Mumwe anowanzonzwa nhema dzekuti Freud anonzi akabvumidza ungochani uye akatenda kuti vanhu vese "vane varume vaviri kubva pakuzvarwa." Ngatizvionei.

Mubhuku rake matatu maEssay Essays paTheory of Sexuality, achiongorora fungidziro yehunhu hwehunhu (uye pakupedzisira achizvizivisa kuti hazvigoneke), Freud akataura dzidziso yaFliess ye "bumbiro rekuita bumbiro" (kureva, organic bisexuality) yevanhu. Nekudaro, isu tiri kutaura nezve yavo physiology, kwete kukwezva pabonde. Iyi ndiyo dzidziso anatomicalpane kugadzikana kwepfungwa. Vanhurume vaviri vane maitiro akashata emunhukadzi: nipples mune varume, clitoris mune vakadzi, vese vakadzi nevarume mahormoni anogadzirwa mumuviri weaviri, zvichingodaro. Freud akatenda kuti munhu uyu ndewe "kusangana kwemahara maviri akaenzana, imwe yacho ndeyechirume, uye imwe yacho yechikadzi," uye nekudaro munhu wese anogona kuratidza zvese zvevakadzi kana zvechirume kana zvinodiwa. Nekudaro, vachinongedzera kune izvo zvinooneka zvepfungwa zvinhu zveungochani, Freud anotakura zvizere neyezvarirwo hypothesis uye anoti:

"Hazvigoneke kuratidza kubatana kwakabatana pakati pekufungidzira kwepfungwa yekufungidzira uye kusimbisa anatomical ... Hapana chikonzero kana chikonzero chekutsiva dambudziko repfungwa nemaatomical ... Kufungidzira kuti hunhu, huri mune imwe nhu isinganzwisisike, hwakagadzira iyo 'yechitatu bonde' haina kumira kuti iongororwe."^[1]

Nezve kukwezva zvepabonde, Freud akatenda kuti pakutanga yaive isina kubatwa. Vana vanoziva kwazvo mutsauko kwete chete pakati pevakadzi, asiwo nezvese zvinhu zvepabonde zvakawandisa, uye vanobatisa kukosha kwakafanana kwavari (Freud akaidana "polymorphic kutsutsumwa"). Kunyange kusakendenga pabonde kuri kwechisikigo kuvana, mune mukuru maitiro asina kupfeka aya anoratidza kutyorwa kwekuvandudzwa kwepfungwa, nekuti chinangwa chayo chikuru ndehupombwe. Sekunyora kwaFreud:

"Ngochani dzakatadza kupedzisa nhanho dzega dzekusununguka pabonde."^[2]

Freud akanyora kuti chero chirongwa chekusimudzira chinotakura mukati mayo mbeu ye pathology, iyo inogona kuzviratidza uye kuvhiringidza iyo.

"Kuvhiringidzwa kwemaitiro ekusimudzira kwebonde, pakati pezvimwe zvinokanganisa, kunogona kutungamira mukukanganisa, kusanganisira kuita kweungochani, izvo mune mamwe mamiriro zvinogona kuwedzerwa kune ungochani hunoshamisa."^[3]

Seizvo hupfumi hwekiriniki uye hwepfungwa zvichiratidzira, munhu nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati kuti anokwanisa kubatika pakati pematanho ekuvandudza pasina kukura kweanogona kuita murume kana murume. Zvikonzero zveizvi zvinogona kusanganisira kusanzwisisana kwepfungwa, kunetsana, kurambwa nevezera, zvisina kunaka semhuri, nehukama hwepedyo nababa vane masimba uye vanochengetwa zvakanyanya, uye baba vasina simba, vasina hanya kana vasipo. Maererano naFreud:

"Kuvapo kwababa vane simba kuchapa mwanakomana  iye chaiye kusarudzwa kwechinhu chepabonde, kureva, murume kana mukadzi. "^[4]

Kune matatu matanho makuru ehurongwa hwepfungwa:

1) Narcissistic (vana vanotarisisa pachavo).

2) Kufanana-Bonde (vana vanoda murume wavo - vakomana vanotamba nevakomana, vasikana nevasikana).

3) murume nomurume (chikamu chekupedzisira chekusimudzirwa kwemunhu akakura akakwanisa kupedza nhanho dzakapfuura).

Ungochani ndeyekugadzikana pamatanho ekutanga ebudiriro, imwe nzvimbo pakati pehunhu hwehuvana uye hukama hwakakura, huri muchisikigo pedyo neiyo narcissism, sezvo chinhu chinokwezva chakasanangurwa kufanana. Maererano naFreud:

"Takazoona kuti vanhu vane hurema hwekusimukira, vakaita sevatsotsi uye ngochani, vanosarudza zvinhu zverudo rwavo kuburikidza nekukwezva. Ivo vanozvitora semuenzaniso. ”^[5]

Ndokunge, nekunakisa kusimudzira kwezviitiko, autoerotic chikamu chakachengetedzwa chidimbu, uye yekunakidzwa kwekunakidzwa kwezvinhu zvekunze (chinhu cathexis) kunoitika padanho rekurasisa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, murume anotsvaga chinhu cherudo chinomiririra, icho, saiye, anosungirwa kuve nemurume genitalia. Nekudaro, iye munhu akabatana pabonde naye uye nehutsi hwake muchimiro chemumwe murume, achizvifananidza.

Chinhu chinonyanya kukonzera ungochani wechirume, sekureva kwaFreud, ndeyekureba uye kusarudzika zvakanyanya pana amai nepfungwa yeOedipus tata. Kana panopera kuberekwa nguva yekutsiva amai nechimwe chinhu chebonde, murume wechidiki, panzvimbo yekubva kure naamai, anozvizivisa kuti anavo. Nepfungwa, iye pachezvake anochinja ave mariri uye anotanga kutsvaga zvinhu zvinogona kutsiva rake uye nekupa rudo nekutarisira kwaakawana kubva kuna amai vake.^[6]

Nekuziva pamwe naamai, angaedza kutamba rake kuburikidza neyekuteerera chiito. Kana kuzivikanwa nababa kwakasimba, achafumura vamwe varume vachiita chinzvimbo, nekuvashandura kuva vakadzi uye panguva imwecheteyo achivaratidza kuvenga kwavari sevarume. Ungochani, saka, inova imwe yenzira dzekukurira kukwikwidzana nababa uye kugutsa chishuwo chebonde panguva imwe chete.

Freud akati ungochani kuna Kutsauka^[7] (zvinokanganisa), akashandisawo izwi rinoti - Inversion^[8] (reversal), zvinotaurwa nazvo “Kudzinga”^[8] (kutsauka kubva pane zvakajairwa), inonzi “Kutsauka Kuuraya”^[9] и "Kukanganisa pakusarudza chinhu chepabonde". Akataurawo kuti ungochani hwakabatana neparanoia.^[10] uye utsinye^[11].

Ko kunyepa kwakabvepi kunobva kuna Freud "akatendera" ungochani?

Tiri kutaura nezve inotevera isina kukwana quote:

"Ungochani pasina mubvunzo haisi mukana, asi kwete chikonzero chekunyara, kana zvakaipa kana kushatisa." Iyo haigoni kuveurwa sechirwere. "Isu tinotenda kuti izvi zvakasiyana nezvebonde ..."

Vachipikisa chirevo ichi nekukasira, vamiririri veLBB vanounza kuzvidzivirira kwavo, vanodaro, Freud pachake akataura kuti izvi zvakasiyana, kwete chirwere. Iyi Quote isina kukwana yakashandisirwa kunyange neAPA mumutemo weLawrence v. Texas, iyo yakakonzera kudzimwa kwemitemo yesodomy mu14 inoti. Nekudaro, mutsara uyu wese unonzwika seichi:

"Tinotenda kuti uku kusiana kwekusangana pabonde kwakonzerwa nechimwe chinhu kumisa kukura kwepabonde ”. 

Ndokunge, iyi RUFU rwekufamba kuri kurwadza kutsauka kubva kune kwakajairwa mamiriro kana kusimudzira maitiro.

Quote iyi haina hukama nebasa raFreud. Akatorwa kubva kune yekutsamba tsamba ye1935 yegore kuna amai vamwe vakamubvunza kuti aponese mwanakomana wake paungochani. Panguva iyoyo, varapi vepfungwa vakanga vasati vaziva nzira inoshanda yekurapa ngochani, uye nekudaro, nekushaiwa zvirinani, Freud akaita izvo mumiriri webasa rake aifanirwa kunge akaita - akaderedza kutambudzika kwamai vake vasingatomboziva, vachimuvimbisa kuti pakanga pasina chakaipa nemwanakomana wavo. Nekudaro, izvo zvaanonyatsofunga nezveungochani zvinoonekwa kubva pane zvaakanyora.

20 makore gare gare, mutsivi weFreud anotevera chiremba wechirwere Edmund Bergler akanyora zvinotevera:

"10 makore apfuura, sainzi yakanakisa yaigona kupa kwaive kuyanana kweungochani ne" fambiro "yake, nemamwe mazwi, kubvisa mhosva yekuziva. Zvichangoitika zvechiitiko chezvepfungwa uye kutsvaga kwakaratidza kusingafungidzike kuti fungidziro yekufungidzirwa kweungochani (dzimwe nguva kunyange inofungidzirwa kuti isingavepo yemweya nemamiriro emahormone) chiri chikamu chekurapa chiri kusiyanisa nerosis. Kurapa kwepfungwa kwekare kuri kupera zvishoma nezvishoma: nhasi psychoanalytic psychotherapy inogona kurapa ungochani. "^[12]

Iwe unogona kuverenga nezve mazana emamiriyoni ekurapa mienzaniso. pano.

Ngationgororeiwo zvinonzi "psychoanalytic hypothesis of homophobia", zvinoenderana neiyo "ungochani husina kutsarukana", zvinoreva kuti kudzvanyirirwa kwehunhu hweumwe munhu, kunoshandurwa pasi pechiito chedziviriro maitiro e "kuita kwekuumba" kuva vasingadi ngochani. Iko kunyora kweiyi fungidziro hakusi kwaFreud, sekutenda zvisirizvo, asi kune weBritish parapsychologist, tsotsi uye ungochani Donald West, uyo akatanga kuzvitsanangura muna 1977. Iyi fungidziro hachisi chinhu chinongova zano rekunyepedzera rakagadzirirwa kuvhiringidza vanopikisa vechingochani kufamba.

Uye kunyangwe muzvimwe zviitiko, kuvengana nemaune kuvengana kunogona kushandiswa kugadzira nyowani, tiri kutaura nezano remanomano, nepo "kugadzirira kugadzirwa" kunoitika kusaziva.

Iye munyori weshoko rekuti "ungochani," Sigmund Freud, iye akazvinzwisisa nechero hunhu hwechisimba hwehumambo hwepamoyo hwese muvanhu, akadzingwa kupinda mukusaziva panguva yekuita ungochani.

"Simba rekutyaira rekumanikidza mukati memunhu wese kurwa kuri pakati pevatambi vebonde." Kuita zvepabonde kwakakura kwemunhu akura zvine simba kunoita kuti munhu abve pahurongwa hwepfungwa iye arikumurume. "^[13]

Pazasi pane muenzaniso wekushambadza chaiko kweruzhinji kubva kuma80s kubva kuAmerican press pamusoro pe "latent homosexuality":

Mu 1996, kuedza kwakaitwa kuUniversity yeGeorgia kuti vape hwaro hweWest hypothesis, iyo isina kubereka mhedzisiro uye yakaverengerwa neongororo yezvakateverwa.

 

Chinhu	Sampuli, nhamba yevarume♂ nevakadzi♀	Hetero chiyerovanoita zvepabonde,%	Nzira yekuongorora hypothetical yakavanzwa ungochani kufarira	Nzira yekutarisa huwandu hwehunhu hwakakomba kuzviitiko zvebonde-zvakafanana	Ko mhedzisiro inogona kupupurira inofarira psychoanalysis? kufungidzira?
Adams xnumx	64♂	100	Plethysmography	Hudson xnumx	Ehe, zvine mamiriro
Mahaffey 2005a	87♂   91♀	100	Kupenya Acoustic Kutanga Reflex	Gentry xnumx	kwete
Mahaffey 2005b	49♂	100			kwete
Mahaffey 2011	104♂	100			Kukanganisamhinduro dzakanaka
Steffens xnumx	32♂48♀	80	TSA	Herek 1994	kwete
Meier 2006	44♂	100	Iko kukurumidza kwebasa uye iyo nguva yekutarisa mifananidzo	Hudson xnumx	kwete
Weinstein xnumx	27♂62♀	94	TCA vachishandisa primers zvakavanzika	Wright xnumx	Ehe, zvine mamiriro
	68♂114♀	90			kwete
	35♂154♀	94			Mhedzisiro inokanganisa
	44♂140♀	hazvina kutaurwa		LaMar 1998	Mhedzisiro inokanganisa
MacInnis uye Hodson 2013	85♂152♀	90	TSA	Herek 1988	kwete
Lazarevic 2015	122♂155♀	100	TSA	Jankovic 2000, Živanoviс 2014	kwete
Cheval 2016a	38♂	100	Iko kukurumidza kwebasa uye iyo nguva yekutarisa mifananidzo	Morrison xnumx	Mhedzisiro inokanganisa
Cheval 2016b	36♂	100	Pupillary reaction	Morrison xnumx	kwete
Roberts 2016	37♂	100	Plethysmography	Herek 1988, Morrison xnumx	kwete

 

Sources:

1-11,13. Freud - Yakakwana Mabasa naIvan Smith: 2000, 2007, 2010.

12 . Bergler, E. Ungochani: chirwere kana nzira yehupenyu? New York, NY, US: Chikomo & Wang.