche ọdịnala - leta mepere emepe na "LGBT +" - obodo. Barwick kwuru na n'adịghị ka ụmụaka ndị gbara alụkwaghịm, na n'adịghị ka ụmụaka ndị nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha kuchiri, a na-akatọ ụmụaka ndị na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ha ikpe ma ọ bụrụ na ha ekpebie ime mkpesa banyere ọnọdụ ha: Ọtụtụ n’ime anyị na-atụ ụjọ nke ukwuu ikwu okwu ma gwa gị banyere nhụjuanya na ihe mgbu anyị, n’ihi na ihe ọ bụla kpatara ya, ọ dị ka ị naghị ege ntị. Ihe ị na-achọghị ịnụ. Ọ bụrụ na anyị na-ekwu na anyị na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi na nne na nna nwoke na nwanyị zụlitere anyị, a ga-eleghara anyị anya ma ọ bụ kpọọ anyị dịka ndị kpọrọ asị ... "(Barwick 2015). Otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, nwa nwanyị ọzọ nke di na nwunye nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị bipụtara akwụkwọ ozi mepere emepe, na-akatọ ọdịbendị nke ọchịchị "LGBT +" dị n'ime ya: "... Agaghị m ele onwe m anya dị ka onye anaghị anabata ndidi na onye na-eche naanị maka onwe ya dịka obodo LGBT, nke chọrọ nnabata ọkụ na oke ọkụ, anaghị egosipụta nnagide, mgbe ụfọdụ ọbụna nye ndị otu ya. N'ezie, obodo a na-awakpo onye ọ bụla na-ekwenyeghị na ya, n'agbanyeghị agbanyeghị obi gosipụtara nghọtahie a ... "(Walton 2015).

Perzọ omume ọjọọ n'ihi echiche

Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị niile metụtara sayensị kwesịrị ịgbalị ịhapụ ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ sayensị ha. Sayensị dị ka ọchịchọ ebighi ebi na nke na-abụghị nke ịchọ ịchọ ihe ọmụma banyere ụwa gbara anyị gburugburu na-ekpebi ihe “ziri ezi”, dabere na ihe akaebe, ọ bụghị “nchegbu ndị ụfọdụ nwere mmasị na mpaghara kwuru. Ọ bụrụ na-enweghị ụdị akaebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na ha na-emegiderịta, mgbe ahụ anyị nwere ike ikwu naanị maka echiche na nchepụta. Sayensị ga-abụrịrị ụwa niile, ya bụ, itinye otu ụkpụrụ maka ịkọwa nnwale na nyocha. Enweghị mbipụta dị mma; ọrụ sayensị ọ bụla nwere erughị ala na erughị eru ya. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ mbipụta nke nsonaazụ ya bụ LGBT nke nwere obi abụọ kpughere mmachi usoro, yana mmachi a anaghị anabata njedebe ikpeazụ, mgbe ahụ, mmachi usoro yiri nke ahụ amatara na ọmụmụ ma ọ bụ mbipụta nke nsonaazụ ya bụ LGBT-ịgbasa echiche bụ otu ụzọ ahụ. anaghị anabata ikpebi nke ikpeazụ. Iji maa atụ, e gosipụtara ọtụtụ adịghị ike na ọrụ nkwado ama ama nke LGBT nke Alfred Kinsey (Terman 1948; Maslow na Sakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) na Evelyn Hooker (Cameron and Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Agbanyeghị, a na-ele ọrụ ndị a anya dị ka ihe atụ nwere “eziokwu ndị sayensị doro anya ma bụrụkwa ndị ejiri ya mee mkpebi mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke sayensị. N'otu oge ahụ, mmachi ọ bụla na mbipụta nke na-enyo enyo nke LGBT na-ewepụ ya kpamkpam wee gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ "pseudoscience." Ma ọ bụghị ya, nke a bụ ọmụma atụ gbasara ọfụma na ihe anya na anya.

Lauren Marx nke Mahadum Louisiana State bipụtara na 2012 nyochara akwụkwọ nyocha sayensị 59 (Marks 2012) banyere ụmụaka a zụlitere na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị; a na-eji akwụkwọ ndị a dị ka arụmụka maka nkwupụta American Psychological Association na-ekwu na enweghị mmetụta nke mmekọrịta ndị nne na nna. (APA 2005). Marx rụtụrụ aka na adịghị ike na adịghị ike nke ọrụ ndị a. Ọ bụghị naanị na Dr. Marx tụlere site na ndị otu nyocha, mana akpọrọ ya dị ka "nyocha dị ala," nke "adịghị mma maka akwụkwọ edemede na-ebipụta nyocha mbụ" (Bartlett 2012).

N'ọtụtụ ụzọ, dị ka egosiri n'elu, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-atụ ụjọ n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma zere igosipụta nchọpụta LGBT-enweghị obi abụọ, ọbụnakwa jụ ịrụ ọrụ na ntụzịaka "amachibidoro". Eziokwu a, ọ gbagọrọ sayensị? Obi abụọ adịghị ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye bụbu Onye isi oche nke American Psychological Association (1979-1980), Dr. Nicholas Cummings, kwenyere na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na-ada n'ihi na ọ nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị na-elekọta mmadụ. Dr. Cummings kwuru na mgbe American Psychological Association na-eme nyocha, ọ na-eme naanị "mgbe ha matara ihe ga-esi na ya pụta ... naanị ọmụmụ ihe nwere amụma dị mma ga-anabata" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

Onye isi oche mbụ nke American Psychological Association (1985-1986), Dr. Robert Perloff, kwuru, sị: "... Psychotù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrịa Uche America dịkwa 'na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ziri ezi' ... ma na-erubere isi maka ọdịmma pụrụ iche ..." (Murray 2001).

Clevenger n’ọrụ ya kọwara etu echiche siri jikọta ya na mbipụta nke isiokwu banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke (Clevenger 2002). O gosipụtara na enwere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-egbochi mbipụta nke isiokwu ọ bụla na-ekwekọghị na nghọta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche echiche nke nwoke idina nwoke. Clevenger kwubiri na American Psychological Association, dị ka òtù ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ, na-abawanye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-eduga obi abụọ banyere izi ezi nke nkwupụta ha na eleghị anya n'ihu nke ọrụ ha, n'agbanyeghị na a ka na-akwanyere ha ùgwù ma jiri ya na ikpe. mbipụta. Echiche mmiri nke ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-emegide ozizi na-emesapụ aka.

Were ọmụmaatụ, ọmụmụ 2014 nke isiokwu ya bụ “Mgbe kọntaktị gbanwere obi: Nnwale na nnyefe nke nkwado maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị”, nke Michael Lacourt si Los Angeles nyochara azịza ha. bi a ajụjụ na mmekọrita nke a na-akpọ “Idozi emebi” mmekorita nwoke na nwoke na nwanyi dabere na nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi nke ndi ajuju a (LaCour and Green 2014). LaCourt rụrụ ụka na mgbe onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ gosipụtara na ọ bụ nwanyị nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, nke a mere ka ohere nke nzaghachi siri ike pụta. Nsonaazụ gbasasara ọzọ site na isi akụkọ nke usoro mgbasa ozi na-eduga. LaCourt aghọwo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpakpando. Agbanyeghị, enwere ike ikwu na njakịrị ya gburu ya mgbe onye na-agụ ihe nwere mmasị na-achọpụta na LaCourt ghapụrụ data ahụ kpamkpam na ọmụmụ ya (Broockman et al. 2015). Akpọghachiri akwụkwọ LaCourt (McNutt 2015), mana, ọzọ, akụkọ nke icheta agbasaghị na mgbasa ozi.

Onye odeakụkọ Naomi Riley kọwara ikpe banyere mbipụta Mark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). N'afọ 2014, onye prọfesọ mahadum Columbia, Mark Hatzenbühler kwuru na ọ chọpụtara ihe ndị a: ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha bi n’ebe nwere “ajọ mbunobi” nwere atụmanya dị ala karịa afọ iri na abụọ karịa ndị bi “ebe a na-emesapụ aka”. Maka nghọta dị mma: ọdịiche afọ 12 karịrị ọdịiche yiri nke dị n’etiti ndị na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ na ndị anaghị ese anwụrụ. Dị ka o kwesịrị, akụkọ banyere akụkọ banyere Hatzenbühler gbasasịrị n'obere isi akụkọ mgbasa ozi bụ isi, ebe ndị na-akwado ịhapụ ịlụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye na-ajụ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke nabatara arụmụka "sayensị" dịka ụkpụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị n'ime ụzọ mgbasa ozi ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'akwụkwọ ahụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Social Science and Medicine nke onye nyocha ahụ kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, prọfesọ na Mahadum Texas Mark Regnerus, nwara i toomi nsonaazụ nke Hatzenbühler ma nweta data dị iche iche kpamkpam - enweghị mmetụta nke "ọkwa ajọ mbunobi" na atụmanya ndụ nke ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. (Regnerus 12). Regnerus ji ezi obi nwalee ụzọ dị iche iche nke ọnụọgụ abụọ siri mee nyocha iji nwapụta data nke Hatzenbühler kwuru, mana ọ bụghị otu ụzọ gosipụtara nsonaazụ pụtara ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ. Regnerus kwubiri, "Ndị mgbanwe dị iche iche na ọmụmụ mbụ nke Hatzenbühler (ya mere ihe ndị bụ isi na-achọpụta ya) nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu maka ịkọwa okwu n'oge nha na enwere ike ịtụle na-adịghị mkpa" (Regnerus 2017).

Na Sayensị na-elekọta mmadụ, ezigbo “nsogbu nke inyepụtagasị” (ya bụ, ikwugharị ọzọ, n'ụzọ ndị ọzọ) ọmụmụ ndị ebipụtara emeela ruo taa. N'afọ 2015, nnukwu ọrụ nyocha a na-akpọ Reproducibility Project, nke Brian Nosek nke Mahadum nke Virginia, ka enyere ya ikwugharị nsonaazụ ọmụmụ ọmụmụ 100 ndị mmadụ ebipụtara - nanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ n'ime ha ka edegharịrị (Aarts et al. 2015).

Richard Horton, onye nchịkọta akụkọ onye isi akụkọ akwụkwọ sayensị sayensị The Lancet, kwupụtara nchegbu ya na edemede nke onye edemede:

“... Imirikiti akwụkwọ sayensị, ikekwe ọkara, nwere ike ọ gaghị egosipụta eziokwu. N'ịbụ ndị ọmụmụ ihe pere mpe gosipụtara, obere ihe nleghara anya, nyocha na-ezughị ezu, na esemokwu mmasị doro anya, yana inwe echiche banyere ụdị ejiji dị mkpa, sayensị tụgharịrị gaa n'ọchịchịrị ... O doro anya na ụdị omume nchọpụta a na-adịghị anakwere na mpaghara sayensị dị egwu ... ịmasị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ejikarị agbanwe data iji kwado ụwa ha ma ọ bụ gbanwee echiche ha na data ha ... Nchụso anyị nke "ihe dị mkpa" na-emebi akwụkwọ sayensị na ọtụtụ akụkọ akụkọ akụkọ akụkọ ... Mahadum dị iche iche na-agbasi mgba ike maka ego na talent ... Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị n'otu n'otu, tinyere njikwa ha kachasị elu. mee obere ịgbanwe ọdịbendị nke nyocha, nke oge ụfọdụ na-emetụta ihe ọjọọ ... ”(Horton 2015).

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti agwa mgbasa ozi na mbipụta nke Regnerus na Hatzenbühler doro anya: naanị ụfọdụ nkwubi okwu bụ ndị a na-anabata karịa ndị ọzọ [1].

Prọfesọ Walter Schumm nke Mahadum Kansas, n'otu isiokwu ahụ kwuru, sị: "… ọmụmụ egosila na ọtụtụ ndị ode akwụkwọ sayensị, mgbe ha na-enyocha akwụkwọ ndị ahụ, na-agakarị maka usoro ọmụmụ adịghị ike, ma ọ bụrụ na ọmụmụ ihe dị otú a achọtara nsonaazụ achọrọ na nkwado nke echiche nke enweghị mmetụta… "(Schumm 2010, peeji nke 378).

Na 2006, Dr. Brian Meyer nke kọleji Gettysburg kwuru banyere mmetụta mgbasa ozi nke Adams et al. Mbipụta nke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke nke asị na-egosi na ọ bụ "nwoke idina nwoke zoro ezo" (Adams et al. 1996): "... Enweghị [nnyocha nyocha] bụ ihe mgbagwoju anya. ọ bụrụ na mmadụ echebara ogo nke nlebara anya sitere na isiokwu ahụ [Adams et al. 1996]. Anyị na-achọta na ọ na-atọ anyị ụtọ na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi (akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ, na ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ Internetntanetị) anabatala nkwenkwe psychoanalytic dị ka nkọwa maka homophobia, ọbụlagodi na enweghi ihe akaebe na-esote ... "(Meier et al. 2006, p. 378).

Na 1996, Dr. Alan D. Sokal, onye prọfesọ nke physics na Mahadum New York, nyefere akwụkwọ nke isiokwu ya bụ "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Social Text. Ndị editọ nke Social Text kpebiri ibipụta akụkọ a (Sokal 1996a). Ọ bụ nnwale - isiokwu ahụ bụ hoax zuru oke - n'isiokwu a, Sokal, na-atụle ụfọdụ nsogbu dị ugbu a na mgbakọ na mwepụ na physics, na-ekwupụta n'ụzọ doro anya mkpa ha dị na ngalaba omenala, nkà ihe ọmụma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ tụrụ aro na ike ndọda bụ quantum). a social construct) iji dọta uche nke ndị na-akọwa agụmakwụkwọ nke oge a bụ ndị na-ajụ ajụjụ gbasara sayensị, ọ bụ akwụkwọ nlegharị anya nke e ji akọ dee nke nyocha ihe gbasara nkà ihe ọmụma nke oge a, na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla pụtara (Sokal 1996b). Dị ka Sokal kọwara: “Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, a na-enye m nsogbu n'ihi mbelata pụtara ìhè nke ụkpụrụ enweghị ọgụgụ isi n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ mmadụ America. Ma a bụ m naanị ọkà mmụta sayensị: ọ bụrụ na enweghị m ike ịghọta uru nke ihe dị otú a, ikekwe ọ na-egosipụta erughị eru m. Yabụ, iji nwalee ụkpụrụ ọgụgụ isi nke isi, ekpebiri m ịme nnwale dị obi umeala (ma ọ bụrụ na anaghị achịkwa ya kpamkpam): akwụkwọ akụkọ ọdịnala North America ga-eduga, onye ndị ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ ya gụnyere ndị na-enwu ọkụ dị ka Fredric Jameson na Andrew Ross, bipụta nzuzu zuru oke ma ọ bụrụ na nke a enweghị isi. (a) dị mma ma (b) na-eme ka echiche echiche nke ndị editọ na-eto? Azịza ya, dị mwute ikwu, bụ ee." (Sokal 1996b).

Nkwenye ọzọ banyere ọnọdụ ọjọọ nke sayensị ọgbara ọhụrụ sitere n’aka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị atọ nke America - James Lindsey, Helen Plakrose na Peter Bogossyan, ndị ji afọ niile na-ama ụma dee edemede na-enweghị isi ma bụrụkwa nke n’ezoghị ọnụ na “sayensị” n’akụkụ dị iche iche nke sayensị mmekọrịta iji gosipụta: echiche banyere ihe a. ogologo oge gara aga karịrị akarị nke uche. Kemgbe Ọgọst 2017, ndị sayensị, n’okpuru aha ịkọ akụkọ, zitere akụkọ 20 echepụtara echepụta dị ka nchọpụta sayensị nkịtị ka edegara akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị na ndị nyocha nke nyocha. Usoro nke ọrụ ndị ahụ dịgasị iche iche, mana ha niile nyefere ọtụtụ ngosipụta dị iche iche nke mgba megide "mmegbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya": ọmụmụ gbasara nwanyị, ọdịbendị nke ịbụ nwoke, isi okwu nke agbụrụ, akparamagwa nke mmekọahụ, ahụike, na ndị ọzọ. N'okwu nke ọ bụla, a na-aga n'ihu na -echeta echiche na-enweghị isi na-akatọ ibe ma ọ bụ "mmekọrịta ọha na eze" (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị). Site na echiche sayensị, isiokwu ndị a edoghị anya na enweghị ike ịnagide nkatọ ọ bụla.

N’otu edemede dị na magazin Areo, Lindsay, Plakrose na Bogossian kwuru banyere ebumnobi nke omume ha, sị: “… Ihe dị na sayensị mehiere, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke mmadụ. Ugbu a, emeela nchọpụta sayensị, raara onwe ya nye ọ bụghị maka ịchọ eziokwu, mana maka enweghị afọ ojuju na esemokwu bilitere na ndabere ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, ha na-achịkwa mpaghara ndị a na-enweghị nsogbu, ndị sayensị na-atụwanye ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị nchịkwa, na ngalaba ndị ọzọ, na-amanye ha ịrapara n'echiche ha. Nke a abụghị nyocha sayensị na nke dị ala. Nye ọtụtụ, nsogbu a na-apụtawanye ìhè, mana ha enweghị ihe akaebe doro anya. Maka nke a, anyị anọwo na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba mmụta kemgbe otu afọ, na-ahụ na ya bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nsogbu ahụ… ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

“N'ime usoro a, enwere otu eriri nke jikọtara akwụkwọ nyocha sayensị anyị niile, ọ bụ ezie na anyị ji ụzọ dị iche iche, na-ebuga echiche ndị a ma ọ bụ echiche ndị ahụ n'ebumnuche nke ndị editọ na ndị na-enyocha ihe ga-eme. Oge ụfọdụ anyị bịara na ụdị echiche oke ma ọ bụ echiche mmadụ ma bido ịkwalite ya. Ọ ga-adị mma ka ị dee akwụkwọ gbasara etu a ga-esi zụọ ụmụ nwoke dịka nkịta iji gbochie omenala ime ihe ike? Ya mere ọrụ anyị "Park maka Dog ije" pụtara. Gini mere n’edepu ihe nchoputa tinyere na nkwuputa na mgbe mmadu ghaara mmachi na nzuzo, na-eche ihe nwanyi (n’enweghi nkwenye ya, na ogaghi ama banyere ya), na ya na eme ya ihe ojoo. Yabụ anyị nwetara ọmụmụ Masturbation. Kedukwa ihe mere ị ga-eji kwuo na ọgụgụ isi nke ọgụgụ isi kachasị dị ize ndụ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ, ebe ọ bụ arụrụala, misogynistic na imperialistic, na-eji psychoanalysis nke ode akwụkwọ nke Frankenstein, Mary Shelley na Jacques Lacan? Ha kwupụtara - wee nweta ọrụ ahụ "Feminist Artificial Intelligence". Ma ọ bụ nwere ike tinye echiche ahụ na abụba anụ ahụ bụ eke, yabụ na iwulite ahụike ọkachamara ọ dị mkpa iwebata ụdị ọhụrụ maka ndị nwere abụba? Guo “Ọmụmụ abụba” ma ị ga-aghọta ihe merenụ.

Mgbe ụfọdụ anyị na-amụ akwụkwọ ndị dị adị nke enweghị afọ ojuju iji ghọta ebe ihe na-eme ọfụma, wee nwaa ime ka nsogbu ndị a dị. Enwere ọrụ "Feminist Glaciology"? Ọ dị mma, anyị ga-e copyomi ya ma dee ọrụ na mbara igwe gbasara nwanyị, ebe anyị na-ekwupụta na ekwesịrị ịgụ kpakpando nke nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina ụdị onwe ha dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke sayensị nke mbara igwe, nke a ga-akpọ misogyny. Ndị na-enyocha akwụkwọ nwere obi ụtọ maka echiche a. Mana gịnị ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na anyị jiri usoro nyocha isiokwu jigbuo ịkọwa akụkọ data kachasị amasị gị? Gini mere. Anyị dere otu edemede banyere ndị transgender na-arụ ọrụ, ebe ha mere nke ahụ. Menmụ nwoke na-eji “ụmụ nwoke” eme ihe iji gosipụta na ha bụ nwoke n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma ebe ahụ n'ụzọ agaghị anabata ọha mmadụ? Nsogbu adighi. Anyị bipụtara akwụkwọ, nchịkọta nke dị ka ndị a: "Onye nyocha banyere nsogbu nwoke na nwanyị na-aga ụlọ oriri na ọ halfụ withụ nwere ndị ọkara gba ọtọ iji chọpụta ihe mere eji chọọ ya." Ọ na-agbagwoju gị anya site na echiche niile a na-anabata, ị na-achọ nkọwa gị maka nke a? Anyị onwe anyị kọwara ihe niile dị n'ọrụ anyị "Dildo", na-enye azịza nke ajụjụ a: "Gịnị mere ụmụ nwoke kwụ ọtọ na-ejikarị ihe ọ bụla emejọ, gịnị ga-eme ma ọ bụrụ na ha amalite ime nke a?" Anyị na-enyetụ: dị ka isiokwu anyị dị na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị na-eduga Mmekọahụ na Omenala, ụmụ nwoke na nke a ga-enwekarị obere ibu iro n'ebe ndị transgender na ndị transgender nọ, ha ga-abụkwu nwanyị.

Anyị ji ụzọ ndị ọzọ. Iji maa atụ, anyị chere ma dee “edemede na-aga n'ihu” na ntinye iji gbochie ndị ọcha nọ na kọleji ikwu okwu n’abụ (ma ọ bụ mee ka onye nkuzi zaghachi ozi ịntanetị bịakwutere ha), na, tụkwasị n’ihe niile, mee ka ha nọdụ n’elu ala n’agbụ. ọ bụ ya mere ha ji akwa ụta ma mezie mmebi iwu ha mere. Ngwa ngwa ekwughị ka emechaa. Okwu anyị nwetara nzaghachi na-atọ ụtọ, ọ dịkwa ka aha titan nke nkà ihe ọmụma ụmụ nwanyị, magazin "Hypatia" jiri ọ withụ dị ukwuu zaghachi ya. Anyị chere ajụjụ ọzọ siri ike ihu: "Ana m eche ma a ga-ebipụta isiakwụkwọ nke si n'aka Hitler Mine Kampf ma ọ bụrụ na nwanyị ga-edegharị ya?" Ọ tụgharịrị na azịza ya dị mma, ebe ọ bụ na akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ nwanyị bụ Affilia nakweere edemede ahụ maka mbipụta. Ga n’ihu n’ụzọ sayensị, anyị malitere ịghọta na anyị nwere ike ịme ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gafereghị ụkpụrụ omume niile nabatara ma gosipụta nghọta nke akwụkwọ sayensị dị ugbu a.

N’aka ozo, anyi nwere ezi ezi ihe iji kwere na oburu na anyi kwesiri ekwesi na akwukwo ndi di adi ma gbaziri ya (ma nke a kariri mgbe obula - anyi gha arutu aka na isi mmalite), anyi g’enwe ohere iji mee nkwupụta ndi ochichi obula. N'okwu nke ọ bụla, otu na otu ajụjụ dị mkpa bilitere: gịnị ka anyị kwesịrị ide, gịnị ka anyị kwesịrị ịde aka na ya (njikọ anyị, n'agbanyeghị, bụ ezigbo) ka e wee bipụta nzuzu anyị dịka sayensị nke ụgbọ elu dị elu? ”

Anwalewo isiokwu ndị a nke ọma ma bipụta ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị enyocha-enyocha ndị ọgbọ. N'ihi “okike mmụta sayensị ha ji ama atụ”, ndị dere ha nwedịrị akwụkwọ ịkpọ oku 4 ka ha bụrụ ndị nyocha nyocha na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị, na otu n'ime akụkọ kachasị njọ, "Dog Park", jiri mpako nke akwụkwọ akụkọ kacha mma nke isi akụkọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị "Ekike, Ọnọdụ na Omenala". Usoro mmụta nke opus bụ nke a:

“Nkịta ogige na-edina mmadụ n'ike, bụrụkwa ebe ọdịbendị nke nkịta na-agbasawanye, ebe enwere usoro mmekpa ahụ nke" nkịta a na-emegbu emegbu, "nke na-enye anyị ohere ịlele ụzọ mmadụ na nsogbu abụọ ahụ. Nke a na-enye echiche banyere etu a ga-esi sipụ ụmụ nwoke ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na esemokwu ha na-enwekarị ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

Ad hominem

Onye America na-eme ihe ike na onye edemede, onye na-adịghị ezochi mmasị nwoke idina nwoke, prọfesọ nke ụmụ mmadụ, Camilla Paglia, n'akwụkwọ ya bụ Vamps And Tramps azụ na 1994, kwuru, sị: “... N’ime afọ iri gara aga, ọnọdụ enweela ike nchịkwa: usoro sayensị bara uru agaghị ekwe omume mgbe ndị na-eme ihe ike na-achịkwa okwu ezi uche dị na ya. , n'okwu a, ndị na-akwado mmekọ nwoke na nwoke bụ ndị, site n'okwukwe zuru oke, na-azọrọ naanị oke nke eziokwu ... Anyị kwesịrị ịmara maka ọgba aghara dị egwu nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na sayensị, nke na-ewepụta okwu nduhie karịa eziokwu. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwere mmasị nwoke ga-abụrịrị ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, na mgbe ahụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke… ”(Paglia 1995, p. 91).

Ikpeazụ ahịrịokwu ahụ dịtụ iche. Mgbanwe nke echiche na echiche banyere mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ndị ọkachamara ahụike - ọ bụghị nyocha ahụike na eziokwu sayensị, nwere mmetụta siri ike na nsonaazụ nyocha. Ọ bụ ihe nwute, ọtụtụ n’ime ndị na-amụ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na-elekwasị anya na nsonaazụ ụfọdụ.

A na-akatọkarị ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-egosi na ha chere na nwoke idina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwaanyị idina nwaanyị bụ ihe a na-agbagha agbagha. Nke a bụ omume arụrụ ụka nke arụmụka, kama ịbụ ezigbo mkparịta ụka nke arụmụka n'onwe ya, na-atụgharị aka n'ọnọdụ, ọdịdị, ebumnuche ma ọ bụ njiri mara nke onye wetara arụmụka ahụ, ma ọ bụ onye metụtara arụmụka ahụ. Iji maa atụ, eziokwu ahụ na sayensi bụ onye kwere ekwe ma ọ bụ na-akwado ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na echiche na-egbochi nchegharị, na ebipụtara isiokwu ahụ na "akụkọ na-abụghị isi" ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ na-anaghị enyocha, wdg. Ọzọkwa, mgbalị ọ bụla iji mee ka arụmụka a were ogo 180 na-akwụsị ozugbo site na ebubo nke ikwu okwu rere ure, enweghị “ndozi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị”, “ndị mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị” na ọbụna mgbasa nke ịkpọasị.

Kpee onwe gị ikpe.

Carl Maria Kertbeny, onye akwụkwọ nta akụkọ Austria onye chepụtara okwu ndị nwoke na nwanyị idina nwoke, otu nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke (nke a na-akpọbu mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwoke na nwanyị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwoke idina nwoke), bụ nwoke idina nwoke (Takács 2004, p. 26–40). Onye ọka iwu German nke chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "ntụgharị uche mmekọahụ" ma rịọ ka a na-ahụta mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị ka ọ dị ka ihe dị mma n'ihi na ha bụ ndị e bu pụta ụwa, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, bụ nwoke idina nwoke (Sgusch 2000). Edward Warren, onye nde Amerịka nwere mmasị n'oge ochie, nyere ọha na eze iko ochie a na-ebo ebubo nwere ihe onyonyo nke omume ije ije, bụ nke eboro ebubo na ọ kwadoro ụkpụrụ nke nwoke idina nwoke na Gris oge ochie (nke a na-akpọ Warren Cup), bụ nwoke idina nwoke (BrightonOurStory). 1999). Dọkịta Alfred Kinsey, ọkà mmụta banyere ụmụ anụmanụ—“nna nke mgbanwe mmekọahụ na United States”—bụ nwoke na nwanyị bisexual (Baumgardner 2008, p. 48) ma soro ndị ikom ndị ọzọ nwee mmekọahụ, gụnyere nwa akwụkwọ ya na onye na-ede akwụkwọ Clyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. .59). Onye isi mgbaka Fritz Klein, onye ode akwụkwọ nke Klein Sexual Orientation Scale, bụ nwoke na nwanyị (Klein na Schwartz 2001). Dr. Evelyn Hooker malitere ọmụmụ ihe ya ama ama site na agbamume enyi ya Sam Frome na ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke ndị ọzọ (Jackson et al., 1998, p. 251-253), e bipụtara akụkọ mbụ ya banyere isiokwu a na magazin ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị Mattachine. Nyochaa ( Hooker 1955). Psychiatrist Paul Rosenfels, bụ onye bipụtara nwoke idina nwoke: The Psychology of the Creative Process na 1971, nke nyochara mmasị nwoke idina nwoke dị ka ihe dị iche iche, na onye itinye aka na ya na-ekere òkè na ihe omume nke 1973, bụ nwoke idina nwoke (Paul Rosenfels Community website nd).

Dr. John Spiegel, onye hoputara ịbụ onye isi oche nke American Psychiatric Association na 1973, bụ nwoke idina nwoke (yana onye otu akpọrọ "GayPA") (okwu 81, 2002), dịka ndị ọrụ ibe ndị ọzọ nyere aka na mwepu nke nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na ndepụta nke ịdọpụ uche: Ronald Gold (Humm 2017), Howard Brown (Brown 1976), Charles Silverstein (Silverstein na White 1977), John Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) na Richard Green (Green 2018). Dr. George Weinberg, onye chịkọbara okwu manipulative “homophobia” n'okpuru mmetụta nke iso ndị enyi na-edina ụdị onwe ya, bụụrụ ọgụ dị ike nke otu mmekọ nwoke na nwoke (A shugaban 2002).

Dr. Donald West, onye chịpụtara “hypothesis” nke ndị mmadụ na-enyo obi nwoke na nwoke nwere ike ịbụ “ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị zoro ezo,” bụ onye na-edina ụdị onwe ya (West 2012). Dr. Gregory Herek, ọkachamara na “nwoke na nwanyị”, nke na-akọwa nkọwa nke “mpụ ịkpọasị,” bụ n'onwe ya nwoke nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke (Bohan na Russel 1999). Ndi dere akwukwo ihe omumu, nke akowara dika nkwenye sitere na nmekorita nwoke na nwoke, bu ndi nwoke na nwoke: Dr. Simon LeVey (“ihe omumu nke hypothalamus”) (Allen 1997), Dr. Richard Pillard (“ihe omumu nke ejima”) (Mass 1990) na Dr. Dean Heimer (“Ọmụmụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ndị mmekọ”) (New York Times 2004). Dr. Bruce Badgemeal, onye bipụtara akwụkwọ na-ekwu na nwoke idina nwoke bụ ihe zuru ebe niile na ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ụmụ anụmanụ na na "nsonaazụ mmadụ na-akpata dị ukwuu," bụ ya onwe ya bụ nwoke idina ụdị onwe (Kluger 1999). Dr. Joan Rafgarden, onye na-akwado echiche nke "ọdịdị" nke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na transsexualism na anụmanụ, bụ nee Jonathan Rafgarden, onye mere nnwale ahụike maka ịkpa ike ụmụ nwoke ka ọ bụrụ nke afọ 52 (afọ Yoon 2000).

Akwụkwọ akụkọ American Psychological Association banyere ọgwụgwọ mmeghari nwoke na nwanyị kwubiri na "mgbalị iji gbanwee usoro mmekọahụ agaghị enwe ike ịga nke ọma ma buru ụfọdụ ihe ize ndụ nke mmerụ ahụ, megidere nkwupụta nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ọgwụgwọ na ndị na-akwado" (APA 2009, p. V) ; Emepụtara akụkọ a site na ndị ọrụ ọrụ nke mmadụ asaa, ndị Judith M. Glassgold, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Lee Beckstead, Clinton W. Anderson bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, na Robin Lyn Miller bụ nwoke na nwanyị (Nicolosi 2009). Onye edemede nke American Psychological Association ọzọ na-akọ banyere ụmụaka ndị di na nwunye na-azụkọ, bụ ndị dere na "ọ dịghị nchọpụta achọpụtala na ụmụaka ndị nne na nna nwere mmasị nwanyị ma ọ bụ ndị nne na nna nwere mmasị na-enwe nsogbu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụaka nke ndị nne na nna na-edina ụdị onwe" (APA 2005, para. 15). Prọfesọ Charlotte J. Patterson nke Mahadum Virginia bụ onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Division 44, otu ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị APA, otu nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị ibe ya, na onye nkuzi nleta na Mmemme Asambodo Gụsịrị Akwụkwọ na LGBT Health na Columbia College of Arts and Sciences (GW). College nke Columbia). Dr. Clinton Anderson, onye Dr. Patterson kelere maka "enyemaka bara uru" ya na akụkọ (APA 2005, p. 22), bụ nwoke idina nwoke (lee n'elu). Mmadụ asaa ndị ọzọ Dr. Patterson kelere maka "okwu bara uru" ha gụnyere Dr. Natalie S. Eldridge, bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke (Eldridge et al., 1993, p. 13), na Dr. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, onye bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke (Dayton Daily News 2009) ), Dr. April Martin bụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị (Weinstein 2001) na "onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ịkwado maka inwe mmekọahụ na nhazi ezinụlọ ọzọ" (Manhatann Alternative. nd). Na na mbipụta mbụ nke akụkọ ahụ (APA 1995), Dr. Patterson kelekwara Dr. Bianca Cody Murphy, bụkwa nwanyị nwanyị (Plowman 2004).

Igor Semenovich Kon, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na onye ọkà ihe ọmụma nke bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ na-akọwa nke ọma banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke maka ọha Russia, ugboro ugboro akwadola okwu mkparita ụka nke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na Russia, bụ onye natara onyinye site n'aka ndị America na ndị ọzọ LGBT +, agafeela otu, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụla. alụghị nwanyị (Kuznetsov na Ponkin 2007). Celia Kitzinger na Susan (Sue) Wilkinson, ndị otu ikike nke British Psychological Society na American Psychological Association, ndị edemede nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na-akatọ nghọta ọdịnala nke ọrụ nwoke na nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị (Davies 2014). Psychiatrist Martha Kirkpatrick, onye edemede nke ọmụmụ ihe 1981 na "enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla" na nne na nna na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị, bụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị (Rosario 2002). Ọkachamara nke Cyneine Catherine O'Hanlan, onye edemede nke edemede banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, lụrụ nwanyị (New York Times 2003). Dr. Jesse Bering, mkpọsa nke ụdị ihe akpọrọ. "Mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi ozo", bu nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi (Bering 2013).

M ga-akwụsị ebe a nyocha nke ndị mmadụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị LGBT na-agbasa echiche, n'ihi na nke a abụghị nzube nke isiokwu a. Onwe m, ekwenyere m na nyocha Ad Hominem nke ihe bụ ụkpụrụ na-ezighi ezi na enweghị ntụpọ maka sayensị na ekwesịrị ịzere ya n'ụzọ ọ bụla. Ntụpọ.

Ọzọkwa, ekwesịrị ịghọta na e nwere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-edina ụdị onwe ha nwere obi ike iji gosipụta nsonaazụ LGBT: dịka ọmụmaatụ, Dr. Emily Drabant Conley, nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị nke nwanyị si na ụlọ ọrụ genomic “23andme” (Rafkin 2013), onye gosipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ mmado nsonaazụ nke nnukwu ọmụmụ nke genomic njikọ nke mmasị mmekọahụ na nzukọ kwa afọ nke American Society of Human Genetics na 2012 - ọmụmụ ahụ ahụghị njikọ ọ bụla n'etiti mmasị nwoke idina nwoke na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (Drabant et al., 2012). Agbanyeghị, dịka m mara, maka ebumnuche amaghi, Drabant enyefeghi ihe ndị a maka mbipụta ya na akwụkwọ nyocha ndị ọgbọ.

Ma iju nke ụkpụrụ nke “Ad hominem” ga-abụrịrị nke sayensị. N'okwu a, ọ bụrụ na mmadụ asị “A”, ọ kwesịrị ịsị “B”. Ọ bụ omume ihu abụọ na-ewetu ihe ọmụmụ ụfọdụ dabere na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nkwenye mmụọ nke ndị na-eme nchọpụta, dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihi na e mere mbipụta ahụ n'akwụkwọ nke Medicallọ Akwụkwọ Ahụike Katọlik bipụtara, ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ọmụmụ ahụ nwetara ego site n'aka ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-echekwa echiche na ndị na-ajụ otu oge, ma n'otu oge ahụ leghaara data ndị a dị n'elu anya. ndị nyocha na-ewetara nsonaazụ nkwado nke LGBT. Mgbe ahụ, ekwesịrị, mgbe a na-ekwu banyere nsogbu nwoke na nwoke nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, ekwesighi iji ụkpụrụ nke “ad hominm” maọbụ ịkọwa nkwubi okwu ọ bụla.

nkwubi

Enweghị ike ikewa sayensị gaa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị "ziri ezi" na "ezighị ezi," ejiji na nchekwa, onye kwuo uche na onye ọchịchị. Sayensị n'onwe ya enweghị ike ịbụ mgbasa ozi LGBT ma ọ bụ obi abụọ LGBT. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, usoro sayensị - psychophysiological phenomena na mmeghachi omume, nje na nje bacteria - enweghị mmasị na echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ ha; nje bacteria amaghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara "agha omenala". Ihe ndị a bụ eziokwu ndị dị dị ka e nyere, a ga-eleghara ha anya ma ọ bụ ndị na-ekwu banyere ha nwere ike ịkatọ, ma eziokwu ndị a enweghị ike ịkụpụ n'eziokwu. Sayensị na-adabere na usoro sayensị, onye ọ bụla na-atụgharị sayensị n'ime ihe ọzọ, n'agbanyeghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọ na-eduzi - humanism, ideology na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, wdg - bụ ezigbo ndị nkwusa nke "pseudoscience". Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, dị ka obodo ọ bụla ọzọ nke ndị nwere nkwenkwe na ọchịchọ nke onwe ha, na-edo onwe ha n'anya. Na nke a ele mmadụ anya n'ihu ụfọdụ ndị, ndị a na-akpọ. A na-egosipụta ụkpụrụ "neoliberal" n'ezie na ụwa ọgbara ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa ọtụtụ ihe kpatara esemokwu a - ihe nketa dị egwu nke ọha na eze na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mere ka mpụta nke "taboos sayensị", mgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike nke kpatara ihu abụọ, "ịzụ ahịa" nke sayensị na-eduga n'ịchụso mmetụta. , wdg Dị ka o kwesịrị ịdị, nsogbu nke enweghị mmasị na sayensị abụghị nanị nhụsianya na nyocha nke nwoke idina nwoke, ma na-agụnye ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ na-adịkarị mkpa ma dị mkpa maka mmepe nke mmadụ. A ka na-arụrịta ụka ma a ga-ezere enweghị echiche na sayensị kpamkpam. Otú ọ dị, n'echiche m, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmepụta ọnọdụ maka usoro nkà mmụta sayensị kachasị mma. Otu n'ime ọnọdụ ndị a bụ nnwere onwe zuru oke nke obodo sayensị - ego, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na, ọ dịghị ihe dị mkpa, nnwere onwe site na mgbasa ozi.

Ozi ndi ozo

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Ihe edeturu

1 Encyclopedia Britannica kọwara nkọwa nduhie dịka: “Mgbasa echiche, mgbasa nke ozi - eziokwu, arụmụka, asịrị, ọkara eziokwu, ma ọ bụ okwu ụgha - iji mee ka echiche ọha mmadụ pụta. Mgbasa echiche bụ usoro dị ukwuu karịa ma ọ bụ obere iji gbanwee nkwenye, mmekọrịta ma ọ bụ omume nke ndị ọzọ site na akara (okwu, mmegharị, akwụkwọ mmado, ncheta, egwu, uwe, ihe ndozi, edozi isi, eserese na mkpụrụ ego na stampụ akwụkwọ ozi, wdg). Ebumnuche na nkwanye ugwu ike na njigide nke ọma na-agbasa echiche mgbasa site na nkwukọrịta nkịtị ma ọ bụ mgbanwe echiche na mfe. Onye na-agbasa echiche nwere ebumnuche ọ bụla. Iji ruo ha, onye na-agbasa echiche na-ama ụma ahọrọ eziokwu, arụmụka na akara ma gosipụta ya n'ụzọ ga - eme ka nsonaazụ kasịnụ. Iji mee ka mmetụta ahụ belata, ọ ga-eleghara ihe ndị dị mkpa anya ma ọ bụ megharịa ya anya, ma nwee ike ịgbalị ịdọpụ uche nke ndị na-ege ntị na ihe ọmụma ndị ọzọ. ” https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Omenala nke 2

Ndi omekorita nke 3-Wing Community

4 Ya mere, aha ya na ndetu

Akwukwo nke Akwukwo Nso

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