O le tele o nei mea na lolomiina i totonu o le tusi o talaaga o le "Rusia Journal of Education and Psychology": Lysov V. Science ma le tauafafine: faaituau faaupufai i le Modern Academia.
FAIA: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

"O le talaaga o le saienisi moni ua gaoia e ala i lona sese
tuafafine masaga - "science", lea
Ua naʻo se faʻatulagaga faʻapitoa.
O lenei talitonuga na faoa ai lena talitonuga
lea e sao i le saienisi moni. "
mai le tusi Austin Rousse Fake Science

Aotelega

O faʻamatalaga e pei o le "ua faʻamaonia le mafuaʻaga o le faʻafeusuaiga" poʻo le "e le mafai ona suia le tuʻinanau faʻafeusuaiga" e masani ona faia i faʻasalalauga faʻasaienisi lauiloa ma luga o le Initaneti, faʻamoemoe, faatasi ai ma isi mea, mo tagata e leai se poto masani faʻasaienisi. I lenei tusiga, o le a ou faʻaalia o le sosaiete faʻasaienisi faʻaonaponei o loʻo pulea e tagata o loʻo faʻaalia o latou vaʻaiga faʻapolokiki i totonu oa latou gaioiga faʻasaienisi, ma faʻaalia ai le faʻaituau o faiga faʻasaienisi. O nei manatu fa'atatau e aofia ai le tele o fa'amatalaga fa'apolokiki, e aofia ai fa'atatau i le mea e ta'ua. "tamaiti faʻafeusuaiga", e taʻua o le "faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga o le fesuiaiga masani o feusuaiga i totonu o tagata ma manu", o le "toso faʻafeusuaiga e faʻapitoa ma e le mafai ona suia", "itupa o se faʻalapotopotoga lautele e le gata i le faʻavasegaina binary", ma isi. ma faapena atu ai lava. O le a ou faʻaalia o ia manatu e manatu faʻapitoa, mautu, ma faʻavaeina i totonu o faʻaonaponei faʻasaienisi i Sisifo, e tusa lava pe leai ni faʻamaoniga faʻasaienisi faʻamalosi, ae o isi manatu e vave faʻaigoaina o le "pseudoscientific" ma le "sese," e tusa lava pe iai a latou faʻamaoniga malosi. tua i latou. E tele mea e mafai ona taʻua o le mafuaʻaga o ia faʻaituau - o se talatuu faʻaagafesootai ma tala faʻasolopito na mafua ai le tulaʻi mai o "taboos faʻasaienisi", tauiviga faʻapolokiki malosi na mafua ai le pepelo, o le "faʻatauga" o le saienisi e taʻitaʻia ai le sailiga o lagona. , ma isi. Pe mafai ona 'alofia atoatoa le fa'aituau i le faasaienisi o lo'o tumau pea le finauga. Ae ui i lea, i loʻu manatu, e mafai ona faia ni tulaga mo se faiga faʻasaienisi tutusa lelei.

Faatomuaga

Ia Aperila 2017, o le faʻamatalaga punaoa USA Today lolomiina se vitio faʻaigoaina The Psychology of Infertility (USA Aso Nei e ala i MSN) Fai mai le tala i le tala o ulugaliʻi e toʻatolu e le mafai ona maua ni fanau e oʻo lava i le uumi feusuaʻiga e aunoa ma le faʻatagaina - o lona uiga, na latou tigaina i le le lava o fanau, tusa ai ma le faʻamatalaga o le Lalolagi Soifua Maloloina (Zegers-Hochschild 2009, itu. 1522). O ulugalii uma na foia le faafitauli o le le fananau i se auala faapitoa - ona o in vitro fertilization, vaetamaina ma le faʻaaogaina o se tina sui. O le vitio na fuafuaina lelei ma tuufaatasia i se lauiloa faasaienisi faiga, ma o le talaʻaga o ulugaliʻi taʻitasi na faʻamatalaina auiliili.

Ae peitai, o le USA Today ala o faasalalauga punaoa, i se auala masani lava ma e aunoa ma sina vaega o tala malie poʻo le faʻatupuina o le mafaufau, lisiina se paga o le toʻalua o tamaloloa i totonu o ulugalii e toʻalua o loʻo i ai faʻafitauli tau fomaʻi (faʻaleagaina galuega faʻatupu ma totoga). O tusitala o le vitio i luga o se paʻi musika ua faʻamatalaina manino i le au maimoa e faapea o le faʻafitauli o le "le lelei" o le lua Amerika faʻaipoipo aiga - o Dan ma Will Neville-Reyben - o le "latou leai se fanau" (Fugalaau 2017) Atonu, USA Today tautino o se vaega o lana au maimoa, o ia auiliiliga o le fausaga o le tane ma le fafine tino sa le masani ai. O se tasi itu pe o se isi, o se tasi o le leitmotif autu o tala fou o le finauga e faapea, inisiua fomai e tatau ona totogi tupe faaalu a ulugalii faaulugalii o alii mo le togafitiga o le maʻi.

O feʻau o lenei natura, tumu i mea olaola, e le masani ai i le aufaasālalau Atlantic, ma, o le mea moni, ua sili atu ona maua i totonu o le Lusia faamatalaga ma lauiloa saienisi avanoa. O faʻamatalaga e uiga i le "faʻamaonia mafuaʻaga mafuaʻaga o tauatane" poʻo le "tasi ma le afa afe ituaiga o faʻataʻitaʻiga o feusuaʻiga" o loʻo faia i lauiloa saienisi mea tau aʻoaʻoga mo talavou.

I lenei mataupu, o le a ou faʻaalia o le i le faʻaonapo nei tagata lautele saienitisi o faʻataʻitaʻia o latou manatu faʻaalia o latou manatu i a latou gaioiga faʻasaienisi, faia saienisi maualuga faʻaituau, pule aoao. O nei manatu faasaoloto e aofia ai se faʻasologa o tala faʻasalalau e uiga i mea ua taʻua "Feusuaʻiga itupaʻu" ("LGBT"), o lea, "faaulugalii o alii o le tulaga masani o feusuaʻiga i le va o tagata ma manu", o le "tutusa tutusa itupa e fananau mai ma e le mafai ona suia," "itupa o se fegalegaleaiga lautele, e le faʻatapulaʻaina i binary faʻavasegaina" etc.

Mulimuli ane i le mau o le a ou taʻua manatu faapea e pei LGBT faasalalauga¹. I le taimi lava e tasi, e iai manatu ma taofi e feteʻenaʻi ma luga, o le a ou taʻua o LGBT-masalosalo. O le a ou faʻaalia o le lagolago LGBT i aʻoaʻoga aloaʻia o le aʻoga aloaʻia ua mafaufauina, faʻaauau ma mautu, e tusa lava pe leai se faʻamaoniga faʻamaonia faʻamaoniga, ae o manatu LGBT le masalosalo ma faʻailogaina o "pepelo-saienitisi" ma "sese", tusa lava pe latou te lagolagoina faʻamaoniaina o manatu.

Saienisi ma faaupufai Ideology

O le mea taua e faʻamaonia i le malamalamaaga o le saienisi, o le fuafua poʻo le a le metotia faʻasaienisi. O le metotia faasaienisi e aofia ai ni tulaga se tele: (1) faʻaalia o le fesili (mea e manaʻomia le suʻesuʻeina): fuafuaina o le mea faʻatino ma le autu, sini ma sini o le suʻesuʻega; (2) galulue ma tusitusiga: o le suʻesuʻeina o mataupu i lenei mataupu lea ua uma ona suʻesuʻe e isi; (3) hypothesis development: le faʻavaeina o se taumafa e faʻatatau i le faʻagasologa o le suʻesuʻega ma le mea e mafai ona tupu pe a faʻaalia; (4) faʻataʻitaʻiga: faʻataʻitaʻi o se talitonuga; (5) suʻesuʻega o iʻuga: suʻesuʻeina o iʻuga o le faʻataʻitaʻiga ma faʻamaonia le tulaga tonu na faʻamautu ai le talitonuga; ma le mea mulimuli, (6) faʻaiuga: aumaia i isi faʻaiuga o le suʻesuʻega ma auiliiliga.

O lenei faʻavae o suʻesuʻega na avea ma faʻavae o suʻesuʻega faʻasaienisi mo seneturi, ma o lona faʻauigaina, faʻapogai metotia na faʻatagaina ai le tagata e maua se taunuʻuga maoaʻe.

Peitai, e pei ona matauina e le Polofesa Henry Bauer i le 1992, o le faasaienisi ma, aemaise lava, o le lauiloa faasaienisi nuu ua faateteleina le liliu i tua i luga o le faasaienisi auala ina ia tausisi i le liberal manatu o le pau lea o le auala filifilia e "faasaienisi" faauigaina le lalolagi o loo siomia ai (Bauer, 1992) O lea, o le auala faasaienisi autu na faaitiitia i mea nei: (1) faamatalaga o le faafitauli ma, i le mea e mafai ai, aloese mai "faasaina" autu, mo se faataitaiga. ituaiga ma itupa pei o faʻamatalaga faʻapitoa biologically, "feusuaiga faʻatatauga" o se sosaiete fausia; (2) le sailiga o mea ua maeʻa suʻesuʻe e isi, ma le filifilia o iʻuga e le feteʻenaʻi ma le manatu o loʻo iai; (3) hypothesis development: o le talitonuga o se faʻamatalaga o se faʻafitauli e le feteenaʻi ma le manatu faʻaolaina; (4) faʻataʻitaʻiga: suʻega o manatu; (5) auiliiliga o iʻuga: le amanaʻiaina ma le faʻaititia o le taua o faʻaiʻuga e leʻi fuafuaina "aʻo faʻateleina ma toe iloilo le iʻuga" faʻamoemoeina "; ma le mea mulimuli; (6) faʻaiuga: o le faʻalauiloaina o iʻuga na maua ma le manumalo le "lagolago" i manatu faʻavaomalo. Polofesa Bauer e le naʻo ia e popole i lenei suiga taua i le saienisi.

Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o tali tutusa e uiga i le tulaga o loʻo iai nei saienisi na faia e le polofesa Ruth Hubbard (Hubbard ma Wald 1993), Polofesa Lynn Wordel (Wardle 1997, 852), Dr. Stephen Goldberg (Goldberg 2002Dr. Alan Sokal ma Dr. Gene Brichmont (Sokal ma Brichmont 1998), Amerika lautele faʻasalalau Kirsten Powers (Malosiaga 2015), ma Dr. Austin Ruse (Tulai 2017).

O Polofesa Nicholas Rosenkrantz o Georgetown Law School ma Polofesa Jonathan Haidt o le Iunivesite o Niu Ioka na faavaeina Heterodox Academy, o se galuega i luga o le initaneti e taulai atu i le faafitauli o le homogeneity ideological ma le tetee atu i manatu eseese i totonu o aoga maualuga a Amerika (Iunivesite Heterodox).

O Dr. Bret Weinstein na ia tuua le Kolisi o Evergreen State ina ua musu e auai i le aso o le Aso Faʻasalaga - pe a faʻatagaina sui o soʻo se tagatanuu ma se isi ituaiga nai lo tagata Caucasia i le iunivesite -Weinstein xnumx) Mulimuli ane, faatasi ai ma lona uso, o Dr Eric Weinstein ma isi saienitisi, na ia faatuina se nuu, na taua o le "Weblectual Dark Web" (Bari xnumx). Na faamatalaina e le tusitala o Bari Weiss lenei nuu e faapea: “Muamua, ua sauni nei tagata e puipuia ma le malosi o latou manatu, ae i le taimi lava e tasi e finau i le va o tagata, toetoe lava o mataupu talafeagai uma: lotu, faapau pepe, femalagaaʻi, le natura o le mafaufau. Lona lua, i se vaitau e masani ona teena ai e le lauiloa manatu e uiga i le lalolagi ma mea o loʻo siomia ai i tatou mea moni, e naunau tagata uma e tetee atu i le au faʻasalalau o manatu faʻapolokiki talafeagai. Ma lona tolu, o nisi ua latou totogiina le tau o le fia faailoa atu o isi manatu e ala i le faateʻaina mai aʻoaʻoga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga ua faʻateleina le ita i mafaufauga le masani ai - ma le sailia o se au maimoa i se isi mea "(Bari xnumx).

Mo i latou e leʻi fiafia muamua i lenei faʻafitauli, o le puleaina o talitonuga faʻa-dogmatism i le saienisi foliga mai e matua le aoga. Na faʻa-mafai ona latou talitonu na o le mea moni lava, o mea moni ua mautinoa e naʻo le pau lea o le meamoni, ma o isi mea uma e faʻavae i luga o talitonuga, manatu, talitonuga ma talitonuga faʻapolokiki. E ui lava i lea, ae o loʻo maitauina pea le tele o faʻafitauli ona o loʻo maitauina ia talitonuga maumaututu.Bauer, 2012, i. 12), o nisi o loʻo i ai se faʻasalalauga tele. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le tosinaina o tuʻuaʻiga o se "fesuiaʻiga o feusuaʻiga o tagata," pe o se le-faʻasolosolo (le aoga) eseʻesega o amioga faʻafeusuaiga faʻatasi ai ma le faʻatosina mai i tamaiti, manu, poʻo mea e leai se ola? I totonu o nei mataupu, e pei foi o nisi, o faʻasaienisi metotia ua avea ma afaina ai manatu faaupufai (Wright ma Cummings 2005, i. XIV).

Mafaufau i mea nei: i aso nei, i aoga faʻaleaʻoaʻoga, tagata suʻesuʻe oe fai mai o latou na i ai na taua O talitonuga o le "alualu i luma" e sili mamao atu i latou i lo latou talitonuga e faʻapea o loo talitonuAperamo 2016) O se faʻaosofia lisi o tupulaga-toe iloilo faʻasalalauga faʻailoa ai le mataupu tutusa e mafai ona maua i le faʻamaumauga o le Heterodox Academy faʻalapotopotoga o loʻo taʻua i luga (Heterodox Academy nd Peer-Iloiloina Suʻesuʻega) Ma LGBT faʻalauiloaina manatu o se tasi lea o itu taua o faʻafitauli fou o le "alualu i luma".

I se talanoaga tumaoti, o se tasi o aʻu uo, o se fomaʻi o fomaʻi o mafaufau ma Ph.D. i se tasi o tele o taulaga i Rusia (fesili mai ia te aʻu e aua le faailoaina lona igoa ona o loo fefe o ia i le taunuuga o le i ai o se isi manatu) tauemu fai mai ia te au e uiga i le faigofie mataupu faavae o "aso nei" lauiloa faasaienisi, ina ia faamasino e ala i mataupu e fesoʻotaʻi ma tauatane: o mea uma e faʻaalia ai soʻo se mea moni mo tagata tauatane ua faʻaalia e se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le saienisi faʻapitoa ma se metotia faʻasaienisi o faʻataʻitaʻiga. I le isi itu, o mea uma e faʻaalia ai se masalosalo e faatatau i le tauatane ua taʻua o le "pseudoscience mai le itu taumatau." (Talanoaga a le tagata lava ia, Oketopa 14, 2018). I se isi faaupuga, i le “modern science” o le masalosalo i le “masani” o uiga faaulugalii o alii e tutusa ma le masalosalo i le “alualu i luma” o postmodernism ma lauiloa aganuu. Ina ia faatuina lenei tulaga, na o le faigofie faigofie matauga o aso nei lauiloa faasaienisi lauga ua lava. Faigamalo o atunuu mauoa ma le tamaoaiga mau faʻalapotopotoga faavae ni talitonuga faʻatagaina e faatatau i le tauatane, e peiseai o se mea e le mafaafitia faʻamaonia ma manino, e pei o na o fafine e mafai ona fanauina tagata (e ui lava ou te fefe o le mea moni o lo o tupu i le fanua o "transgenderism" aso nei , o lenei faataʻitaʻiga o le a matua faitioina).

Suia o le faasaienisi ma le polokiki saʻo

O nisi e finau e tatau ona matua nofouta i se poto faʻaupufai polokiki ma faʻasalalau lautele i se tele o mataupu ona o le oona talatuu o le faʻasolopito tagata. Ae o mea faasaienisi mea moni e leai se mea e fai ma polokiki. E iai faʻaaliga manino mea faʻale-va i tagata i le va o tagata (phenotypes) (2005), e iai faʻaaliga vaʻaia eseesega i le va o tagata feusuaʻi (Evans ma DeFranco 2014) ma isi mea. O le mea moni, o mea moni na o se vaega na faʻaaogaina o "finauga" mo solitulafono le mafaamatalaina i le talafaasolopito o tagata, ma o tagata ma sosaiete e tatau ona manatua pea lenei mea. E leai se finauga mo le le tutusa.

Ae ui i lea, o itulau faanoanoa o loʻo taʻua i luga o le talafaasolopito e le faʻafitia ai le i ai o le physiological phenotypes ma le eseesega o feusuaiga i tagata, aua e tutupu i le natura ma e faʻamoemoeina faʻaola. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, e le mafai e se tamaloa ona fanau ona o uiga faʻapitoa o lona tino (le leai o se matua, muamua lava, e pei ona taʻua e le USA Today). E mafai ona tatou aloese mai le talanoa e uiga i ai, susulu i luga o nei mea faanatura manino, pe suia le uiga o le upu "fafine" - e leai se mea e faaopoopo i le le maluelue moni o le faasaienisi. O mea moni faʻasaienisi e iai e tusa lava poʻo a latou faʻauigaina e le au failotu o aʻoaʻoga faʻapolokiki, tusa lava pe o loʻo lisiina i soʻo se taʻutinoga poʻo le faʻavasegaina o faʻamaʻi, ma e tusa lava po o le a le saʻo faʻapolokiki.

I loʻu manatu, o le faʻatuina o se tutusa faʻailoga i le va "faʻaupufai polokiki" ma le saienisi o se tasi o faʻafitauli tele o o tatou taimi, ma o lenei mea moni taofia ai mea fou ma fou. O nisi tagata sailiili e tutusa o latou manatu (Hunter 2005) E tusa ai ma le HarperCollins lolomifefiloi i le Peretania Igilisi, "faaupufai faapolokiki" o lona uiga "faʻaalia lelei alualu i luma, aemaise lava i le mumusu e faʻaaoga se mea e vaʻaia e le lelei, faʻailoga tagata pe taʻuleagaina, aemaise e faatatau i le ituaiga ma le itupa" (Collins Igilisi Taiala. nd) E tusa ai ma le lolomifefiloi Webster "Random House" o le American English, o le "faʻavae faaupufai" "... o loʻo faʻailoaina, o se tulafono, i se tautinoga i le agavaʻa o orthodoxy i mataupu o le ituaiga ma le itupa, feusuaiga faʻapitoa poʻo le ekologi" (Kamupani / Thesaurus nd).

Atunuu lautele faasalalauga Belyakov ma so-tusitala faamatala le "sao faaupufai" e aunoa ma lagona le talafeagai:

"... Faʻasalaga faaupufai o se tasi lea o oloa o se sosaiete faʻasalalau e faʻaalia e le tele o aganuu, auala faʻapitoa o le anarchism, fevaevaeaiga faʻaagafesootai ma le oʻo mai i luma o faʻamatalaga vaapiapi. O le faatemokalasi i totonu o se sosaiete e foliga mai o se faiga masani, e le o le malosiaga o le toatele, ae o le puipuiga o aia tatau a soo se toalaiti, i lalo ifo o le tagata. O le mea moni, e oʻo lava i le tulaga telekalamokalasi e le mafai ona puipuia uma aia tatau na talaʻiina ma ia mautinoa le ausia o faanaunauga o tagata taitoatasi o le sosaiete. O se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le fofo i lenei faafitauli, o le faʻalauteleina lea o le faʻaaogaina o gagana i le saʻoga faaupufai, lea e fautua mai ai le aloese mai le faʻaogaina o na upu ma fuaitau e uiga i le ituaiga ma le kenera, tausaga, soifua maloloina, tulaga o agafesootai, ma le foliga mai o sui o nisi vaega faʻale-aganuʻu. O le mea lea, o le "saʻo faaupufai" e valaʻau ai se tagata lanu uliuli "African American", o se "Initia Amerika", o se tagata e le atoatoa le malosi "manumalo i faigata ona o lona tulaga faaletino (faaletino), ma se tamaloa gaʻo" o le tagata o loo tala i lapisi otaota - "o le aoina o mea na teena" (teena collectors), ma isi. E puipuia ai le faʻasalalauga o '' tamaʻitaʻi 'eseʻese, "poʻo" tagata e leai ni aganuʻu aʻoaʻoga faʻapitoa "(faʻapitoa foi faʻamaonia faaupufai), muamua faaaogaina agaetsya ia i latou, mo se faataitaiga, o le faaupuga "Gay" ma le "faatauatane." O le "feusuaiga" o morphemes, na tuuaia e faapea o le auiliiliga o le maualuga o alii i luga o tamaitai, na maua foi le le fiafia. O upu etymologically related to the root "man" (taʻitaʻifono), faipule (taitai), tagata fai afi (tagata fai afi), tagata ua maeʻa (postman) ua fuafuaina e tuu ese mai le faʻaaogaina e lagolago ai le taitaifono, supavaisa, tagata afi, meli meli, . Mo le mafuaaga lava e tasi, o le upu tamaitai e tatau ona tusia i le taimi nei e pei o le "fafine" (po o le gagana Amerika), ma nai lo le igoa o ia, lona, ​​e masani ona ia faaaogaina o ia, o ia (o ia). Ina ia aloese mai le faʻaalia o le faʻataunuʻuina o le faʻasalaga i manu ma laau totino, o upu meaola (manu feʻai) ma fale o laau (o totonu o laʻau) e fai ma sui o se tagata e pei o le tagata e ona le mea e faʻatulagaina e sui e soa a manu (soa manu) ma soa faʻapitoa (soa plant) ... "Belyakov ma Matveychev 2009).

O lea la, “faaupufai faapolokiki”, pe a fai tatou te kilia le faaupuga lea mai i le “faaupufai faaupufai” pepa afifi, e leai se mea e sili atu nai lo se ituaiga o pasi.

O ni talitonuga faʻaleaganuʻu o le itu tauagavale-faʻalauiloa manatu ua avea ma faʻailoga lautele mai le tasi e leai se aia tatau e solomuli, pe o latou saienitisi, faiaoga poʻo tamaiti aʻoga. Soʻo se saienitisi e manaʻo ia mauaina le faʻailoga ma le faʻatupega e tatau ona faʻaogaina le gagana "faapolokiki saʻo." O le mea lea, “faaupufai faapolokiki” o nisi taimi e matua talafeagai lelei “liberal fasia”, faamamafaina le pepelo o latou lava folafola liberalists avea ma pule pule fasia (Faʻavae 2017).

E iloa gofie lava le matuia o le “polokiki saʻo” e faʻaleagaina ai le saienisi, ona e faʻaleagaina uma tulafono ma faʻavae faʻasaienisi. O nei tulafono masani e mafai ona faʻalauaʻitele e pei o universalisme, tatala, le fiafia, le masalosalo, o le ua avea mo le amanaiaina i le saienisi o se mataupu o le mea moni, faapea foi faigofie faamaoni ma le leai o le pepelo. Peitaʻi, o aso nei o le mea sa muaʻi aveʻesea, ua le o toe vaʻaia faʻapena. Ile iʻuga, faʻapea e finau mai se mea e mautinoa ma faʻamaonia faʻamaonia i le taimi pe a iai se faʻamaoniga mautinoa i le mea ese (lea ua iloa e le au agavaa ma le le faaituau saienitisi) na o le le faʻamaoni ma le faʻamaoni.

I lenei taimi, tusitala Tusitala Tom Nichols:

"... Ou te fefe ua tatou aluese mai le le mautonu faalemafaufau e uiga i faamatalaga a le au atamamai faapitoa i le aveesea o manatu popoto e pei o: agai atu i Google, e faavae i luga o Wikipedia ma taofia e blogs e tagata tomai faapitoa ma alii, faiaoga ma tamaiti aoga e iloa ma e fiafia ... "(Nichols xnumx).

Wikipedia ma Youtube o se punavai o le "iloa"

Wikipedia o se tasi o sili ona asia Initaneti 'upega tafaʻilagi, o loʻo faʻaalia ai o ia lava o se "encyclopedia" ma ua taliaina e le toatele e le o ni faʻapitoa faʻapea foi tamaiti aʻoga o se le fesiligia fesili o le mea moni. O le upega tafailagi na tatalaina i le 2001 e se Alabama fai pisinisi e igoa ia Jimmy Wales. Ae le i faʻavaeina Wikipedia, na faia e Jimmy Wales le poloketi Initaneti Bomis, lea na tufatufaina ponokalafi totogi, o se mea moni na ia taumafai ma le filiga e aveʻese mai lana talaʻaga (Hansen xnumx; Schilling xnumx).

E toʻatele tagata latou te manatu o Wikipedia e faʻatuatuaina, aua "soʻo se tagata faʻaaogaina e mafai ona faʻaopopo se tusitusiga pe faʻapalopea se tusitusiga o iai." O lenei o le afa-mea moni - o le mea moni, soʻo se faʻamatalaga e le talafeagai ma le lautele ma le itu tauagavale dogma manatu faʻaalia ona o le iai o auala lavelave mo le faʻamaonia o le tusitusiga o loʻo i ai se faʻavae o le mea ua taʻua tagata faufautua - faatonu o loʻo fai ma sui o nisi fesuiaʻiga gaioiga, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o se tagata faufautua mai le "LGBT +" - o se gaioiga e mafai ona faʻatonutonu pe teena mea (Jackson 2009) O le mea lea, e ui lava i lona tulaga faʻavae faiga faʻapitoa e uiga i le le soʻona faʻaopoopo, o Wikipedia e malosi tele lona faʻaituau ma e soalaupule le faʻailoga tagata.

I se tusitusiga i le FrontPageMagazine mekasini, David Swingle sa auiliiliina ma faʻaalia o le poloketi Wikipedia o loʻo faʻaalia ai le manatu o ona faiaʻoga e sili ona finafinau ma masani, o nisi o latou (aemaise lava i itu o fegalegaleaiga faaagafesootai) o ni tagata na taumafai e faʻaosofia manatu lautele (Suʻe xnumx) Mo se faataitaiga, Swingle ua fuafuaina:

"... Faatusatusa [Wikipedia articles] e uiga ia Ann Coulter²) ma e uiga ia Michael Moore (Michael Moore³) O le tusiga e uiga ia Coulter e aofia ai upu 9028 (i luga o le 9 o Aokuso 2011 o le tausaga). O lenei aofaiga, o upu 3220 o loʻo i totonu o le vaega "Faʻasalaga ma Faʻasalaga", lea na faʻamatalaina ai le tele o mea na tutupu ma Coulter ma sii mai upusii a le au faitio na faitioina o ia, aemaise lava i le au palota ma le saolotoga. O lona uiga, 35,6% o le tusiga na faʻamaoni ia Ann Coulter sa tuuto i le tuʻuina atu i se malamalama leaga, fefinauai ma tumu i faitioga.

I le isi itu, o se tusiga e uiga i Moore faitauina upu 2876 (lea e tusa ma le e tutusa ma le voluma averesi o mataupu e uiga i tagata polokiki e "Wikipedia"), lea e faatatau i upu 130 "feteenaiga." O lenei 4,5% o le tusi atoa a Moore.

O le uiga o lenei mea e talitonu le tagata "le faʻaituau" le talitonu o Coulter e valu taimi sili atu ona finau nai lo Moore? ""Suʻe xnumx).

I lana tusitusiga, tusitala Tusitala Joseph Farah tusia e Wikipedia:

"... e le na o le faʻasalalau o le le saʻo ma le faʻaituau. O se faʻatau oloa faʻatau oloa o pepelo ma tala taufaaleaga, e pei o le lalolagi e leʻi iloa ... "(Farah 2008).

I se faʻaopopoga, Wikipedia o loʻo faʻaalia tele i totogi faʻalauaʻitele fegalegaleaiga ma tagata taʻutaʻua tomai faʻapitoa oe aveese soʻo se mea le lelei mea e uiga ia latou tagata faʻatau ma faʻalauiloa mataupu faʻaituau (Grace 2007; Gohring 2007) E ui e le faʻatagaina na faʻatonutonuina totogi, ae e le usitaʻia e Wikipedia ana tulafono, ae maise mo tagata foaʻi tetele.

O le tusitala muamua a Wikipedia, Larry Sanger, o le na tuʻua le galuega, na ia faʻaalia e le mulimuli ai Wikipedia i lana lava faʻalauiloaina faiga faʻapitoa (Arrington 2016).

Na tusia e le tagata suesue o Brian Martin i lana galuega:

“...E ui lava i le fa'atumauina o le ta'iala fa'aoga, e mafai ona tupu fa'aituau fa'aituau i Wikipedia, lea e fa'atumauina pea. O metotia mo le fa'aituau o le fa'asa'oina o se fa'amatalaga Wikipedia e aofia ai le tapeina o fa'amatalaga lelei, fa'aopoopoina o fa'amatalaga le lelei, fa'aoga fa'aituau filifiliga o puna'oa, ma le fa'atele o le taua o mataupu fa'apitoa. Ina ia faʻatumauina le faʻaituau i totonu o se faʻamatalaga, e tusa lava pe faʻaalia e nisi o tagata faʻaoga, o auala autu e aofia ai le le faʻasaʻoina o le ulufale, filifili faʻamalosia tulafono Wikipedia, ma le polokaina o faatonu ..." (Matini 2017).

O tusitusiga uma Wikipedia i luga o le LGBT + e tatau ona faʻamaonia e le tagata ua taua tagata faufautua, ma soʻo se mea moni faʻalavelave ia i latou ua aveʻese mai mea. O le pulega faatalatalanoaga a le sui o le LGBT + e manaʻomia mo tusitusiga uma a le LGBT +, ma o le tagata faufautua e filifili poʻo le a le mea o le a lomia faʻapea ma le a le mea e leai. правило Wikipedia.

O le mea lea, o tusitusiga uma a Wikipedia e faʻatatau i le LGBT + e faʻaituʻau, oe lava ia, ma e naʻo se tuʻufaʻatasiga o faʻatonutonu faʻatonutonu faʻamatalaga mai masani masalosalo pe masani ona le faʻasaienisi, tusi ata. E le mafai e le gata i le faʻaopopoina o se tusitusiga fou, poʻo le faia o faʻaopoopoga i se tusitusiga o loʻo i ai, ae tusa lava pe suia se upu e tasi pe a feteʻenaʻi ma le tautalagia dogma "a le lelei pe leai"

E tusa ma le 300 faʻataʻitaʻiga o le fesoʻotaʻiga a Wikipedia, e aofia ai ma le mataupu o le LGBT +, ua faʻamauina i luga o le Conservapedia website (Conservapedia 2018).

Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, i Wikipedia, mo se taimi umi lava, o se tusitusiga i le itupa tutusa amioga i totonu o manu (lea e ese le le faʻaituau, vaʻai Mataupu 2) o loʻo iai se fuaitau e le talafeagai e uiga i "1500 ituaiga o manu feusuaʻi", na folasia mai e Wikipedia o se faʻamaonia faasaienisi - e ui lava i le mea moni e leai ni mea taua o taua ia fuainumera. O le mea moni, o lenei faʻasalalauga faʻalauiloa faalauiloa faalauiloa e se tagata faigaluega o le Norwegian Museum of Natural History igoa Petter Böckmann i le taimi o le faʻavaeina o le faʻaaliga i 2006, lea Böckmann ma aumai ia i se Wikipedia tusiga i le 2007. Na o le 11 tausaga mulimuli ane, sa aveese le faamatalaga: i le taimi o le talanoaga, na le mafai ai e Böckman ona avatua se mea ma taʻu le sese o le faamatalaga: 

I le iuga, pei ona taʻua e pulega faʻapitoa Wikipedia:

“… Wikipedia o se 'upega tafaʻilagi tumaoti e anaina e le tumaʻoti Wikimedia Foundation ma faʻagaioia faʻapitoa e le Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees. Ua avanoa le Wikipedia ma le Wikimedia Foundation e faʻatutu a latou lava tulafono e faʻatatau i ai e mafai ona tusia ma faʻasaʻo tusitusiga i luga o le upega tafailagi ... I le avea ai o se 'upega tafaʻilagi tumaoti, e i ai i Wikipedia le aia tatau uma e poloka ai, faʻasa ma faʻatapulaʻaina ai le mafai e tagata faitau faitau pe faʻatonutonu mataupu o le 'upega tafaʻilagi mo soʻo se mafuaʻaga, pe e leai foi se mafuaʻaga ... E i ai i le Wikimedia Foundation aia tatau uma e suia ai ana tulafono mo soʻo se mafuaʻaga e manatu ai e talafeagai - pe e leai foi se mafuaʻaga, ona o le "e te manaʻo e" ... "(Wikipedia: Free Speech 2018).

O le "encyclopedia" lea o le autu autu o le "malamalama" e uiga i le lalolagi atoa mo le tele o numera o tagata talavou ...

O le isi puna o faʻamatalaga mo tagata o ona po nei o le YouTube video hosting service, o loʻo umia e le kamupani tele a le Google. O le upega tafaʻilagi YouTube ua faʻalauiloa aloaia o ia o se mea maua fua e manatu e le faʻalavelaveina le faʻaaloalogia o le LGBTKIAP +, poʻo ni faʻaaliga e teena ai le taʻutoto a le LGBTKIAP +. O lenei e le o lea.

I tausaga talu ai nei, o loʻo tuuaia pea le YouTube i le taofia o manatu faʻasao (Carlsson 2018) O le tuʻinanau i luga o le YouTube na tagofia le auala "PragerU" ma isi auala e faʻaalia ai se manatu e ese mai manatu o tagata atamamai.

Na taua e le au fai lipoti FoxNews le YouTube YouTube internal memo na oʻo i le latou lafoaia ia Aperila 2017, o loʻo auiliiliina ai pe faʻafefea ona faia le tusiga ata o video. O se tasi o mafuaʻaga o le fua o le tusiga ata i luga o le YouTube e le manino i le tele o tagata ona o le kamupani e lava le atamai e le soloia uma vitio o loʻo manaʻo e tuʻuina atu. Nai lo o lea, o se "tapulaa auala" faʻalauiloaina mo le tele vitio.⁴. O ata faʻapenei e faʻamamalu i totonu o kolisi, aoga, faletusi ma isi nofoaga faitele; le mafai ona vaʻaia e tamaiti laiti ma tagata le faʻamauina tagata. Nofoaga faʻatapulaʻa mataupu e lafoina ma le faʻamaoni i le iʻuga, o lea e faigata ai ona maua. I se faʻaopopoga, latou i temoni: oi latou na tuʻuina i latou e le mafai ona maua ai ni tupe ia i latou, e tusa lava poʻo le a le tele o manatu.

Manatu, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le New York Times na le toe faʻatau atu i le faiva fou - e mafai, ae mafai, ae na o le saofaga. Ma, i se faaopoopoga, - faapitoa mo le saoloto. O lona uiga, na faʻasaina le au faʻasalalau e faʻatau le faatauina atu o ni nusipepa. E manino lava, o ia amioga o le a pau i lalo o le faʻamatalaga o le faʻasalaga.

O a tapulaʻa faʻasaina mo YouTube vitio? E pei ona faʻailoa mai i le faʻamanatuga, o le tusiga faʻapitoa e aofia ai, ou te taʻua, "finauga faʻa-lotu poʻo mea chauvinistic", faʻapea foʻi ma le "soʻona finau, faʻaosoosoina mataupu." Leai se faʻamatalaga o le a lona - o le finauga lotu, chauvinistic, lotu pe faʻatupuina mea - e le o aumaia. O le faʻaiuga e faia e YouTube, ma e faʻaupufai faʻapitoa foi e mafai ai.

Ua taʻua e FoxNews se faʻataʻitaʻiga: Ua maua e YouTube le auala o PragerU o se "faʻatupu faʻamalosi" taumafaiga e faatupu masalosalo i le moliaga o le faʻatupuina o le faʻailoga tagata i totonu o leoleo a Amerika. Afai e te le manatu o leoleo uma a Amerika o ni faʻailoga tagata, ona, lea i luga o le YouTube, ua e faʻasoa mai le "soona finau, mea e faʻatupu ai le ita." O le mea lea, o le ata video "PragerU" na faʻamalosia ma, o le mea moni, na faʻaalia o ia faʻatupuina le ita. I le taimi lava e tasi, vitio o loʻo fai mai e "natura paʻepaʻe leaga" tumau pea i luga o YouTube e aunoa ma ni tapulaa.

O le tusi o loʻo faʻamaninoina mai ai le malamalama i le mea e avea ai YouTube ma faila. O loʻo faʻamatalaina i le pepa o loʻo tuʻuina atu le kamupani i le "saolotoga o le umiaina, e aofia ai ma penefiti e mafua mai i le eseese ma le aofia ai." Faatasi ai ma i latou na faʻatuatuaina e le YouTube le faʻatonutonuina e faasaga i "mea faʻatupu faʻalavelave" o se faʻalapotopotoga na fefaʻasoaaʻi ma le malosi tele, e aofia ai manatu "LGBT +", - "Southern Poverty Law Center" (Influencewatch; Oi le 2018).

Faʻaseseina o tagata e vavae ese

Le tele, lelei faʻatupeina ma, o se mea na tupu, ni vaega faʻatosina ma faʻalapotopotoga pei o le Southern Poverty Law Center, faʻaaogaina le poto masani o le amataga 1970s o le seneturi talu ai (vaʻai Mataupu 14), fausia se tulaga lea e i ai soʻo se failauga, e oʻo lava i finauga faʻasaienisi. , lea e le ogatusa ma le faʻaupuga o le "LGBT +", e ono lamatia ai le leiloa tele - mai galuega i le soifua maloloina. E oʻo lava i le amataga o le vaitaimi o le "mainstream faasaienisi" ma le "saʻo o polokiki", tagata suʻesuʻe o loʻo lagolagoina manatu e ese ai mai le "laina tele a le pati" e ono aafia ai i le tuuaia "le faafemokalasi," sauaga ma le le mafaufau "(Marmor xnumx), “E le faʻamaoni, homofobia ma le faʻailoga tagata” (Isai 1986) O tuuaiga faapena e lagolagoina e le "mainstream aganuu" i le aufaasālalau ma faaali mai pisinisi.

Polofesa Robert Spitzer (1932–2015) o se tasi o tagata sili ona taua i le taimi o le faʻalavelaveina o le taʻitaʻiga o le American Psychiatric Association i le 1973, faia taumafaiga uma e faʻateʻaina feusuaʻiga mai le lisi o faʻaletonu mafaufau, Spitzer faia mo le "LGBT" gaioiga, masalo e sili atu nai lo isi, mauaina o le faʻaaloalo ma le pule mai le faʻalapotopotoga LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Peitai, toeititi lava 30 tausaga mulimuli ane, i se fonotaga a le American Psychiatric Association i le 2001, Spitzer lipotia i faʻaiʻuga o ana suʻesuʻega talu ai nei e faapea "66 pasene o tane ma 44 pasene o fafine ausia se tulaga lelei o le faʻagaeʻetia o le heterosexual," o lona uiga, "latou te tumau i le mausali, alofa fegalegaleaiga vavalalata i le tausaga atoa, mauaina o le lava faʻamalieina mai se faʻaaloalogia sootaga ma a latou paga, faʻamaonia ia le itiiti ifo 7 mea i luga o le 10-point fua, faia o feusuaiga ma se paga faʻafeusuaiga i cr le itiiti ifo i le masina, ma e le faʻapea foi ma seasea faʻalogologo foliga e uiga i feusuaʻiga i taimi o feusuaiga ”; mulimuli ane, o faʻaiuga na lomia i le tusi o tala Archives of Sexual Behavior (Spitzer 2001; 2003a). E matua feteenai lea ma le LGBT o talitonuga faʻataʻitaʻiga e uiga i le manatu o le le suia o le uiga o le faʻafeusuaiga. O seoli na pa faataamilo i Spitzer: “I lenei aso, na avea faafuasei le lalelei o le vaega o le gay ma Iuta” (van den Aarweg 2012). Ole tusiga a Spitzer ua faitioina ma le saua e le au saua, e pei o A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kennette Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, ma Roger Worsington (Rosik 2012).

O se mea mataina, e pei ona taʻua e Dr. Christopher Rowsick, o nisi o faitioga mai vaega o le galuega a Spitzer i 2003 sa mulimuli mai: sa faia lea suʻesuʻega i luga o faʻatalatalanoaga a le tagata lava ia mai se faʻataʻitaʻiga na aumaia mai faʻalapotopotoga faufautua ma le National Association for the Study and Treatment of Homosexuality (NARTH) (Wilde 2004) ) Lenei o le maualuga maualuga o le pepelo: o se galuega lea na faʻaalia ai iʻuga o se suʻesuʻega LGBT, faitioga mo le faʻaaogaina o lea lava metotia faʻaaogaina i LGBT galuega fautua, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga o le suʻesuʻe o Shidlo ma Schroeder sa faʻavae i luga o lipoti a le tagata lava ia (Shidlo ma Schroeder 2002) ) O le mea moni, o le mafaufau uma saienisi ma isi sosaiete sosaiete tele faalagolago i luga o le tagata lava ia fesoʻotaʻiga ma lava-lipotia o mea suʻesuʻe. I se faʻaopopoga, o se vaega tele o LGBT faʻalauiloaina faʻasalalauga e uiga i tamaiti na tausia e ulugali itupa e faʻavae i luga o ni tamaʻi faʻataʻitaʻiga na aoina e le faʻataʻitaʻiga (faʻailoga 2012).

Ile iuga, ina ua mavae le sefulu tausaga o le inoino tele ia te ia, na faamatuu atu Spitzer. I le 80 o ona tausaga, na ia tusia ai se tusi i le faatonu o Archives o feusuaiga ma amioga e fai atu ai ia te ia e aveese le tusitusiga (Spitzer 2012). Na ia faatoʻese foi i le nuu atoa mo "afaina". Na manatua e Dr. van den Aardweg se talanoaga ma le Polofesa Spitzer i le taimi, ina ua maeʻa le lolomiga o lana tusitusiga i le 2003, lea sa ia talanoa ai i le taumafai e tetee atu i tagata faitio: (Spitzer 2003b): “Na ou fesili ia te ia pe na te faaauauina lana suʻesuʻega, pe taumafai foi O ia faigaluega faʻatasi ma tagata o loʻo i ai ni faʻafitauli o loʻo suʻesuʻeina se "eseʻese" fesoasoani faʻapolofesa, o lona uiga, fesoasoani ma le lagolago ina ia mafai ona suia a latou mea e fiafia i ai tutusa tagata ile heterosexual ... O lana tali sa matua iloga. Leai, o le a ia le toe malamalama i lenei mataupu. Na toetoe lava a malepe o ia lagona ina ua mavae osofaiga matautia a fitafita gay ma a latou lagolago. O se vaitafe o le ita. E mafai ona malepe se tagata ona o se tulaga faigata. ” (Spitzer 2003b).

O le isi tagata suʻesuʻe e ana le galuega e masani ona taʻua e tagata taupulega, o Polofesa Charles Roselli o le Iunivesite o Oregon. Polofesa Roselli suʻesuʻeina o le neurobiologis faagasologa i aiga mamoe faatusa. I le amataga laasaga o lona gaioiga, Polofesa Roselli faia faʻataʻitaʻiga e suʻesuʻe ai le amio faa-socioxual o mamoe aiga. Na ia fautua mai foi, o nisi hormonal intrauterine le paleni e mafai ona faʻalavelaveina ai le faia o feusuaiga a mamoe. I ana uluaʻi lomiga i lenei mataupu, na suʻesuʻe le polofesa a Roselli na o le faaleleia o le lafu mamoe ma ona aʻafiaga i le tamaoaiga, ma na faʻailoa e Roselli le faʻaletonu o le suʻesuʻeina o amioga tau feusuaiga a tagata i faʻataʻitaʻiga i manu, ma matau: mamoe e taua lona taua i le fausiaina o mamoe. O le faʻamatalaga maua i luga o le hormonal, neural, kenera ma le siosiomaga mea e faʻatatau i le manaʻo o feusuaʻiga paaga e tatau ona faʻatagaina se sili atu filifiliga filifilia o mamoe mo le toe gaosia ma, o le iʻuga, e iai le taua tau tamaoaiga. Peitai, o lenei suʻesuʻega ua tele foi le taua mo le malamalama i le atinaʻeina ma le puleaina o feusuaiga faʻamalosiʻau ma le filifilia paʻaga mo eseese ituaiga o mamalia, e aofia ai tagata. I lenei tulaga, e taua le malamalama o le amioga tau feusuaiga a se mamoe e faʻatatau i se isi tama e le mafai ona faʻatusa tutusa ma le faʻatane o le tagata, aua o feusuaʻiga faʻatatau o le tagata e aofia ai lagona, faʻataʻitaʻiga ma poto masani, faʻapea foi ma le matauina amioga feusuai "(Roselli 2004, i. 243).

I lana 2004 iloiloga tusiga, na ioe Polofesa Roselli na te lei mauaina ni faamaoniga maumaututu mo lona talitonuga [o intrauterine hormonal le paleni], ma taʻua ai ni manatu eseese e faamatala ai amioga a le itupa e tasi i nisi o mamoe (Roselli 2004, itulau 236 - 242). I ana gaioiga, sa matua nofouta Roselli i tagata LGBT i ana faʻatulagaga ma faʻamatalaga, ma e mautinoa lava e leʻi faʻaalia i soʻo se auala ni manatu masalosalo LGBT.

Ae ui i lea, Polofesa Roselli sa sauaina ma sauaina e tagata LGBT mo le tatalaina o le autopies i lana fale suesue - e ui lava e leai se isi auala taugofie e suesue ai anatomy (Cloud 2007). Roselli faʻaalia vave "homophobic" ma "flayer." I se tusiga ua faʻaigoaina "Lima Avanoa Mamoe Gay!" i le Lonetona Aso Sa Aso Sa, na taʻua Roselli "o le ulu o se faalilolilo taupulepulega leaga faasaga i tagata tauatane" (Ersly 2013, i. 48). O le PETA, i le tulaga o lona sui, o se tagata taʻutaʻua ma taʻutaʻua i le gaioiga LGBT + Martina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), na auai i le vevesi ua tupu. Le au faʻamalosi lafo Roselli ma tagata faigaluega eseese o le Iunivesite o Oregon pe tusa ma le 20 afe tusi ma taufaamatau ma tauemuga ("e tatau ona e puʻeina!", "Faamolemole oti!", Etc.) (Ersly 2013, p. 49).

I ni nai tausaga mulimuli ane, ina ua aʻoaʻo Roselli e le tiga o le poto i le teteʻe o aitia aitia, suia i upu a le "LGBT +" - gaioiga, i se isi tusitusiga na ia tusia ai: "O le fiafia i paʻaga feusuaiga i tagata e mafai ona suʻesuʻeina i manu faʻataʻitaʻi faʻaaogaina faʻapitoa suʻega ... E ui lava i le le atoatoa , Suʻesuʻega o mea e manaʻomia e paʻaga manu e faʻataʻitaʻia ai le faʻafeusuaiga a se tagata ”(Roselli 2018, i. 3).

O Dr. Ray Milton Blanchard o le Iunivesite o Toronto ose pule i mataupu tau feusuaiga ma tautua i le American Psychiatric Association's Gender Identity Subcommittee na atiae le DSM-IV faavasegaina. O le manatu o Dr. Blanchard e faapea o le tosina atu i le faatauafafine (e aofia ai le pedophilia faatauatane) ma le transsexualism (DSM-IV le itupa e iloagofie ai le faaletonu, lea o le DSM-5 gender dysphoria) e mafua mai i tali puipuia o alii e tutusa ma le itupa o alii. le fetaui (Blanchard 1996) . E ui lava o le tautalaga faasaienisi a Dr. Blanchard e matua taofiofia ma toetoe lava LGBT-propagandistic, o loo sauaina o ia e LGBT activists ona o lona talitonuga o transsexualism o se faaletonu o le mafaufau. O se mea lea o se upu leaga i le talitonuga LGBT i aso nei, o le mea lea na matua faitioina ai Dr. Blanchard e nisi o tagata LGBT (Wyndzen 2003). E le gata i lea, i se faatalanoaga, na taʻua ai e Blanchard: "Ou te fai atu, afai e mafai ona e amata mai le sasa, le amanaʻiaina le talafaasolopito atoa o le le aofia ai o le faʻafeusuaiga mai le DSM, o feusuaiga masani e uiga i le toe gaosia" (Cameron 2013). E tusa ai ma le transsexualism, na taʻua ai e Dr. Blanchard: "O le laasaga muamua i le faʻapolokikiina o transsexualism-pe e te lagolagoina pe teteʻe i ai-o le le amanaʻiaina pe faʻafitia lona natura masani o se ituaiga o le mafaufau" (Blanchard 2017 i luga o le Twitter).

Na tusia e se tagata LGBT mai le poloketi Bilerico e uiga ia Blanchard: "Afai o Dr. Blanchard o se tagata valea e aunoa ma se tulaga poʻo se pule, e faigofie lava ona taʻuleagaina. Ae e le o le tulaga lea - i se isi itu, sa i ai o ia i le komiti a le American Psychiatric Association e nafa ma paraphilias ma faʻafitauli tau feusuaiga "(Tannehill 2014). Afai e te maua le uiga saʻo, o loʻo faitio le tagata faʻamalosi e faapea o Dr. Blanchard "o loʻo i ai le pule" a leai "o le a faigofie ona faʻaleagaina." Pau lava lena.

E leʻi i ai le pule a Blankard e Dr. Mark Regnerus o le Iunivesite a Texas ina ua ia lomia ana sailiiliga i le 2012 i le vaega o le Social Science Research, e faapea, o matua ma le tutusa male pule e aafia ai fanau (Regnerus 2012). O le faʻasalalauga na mafua ai le aʻafiaga o se pomu pa e sili mamao atu i le aʻai o saienitisi o loʻo galulue i tulaga faʻapitoa o aiga. O lenei sailiga ua feteʻenaʻi ma le itu autu, sa faʻatu i le saolotoga o loʻo faʻainisiua ai tagata Amerika faʻasaienisi talu mai le amataga o le 2000 e uiga i le leai o le faʻatosinaga o le faʻatupuina o feusuaiga a matua i fanau ma mafua ai le ita o feusuaʻiga lautele. O Regnerus na vave faʻailoaina o se "homophobia" ma na tuʻuaʻia i lona iʻuga e faasaga i le faʻatagaina o le faʻaipoipoga o le "faʻaipoipoga" (o le tala na tupu i luma o le faʻaiuga lauiloa a le Faamasinoga Sili a Amerika), e ui lava Regnerus e le i tuʻuina atu ia finauga i soo se mea i totonu o le tusitusiga. Sa taʻua foi e le aufaasālalau mataga, Regnerus, “o le elefane i le faleoloa o saina o le sociology” (Ferguson 2012).

Sociologist Gary Gates, faatonu o le Institute for Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity i le University of California, na ia taitaia se vaega o le lua selau LGBT-faauo sosiologists na sainia se tusi i le faatonu-i-sili o le Social Science Research mekasini fesili ia i latou e tofia se vaega o saienitisi ei ai le poto masani i matua LGBT. ia tusia se auiliiliga faʻaiʻuga taua i luga o le tusitusiga e Regnerus (Gates 2012).

O le tulaga ese o le tulaga lea, o Gary Gates, o le e nofo ai i se itupa tutusa, sa matua faitioina e tagata LGBT tagata fai galuega "o se faalata i manatu lelei" (Ferguson 2012) mo le lolomiga o se suesuega e na o le 3,8 pasene o tagata Amerika latou te faailoa mai o latou lava o tauatane ( Faitotoa 2011a). Lea na feteenai ma le faamatalaga o le "10%" mai le galuega a le fomaʻi entomologist Alfred Kinsey, o loʻo fai ma sui o se tasi o dogma o LGBT faasalalauga. E pei ona faʻamatala faʻatasi e Gates, "Ina ua faʻasalalau muamua laʻu suʻesuʻega, na taʻua ai aʻu e le au blogging lauiloa ma o latou au soʻo," le leai se tali, "na ou taʻua ai le faitio o laʻu galuega, ma na ou faatusatusaina aʻu i le Nazis" (Gates 2011b).

I soo se tulaga, naʻo le tausaga mulimuli ane, na taʻitaʻia e le Gates le sauaina o Regnerus ma lana LGBT-masalosalo suʻesuʻega. LGBT tagata faʻamalosi Scott Rose auina atu se tusi tatala i le peresetene o le Iunivesite o Texas, ma talosagaina ai sala faasaga ia Regnerus mo le lolomiina o se "amio taualoa" (Rose 2012). Na tali mai le iunivesete, na amata le suʻega e iloa ai pe o iai i le lolomiga a Regnerus le “corpus delicti” e amatalia ai le suʻesuʻega aloaʻia. E leʻi faʻaalia foi se suʻesuʻega i gaioiga a Regnerus i tulaga saienitisi o tulaga faʻaSetenaina, ma e leai se suʻesuʻega na amatalia. Peitai, e mamao lava le tala. Regnerus sa faʻatupu vevesi e le blogosphere, le aufaasālalau, ma faʻasalalauga aloaia, e le gata i ituaiga faitioga o lana galuega faasaienisi (auiliiliga metotia ma le faʻagaioiga o fuainumera faʻamaumauga), ae o loʻo i ai foʻi ma le tulaga o sauaga a tagata lava ia ma faʻamataʻu i le soifua maloloina ma e oʻo lava i ola (Wood 2013).

Christian Smith, o se polofesa o sosiologi ma faatonu o le Nofoaga mo le Suesueina o Mataupu Faalelotu ma Sosaiete i le Iunivesite o Notre Dame, na fai mai e uiga i lenei mea na tupu: "O i latou e osofaia Regnerus e le mafai ona taʻutino atu lo latou moni faaupufai faaupufai, o lea la latou fuafuaga o le faaleagaina o ia mo faʻatinoina o le "leaga saienisi". E pepelo lenei. O lana [Regnerus] tusiga e le atoatoa - ma le leai se tala e sili ona atoatoa. Ae mai le itu faʻasaienisi, o lenei mea e leai se mea e sili atu lona leaga nai lo mea o loʻo faʻasalalauina i le sosaiete tusi talaaga. E leai se masalosalo, pe a faʻapea sa lolomiina e Regnerus faʻaiuga i le faʻaaogaina o lea lava metotia, e leai se isi e faitio e uiga i ana metotia. I se faʻaopopoga, e leai se tasi o ana faitioga na faʻaalia manatu faʻaletonu e uiga i suʻesuʻega muamua i le mataupu lava e tasi, o mea sese na avea ma mea matuia nai lo tapulaʻa o loʻo talanoaina auiliili i le tusitusiga a Regnerus E manino lava, vaivai suʻesuʻega e oʻo mai i le "saʻo" faʻaiuga e sili ona taliaina nai lo faʻamalosia suesuega e maua ai "faʻamaliega" taunuuga "(Smith 2012).

Dr. Lawrence Meyer ma Dr. Paul McHugh, na lolomiina se tele iloiloga o saienisi suʻesuʻega i le tusi o talaaga "Faʻafeusuaiga ma Itupa: O mea na maua mai le Biological, Psychological, ma le Social Science" i le tusi talaaga "New Atlantis", na oʻo mai i le ogaoga ogaoga mai le "LGBT +" gaioiga (Hodges 2016). I le latou galuega, tusitala na matua maaleale ma faʻaeteete faʻaalia le le faʻavaeina o le taʻutaʻuga o le gaioiga faʻafeusuaiga e fesoʻotaʻi ma le mafuaʻaga o le tauatane, faʻaiʻuina e faapea "o le suʻesuʻega o iʻuga o mea moni, faʻalemafaufau ma agafesoʻotaʻi suʻesuʻega ... ma McHugh 2016, i.7).

Dr. Quentin van Mieter, o se paaga a Mayer ma McHugh i le Johns Hopkins University, fai mai muamua, Mayer ma McHugh na fuafua e lolomi la latou tala i nisi o tusitala sili na taua-faʻamaonia tusi talaaga faasaienisi faapitoa, ae na faatonu e faatonu le latou teena pea lava pea, taʻua i le mea moni o la latou galuega "E le faʻapolokiki polokiki" (Van Meter 2017).

O se tala a Mayer ma McHugh na osofaʻia vave le sauaina e le au LGBT + - le gaioiga. O Aia Tatau Tagata Faʻalauiloa (HRC), lea, e tusa ai ma lana '' upega tafaʻilagi, o le LGBT sili '' o loʻo avea ma sui sili ona tele ma e iai le paketi faʻaletausaga e tusa ma le $ 50 miliona, lolomiina se faʻamatalaga i luga o Mayer ma McHugh, o faʻailoa mai ai o nei tusitala “Faaseseina”, “salalau le ita”, ma isi. Tagata gaioiga na amata ona tuuina atu le mamafa i le au faatonu o le mekasini, ma latou te manaʻo e taʻufaatauvaaina le tusiga (Hanneman 2016). Na faamalosia lava faatonu o le au tusitala, e lolomi se tusi aloaʻia e tali atu ai i tuuaiga a le HRC e taʻu "Lies ma le Bullying mai le Aia Tatau a Tagata," lea na latou fai mai ai i nisi o osofaʻiga sili ona leaga. Na tusia e le faatonu o New Atlantis: “O lenei inosia inosia e taufaamataʻu o se mea leaga mo le faasaienisi, e faamoemoe e faaumatia le i ai o le fefaaaloaloai feeseeseaiga i mataupu faasaienisi finauga. Ole faʻatupuina ole auala e faʻaosofia ai le suʻesuʻega ole saʻolotoga ma matala suʻesuʻega, e tatau ona lagolagoina e faʻalapotopotoga faʻasaienisi ”(Editors of The New Atlantis 2016).

O se orgy tutusa mai LGBT activists e fesootai ma le lomiga a Dr. Lisa Littman, o se polofesa lagolago o amioga ma agafesootai faasaienisi i le Iunivesite o Brown. Na suʻesuʻeina e Dr. Littman mafuaʻaga o le siʻitia i luga o le "faʻavaveina o le itupa dysphoria" (o le igoa mo le transsexualism o talavou) i tupulaga talavou ma faʻaiʻu ai o lo latou manaʻo faʻafuaseʻi mo le toe faʻafoʻiina o alii ma tamaitai e mafai ona salalau atu e ala i tupulaga ma atonu o se faiga faʻaleagaina mo le matua. -faiga faigata (Littman 2018). Aʻo leʻi taʻua i latou lava o le "transgender," na matamata tupulaga talavou i vitio e uiga i le suia o itupa, fesoʻotaʻi ma tagata faʻafeusuaiga i luga o fesoʻotaʻiga lautele, ma faitau punaoa "transgender". E le gata i lea, o le toʻatele na faauo i se tasi pe sili atu foʻi feusuaʻiga. O le tasi vaetolu o i latou na tali mai na lipotia mai e faapea afai e le itiiti ifo ma le toatasi a latou talavou transgender i la latou liʻo faʻaagafesootai, e sili atu ma le afa o talavou i lenei vaega na amata foi ona iloa o "transgender." O se vaega e 50% o ona sui e avea ma "transgender" e 70 taimi e maualuga atu ai nai lo le faʻamoemoeina o le faʻateleina o lenei faʻalavelave i tupulaga talavou. E le gata i lea, na maua ai aʻo leʻi amataina le dysphoria o le itupa, 62% o tagata tali mai na i ai se tasi pe sili atu suʻesuʻega o le soifua maloloina o le mafaufau poʻo le neurodevelopmental disorder. Ma i le 48% o mataupu, na oʻo i ai le au tali i se faʻalavelave faʻalavelave poʻo le faʻalavelave na tupu aʻo leʻi amataina le "gender dysphoria," e aofia ai le faʻamalosi, sauaga faʻafeusuaiga, poʻo le teteʻa o matua. Na fautua mai Dr. Littman o le mea e taʻua. fe'avea'i fa'aagafesootai ma fa'ama'i fa'atasi e iai sona sao taua i le fa'atupuina o le fa'aletonu o le fa'asinomaga. Muamua o le "faʻasalalauina o aʻafiaga poʻo amioga i se vaega o tagata" (Marsden 1998). O le lona lua o le "le faagasologa lea e fegalegaleai ai se tagata ma ana tupulaga i le tasi ma le isi i auala e faaosofia ai lagona ma amioga e ono mafai ona faaleagaina ai lo latou lava tuputupu ae pe afaina ai isi" (Dishion and Tipsord 2011). O faʻaiʻuga o le suʻesuʻega na faʻasalalau i luga o le upega tafaʻilagi a le Iunivesite o Brown. Ae o lenei lomiga, e pei ona faʻamoemoeina, na faʻafeiloaʻi ma tuʻuaʻiga faʻafefe o le "transphobia" ma manaʻoga mo le faʻasalaga. Na vave ona lolo atu le pulega o le iunivesite ma aveese vave le tusiga suʻesuʻe mai lana upega tafaʻilagi. E tusa ai ma le pule, o le aufaipisinisi a le iunivesite "na faʻaalia le popolega e mafai ona faʻaaogaina suʻesuʻega a le suʻesuʻega e faʻaleagaina ai taumafaiga e lagolago ai talavou transgender ma le amanaʻiaina o manatu o sui o le transgender community" (Kearns 2018).

Na taʻua e le polofesa o Jeffrey S. Flier, o lē sa avea muamua ma pule o le Harvard Medical School, i le mataupu: “I oʻu tausaga uma i le aʻoga, ou te leʻi vaai lava i se tali faapena mai se tusi talaaga i ni nai aso talu ona lomia se mataupu ua uma ona iloiloina e le mekasini. , iloiloga a tupulaga, ma talia.” mo lomiga. E mafai e se tasi ona manatu o lenei tali o se vaega tele o se tali atu i le malosi o le mamafa ma le taufaamataʻu - manino pe faʻamaonia - o le sili ona leaga o le faʻasalalauga faʻasalalau faʻasalalau o le a paʻu i le PLOS Tasi pe afai e leai se faʻasalaga na faia "(Flier 2018).

O le polofesa Kenneth Zucker o le Iunivesite o Toronto o le sa avea ma pule o le sa o muamua (tapunia ia Tesema 2015) Gender Identity Clinic mo tamaiti ma aiga i le Nofoaga Tutotonu mo Addiction ma Mental Health (CAMH).

Na lolomiina e le polofesa Zucker se lisi mataina o galuega i le faʻailoaina o le itupa, sa avea o ia ma sui o le vaega galue o DSM-IV ma DSM-IV-TR ma taʻitaʻia le vaega a le American Psychiatric Association's Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Working Group mo "DSM-5." E faigata tele ona taʻua le Polofesa Zucker o se tagata masalosalo LGBT, ma i lalo o lana taʻitaʻiga, sa faʻafouina e le American Psychiatric Association le faʻalauaʻitele o le faʻaiuga o le "gender ident disorder" i le "gender dysphoria", ma aveese le upu "faʻafitauli" mai le faʻaiuga e oʻo i le manumalo o tagata LGBT (Thompson 2015).

I se tasi auala poʻo se isi, i le Falemaʻi Faʻasinomaga Gender sa galue ai Polofesa Zucker ma tagata mamaʻi mai le 3 i le 18 tausaga, e feteenai ma mataupu faavae masani o "gender-positive" pediatric services i Kanata, lea e maua ai fesoasoani uma e mafai i le suiga o alii ma tamaitai. o ia tamaiti - lagolago i le faʻaalia o le itupa manaʻomia e ala i le suia o igoa, lavalava, amio ma isi auala - seʻia oʻo tamaiti i tausaga faaletulafono mo taotoga ma ave hormones. Nai lo lena, na talitonu Dr. Zucker e faapea i lenei tausaga talavou, o le faasinomaga o alii ma tamaitai e sili ona malleable ma le itupa dysphoria o le a faaitiitia i le taimi (Zucker ma Bradley 1995). O lenei faiga sa feteenai ma le LGBT talitonuga, ma o le galuega a Dr. Zucker ua leva ona i lalo o le uunaiga mai le LGBT activists. E ui lava i le aloaia o le i ai o faʻataʻitaʻiga togafitiga eseese mo le faʻafitauli o le faʻasinomaga o alii ma tamaitai (Ehrensaft 2017), na filifili le pulega o le Center for Addiction and Mental Health e faia se suʻega o gaioiga a Dr. Zucker (Thompson 2015). Na tusia e le au suʻesuʻe filifilia i la latou lipoti, "I le faagasologa o le iloiloga, e lua autu iloga na tulaʻi mai o ni atugaluga mo le au suʻesuʻe: muamua, o le Falemaʻi e foliga mai o loʻo galue o se tagata ese i totonu o le Addiction and Mental Health Center system aemaise lava ma le alalafaga lautele, ma - lona lua, o gaioiga a le Falema'i e foliga mai e le fetaui ma faiga fa'aonaponei fa'afoma'i ma fa'atinoga. O fa'amatalaga mai tagata fa'atau ma paaga e lelei ma leaga e uiga i le Falema'i. O nisi sa avea muamua ma tagata fai pisinisi sa matua fiafia lava i le auaunaga sa latou mauaina, ae o isi na manatu o le auala a tagata tomai faapitoa e le talafeagai, le fiafia ma le le fesoasoani. Ua amana'ia e le 'au fa'apolofesa le sao tau a'oa'oga a le Falema'i, ae o nisi o paaga na fa'aalia atugaluga e uiga i le fa'ata'ita'iga o le tausiga o lo'o iai nei." (CAMH 2016).

Na tusia foi e le au suʻesuʻe na latou valaʻauina ni paaga e leʻi iloa e uiga i lo latou poto masani i le falemaʻi, ma o le tasi na fai mai o Dr. Zucker "na fai atu ia te ia e aveese lona ofutino i luma o isi fomaʻi o loʻo i ai, talie ina ua ia malie, ona valaau atu lea ia te ia. ose 'tama'i pala'ai fulufulu.'(Singal 2016a). Na faate'a loa Dr. Zucker (o le tagata faigaluega tumau lona lua a le falema'i, Dr. Haley Wood, na faate'a muamua), o lea na tapunia ai le Gender Identity Clinic. Ia, o le mea moni e faapea "o nisi o paaga na faaalia le popolega" (e ui lava i le mea moni e faapea na maua e le Gender Identity Clinic le tulaga aloaia tau aʻoaʻoga) ma le tuuaiga le mautonu o togafitiga le talafeagai-lea, i le ala, na mulimuli ane faaui i tua e le na molia (Singal 2016b) - na lava e faʻaaoga ai le faʻasalaga mamafa.

Dr. Robert Oscar Lopez o le California State University, o ia lava na ola aʻe i se paga e lua o ni homosexual ma e manatu ia te ia lava o se bisexual, na lomia se tala i le 2012, "Growing Up With Two Moms: The Untold Children View", o loo faamatala ai lona matua le malie i le faʻatupuina o se paga o le lua. fafine, oe na mulimuli ane liliu o ia i le talitonu LGBT le masalosalo e uiga i le gay faaipoipo ma le vaetamaina o tamaiti. Ole mea lea na ala ai ona oso iai le sauaina male blogging (Flaherty 2015). Na faaauau pea ona tusi Lopez i lea lava talanoaga, o le iʻuga o ia sa aofia i lisi o le "tautala ita" o ia i le LGBT faʻalauiloaina faʻalapotopotoga pei o Aia Tatau a Tagata (HRC tagata faigaluega 2014) ma GLAAD (GLAAD nd).

Soʻo se mea e sili ona agamalu LGBT-masalosalo faamatalaga e vave faʻailogaina o le ita.

O lenei foi molimauina e se fafine tausiaina i le itupa tutusa ulugalii, Heather Barwick, o le na lolomiina ia maoae - i totonu o le faamatalaga ghetto o le aufaasālalau o manatu masani - o se tatala tusi i le "LGBT +" - nuu. Na taʻua e Barwick, e le pei o tamaiti na faasaoina mai le teteʻa, ma e le pei o tamaiti na vaetamaina e itupa ulugalii, o tamaiti i itupa tutusa ulugalii e faitio pe a fai latou te filifili e faitio e uiga io latou tulaga: “… E toatele naua i tatou. Toatele o matou e fefefe e tautala ma taʻu atu ia te oe o matou mafatiaga ma tiga, aua po o le a lava le mafuaʻaga, e foliga mai e te le o faʻalogo. Mea e te le manaʻo e faʻalogo. Afai matou te fai atu matou te puapuagatia ona sa matou tausia e matua tutusa itupa, o tatou a le amanaʻiaina pe faʻailogaina o le 'inoʻino ... "(Barwick 2015). I le masina mulimuli ane, na lolomiina ai foi e le isi afafine o se ulugaliʻi tamaʻitaʻi lana tusi matala, ma faitioina le aganuʻu a le LGBT + i totonu: "... O le a ou le manatu ia te aʻu lava o le le faʻapalepale ma faʻamaualuga e pei o le LGBT nuʻu, lea e manaʻomia ai le faapalepale vevela ma le naunau, e le faʻaalia le fealofani, o nisi taimi e oʻo i ona lava tagata. O le mea moni, o lenei afioʻaga osofaʻia soʻo se tasi e le malie i ai, tusa lava pe o le a le loloto o le feʻeseʻeseaʻiga ua faʻaalia ... "(Walton 2015).

O se mea sese o le saienisi mo le lelei o talitonuga

Saienitisi ma tagata uma e fesoʻotaʻi ma saienisi e tatau ona taumafai i taimi uma e aloese mai le aganuu ma faaupufai faʻaauau o se vaega oa latou galuega faasaienisi. Saienisi o se faavavau ma le le faʻaaogaina manaoga e saili mo le poto e uiga i le lalolagi o loʻo siomia ai tatou na filifili poʻo le a "saʻo", faʻavae i faʻamaoniga, ae le o "popolega faʻaalia e nisi vaega fiafia i le nuu". A leai se faʻaaliga poʻo ni mea e feteʻenaʻi ai, ona tatou faʻapea lava lea ona talanoa e uiga i teori ma talitonuga. Saienisi e tatau ona lautele, o lona uiga, faʻaaoga ia lava tapulaʻa mo le faʻamatalaina o faʻataʻitaʻiga ma suʻesuʻega. E leai se faʻasalalauga talafeagai; o galuega faʻasaienisi e iai ona tapulaʻa ma vaivaiga. Ae peitaʻi, pe a fai o se suʻesuʻega poʻo se faʻasalalauga ole taunuʻuga o le LGBT-faʻaletonu ua faʻaalia ai se faʻatapulaʻaina o metotia, ma o lenei faʻatapulaʻa e le faʻatagaina faaiuga mulimuli, ona faʻapena lea o se faʻatapulaʻa faʻapitoa metotia faʻailoaina mai i se suʻesuʻega poʻo se faʻasalalauga o lona taunuʻuga o le LGBT-faʻasalalauga e tutusa lava auala e le faatagaina e faia ni faaiuga mulimuli. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, tele metotia tapulaʻa ua faʻaalia i le lauiloa LGBT fautua galuega o Alfred Kinsey (Terman 1948; Maslow ma Sakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) ma Evelyn Hooker (Cameron ma Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Peitaʻi, o nei galuega e manatu o ni faʻataʻitaʻiga o loʻo i ai ni talitonuga faʻamaoni ma faʻamaonia na faʻaogaina i le faia o faʻaiuga taua faa-socio-politisi ma le faʻasaienisi. I le taimi lava e tasi, soʻo se faʻatapulaʻaina i LGBT-masalosalo faʻasalalau moni faʻaumatia ma faʻaliliu e avea ma "pseudoscience." A leai, o le masani faʻataʻitaʻiga lea o se speck ma le ogalaau i le mata.

Dr. Lauren Marx o le Louisiana State University lolomiina i le 2012 se toe iloiloga o tusi 59 faasaienisi (Mareko 2012) i tamaiti na tutupu aʻe i ulugaliʻi ulugalii; o nei pepa sa faʻaaogaina o se finauga mo le American Psychological Association faʻamatalaga e leai se aʻafiaga o matua matua faʻafeusuaiga i fanau (APA 2005). Na faailoa mai e Marx le tele o vaivaiga ma tapulaʻa o nei galuega. O le iloiloga a Dr. Marx e le gata na le amanaʻia e taʻitaʻi suʻesuʻe tetele, ae sa faʻailogaina foi o se "suʻesuʻega maualalo", lea sa "le talafeagai mo se tusi o loʻo faʻasalalau atu uluai suesuega" (Bartlett 2012).

I le tele o auala, e pei ona faʻaalia i luga, o tagata suʻesuʻe ua alagatatau lava ona fefefe ma aloese mai le faʻailoaina o LGBT masalosalo sailiiliga, ma e oʻo lava i le mumusu e galulue i ni "faʻasaina" faʻatonuga. O lenei mea moni faʻaseseina le saienisi? Le masalosalo. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le sa avea muamua ma Peresetene o le American Psychological Association (1979-1980), Dr. Nicholas Cummings, talitonu o le sosaiete lautele ua faiifo talu ai o loo i lalo o le pulega a le sosaiete activists. Na taʻua e Dr. Cummings, afai e faia suʻesuʻega e le American Psychological Association, e na o le "pe a latou iloa le mea o le a oʻo i ai ... naʻo suʻesuʻega ma ni faʻamanuiaga e sili ona alofagia e taliaina" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

O le isi sa avea ma peresetene o le American Psychological Association (1985-1986), o Dr. Robert Perloff, na ia taʻua e faapea: "... O le American Psychological Association e 'matua saʻo i faiga faaupufai' ... ma e matuaʻi gauaʻi foi i mea faapitoa e fiafia i ai ..." (Murray 2001).

O Clevenger i lana galuega na faʻamatalaina se faiga faʻaituau e fesoʻotaʻi ma le faʻasalalauina o tala i le autu o le tauatane (Clevenger 2002). Na ia faaalia o loo iai se faʻatulagaina faʻaituau lea e taofia le lolomiga o soʻo se tusitusiga e le talafeagai ma se polokiki faʻapitoa ma o le a le malamalama o le tauatane. Na faaiuina foi e Clevenger o le American Psychological Association, e pei foi o isi faapolofesa faapolofesa, ua amata ona faapolokiki, ma oo ai i masalosaloga e uiga i le moni o a latou faamatalaga ma le le faaituau ia latou gaioiga, e ui lava o loo sili pea ona faaaloalogia ma faaaogaina i le faamasinoga mataupu. O manatu o tagata suʻesuʻe e feteenaʻi ma aʻoaʻoga a tagata ua malelemo.

Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le suʻesuʻega 2014 ua faʻaigoaina "Pe a suia e le mafaufau mafaufau: O se faʻataʻitaʻiga i le lafoina o le lagolago mo le tutusa o tagata", lea na suʻe ai e Michael Lacourt mai Los Angeles tali tagata nonofo i se fesili i le fesoʻotaʻiga i soʻoga “Faataga” o itupa e tasi, faʻaipoipoga i luga o le faʻatulagaina o feusuaʻiga o faʻatalanoaga (LaCour ma Green 2014). Sa finau LaCourt, ina ua foliga mai o le fai faatalanoaga o ia o se tauatane, o lea sa matua tele ai le avanoa e maua ai se faamautinoaga tali. O iʻuga na toe salalau atu i ulutala o le taʻutaʻua faʻasalalau. LaCourt ua toeititi o se fetu. Peitai, e mafai ona faapea o lona le mafaufau na fasiotia ai o ia ina ua iloa e se tagata faitau fiafia le iloa o LaCourt faʻaseseina atoa le faʻamaumauga i ana suʻesuʻega (Broockman et al. 2015). Na toe manatua le lolomiga a LaCourt (McNutt 2015), ae peitaʻi, e leʻi salalau atu i le aufaasālalau tala o lea toe manatua.

Na faamatala e le tusitala o Naomi Riley le mataupu o le lolomiina o Mark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). I le 2014, le polofesa o le Iunivesite o Columbia, Mark Hatzenbühler, na ia mauaina mea nei: o tagata tauatane na nonofo i nofoaga ma le maualuga o le "faailoga tagata" na i ai se tulaga maualalo o le ola ola 12 tausaga maualalo ifo nai lo i latou o nonofo i "liberal" eria. Mo se malamalama sili atu: o le 12-tausaga eseesega e sili atu nai lo se eseesega tutusa i le va masani o ulaula ma e le ulaula. O le mea masani, o tala fou a suʻesuʻega a Hatzenbühler o loʻo salalau solo i luga o ulutala o ala tele faasalalau, aʻo tagata na lagolagoina le tuufaʻeseʻese oe teena homoseksual mauaina le finauga "faasaienisi" pei o le masani ai. Peitai, e leai se tasi o nei faʻasalalau faasalalauga faʻalauiloaina le faʻasalalauga i le tusi talaaga Social Science and Medicine lea na taʻua e le tagata suʻesuʻe i luga, polofesa i le Iunivesite o Texas Mark Regnerus, taumafai e faʻataʻitaʻia iʻuga Hatzenbühler ma maua atoa eseʻese faʻamaumauga - e leai se faʻatosinaga o le "tulaga o le faʻaituau" i luga o le ola faamoemoeina o tagata feusuaʻi. (Regnerus 2017). Regnerus faamaoni faʻaogaina sefulu ese metotia eseese o fuainumera fuainumera i se taumafaiga e faʻamaonia le faʻamatalaga na taʻua e Hatzenbühler, ae le tasi metotia faʻaalia faʻaalia faʻamaumauga taua. Na faaiʻuina e Regnerus: "O fesuiaiga i totonu o le uluaʻi suʻesuʻega Hatzenbühler (ma o le mea lea i ana sailiiliga autu) e matua nofouta i le faʻamatalaina o faʻamatalaga i taimi o fuataga e mafai ona manatu e le talafeagai" (Regnerus 2017).

I le sosaiete saienisi, o se moni "faʻafitauli o le replicability" (ie, toe fai, i isi upu tulaga lautele) o lomia faasalalau suesuega na tupu i aso nei. I le 2015, sa faia ai le suʻesuʻega tele o le Polokalama Reproducibility, taʻitaʻia e Brian Nosek o le Iunivesite o Virginia, le toe faia o faʻaiuga o le 100 na lomia suʻesuʻega o le mafaufau - e naʻo le tasi vaetolu o i latou na toe gaosia (Aarts et al. 2015).

Richard Horton, faatonu-o-sili o le tusi faasaienitisi The Lancet, na faaalia lona popole i le tusiga a le tusitala:

“... O le tele o tusitusiga faasaienitisi, masalo o le afa, atonu e le atagia ai le moni. Ua lofituina i suʻesuʻega ma tamai faataʻitaʻiga, leai se aoga o aafiaga, le lava le auiliiliga, ma le manino o feteʻenaʻiga, faatasi ai ma le uaʻi i faiga masani o le masalosalo taua, o le saienisi ua liliu atu i le pouliuli ... O le taatele o na amioga le taliaina i totonu o le faasaienisi nuu e taufaafefe ... ia faʻafiafiaina saienitisi soʻo taimi fetuʻunaʻi faʻamatalaga ia ofi ai a latou vaaiga a le lalolagi pe fetuʻunaʻi manatu i a latou faʻamatalaga ... O lo matou sailiga o le "taua" oona le faʻasaienisi tusitusiga ma tele faʻamaumauga faʻamaumauga ... Iunivesite o loʻo auai i se tauiviga faifai pea mo tupe ma taleni ... fai sina mea e suia ai le aganuu o le suʻesuʻeina, lea i nisi taimi e tuaoi ma le leaga ... "(Horton 2015).

O le eseʻesega i le va o faʻasalalauga uiga i le faʻasalalauga o Regnerus ma Hatzenbühler e manino: naʻo ni faʻaiuga e sili atu lona taliaina nai lo isi [1].

O le polofesa Walter Schumm o le Iunivesite o Kansas, i le mataupu lava lea e tasi, na ia taʻua: "… suesuega ua faaalia ai o le tele o saienitisi tusitala, pe a iloiloina tusitusiga, foliga mai e faatatau i metotia vaivai suesuega, pe a fai o suesuega toesea le manaʻoga iuga i le lagolagoina o le manatu e leai se aʻafiaga ... "(Schumm 2010, i. 378).

I le 2006, Dr. Brian Meyer o Gettysburg College matauina, e uiga i le ala o faasalalauga aafiaga o Adams et al., O le tauatane ma le inoino tautalaga tautalaga na masalomia o le "natia homosexual" (Adams et al. 1996): "... O le le lava o [replicative suesuega] e matua fenumiai lava pe afai e te mafaufau i le tikeri o le mafaufau na tupu mai i le tusitusiga [Adams et al. 1996]. Ua matou fiafia lava o le tele o faʻasalalauga (tusitusiga i mekasini, tusi, ma le anoanoaʻi o Initaneti) ua taliaina le talitonuga faʻapitoa o le psychoanalytic o se faʻamatalaga mo le homophobia, tusa lava pe leai ni faʻamaoniga taua mulimuli ane ... "(Meier et al. 2006, i. 378).

I le 1996, na tuʻuina atu ai e Dr. Alan D. Sokal, o se polofesa o le fisiki i le Iunivesite o Niu Ioka, se pepa e faʻaulutalaina "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" i le tusi talaaga aʻoaʻoga Social Text". Na filifili le faatonu o le Social Text e lolomiina lenei tusiga (Sokal 1996a). O se faʻataʻitaʻiga - o le tusiga o se pepelo atoatoa - i lenei tusiga Sokal, o loʻo talanoaina ai nisi o faʻafitauli o loʻo i ai nei i le matematika ma le fisiki, o loʻo faʻaalia atoatoa ai lo latou taua i le tulaga o aganuu, filosofia ma faiga faʻapolokiki (mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, na ia fautua mai o le kalave tele o le quantum. o se fausaga faʻaagafesootai) ina ia mafai ona tosina atu i le mafaufau o faʻamatalaga faʻaonaponei aʻoaʻoga o loʻo fesiligia le objectivity o le faasaienisi, o se parody tusitusia poto o suesuega interdisciplinary filosofia ona po nei, e aunoa ma se uiga faaletino (Sokal 1996b). E pei ona faamatalaina e Sokal: "Mo le tele o tausaga sa ou popole i le foliga mai o le paʻu i tulaga o le mafaufau faʻapitoa i nisi o vaega o aʻoaʻoga a Amerika humanities. Ae ua na o aʻu o se fomaʻi: afai e le mafai ona ou malamalama i aoga o se mea faʻapenei, atonu e atagia mai ai loʻu lava le atoatoa. O lea la, ina ia faʻataʻitaʻiina tulaga faʻapitoa o le atamai, na ou filifili ai e faia se faʻataʻitaʻiga tauagafau (pe a le pulea atoatoa): o le a faʻasalalau e se tusitala o suʻesuʻega faʻale-aganuʻu a Amerika i Matu, o loʻo aofia ai i le aufaigaluega faʻatonu ia faʻamalamalamaga e pei o Fredric Jameson ma Andrew Ross, faʻasalalau atoa faʻavalevalea pe afai o lenei faʻavalevalea. (a) lelei leo ma (e) faaviivii i manatu faaituau a le au faatonu? O le tali, o le mea e leaga ai, o le ioe.” (Sokal 1996b).

O le isi faʻamaoniga o le leaga o le saienisi faʻaonapo nei sa saunia e ni saienitisi Amerika - James Lindsey, Helen Plakrose ma Peter Bogossyan, oe na tusia atoa tusitusiga e leai se aoga ma e oʻo foi i tala faasolosolo o tala faasaienisi i le tele o tausaga o le faasaienisi sosaiete e faʻamaonia: talitonuga i lenei fanua ua leva na manumalo i uiga masani. Talu mai Aukuso 2017, saienitisi, i lalo o ni igoa taufaasese, ua lafoina 20 tala fatu na mamanuina o se masani faasaienisi suʻesuʻega i talaaga taʻutaʻua lauiloa ma tupulaga. O mataupu o galuega eseese, ae sa tuʻuina atu uma i le tele o faʻaaliga o le tauiviga e faasaga i "le saʻo agafesootai": suesuega o feminism, o se aganuu o alii, o mataupu o le faʻaituau manatu, feusuaiga faʻatosina, lelei tino, ma isi. I tala taʻitasi, o se manatu feteʻenaʻi na faʻaalia ai le faʻasalaina o le tasi poʻo le isi o le "sosaiete lautele" (mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, matafaioi a aliʻi) Mai le vaaiga faasaienisi, o tala na saʻo ma valea ma sa le mafai ona tatalia so o se faitioga.

I se tusitusiga i Areo mekasini, Lindsay, Plakrose ma Bogossian talanoa e uiga i mafuaaga o la latou gaioiga: “... Se mea i le saienisi na sese, aemaise lava i nisi o vaega o le humanities. O lenei ua maeʻa faʻamautuina suʻesuʻega faʻasaienisi, faʻapaʻiaina e le i le sailiga o le mea moni, ae i agafesootai faʻalemafaufau ma feeseeseaiga ua aliaʻe i luga o latou faavae. O nisi taimi latou te puleaina nei vaega e le faʻatagaina, ma e faʻatupulaia lava e le au saienitisi tamaiti aʻoga, pule, ma isi matagaluega, ma faʻamalosia i latou e pipii atu pea i o latou manatu. Lenei e leʻo se faʻasaienisi lalolagiviewview, ma e manatu maualalo. Mo le tele, o lenei faʻafitauli e tele ma sili atu ona malamalama, ae e leai ni faʻamaoniga mautinoa. Mo lenei mafuaʻaga, ua atoa le tausaga talu ona tatou galulue i tulaga faʻapitoa o aʻoaʻoga, vaʻai i totonu o se vaega taua o le faʻafitauli ... ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

"I lenei faiga, e tasi le filo fesoʻotaʻi faʻatasi ai uma 20 a matou tusitusiga faasaienisi, e ui lava sa matou faʻaaogaina ni metotia eseese, tuʻuina atu i luma o nei po o na manatu ma le faʻamoemoe e vaʻai pe faʻapefea ona tali atu le faatonu ma le au iloiloga. O isi taimi matou te omai ai ma ni ituaiga manatu faʻatauvaʻa pe le faʻailoga tagata ma amata loa ona faalauiloa. Aisea e le tusi ai se pepa e uiga i tagata tatau ona aʻoaʻoina pei o maile e puipuia se aganuu o sauaga? O lea na aliali mai la matou galuega “Park for Dog Walking”. Ma aisea e le tusi ai se suʻesuʻega ma le faʻamatalaga e faʻapea, pe a faʻalilolilo se tagata masturbate, mafaufau i se fafine (e aunoa ma lona faʻatagaina, ma na te le iloa lava e uiga i ai), na ia faia feusuaiga faʻasaga ia te ia? O lea na matou maua ai le Masturbation study. Ma aisea e le fai mai ai o le sili-atamamai poto faʻatautaiga e ono lamatia, talu ai ua faʻatupuina masculine, misogynistic ma imperialistic, faʻaaogaina psychoanalyse o le tusitala o Frankenstein, Mary Shelley ma Jacques Lacan? Na latou taʻutino - ma maua le galuega "Feminist Artificial Intelligence". Pe atonu e tuʻuina mai i luma le manatu o se gaʻo tino o se mea faʻalenatura, ma o lea i polofesa tino faʻamalosi tino e tatau ona faʻaofi se vaega fou mo tagata gaʻo? Faitau le "Fat Suesuega" ma o le ae malamalama i le mea na tupu.

O isi taimi sa matou suʻesuʻeina o loʻo i ai ni suʻesuʻega o le le fiafia ina ia malamalama ai poʻo fea ma mea na o sese, ona matou taumafai lea e toe faʻamalosia nei faʻafitauli. E i ai se galuega "Feminist Glaciology"? Ia, o le a tatou kopiina ma tusia se galuega i feminist astronomy, lea tatou te faailoa atu ai o le astrology of feminists ma homosexuals e tatau ona mafaufauina o se vaega taua o le saienisi o astronomy, lea e tatau ona faaigoaina misogyny. Sa fiafia tele tagata asiasi i lenei manatu. Ae faʻapefea pe a tatou faʻaaogaina le metotia suʻesuʻega metotia e faʻapipiʻi ai au fiafia faʻamatalaga faʻamatala? Aisea e le mafai ai. Na matou tusia se tala e uiga i le galulue o tagata transgender, lea na latou faia na o lena. E faʻaaoga e alii le "tane faasao" e faʻaalia ai lo latou agavaʻa faʻapea i se auala e le taliaina e le sosaiete? Leai se mea o iai. Sa matou lomia se pepa, o lona aotelega o le e pei ona faʻapea: "O se tagata suʻesuʻe e uiga i faʻafitauli tau kenera alu i se faleʻaiga ma le 'aufaitali faʻalavalava e saili ai le mafuaʻaga ua ia manaʻomia." E te le mautonu i ni lagona e talia lautele, ma o loʻo e sailia lau faʻamatalaga mo lenei? O matou lava na faʻamalamalamaina mea uma i le matou galuega "Dildo", na tuʻuina mai ai le tali i le fesili lea: "Aisea e masani ai ona le masturbate alii sasaʻo e ala i anal anal, ma o le a le mea e tupu pe a amata ona latou faia lenei?" Matou te tuuina atu se faailo: e tusa ai ma la matou tusitusiga i le faasaienisi tusi faasaienisi feusuaʻiga ma Aganuu, alii i lenei tulaga o le a le sili atu le feitagaʻi i tagata transgender ma transgender tagata, ma o le a avea i latou sili atu tamaitai.

Sa matou faʻaaogaina isi metotia. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, sa matou mafaufau pe tatau ona tusia se "tusitusiga alualu i luma" ma se faʻatonuga e faʻasa ai tagata papaʻe i kolisi mai le tautala i le aofia (pe faʻatonu le faiaʻoga e tali atu i imeli na oʻo mai ia i latou), ma, faʻaopopo i mea uma, faʻatonu latou e nonofo i luga o le fola i filifili. ina ia latou lagona le salamo ma faia ni toe teuteuga mo lo latou tausalaina faʻasolopito. Leai se taimi na fai atu nai lo le faia. Na maua e le matou talosaga se tali olaola, ma e foliga mai o le titan of feminist filosofia, le mekasini "Hypatia" na tali atu ia te ia ma le mafanafana tele. Na matou feagai ma se isi fesili faigata: "Ou te le iloa pe o le mataupu mai Hitler Mine Kampf o le a lolomiina pe a fai e toe tusia e le tamaitai." Na iloa ane o le tali i le saʻiliga, talu ai na taliaina e le tamaitai feminofai talaaga Affilia le tusitusiga mo le lolomiina. I le agai i luma i luga o le ala faasaienisi, na amata ona matou iloa e mafai ona matou faia soo se mea pe a fai e le sili atu i tua atu o le faʻavae o le taliaina lautele o amioga ma faʻaalia le malamalamaaga o lo oi ai nei tusitusiga saienitisi.

I se isi faaupuga, sa ia i matou le mafuaʻaga lelei e talitonu ai, afai matou te saʻo i tusitusiga o loʻo iai ma nono mai ai (ma e toetoe a mafai - na o matou e tatau ona taʻua i mea autu), matou te maua le avanoa e faia ai ni faʻamatalaga faʻaupufai faʻaupufai. I mataupu taʻitasi, o le fesili taua lava lea e tasi na aliaʻe mai: o le a se mea e manaʻomia e matou tusia ma o le a se mea matou te manaʻomia e taʻu atu (o matou soʻotaga uma, i le ala, e matua moni), ina ia faʻasalalau a matou mea faʻaleaʻoaʻoina e avea ma saienisi o lele maualuga. ”

O nei tala ua maeʻa faʻataʻitaʻia ma lolomiina i ni talaaga iloga faʻamaonia a pe a faʻamaonia. Ona o lo latou "faataitaiga faasaienisi natura", na maua e tusitala le 4 valaaulia e avea ma tagata iloilo i tusi faasaienisi, ma o se tasi o tala sili ona valea, "Dog Park", mitamita o le nofoaga i le lisi o le sili ona talaʻaga i le ulutala tusi o feminist geografi "Gender, Place and Culture". O le autu o lenei opus e pei ona taua i lalo:

"O loʻo iai nofoaga faʻapolopolo i nofoaga faʻatupu vevesi ma avea ai ma nofoaga o faʻasolosolo aganuu, ma o loʻo iai se tulaga sasaina o le" maile taofiofi ", lea e mafai ai ona tatou fuaina le auala a tagata i nei faʻafitauli. Lea ua aumai ai se manatu pe faʻapefea ona tuʻu ese tamaloloa mai le sauaga o feusuaiga ma le faʻailoga ita latou te masani ai ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

Ad hominem

O le tagata faʻamalosi Amerika ma le tusitala, e le nanaina ana manaʻoga faʻafeusuaiga, polofesa o tagata soifua Camilla Paglia, i lana tusi Vamps And Tramps i tua i le 1994, taʻua: "... I le sefulu tausaga talu ai, o le tulaga na le maua i le faʻatonutonuina: o se tali atu faʻasaienisi auala e le mafai pe a faʻatonuina talanoaga atamai e ala i afa. , i lenei tulaga, gay gay activists oe, ma fanatical absolutism, fai mai le na o le umiaina o le mea moni ... E tatau ona tatou nofouta i le ono faʻaletonu fenumiai o gay gaioiga ma saienisi, lea e mafua ai le tele o faʻasalalauga nai lo le mea moni. O saienitisi gay e tatau ona avea ma saienitisi muamua, ona sosoʻo ai lea ma le gay… ”(Paglia 1995, i. 91).

O le fasi fuaitau mulimuli e ofoofogia. Le suiga o le ideological ma agafesootai o manatu o tagata soifua maloloina mafaufau - e le o togafitiga faafomai ma faasaienisi mea moni - ei ai se aafiaga malosi i iuga o suʻesuʻega. Ae paga lea, o le toʻatele oi latou na suʻesuʻe ile tauatane ua manino lelei ile taulaʻi atu ile iʻuga ole taunuuga.

O tagata suʻesuʻe e le iʻuga mea latou te le talia ai le manatu o le “homosexuality o se ituaiga o orientation” e masani ona faitioina i luga o le faavae o le mataupu faavae “ad hominem Situantiae”. Lenei o se mea leaga faʻataʻitaʻiga faiga lea e finau ai se finauga, ae le o se mea moni, o le finauga, e ala i le faʻasino i tulaga, natura, mafuaʻaga poʻo isi uiga o le tagata e aumaia le finauga, poʻo le tagata e fesoʻotaʻi ma le finauga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le mea moni o le saienitisi o se tagata talitonu pe lagolagoina vaega faaupufai ma manatu faʻasao, o le tusitusiga o faʻasalalauina i se "non-mainstream" poʻo le le-paʻea-iloiloga tusi talaaga, etc. E le gata i lea, soʻo se taumafaiga e liliu le finauga lea i le 180 tikeri e vave ona malemo ai e ala i tuuaiga o upu masoa, le leai o se “faasaʻoga faapolokiki”, “homophobia” ma e oo lava i le faasalalauina o le ita.

Faamasino mo oe lava.

O Carl Maria Kertbeny, o le tusitala Austrian na ia fatuina le upu heterosexuality, monosexuality, ma le homosexuality (muamua le itupa tutusa o feusuaiga sa taʻua o le sodomy po o le pederasty), o se faʻafeusuaiga (Takács 2004, itulau 26-40). O le loia Siamani na ia fatuina le faaupuga "faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga" ma manaʻomia le faʻaogaina o faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga masani ona o latou faʻapitoa, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, o se faʻafeusuaiga (Sigusch 2000). O Edward Warren, o se tagata Amerika milionea e fiafia i aso anamua, na tuuina atu i tagata lautele se ipu ua faapea mai anamua ma ata o amioga mataga, lea e faapea na faamaonia ai le tulaga masani o le faatauatane i Eleni Anamua (le ua taʻua o le Warren Cup), o se tauatane (BrightonOurStory). 1999). O le Entomologist Dr. Alfred Kinsey—“le tamā o le suiga tau feusuaiga i le Iunaite Setete”—o se toalua (Baumgardner 2008, itulau 48) ma sa feusuai ma isi alii, e aofia ai lana tamaititi aoga ma le tusitala o Clyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. .59). O le foma'i o le mafaufau o Fritz Klein, o le tusitala o le Klein Sexual Orientation Scale, o se tagata lua (Klein ma Schwartz 2001). Na amata e Dr. Evelyn Hooker lana suʻesuʻega taʻutaʻua i le uunaʻiga a lana uō o Sam Frome ma isi tama tane (Jackson et al., 1998, itulau 251-253), ma o lana lipoti muamua lava i lea mataupu na lomia i le mekasini gay Mattachine. Toe iloilo (Hooker 1955). O le psychiatrist Paul Rosenfels, o le na lomia le Homosexuality: The Psychology of the Creative Process i le 1971, lea na suʻesuʻeina ai le faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga o se eseesega masani, ma o lona auai na faia se sao i mea na tutupu i le 1973, o le faʻafeusuaiga (Paul Rosenfels Community website nd).

Dr. John Spiegel, o lē na filifilia e le peresitene o le Asosi o Amerika le mafaufau i 1973, o se faatauatane (ma sui o le mea ua taʻua o «GayPA») (81 upu, 2002), faapea ma isi uo oe na fesoasoani i le aveeseina faaulugalii o alii mai le lisi o mea sese faalemataupu: Ronald Auro (Humm 2017), Howard Brown (Brown 1976), Charles Silverstein (Silverstein ma White 1977), John Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) ma Richard Green (Green 2018). O Dr. George Weinberg, o le na fatuina le upu taufaaleaga "homophobia" i lalo o le aafiaga o fesootaiga ma uo vavalalata, o se tagata vevela o le faiga faatauatane (Ayyar 2002).

Dr. Donald West, o le na faia le "mafaufauga" o tagata taitoatasi e le talitonu i le faatauatane e mafai ona "natia faatauafafine," o ia lava o le faatauafafine (West 2012). O Dr. Gregory Herek, o se tagata poto faapitoa i le "homophobia," o le manatu faavae i le faauigaga o "solitulafono o le ita", o ia lava o se tamaʻitaʻi taua (Bohan ma Russel 1999). O le tusitala o le suesuega faavae, lea o loo faamatalaina o se faamaoniga o se tupuaga moni faaulugalii o alii, homosexuals o: Dr. Simon LeVay ( "o le suesuega o le hypothalamus») (Allen 1997), Dr. Richard Pillard ( "o le suesuega o le masaga o ulugalii») (Misasa 1990) ma Dr. Dean Hamer ("O le suʻesuʻega o gay genes") (The New York Times 2004). Dr. Bruce Badgemeal, o le na lolomiina se tusi o loo faapea mai o le faatauafafine e lautele ma e masani ai i meaola ma "o taunuuga mo tagata e tele," o ia lava o le faatauafafine (Kluger 1999). O Dr. Joan Rafgarden, o se lagolago i le manatu o le "natura" o le faatauatane ma le feusuaiga i manu, o Jonathan Rafgarden, o le na faia togafitiga faafomai mo le gaosia o le palasi o alii i tamaitai i le 52 tausaga (Yoon 2000).

O le lipoti a le American Psychological Association e uiga i le gay reparative therapy na faaiʻuina e faapea "o taumafaiga e suia le faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga e foliga mai e le manuia ma maua ai ni faʻalavelave faʻaleagaina, e feteenai ma faʻamatalaga a le reparative therapy practitioners and advocates" (APA 2009, p. V) ; o lenei lipoti na faia e se vaega galue o tagata e toafitu, o Judith M. Glassgold, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Lee Beckstead, Clinton W. Anderson o gay, ma Robin Lyn Miller e lua (Nicolosi 2009). O le tusitala o se isi American Psychological Association lipoti e uiga i tamaiti na tausia e ulugalii tutusa itupa, o ē na tusia e faapea "e leai ni suʻesuʻega na maua ai o fanau a matua faʻafeusuaiga poʻo matua faʻafeusuaiga e faʻaleagaina pe a faʻatusatusa i fanau a matua faʻafeusuaiga" (APA 2005, para. 15), O Polofesa Charlotte J. Patterson o le Iunivesite o Virginia o le sa avea muamua ma peresitene o le Vaega 44, o le APA's lesbian, gay, and bisexual advocacy subgroup, ma o se sui faiaoga asiasi i le LGBT Health Graduate Certificate Program i Columbia College of Arts and Sciences (GW). Kolisi Columbia). O Dr. Clinton Anderson, lea na fa'afetaia e Dr. Patterson mo lana "fesoasoani taua" i le lipoti (APA 2005, itulau 22), o le fa'afeusuaiga (silasila i luga). O isi tagata e toʻafitu na faafetaia e Dr. Patterson mo a latou "faamatalaga fesoasoani" e aofia ai Dr. Natalie S. Eldridge, o le gay (Eldridge et al., 1993, itulau 13), ma Dr. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, o le tagata fa'afeusuaiga (Dayton Daily News 2009) ), Dr. April Martin o se fa'afafine (Weinstein 2001) ma "o se paionia i le fautuaina o le fa'afeusuaiga fa'afeusuaiga ma isi fa'atulagaga aiga" (Manhatann Alternative. n.d.). Ma i se lomiga muamua o le lipoti (APA 1995), na faafetaia foi e Dr. Patterson ia Dr. Bianca Cody Murphy, o se tamaitai foi (Plowman 2004).

Igor Semenovich Kon, o se tusitala talafaasolopito ma le faifilosofia na lolomiina le tele o galuega o loo faamatalaina lelei le faatauafafine mo le sosaiete Rusia, ua lagolagoina pea le lauga o le feusuaiga faatauafafine i Rusia, o se tagata na maua tupe faameaalofa mai Amerika ma isi LGBT + faalapotopotoga, ua maliu toatasi, leai e leʻi faaipoipo (Kuznetsov ma Ponkin 2007). O Celia Kitzinger ma Susana (Sue) Wilkinson, o le au pule a le British Psychological Society ma le American Psychological Association, o tusitala o le tele o tusi ma lomiga e faitioina ai le malamalama faaleaganuu i matafaioi a alii ma tamaitai, ua faaipoipo le tasi i le isi (Davies 2014). O le psychiatrist Martha Kirkpatrick, o le tusitala o le 1981 suesuega i luga o le "leai se aoga" i matua i le faiga tutusa o feusuaiga, o se tamaitai (Rosario 2002). Gynnecologist Catherine O'Hanlan, o le tusitala o tala i homophobia, ua faaipoipo i se fafine (The New York Times 2003). Dr. Jesse Bering, popularizer o soo se ituaiga o mea ua taʻua. "Isi feusuaiga", o le faʻafeusuaiga (Bering 2013).

O le a ou taofi iinei le auiliiliga o uiga o tagata faʻasaienisi LGBT faʻasalalau, aua e le o le faʻamoemoega lea o lenei tusiga. O le tagata lava ia, ou te talitonu o le Ad Hominem auiliiliga o meafaitino o se mataupu sese ma sese mo le faasaienisi ma e tatau ona aloese mai tau uma. togi.

Lē gata i lea, e tatau ona iloa o loo i ai saienitisi homosexuals e maua le lototele e taunuuga talitonu nei LGBT: mo se faataitaiga, Dr. Emily drabant Conley, kamupani genomic lesbian neuroscientist «23andme» (Rafkin 2013), sui i le tulaga o se pepa lautele o se suesuega tele o le genomic faʻafeiloaʻiga o feusuaʻiga i le fono a le American Society of Human Genetics i le 2012 - o le suʻesuʻega e leai se fesoʻotaʻiga i le va o le faʻafeusuaiga faʻafeusuaiga ma genes (Drabant et al., 2012). E ui lava, e pei ona ou iloa, mo mafuaaga e le iloa, e leʻi auina mai e Drabant nei mea mo le lolomiina i totonu o se api talaaga toe iloilo.

Ae o le teena o le faʻavae o "Ad hominem" e tatau ona lautele i le saienisi. I lenei tulaga, afai e fai mai e se tasi "A", e tatau ona ia fai atu "B". E matautia le pepelo o le le talitonuina o ni suʻesuʻega e faʻatatau i manatu faaupufai poʻo talitonuga faaleagaga o tagata suʻesuʻe, mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ona sa faia le lomiga i se tusi faʻasalalau e le Catholic Medical Association, poʻo le suʻesuʻega na maua mai tupe a le Conservative Witherspoon Institute, ma i le taimi lava e tasi e le amanaʻia ai faʻamatalaga o loʻo i luga tagata suʻesuʻe e faʻaalia faʻaiuga a le LGBT. Ma, o le mea e lelei ai, pe a talanoaina le faʻafitauli o le tosinaina o tuʻinanau i le malo, o le mataupu faʻavae o le "Ad hominem" e le tatau ona faʻaogaina uma i le faʻauigaina o ni faʻaiuga.

iʻuga

E le mafai ona vaevaeina le Saienisi i faiga fa'apolokiki "sa'o" ma le "sese," fa'alelei ma fa'asao, fa'atemokalasi ma pule. Saienisi lava ia e le mafai ona avea ma faʻasalalauga LGBT poʻo le masalosalo LGBT. I se faaupuga faigofie, faiga faʻasaienisi - psychophysiological phenomena and reactions, viruses and bacteria - e matua le fiafia lava i manatu faʻapolokiki a le saienitisi o loʻo suʻesuʻeina; e leai se mea e iloa e siama e uiga i "taua faaleaganuu". O mea moni ia o loʻo i ai e pei ona tuʻuina atu, e mafai ona le amanaʻia pe oi latou e taʻua i latou e mafai ona faʻasalaina, ae o nei mea moni e le mafai ona tuʻituʻi ese mai le mea moni. Fa'asaienisi e fa'avae i luga o le metotia fa'asaienisi, o tagata uma e liliu le saienisi i se isi mea, e tusa lava po'o a sini o lo'o ta'ita'ia e - humanism, talitonuga ma faiga fa'apolokiki, fa'amasinoga fa'aagafesootai ma fa'ainisinia fa'aagafesootai, ma isi - o ni tala'i moni o le "pseudoscience". Ae ui i lea, o le sosaiete faʻasaienisi, pei o isi faʻalapotopotoga o tagata ma o latou lava talitonuga ma faʻamoemoega, e faʻatatau i le faʻaituau. Ma o lenei faʻaituau i nisi tagata, o le mea e taʻua. "Neoliberal" tulaga taua e moni lava faʻaalia malosi i le lalolagi faʻaonapo nei. O le tele o mea e mafai ona taʻua o le mafuaʻaga o lenei faʻaituau - o se talatuu faʻaagafesootai ma tala faʻasolopito na mafua ai le tulaʻi mai o "taboos faʻasaienisi", tauiviga faʻapolokiki malosi na mafua ai le pepelo, o le "faʻatau pisinisi" o le saienisi e taʻitaʻia ai le sailiga o lagona. , ma isi mea masani, o le faʻafitauli o le faʻaituau i le saienisi e le gata i le faʻaituau i le iloiloga o le faʻafeusuaiga, ae aofia ai le tele o isi mataupu e masani ona taua ma taua i le atinaʻeina o tagata soifua. Pe o le fa'aituau i le faasaienisi e mafai ona 'alofia atoatoa e tumau pea le finau. Ae ui i lea, i loʻu manatu, e mafai ona faia ni tulaga mo se faiga faʻasaienisi tutusa lelei. O se tasi o nei tulaga o le tutoʻatasi atoatoa o le sosaiete faʻasaienisi - tupe, faʻapolokiki ma, e le itiiti ifo le taua, saʻolotoga mai le aufaasālalau.

Faamatalaga Faaopopo

1. Socarides CW Feusuaiga Politics ma Scientific Logic: Le Mataupu o le Feusuaiga. Le Journal o Psychohistory. 10th, leai. 3 ed. 1992
2. Satinover J. Le "Trojan Couch": Faʻafefea ona faʻasesēina e Asosi Soifua Maloloina o le Mafaufau le Saienisi. 2004
3. O Mohler RA Jr. Le mafai ona tatou le magagana: tautala faʻamaoni i se aganuu toe faʻafefiloi feusuaiga, faʻaipoipoga, ma le uiga moni o le saʻo ma le sese. Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 2016
4. Rose A. Faasaienisi pepelo: Faʻaalia o le Tauagavale Faʻaseʻe Faʻamaumauga, Fuzzy Faʻamatalaga, ma Dodgy Faʻamaumauga. Uosigitone, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2017.
5. Cameron P., Cameron K., Fanua T.O mea sese a le American Psychiatric Association, o le American Psychological Association, ma le National Educational Association i le fai ma sui o Homosexuality i Amicus Briefs e uiga i le Teuteuga 2 i le US Supreme Court. Lipoti mai le mafaufau, 1996; 79 (2): 383–404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383
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7. Hunter P. E faʻaleagaina e le saʻo tulafono faʻaupufai? O aʻoaʻoga a tupulaga ma le lautele o mafaufauga e ono faʻavaivai ai le fou ma fou. EMBO Rep. 2005 Me; 6 (5): 405-7. FAIA: 10.1038 / sj.embor.7400395
8. Tierney J. Tagata Saienitisi Vaaia Vaʻai Loloto i totonu. O le New York Times. Fepuari 7, 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08tier.html?_r=3

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Faamatalaga

O le 1 Encyclopedia Britannica o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai faʻamatalaga e pei ona taʻua i lalo: "Fautuaga, faʻasalalauga o faʻamatalaga - mea moni, finauga, tala, afa-moni, poʻo pepelo - ia faʻaalia manatu lautele. O le faʻasalalauga o se taumafaiga e sili atu pe itiiti le faʻaogaina e faʻataʻitaʻiina ai talitonuga, mafutaga poʻo amioga a isi tagata e ala i faʻataʻitaʻiga (upu, gaioiga, pepa lautele, faʻailoga, musika, lavalava, faʻailoga, lauulu, ata i luga o tupe siliva ma faʻasologa tusi, ma isi). O le tuinanau ma se faamamafa malosi i luga o le taofiofia le iloga o faʻamatalaga mai fesoʻotaiga masani poʻo le saolotoga ma le faigofie o le fesuiaiga o manatu. O se tagata faʻalauiloa e iai se sini patino poʻo se seti o sini. Ina ia oʻo atu ia i latou, o le tagata suʻesuʻe e filifili ma le iloa mea moni, finauga, ma faailoga ma tuʻuina atu i latou i se auala e ausia ai le sili ona aoga. Ina ia mafai ai ona tele le aafiaga, e ono misia ni mea moni taua pe faʻafeeseeseaʻi, ma atonu e taumafai e faʻasese le mafaufau o le aofia mai isi punaoa o faʻamatalaga. " https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

2 Traditional Politician

3 Left-Wing Tagata Faʻasalalau Tagata Lautele

4 O lea ua faaigoaina ai i le faʻamaumauga

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Faʻafanua tusitusi

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