Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa pazasi zvinoburitswa mushumo wekuongorora. "Rhetoric yengochani yekufambidzana muchiedza nesainzi chokwadi". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Yakakosha Tsvaga

(1) Iko kune hwakadzika hwaro hwehupupu uye hwechipatara humbowo hwekuti kukwezva kwevanhu vasingafariri ungochani kunogona kubviswa zvinobudirira.
(2) Chimiro chakakosha chekubudirira kwechiitiko chekurapa ndechekugadziriswa kwemurwere nekutora moyo kuchinja.
(3) Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kukwezva ngochani, izvo zvinogona kuitika panguva yekuyaruka, zvinopera pasina chekutevera pazera rakakura zera.

Nhanganyaya

Nyanzvi yekutarisirwa vanhu vanoda kubvisa iyo isingadiwe inokwezva vanhu vanoita zvehuchani (NGV) inonzi yekudzoreredza kurapa, SOCE.¹ kana kudzoreredza kurapa. Zvakare, rubatsiro rwakadai rwunodaidzwa kunzi reoriiting, kutendeuka, hetero-affirmative kana kusanganisa zvekare mushonga.

Sezvo chokwadi chemakiriniki nezvekutora kwakanaka kwekukwezva ungochani uye kuchinjisa kuupenyu hwakaganhurirwa zvinonyadzisira chokwadi ngano ye "kugarisana" uye "kusabvumika" kweungochani, iyo inovaka zvese zvemanyepo ezvematongerwo enyika zvevanhurume vanoita zveungochani, ivo vakaedza zvakanyanya kushomekedza kurapa kwekutsiva, vachifumura iye asingabatsiri uye kunyange kukuvadza, uye kune varatidziri seva charlatans uye nevanofarira zvechitendero. Imwe yemaficha anogara achifamba e "LGBT +" kufamba ndeyekufungidzira kuti rubatsiro rwevanyanzvi vanofungidzirwa kuti havakwanisi kubvisa iyo GBV. Uku kutaura hakuzi kwechokwadi.

Kubviswa kweNVG nekushanda nenyanzvi

Mugore re1973, kusanganisa iyo egosyntonic (i.e. inogamuchirika kune murwere) ungochani kubva pane runyorwa rwekushushikana kwepfungwa, iyo American Psychiatric Association yakaburitswa gwaromaererano neizvozvo: 

"... Nzira dzemazuva ano dzekurapa dzinobvumidza chikamu chakakosha chevane ngochani avo vanoda kushandura maitiro avo kuti vadaro ..." (Spitzer, 1973).

Chirevo ichi chakabvumidzwa neCentral of Association, Komisheni yenyaya yavo uye Bhodhi reMatirastii - kanzuru inoumbwa nevechidiki vezvitendero vakasununguka avo vakasarudza kuvhota kuti ubvise ungochani. APA yaitungamirirwa Leona Tyler nheyomaererano neizvo zvirevo zvevanyori vepfungwa zvinofanirwa kuve zvichingobva pane data resainzi uye ruzivo chairwo rwekuita. Sezvo aimbova purezidhendi weAmerican Psychological Association, Nicholas Cummings, achipupurira, padhuze nemakore 90, bato rakasiya zano iri kufadza chirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika.

Vhidhiyo muchirungu

Nekudaro, mu2009, iyo American Psychological Association inoburitsa nhungamiro yekuongororwa kwechirwere chepfungwa nemazuva ano. yakashuma zvinotevera:

"Uchangoburwa humbowo hunoratidza kuti maitiro eungochani anogona kuchinjika marapirwo muvatengi vanokurudzirwa, uye kuti kuyedza kudzokorora kurapa hakuna kukuvadza." 
(Yakakosha Psychopathology uye Kurapa kwayo (2009), 3d ed. p. 468, 

Nekudaro, mushure memwedzi mishoma, nekubatikana kusapindirana, APA inoburitsa chirevo chekuti reparative kurapwa haina basa (APA 2009) Ichi chirevo ichi kuti LGBT + vatevedzeri vanoreva - mafambiro mukukurukurirana nezve mukana wekurapa unokwezva ungochani. Boka renhengo dze APA idzo dziri nhengo dzeAlfred for Therapeutic Choice nyanzvi yesangano², ichipindura chirevo che APA mugore rimwe chetero chakaburitsa ongororo yechirevo che APA, iyo yakanyora zvikanganiso zvakadaro mumushumo weAPA sekusarudzika kwemasarudzo (Phelan 2009a, p. 45), kupomhodza kushandiswa kwezvikamu zvekudzokorora kurapa (Phelan 2009a, p. 48), kushandiswa kwemaitiro maviri (Phelan 2009a, peji. 49), nevamwe.

Saka, chii chinonyatsoratidzwa mumutsara weAPA, kana ukanyatsoongorora? Mhedziso yakajairika yaive kutongerwa kweanodzokorora kurapa sekusagadzikana uye kunokuvadza. Nekudaro, kana iwe ukatarisa pamapeji ekupedzisira emhedziso, iwe unogona kuona chokwadi icho vanyori vechinyorwa vakamanikidzwa kunyora kuti vadzivise, asi havabatanidzi chokwadi ichi mumashoko avo uye zvirevo zvemapepa:

"... Takawana kuti nzira dziripo uye dzemazuva ano dzedzokororo hadzina kuferefetwa." Tichifunga nezve hushoma hwekutsvagiridza kwakavimbika, hatikwanise kufunga kuti nzira dzazvino dzekurapa dzinoshanda here kana kuti kwete .. "(APA 2009, peji. 43).

Ndeapi APA nyanzvi dziri kutaura nezvazvo? Icho chokwadi chekuti havana kuwana humbowo hwakajeka hwekuti reparative kurapwa haina basa. Ivo havana chete data rakakwana kuti vatore mhedzisiro yakadaro, kunyange vakaita zvese zvinogoneka kuti vaderedze, nepamunogona napo mukati memiganho yekuongororwa kwesainzi, kukosha kweiyo nzira yezvidzidzo izvo zvinoenderana nekuturikira kwakashata kwekutsiva kurapa³. Kupedzisira, pakati pezvokwadi zvakanyorwa mune imwechete APA gwaro, pane humbowo chete hwekuti reparative kurapwa - nechisikigo pasi pemamwe mamiriro, iyo hombe ndiyo kufunga kwemurwere kuchinja - inoshanda. LGBT + vanoratidzira - mafambiro ari kuedza kubatanidza kukwezva kwakafanana-pabonde ne biology uye genetics, vachipokana kuti iyo haigone kuchinja, asi chinzvimbo ichi chinopesana nemhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvakasiyana zvakanyorwa muchinyorwa che APA.

Funga nezve zvirevo kubva mugwaro reAPA:

“… HE Adams naSturgis (1977) vakaongorora zvidzidzo zvinomwe zvavakaronga senzira yekudzora uye vakaona kuti 34% yevanhu zana nemakumi manomwe nevatanhatu vaive nekuderera kwekukwezva kweungochani…. Pakati peongororo dzavakaronga senzira yekusagadzikana isingadzorwe, vakaona kuti 179% yevanhu zana nemakumi maviri nevaviri vaive nekuderera kwekukwezva kweungochani (p. 50)

- McConaghy (1976) yakawana kuti inoda kusvika hafu yevarume vari pasi peimwe yegumi marapirwo ekurapa vakataura kuderera kwekufarira zvepabonde kune varume mushure memwedzi ye6. Vazhinji vatori vechikamu vakacherekedza kuderera kwekuda zvepabonde kune varume nekukurumidza mushure mekurapwa (p. 3)

- McConaghy naBarr (1973) vakawana kuti inenge hafu yevarume vakagamuchira kurapwa vakataura kuderera kweungochani drive (p. 38).

- Tanner (1975) yakawana kuti semhedzisiro yekurapa, iyo nhanho ye Reflex ungochani erection yakadzikira mukupindura kunooneka kukurudzira (p. 38).

-Birk nevamwe vake (1971) vakawana kuti 62% yevanorapwa varatidzira kuderera kweungochani drive (p. 38).

- McConaghy nevamwe vake (1981) vakashuma kuti 50% yevakabvunzwa kurapwa vakataura kuti yakaderera chishuwo chepabonde mushure me1 pagore (p. 38).

- Mune kumwe kuongorora, HE Adams uye Sturgis (1977) vakashuma kuti 68% yevatori vechikamu ve47 vakashuma kuderera kweungochani drive (p. 37).

- McConaghy (1976) yakawana kuti mushure mekurapwa, 25% yevarume yakanyatsomira kuita ungochani, mu50% yevarume frequency yavo yakadzikira, uye 25% yakaramba isingachinji (p. 38).

- Mune kumwe kuongorora, McConaghy naBarr (1973) vakashuma kuti 25% yevarume vakagamuchira kurapa yakadzora mabasa avo eungochani mushure me1 pagore (p. 38).

- Tanner (1975) yakashuma kuderera kukuru kweungochani drive semugadziro wekurapwa (p. 38).

-Bancroft (1969) akacherekedza kuti 4 ye10 inobata varume yakaderedzwa kuita ungochani panguva yekutevera. Freeman naMyer (1975) vakashuma kuti 7 yevarume ve9 mukudzidza kwavo vakaramba kuita zveungochani 18 mwedzi mushure mekurapwa (p. 38).

- Sekureva kwezvimwe zvinyorwa zvine makiriniki emakesi uye zvidzidzo zvezviitiko, pakanga paine kuderera kana kutsakatika kweungochani kune avo vairapwa (Grey 1970; Huff 1970; B. James 1962, 1963; Kendrick & McCullough 1972; Larson 1970; LoPiccolo 1971; Segal & Sims 1972 (peji 39) ... "(APA 2009).

Nekudaro, kunyangwe APA haina kutaura mumhedziso yayo kuti kurapwa hakubetseri. Kunyatsoshanda mu30 - 50% yakakosha zvakakwana kune chero nzira yekutsvagira, kana kungosarudzira hunhu hweimwe nzira yakadai se "isina basa".

Uye zvakare, NARTH yakaburitsa mushumo wayo wega gore rimwe chetero, Zvinoratidzwa Nekutsvagisa: Mhinduro yeNARTH kuAmerican Psychological Association's (APA) Zvikumbiro nezveungochani.Phelan 2009b) Mune iyi mushumo, kuongororwa kwezvinyorwa kwakaitwa nenzira yekutsanangurwa kwemakiriniki emakesi kubva kuzviita, kwakayedzwa miedzo uye kucherechedzwa kwemakore zana apfuura.

Pamusoro pe100 murondedzero yemutauro weChirungu unotsanangura zvakabudirira mhedzisiro yekudzoreredza mushonga inoratidzwa mu tafura iri pazasi.

Chinhu	Rudzi rwekurapa	mugumisiro
Carl Jung rakabvunzwa mukati Fordham 1935	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kwemurume ngochani
Gordon 1930	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kune murwere
Stekel 1930	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevarwere vana
Concie xnumx	hypnosis maitiro	akacherekedza kushanda kwemaitiro kunoenderana nekuita
London 1950	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevarume vaviri ngochani
Allen 1952	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevanochani,  varume nevakadzi
Poe 1952	adaptation kurapwa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kwemurume ngochani
Caprio xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevakadzi ngochani: "vazhinji veaimbove varwere vechirume vakandiudza kare mushure mekurapwa ... kuti havazombodzokere kuhupenyu hweungochani»(P. 299)
Eliasberg 1954	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevanhurume vechingochani 12, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 5 kesi (42%)
Bergler 1956	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangura kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevarwere veungochani, iyo yakasvika 100% yezvese zviitiko zvekurapa
Eidelberg in Lorand xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa	kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevarwere ve2 kubva ku5 (40%)
Ellis 1956	psychodynamic kurapwa	kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevarwere ve40 (18 ♂, 12 ♀)
Berg 1958	psychodynamic kurapwa	kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevarwere veXnumx
Hadn xnumx	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevanhurume vengochani 3, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 1 kesi (33%)
Hadfield xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa	kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevarwere veXnumx
Ross 1958	musanganiswa we technician	akacherekedza kushanda kwemaitiro kunoenderana nekuita
Robertiello 1959	psychodynamic kurapwa	kurapwa kwakabudirira kwemurwere
Ellis 1959	maitiro ekurapa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kwemurume ngochani
Monroe 1960	psychodynamic kurapwa nemahara kusangana nzira	kurapwa kwakabudirira kwe xnumx varume ngochani
Finny xnumx	musanganiswa we technician	akacherekedza kushanda kwemaitiro kunoenderana nekuita
Glover 1960	psychodynamic kurapwa mu7 kesi hormone kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve113, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu44%
Beukenkamp xnumx	munhu uye boka psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwakabudirira kwemurume ngochani
Stevenson xnumx	kudzidziswa kwekuvimbika	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwakabudirira kwevarume ve xnumx
Bieber xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve106, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu27%
Coates 1962	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve45; kuvandudza (kusagadzikana kweungochani) kwakafambiswa mu7 kesi (16%)
Ovesey 1963	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kubudirira kurapwa kwe xnumx varume ngochani
Buki xnumx	musaku kubva kune tekinoroji	akacherekedza kushanda kwemaitiro kunoenderana nekuita
Cappon 1965	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve150, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu30% yevanhurume, 50% yevakadzi, uye pakati pevarwere vane bisexual - 90%
Mayerson mukati Marmor xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve19, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu47% yemhosva
Mintz xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevanhurume vengochani, kubudirira kwakacherechedzwa mu10 (3%)
Sanganisa xnumx	maitiro ekurapa uye nzira dzinodzora	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve36, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 25 kesi (69%)
Hadn xnumx	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve32, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu38%
Kaye xnumx, peji. 633	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevakadzi vanoita zvechingochani, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu15 (8%)
Alexander 1967	hypnosis maitiro	akacherekedza kushanda kwemaitiro kunoenderana nekuita
Kubata xnumx	hypnosis maitiro	akacherekedza kushanda kwemaitiro kunoenderana nekuita
MacCulloch 1967	anodzora mushonga	kubudirira pakurapa xnumx ngochani varume
Kraft xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa uye systemic desensitization	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Serban 1968	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangura kubudirira muXnumx ngochani varwere
Miller 1968	musanganiswa we technician	akacherekedza kushanda kwemaitiro kunoenderana nekuita
Ramsay xnumx	desensitization nzira	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Freud 1968, peji. 251	psychodynamic kurapwa	kubudirira pakurapa varwere ve2 kubva ku4 (50%)
Jacobi 1969	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve60, kubudirira kwakacherechedzwa mu6 (10%)
Mapenzi 1969	anodzora mushonga	yakatsanangura kubudirira mukurapa varwere vanoita ungochani
McConaghy 1969	anodzora mushonga	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Lamberd 1969	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangura kubudirira muXnumx ngochani varwere
Bergin 1969	desensitization nzira	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Ovesey 1969	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangura kubudirira pamwe neXnumx ngochani varume
Wallace xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Larson xnumx	maitiro ekurapa	yakarondedzera kushanda kwemaitiro nenzira yavo, asi havana kupa chaiwo nhamba
Birk xnumx, peji. 37	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve26, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 9 kesi (35%)
Huff xnumx	desensitization nzira	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Bancroft mukati Inopisa xnumx	desensitization nzira	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve15, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 5 kesi (33%)
Kraft xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa uye systemic desensitization	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
McConaghy 1970	anodzora mushonga	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Mandel xnumx	desensitization nzira	yakarondedzera kushanda kwemaitiro kwakavakirwa
Hatterer xnumx	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve149, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 49 kesi (34%)
Cautela 1971	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangura kubudirira mu37% yemakesi
Bieber in Kaplan 1971	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangura kubudirira mu40% yemakesi
Truax 1971	kurapwa kweboka	akacherekedza kushanda kwemaitiro acho achienzaniswa neboka rinodzora
Hadn xnumx	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangura kubudirira mu30% yemakesi
Birk xnumx	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangurwa kubudirira mu xnumx%
Pittman xnumx	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve6, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 2 kesi (33%)
Feldman xnumx, peji. 156	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwechirume chengochani, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu63% yemhosva
Van den Aardweg 1971	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve20, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 9 kesi (42%)
Shealy xnumx	maitiro ekurapa	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Kendrick xnumx	desensitization nzira	yakarondedzera kushanda kwemaitiro kwakavakirwa
Segal 1972	desensitization nzira	yakarondedzera kushanda kwemaitiro kwakavakirwa
McConaghy 1972	anodzora mushonga	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Barlow xnumx	maitiro ekurapa, maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangurwa kubudirira mu xnumx%
McConaghy 1973	Reflex nyanzvi	yakatsanangurwa kubudirira mu xnumx%
Maletzky 1973	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwechirume chengochani, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu10% yemhosva
Herman 1974	Reflex maitiro	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwechirume chengochani, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu3% yemhosva
Birk xnumx, peji. 41	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve66, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu52% yemhosva
Bancroft xnumx	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangurwa kubudirira mu xnumx%
Cantón-Dutari 1974	desensitization maitiro, anodzivisa kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve54, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 48 kesi (89%)
Orwin 1974	anodzora mushonga	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Tanner xnumx	anodzora mushonga	yakatsanangura kushanda kweiyo nzira mu8 ngochani varume
Freeman xnumx	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangurwa kubudirira mu xnumx%
McConaghy 1975	anodzora mushonga	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Cantón-Dutari 1976	desensitization maitiro, anodzivisa kurapwa	yakatsanangura kurapwa kwakabudirira mu11 ye22 zviitiko zvevarume ngochani (50%)
Callahan in Krumboltz 1976	desensitization nzira	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Phillips 1976	systemic desensitization maitiro	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Socarides 1978, peji. 406	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevarwere ve44, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mu20 (45%)
James 1978	systemic desensitization maitiro	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Bieber xnumx, p. Xnumx	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangurwa kurapwa kwevanopfuura nevarume vanoita zveungochani; kurapwa kwakabudirira kubva pa1000% kusvika ku30%
Birk mukati Marmor xnumx	kurapwa kweboka	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwevanhurume vechingochani 14, kubudirira kwakawanikwa mune 10 kesi (71%)
Pradhan xnumx	maitiro ekurapa	yakatsanangudza kurapwa kwechirume varume vanoita zveungochani, kunyatsocherechedzwa mu13 (8%)
Cafiso 1983	hypnosis maitiro	yakarondedzera kubudirira nemurume ngochani
Van den Aardweg 1986a; 1986b	kurapa kwekuziva	yakarondedzera kurapwa kwemurwere we101, kubudirira kwakacherechedzwa mu30%, kuvandudza - mu60%
Siegel 1988	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangurwa kurapwa kwevakadzi vechingochani, kubudirira kunoonekwa mu12%
Berger 1994, peji. 255	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangura kubudirira muXnumx ngochani varwere
Consiglio 1993	kutarisira kwamufundisi	yakarondedzera shanduko yakakwana yekuita zvechirikadzi mu85%
MacIntosh 1994	psychodynamic kurapwa	kuongororwa kwenyaya dzekurapwa kwe1215 kune varwere vanoita zveungochani, kubudirira kwakacherechedzwa mu23%, uye mu84% akakosha maitiro ekurapa akaonekwa
Schaeffer xnumx	kutarisira kwamufundisi	yakatsanangura kuti muboka revatori vechikamu ve140, mu29% shanduko yakakwana yekuita hupombwe yakazivikanwa.
Nicolosi 2000	psychodynamic kurapa, kutarisira kwamufundisi, kudzidziswa	yakatsanangura kuti muboka revarwere ve882 (varume ve689 uye vakadzi ve193) mu34,3% yemakesi shanduko yakazara kune zvakasarudzika kana zvimwe zviitiko zvechirume zvinozivikanwa. Asati arapwa, 67% yakaratidza chete kukwezva ngochani; mushure mekurapa, 12,8%.
Shidlo 2002	psychodynamic kurapwa	ivo vanyori pakutanga vaisa chinangwa chekudzidzira kuti vaone kukuvara kweanotsiva kurapa. Semuenzaniso, kushambadza kutsvaga nhengo kwakaiswa mumagazini eungochani pasi pemusoro unoti "Tibatsire Isu Nyora Iyo Inokuvadza! " Vanyori vacho vakatsanangura boka revarwere ve202 (182 varume uye vakadzi ve20), iyo 12,9% yakafunga shanduko ikaita chiitiko chakabatana
Spitzer 2003	psychodynamic kurapa, kuchengetedza kwemafundisi	akaongorora boka revarwere ve200 (varume ve143 uye vakadzi ve57) avo vakaita kurapa kwakadzokorora uye vakaona mhedzisiro yavo kubudirira. Vese vakapindura vakaziva kuvapo kwekukwezva ivo vanoita zvechinyakare, mu17% yevarume uye 54% yevakadzi uku kukwezva kwaive kwakasiyana. Pamberi pe 46 kurapwa,% yevarume uye 42% yevakadzi yakaratidza chete kukwezva ngochani, mushure mekurapa - 0%.
Karten 2006, isina kuburitswa muvhesi-yakaongororwa sosi	psychodynamic kurapwa	akaongorora boka revarume ve117 vari kurapwa. Kuderera kukuru kwekukwezva ungochani kubva ku4,81 kusvika 2,57 pachiyero cheKinsey kwakacherechedzwa
Cummings 2007, isina kuburitswa muvhesi-yakaongororwa sosi	psychodynamic kurapwa	vachitaura pamusangano NYAYA yakataurwa mu2005 kuti mu1959 - 1979 18000 ngochani dzakatendeukira kukiriniki yake nematambudziko akasiyana siyana, ayo anenge 1 600 aine chinangwa chekuchinja maitiro avo ezvepabonde. Munguva yekurapa, vazhinji varwere vakapinduka mune zvakanaka psyche, semugumo weiyo 2400 yavo vakava vakasiyana.
Jones 2007	kutarisira kwamufundisi	yakatsanangura kuti muboka revatori vechikamu ve73 mu15% kuderera kukuru muungochani drive uye kuwedzera kwakanyanya muheterochani drive yakaonekwa
Phelan 2017	psychodynamic kurapwa	yakatsanangura boka revarume ve30, mukati megore mushure mekupedza kurapwa, zvakaonekwa: kukwezva zvepabonde chete kune vechikadzi - 23% (0% isati yamborapwa), kunyanya kune vakomana kana vakadzi - 17% (0% vasati varapwa), mukati ipapo iyo degree kune vakomana kana musikana ndeye 10% (0% usati warapwa).

Mukupfupikisa humbowo huripo nanhasi, tinogona kutaura kuti paavhareji chikamu chevanhu vari kutora chikamu mune zvepfungwa zvodzokorodza kurapa kunonyangarika kwakakwana kwekukwezva ungochani uye kuumbwa kwekukwezva murume kana mukadzi, chetatu - shanduko yakakosha yekukwezva murume kana murume uye kugadzirisa kwakawanda kwehutano hwepfungwa uye kushanda munharaunda, uye rechitatu mushumo kushomeka kwemigumisiro. Chinhu chakanyanya kukosha pakubudirira kurapa kwakawandisa chishuwo chemurwere, kuziva kwezvikonzero zvekukwezva kwake pabonde rake uye nezvinodiwa pamanzwiro.

Masangano ekuMadokero ekurapa anopikisa kurapa kwekukwezva varume kana kuti vakadzi pabonde nekunyepedzera kuti "zvinogona kukuvadza" vari kunyengedza veruzhinji nekusatsanangura kuti: 

(1) zvose kurapwa kwepfungwa nezvese matambudziko emunhu neakasangana kunogona kukuvadza. 
(2) Inoremekedzwa sainzi haisati yaratidza kana njodzi yekukuvara mukurapa kweimwe isingafadzi-yekutyaira drive yakakura, yakafanana, kana kushoma pane njodzi yeimwe psychotherapy. (Sutton 2015

Kutsvakurudza ratidzaizvo zvingangoita 5 - 10% yevarwere vari kurapwa nepfungwa vanogona kuwana "chisina kunaka" - kureva kuwedzera mweya yavo. Counter-kurapa zvinhu zvinosanganisira yakaderera mhando hwehukama hwehukama, kushivirira kutsungirira kunetseka, kushoma kukurudzira, nezvimwe.

Bonde rinofambisa kusiyana uye kugara zvakanaka muvarume

Masayendisiti eLGBT anonyepera mhedziso dzekutsvagisa pakurapa kwekurapa

Kubviswa kwechingochani kunongoerekana kwaitika

Kudzoka mugore re1916, Freud muchinyorwa chake "Leonardo da Vinci: Kuongororwa kwePfungwa neChirwere cheMukomana Mukusarudzika" akati:

"... Nekutarisa zvakananga nyaya dzega dzega, takakwanisa kuratidza kuti murume anoita kunge anogona kupindura chete kukurudzira kwechirume anonyatso kupindura kukurudzira kwemunhukadzi, kunge chero munhuwo zvake, asi nguva yega yega anoratidza kufara kwake kuchinhu chechirume ..." (Freud 1916, III: 14).

Kuongorora uku kunotsigirwa nekutsvagurudza kwazvino (Dutu 1980, Tolman & Diamond 2014)

Mugore re1992, Shechter akarondedzera nyaya yekuchinja kweungochani kuenda kuchingochani, murume akavhura nzira ye psychoanalytic kurapwa naye, asi kwete nezve NGV, asi nechimwe chikonzero (Shechter 1992) Iye murume akamira hukama newaakaroora, akamira kuita zveungochani, akatanga kufunga zvepabonde nevakadzi. Mushure mekunge atanga kudanana nemukadzi, akarondedzera mamiriro ake nemashoko anoti:

“… Handikwanise kuzvibvarura kubva kwaari uye anozvida! ... Mumwe munhu, seni, angangoerekana aita bonde? ... "(Shechter 1992, peji. 200).

Vatsvagiri Michael nevanoshanda navo mu1994 gore, zvichienderana nezvakawanikwa pakuongororwa kwekuongororwa kukuru, vakawana kuti mune vamwe vanhu, kukwezva ngochani vanogona, hongu, vasingatendeuki kuchirapa, vanotendeuka kuva heter ngochani (Michael 1994).

Muzvinafundo Lisa Diamond, muongorori wezvezera rezvepfungwa, nhengo yekomiti ye APA inyanzvi, iyo isingavanzi zvavanoda zveungochani, yakapfupikisa mhedzisiro yemakore ake mazhinji ebasa mukukurukurirana neNew Scientist:

"Zvepabonde zvinochinja ... isu tinofanirwa kubvuma chokwadi chekuti bonde rinogona kuchinja" (Grossman xnumx)

Mune chimwe chinyorwa muThe Journal yeBonde Kutsvagurudza, Diamond akapfupisa kutsvagurudza kwesainzi, zvichienderana neiyo 26 - 45% yevanhurume uye 46 - 64% yevakadzi vanotaura shanduko mune zvepabonde kutyaira mukati menguva yenguva (kubva ku3 kusvika kumakore 10), mazhinji acho vachishuma shanduko, vakataura shanduko yakanangana nekuchata. (Diamond 2016).

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zvinopesana nezvataurwa neve LGBT vanoparadzira, chimiro chechishuvo chebonde chinogona kuchinja vese uye ngochani. Nyaya dzevanhu vanoita zvechipfambi nekuita ungochani nekuda kwekunyanyisa unzenza uye kugutsikana neyakajairika bondeKrafft-Ebing 1909), nekusakwanisika kwenguva refu kwemumwe murume kana murume kana murume, uyezve nechikonzero chekunyengerera (Meijer 1993) Zvinangwa zvebhaibheri zvekuzvarwa pasina mubvunzo zvinoratidza kuti miviri yezvipenyu zvese zvepabonde yakanangana nehukama. Zvakangodaro, dzimwe mhuka dzakakwirira, dzinosanganisira vanhu, vane mukana wekuita zvepabonde mune mamwe mamiriro anopfuura kupfuura chimiro chechisimba heteronormatiati, kwete chete nehunhu hwavo, asiwo nezvinhu chero zvepabonde zvakazara. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti hunhu uye kukura kwemafungiro emunhu asiriye anonyanya kuona maitiro ake ezvepabonde.Mari & Tucker 1975, Dutu 1980)

Nekudaro, zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti kukwezvana nehukadzi kwakagadzikana panguva dze25 pane kungochani. Vatsvagiri Savin-Williams naReam vakaita cohort-kwenguva refu cohort yekutarisisa kwevachiri kuyaruka kubva pazera re17 makore uye vakaongorora maitiro ehunhu hwekuvandudzwa kwepabonde. Vakaona kuti mu75% yevachiri kuyaruka vanoratidza kufarira ungochani chero dhigirii pazera remakore 17-21 makore, mushure mezvo vanosarudzika kukwezvana, asi 98% yevachiri kuyaruka vanoratidza kukwezvana neanoenderera mberi vachidaro munguva yemberi (Savin-Williams 2007).

Whitehead naWhitehead's (2007) vakapedzisa kuongororwa kwakadzama kwezve zvidzidzo zvaSavin-Williams naReam (2007), Michael nevamwe vake (1994), nevamwe, uye vakagumisa kuti mune zvimwe zviitiko kufarira ungochani kunozova heterochani pasina pesvedzero (Whitehead 2007)

Mune imwe ongororo yakaitwa naOtt nevamwe vavanoshanda navo (2011) semhedzisiro yakaongorora boka revayaruka ve13 840, zvakaonekwa kuti 66% yevaya vanoti "havana chokwadi" nezvavanofarira pabonde vanozova vanhurume voga.Ott xnumx).

Zvakare, kuongororwa kwenyaya dzekuchinja kubva muungochani kuenda kuchingochani, zvinowanikwa mumabhuku ehunyorwa, kwakaitwa mu2007 muSorba (Sorba xnumx, mapeji 61 - 73).

Kurapa nyanzvi uye nyaya dzekurapa kwakabudirira kurapa kweNV

1956 ndeye chiremba wepfungwa akakosha wenguva yake Edmund Bergler akanyora zvinotevera:

"Makore gumi apfuura, chakanakisa icho sainzi yaigona kupa kwaive kuyananiswa kweungochani ne" ramangwana "rake, mune mamwe mazwi, kubviswa kwekunzwa kwekuziva mhosva. Chazvino chiitiko chezvepfungwa uye tsvagurudzo yakaratidza zvisina mubvunzo kuti izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti hazvigadzirisike njodzi yeungochani (dzimwe nguva kunyangwe ichinzi isipo yezvinhu zvipenyu uye zvehormoni mamiriro) ari ekurapa anokwanisa kuchinjika kukamurwa kweiyo neurosis. Kurapa kwekusava netariro kwenguva yakapfuura kuri kupera zvishoma nezvishoma: nhasi psychoanalytic psychotherapy inogona kurapa ungochani ”... Tinogona here kurapa chingochani chese? - Aihwa. Zvimwe zvinodiwa zvinotarisirwa, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, chishuwo cheungochani kuchinja ...

Pakutanga kutarisa, dambudziko iri rezvepabonde rinosanganisirwa pamwe nekuzvikuvadza-kuzviparadza, izvo zvinoratidzika zvisingaoneki kunze kwenzvimbo yepabonde, sezvo ichifukidza hunhu hwese. Muvengi chaiye weungochani haazi tsananguro yake, asi kusaziva kwake kuti anogona kubatsirwa, pamwe nemeso ake epfungwa, ayo anoita kuti arege kurapwa. Kusaziva uku kunotsigirwa nehunyanzvi nevatungamiriri veungochani ... "(Bergler 1956).

Psychionze purofesa Nikolai Vladimirovich Ivanov (1907 - 1976), mumwe wevatanga vepamhepo sexpathology, akataura zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha kuti ubudirire kurapwa kwekufarira ungochani: (1) maitiro emurwere - anoita kana kuramba kukwezva, ari kuremerwa nekukwezva kwayo, ari kuziva kukodzera kwayo, Iyo inotarisira mhedzisiro yemagariro mune chiitiko chekubvumidzwa kukwezva? (2) kuvapo kwemurwere kwengochani - chiitiko ichi chakatariswa naN. V. Ivanov kunge achisarudza. Kana murwere ari jaya kana musikana, uye kukwezva ngochani kuchiri kurota uye hushamwari hushamwari - nekukurumidza hurongwa psychotherapy inodiwa, iyo ichave iri kuvimbisa, ichitungamira kudzokorora kwakakwana kwekukwezva pane heterenderual oriental; (3) boka rezvimwe zvemukati uye zvekunze zvinhu zvinopesvedzera murwere - kuziva kwemurwere nezvenguva yekushanduka (semuenzaniso, fungidziro yakasimba kwazvo yekuita zvepabonde pasina chero prerequisites yeungochani usati watanga kuyaruka, mune mamwe mazwi fixation pabonde); yakaratidza kushushikana kwepfungwa kwemunhu anogara mumubatanidzwa weungochani kana kuve neungochani, kuvapo kwekukwezva panguva imwe chete,Ivanov 1966, peji. 134).

Muzvinafundo Ivanov akaona "bumbiro" kana hunhu hunhu kuti hunhu hunodzivirira hunodzoreredza kurapwa (asi pano, mumaonero echipfungwa, hapana chikonzero chekuramba kurapwa); tariro ye "piritsi" (chishamiso); kusagadzikana kwemurwere (ndiko kuti, iko kutaura, kushandira kusada kuchinja).

Muzviitiko zvese izvi, Ivanov angaratidza kuti murwere zviri nani "arambe pachena kurapwa, achitaura chokwadi chekuti haana zvinodiwa zvemukati kuti zvisiyane, zvinongedza kuti murwere adzokere kwachiremba kana hupenyu hwacho huchityisa uye uchimutsa mubvunzo unorwadza wekusakwanisa kwekuenderera mberi. kuvapo nekutsamwiswa, kana aine zvese zviripo zvaari kuda kubvisa chirwere chake "(Ivanov 1966, peji. 134).

Mudzidzi waIvanov, Dr. Yan Genrikhovich Goland, akashandisa pfungwa dzemudzidzisi kuvandudza nzira inoshanda yekurapa yekukwezva ungochani, hwaave achishandisa zvinobudirira nanhasi. Kurapa kune nhanho nhatu:
1) kusikwa kweyakavanzika-yepfungwa vhuruu umo kusakendenga kune vanhu vechisimba kwavo kunogadzirwa;
2) kuumbwa kwekunakisa kuona kwemukadzi uye kukwezva kwaari.
3) hukama hwehukama nemukadzi, kubatanidzwa kwechirume nehukadzi.
Goland inobvuma kurapwa chete avo ngochani vanoratidza vane moyo yakatendeka yekubvisa kufarira kwavo ngochani, uye inozivisa nezvekurapa kwakabudirira kusvika 100%.

Muongorori weAmerican Jeffrey Satinover anobvumirana neiyi data, zvichienderana neizvozvo, muboka rakasarudzwa nehungwaru revanhu vane kukurudzirwa kwakanyanya, mwero wekubudirira kurapa kurapa uri pedyo ne100%, nepo mune yekunyepedzera sampuli, mhedzisiro inobudirira ndeye inenge 50% (Satinover xnumx, peji. 51).

Chiremba wepfungwa weAmerica Joseph Nicolosi (1947 - 2017) yakagadzira nzira inoshanda yekudzokesa kurapwa, zvichibva pamafungiro ekuti kukwezva ungochani ndiwo mhedzisiro yeanonzi "kushomeka kwekuzivikanwa kwechikadzi" kunokonzerwa nekubviswa humhandara, kushaya rutsigiro kubva kuvabereki nevezera mukuumbwa kwekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi. kuyedzwa nemagariro (Nicolosi 1991, 1993, 2009) Nicolosi zvakare yakaburitsa huwandu hwemapepa esainzi mune zvinyorwa zvinoongororwa nevezera.⁴.

Spanish wepfungwa chiremba Elena Lorenzo Rego⁵ Kubudirira kubatsira vechidiki ngochani vachitsvaga rubatsiro. Mukuita kwake, panotova nehuwandu hwakakosha hwezviitiko zvekugumisa mararamiro eungochani uye shanduko kune hukama nehukadzi /Portaluz 2014).

Mumwe wenyanzvi akakurumbira anotaura chiRussia pakurapa kweNVV kuEast Europe ndiye muchengeti wechirwere chepfungwa muKiev uye nyanzvi dzezvepabonde Muzvinafundo Garnik Surenovich Kocharyan.

Kwemakore, zvakazarurirwa vanhu vazhinji vakabudirira kusiya hupenyu hwavo hwechingochani uye vakagadzira kukwezva nehukombwe zvakabudiswa. Semuenzaniso, W. Aaron akanyora mune yake autobiographical nyaya:

"... Kwemakore makumi maviri ndaive ngochani (...) nhasi, makore mazhinji gare gare (...) Ini ndinotungamira hupenyu hwemurume nemukadzi uye ndinonakirwa ..."Aaron 1972, peji. 14).

Mimwe mimwe mienzaniso inoratidzwa mumabasa. Rekers (1995), Worthen (1984), Konrad (1987), Comiskey (1988), Judkins (1993). Breedlove (1994), Yakasimba (1994), Davies (1993), Goridhe (2008), Pabon (2015), Baley (xnumx), Glatze (2007). Pamusoro pe100 autobiographical mienzaniso yekubudirira kurambwa kweungochani inopiwa mubhuku reVoices of Tariro: Mazuva Ekupedzisira eStatu Perspecitors paIne-Gender Attraction - An Anology yeVhangeri Inodzidzisa uye Yemunhu Essays (2011) (Mansfield xnumx).

Huchapupu hwakawanda uye zvakazarurwa zvakaunganidzwa panzvimbo dzenharaunda dzinobatanidza vanhu vanobudirira kubvisa hunhu hweungochani uye mararamiro eungochani, semuenzaniso, "Changed»,«Manzwi ekuchinja»,«Nzwi dzeTariro"Uye"Izwi revasina izwi".

Ngano pamusoro peAversive Therapy

Mu "LGBT +" - rhetoric yakanangana nekudzikisira kurapa kugadzirisa, ngano iyo, kare, kusvikira ma1970, ngochani vaibatwa chete nekupfuura iwo magetsi emagetsi kuburikidza nehuropi, inzvimbo yakakurumbira. Iwe unogona kazhinji kunzwa zvinonzwira tsitsi uye netsitsi dzinoitirwa kukurudzira tsitsi pakati pevasina kuziva vagari venhoroondo, sepamberi pevanhu vaneishuvo yeungochani yakakandwa nechisimba kanenge kuchigaro chemagetsi.

Uku kunyepa. Yakagadzirirwa kutyisa nekudzinga avo ngochani avo vari kuedza kuwana mukana wekubvisa NGV. Chirevo pamusoro (Phelan 2009b) inonyatsoratidza kuti varume nevakadzi vanofarira kubvisa NVH vakabudirira kubudirira pachinangwa chavo pasina “kupfuura magetsi emukati nepfungwa”. Mune ma1970's, ichi chaive chinozivikanwa chinozivikanwa nesainzi, icho chakapindirwa chakanyanya kunyorwa nezvacho.

Semuenzaniso, chinyorwa chiri mupepanhau The New York Times kubva pagore re1971 chakanzi "Vakawanda ngochani vakabatsirwa kuti varoorane" vanotaura nezvenzira dzakasiyana siyana dzekurapa - psychodynamics, kurapwa kweboka, nzira yakabatanidzwa, nezvimwe.

"… Vachishandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana dzezvepfungwa, varapi vakaona kuti ngochani dzechidiki dzakatsunga kushandura zvido zvavo zvine mukana wakanaka wekubudirira. Pamusoro pezvo, varapi vanotaura kuti vakabatsira 25-50% yevanhurume avo vanoita ungochani vanopedzisa kururamisa vanhukadzi, zvisinei nezera ravo kana kurudziro yekutanga. (…) [Dr. Lawrence] Hatterer anoedza kubatsira varwere vake kuti vanzwisise mavambo ehunhu hwavo hweungochani nekuongorora hukama hwemhuri uye zviitiko zvehujaya. Panguva imwecheteyo, anoedza kushandura hunhu hwechingochani nekushanda pamwe nevarwere vake kuti vaone uye vadzivise zvimwe zvehupenyu zvinokonzeresa zvikamu zveungochani, nekuzvitsiva nehukadzi nehukama. Anogona, semuenzaniso, kuratidza kuti murwere arege kushanyira ngochani mabhawa uye aende kune akajairwa mabhawa panzvimbo, kana kutsiva ungochani mifananidzo uye mifananidzo yevarume vane mifananidzo yevakadzi.

Chiremba akataura kuti mumwe murwere ane makore 30 akaita kururamisa kwakazara mumwedzi mitatu yekurapwa. Mumwe murume asina ruzivo rwepamoyo akatanga kutanga kurapwa ari padanho rekuzviuraya, atoparadzana nemurume waakagara naye makore maviri. "Mushure megumi mapfumbamwe chete e45 maminetsi uye 27 achiteerera marekodhi, murume uyu akavata uye akachengeta hukama hwakabudirira hwepabonde nemukomana wake kakawanda pasvondo," anodaro Dr. Hatterer.

Chinhu chakanyanya kukosha chekurapa ndechekuzivisa murwere kuti pane mukana wekuti neimwe nzira ubatsire dambudziko rake.

PaInstitute of Behaeveal Therapy paTemberi University, Dr. Joseph Walp nevamwe vake vanoedza kubata vatete ngochani nekugadzirisa maitiro avo vachishandisa maitiro ehunhu.

"Kurwiswa kwavo nenzira nhatu" kunokanganisa ngochani kutya kubata vakadzi, kukwezva kwavo varume uye kutya kwavo kwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, kubvisa kutya pamusoro pevakadzi, murwere anoenda munzvimbo yekuzorora zvakadzama obva aunza vakadzi. Kuti vadzime bonde ravo muvanhurume, varwere vanoiswawo kunetsekana kwakadai se "aversive" sekuvheneka kwemagetsi magetsi vachiratidza mifananidzo yevanhurume vasina kupfeka ... "(Broody xnumx).

Saka, hezvinoi - kutaurwa kwemagetsi aripo! Chii chakanyatsoitika?

Mune mushonga, pane chaiyo iripo nzira yekurapa sekupfuura iwo magetsi emagetsi kuburikidza neuropi yemurwere we0.1 kusvika 1 masekondi - anonzi elektroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Iyi nzira yakatsanangurwa mu1938 kurapwa kweakanyanya schizophrenic kusagadzikana (Wilson 2017) ECT ichiri kushandiswa nanhasi kubata vakasiyana siyana vepfungwa chirwere mune dzimwe mhando dzekurapa dzisina maitiro ahunodiwa. Sezvakacherechedzwa kuongororo mune yevezera-yakadzokororwa magazini Clinical Psychopharmacology uye Neuroscience:

"... Electroconvulsive kurapa inzira inoedzwa nguva yekurapa chirwere chepfungwa chakasiyana. Kwemakumi emakumi emakore, iyo ECT nzira yakagamuchira huwandu hwekuvandudzwa. Kunyangwe nekushoropodzwa kwakawanda, ECT ichiri kushandiswa zvinowanzoitika mukuita zvechipatara ... "(Singh and Kumar Kann 2017).

Parizvino, vangangoita mamirioni e1 varwere pagore vanoenda kune electroconvulsive kurapa kurapa kwakasiyana-siyana chirwere chepfungwa uye neurological, kazhinji kushungurudzika kwakanyanya, katatonia uye manic syndrome. Sezvo iyo BBC Psychology inonyora:

"... Electroconvulsive therapy inobatsira varwere mu80% yematambudziko - asi kunyadziswa kunoenderana nenzira iyi kunoratidza kuti ECT haibatsire vanhu vese kuti inogona kubatsira ..." (Riley 2018)

Ehezve, pane kupokana kukuru pamusoro pekushanda, kuchengetedzeka uye tsika dze ECT. Asi hazvina basa kune iwo musoro - ECT haisati yamboshandiswa zviri pamutemo mukurapa ungochani.

Mifananidzo inotyisa yekumanikidza kushungurudza vanhu vachirova kudzima kwemagetsi uye mareferensi ehunhu hwaJack Nicholson kubva mufirimu "Kubhururuka pamusoro peCuckoo's Nest" ye1975 gore, iro rakanga rizere nezviwanikwa zve "LGBT +" - mafambiro padanho rekurapwa - haana chekuita nenyaya yacho.

Kuvhenekerwa kwemagetsi kwakatsanangurwa kuchinyorwa chiri pamusoro muThe New York Times zvine chekuita nenzira inodzora yekurapa. Kurapa kwakasiyana hakuzi kurapwa kwemagetsi. Nerudzi rwekurapa, magetsi emagetsi haapfuurwe kuburikidza nehuropi hwemurwere.

Kurapa kwakakwenenzverwa, kwakanangana neyakagadzirirwa Pavlov chimiro, kuri kuita kugadzirwa kweanofuratira kune kusingadiwe kukurudzira pane imwe nhanho yeiyo Reflex Reflex. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa kubvisa nokuzvidira kubvisa zvinodhaka, phobias, hutsinye, kushungurudzika kwepabonde uye kunyange spasms (McGuire uye Vallance 1964) Izvi zvinowanikwa nekubatanidza isingadiwe isingafadzi (fodya, fungidziro dzezvepabonde, zvinonyadzisira, nezvimwewo) nemafungiro asina kunaka (kurwadziwa, kusvotwa, kutya, nezvimwewo). Magetsi aripo anogadzirwa nemidziyo inomhanya pane bhatiri re9-volt, apo murwere wacho pachako anogadzika chikamu chechimisheni chinotenderwa kwaari, chinounzwa kuburikidza necuff electrode kune iyo biceps kana yakadzika gumbo nzvimbo (pasina mhaka kune iyo genital nharaunda).

Yakanga iri nzira yeaversive Therapy yakashandiswa nemvumo yevarwere kubvisa HBV. Pakazosvika makore 70, maitiro ekurapa aive awana mukurumbira, uye pfuti dzakayerera dzakatengeswa kunyange zvekushandisa pamba.

Nezvishoma zvisingawanzo, kurapa anodziya nemagetsi aripo hazvishandiswe nhasi mukurapa kweNKV nekuda kwekuwanda kwakashata kunosangana nekusagadzikana kwemhedzisiro. Aversive therapy inoreva maitiro ekurapa, ayo, sezita rawo rinoreva, anobata chete nekaitiro - i.e. zviratidzo zvekunze kwedambudziko. Paunenge uchigadzirisa matambudziko akavakirwa panhepfenyuro dzepfungwa (senge muungochani), kushanda kwayo hakufanirwe kuve kwenguva refu, nekuti basa racho harina chinangwa kupedza iro riri pasi, asi mukudzvinyirira kuratidzwa kwaro. Mamiriro emhepo anoratidzika anomuka pasi pemamwe mamiriro uye anopera mukushayikwa kwavo. Nekudaro, kuchengetedza inogara yakarongedzwa Reflex yekuseukira kune imwe kukurudzira, kugara uchisimbisa yekare kunokosha. Iko kusipo kwekugadziriswa kwehurongwa, kutsakatika kwechimiro chakagadziriswa Refix kunofungidzirwa. Nekudaro, iyo 1968 yekudzidza yegore yakaratidza kuti semhedzisiro yekurapa kusarudzika kwekutsauka pabonde, shanduko yakaitika mu23 ye 40 kesi (57%), asi pakaongorora gore gare gare zvakazoonekwa kuti kubudirira kwakazara kwakachengetwa chete mumatare e6 (15%) (Bancroft neMaki 1968) Hwekuvandudza matanho evanotapukira, vanopokana, uye sadomasochists aive akakwira, mhedzisiro yakanga isinganyanye kunakidza kune ngochani, uye yakaderera kwazvo kune vanhu vanoita transgender. Kuenzanisa, varwere vakapedza iyo nzira pshododynamic kurapwa vakaramba vari chete heterochial uye makumi maviri makore gare gare (Bieber naBieber 1979, p. 416).

Aversive kurapwa chikamu cheiyo Federal kurapwa zviyero uye anoshandiswa kurapa akati wandei matambudziko. Nyanzvi dzinobvuma kuti kushandiswa kweanotsiviwa kurapwa kunokwanisika uye dzimwe nguva kunenge kuri madikanwa, asi kuitira kuti uwane zvakanakisa uye zvakagadzikana zvigumisiro, zvinodikanwa kuti zviitwe pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira dzekupira kwepfungwa.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti vatevedzeri vebato re "LGBT +", vachirambidza kurambidza nzira dzipi nedzipi kubata chisungo chisingafarire, vanoreva "zvinotyisa nekutambudza" zvinonzi zvakatambudzwa nevanhu vanonzi vakaita kurapwa kwakadaro. Semuenzaniso, panguva yekunzwa pamusoro pekurambidzwa kwekudzokorodza kurapa mudare reUS mu2013, humbowo hwaBriel Goldani (murume uyo airapwa nenzira yekurapa uye yemutemo yekuchinja kuva mukadzi) hwakanzwika. Maererano nezvipupuriro izvi, pazera ramakore re13 (1997 gore), vabereki vake vakamutumira kumisangano “yeChristian Kurojera” uko kunonzi "Kurayirwa Kwechokwadi" muOhio, uko vana vakamanikidzwa kuenda kuchechi vanovenga uye kubata bonhora pamifananidzo yechirume. , vakapiwa intravenous emetic gadziriro uye ma electrodes ane zvazvino akaiswa mumaoko avo kwemaawa maviri. Izvo zvinonzwika zvinotyisa uye zvinotyisa: "Chikamu chechiKristu gay."

Zvisinei, semhedzisiro yekutarisisa, hapana humbowo hunotsigira anonzi Goldani akawanikwa, hapana mumwe wevamwe vana vanonzi vairapwa mukamba akaonekwa, cheki yemuchuchisi haina kuratidza kuvapo kwemusasa wakadai. Panzvimbo chete paive ne "gay reclamation camp" inonzi "Yechokwadi Mirayiridzo" yaive ... firimu raHollywood ra1999 raitungamirwa nemurume kana mukadzi uye airidza ane mukurumbira transvestite RuPaul (Doyle 2013; Sprigg 2014) Nomuzvarirwo, hapana mhosva yaakaunzwa vachipomerwa mhosva yekunyomba kwaGoldany.

Mumwe muenzaniso wakada kufanana neanechirume, Samuel Brinton, akapomera vabereki vake kuti "vakamurova neungochani" achiri mwana, uye vakamutumira kumusasa "wakafanana" nekururamisa, uko "akaiswa jekiseni nemaburi matete pasi pezvipikiri, akaisa magetsi, aisa echando uye anodziya kupisa kune nhengo dzechikadzi achitarisa mifananidzo yeungochani. ” Kupa (kwakabhadharwa) kubvunzurudzwa kwevabvunzurudzo, Brinton akawedzera kukanganiswa, uye ruzivo rwekutambudzwa kwevanhu zvisingaite hwakawedzera kuwedzera kutyisa. Zvakangodaro, kuongorora kwemashoko ake, kunyangwe kubva kune mamwe ma "LGBT +" ma activist, haana kuburitsa chero chinhu chinogona kusimbisa zvaakataura - pane zvinopesana, uye chokwadi chenhema chakawanikwa (Sprigg 2014).

Uku kunyepa kusingaiti kunoitirwa kutyisidzira uye kubvisa avo vangochani vari kutanga kutsvaga nzira dzekubvisa kukwezva kwavo-kurara nevanhukadzi, kunovavatadzisa kutungamira hupenyu hwakazara (uye kune vazhinji). Nhema idzi dzinogona kuve dzinouraya: vanenge vese vaimbochingochani ngochani vanofunga kuti pfungwa dzekuzviuraya dzakasimuka kubva pakuvengana kwenzvimbo, asi kubva mukuzvinyangadza kwavo nemanzwiro avo kusava netarironekuti vakagutsikana kuti havana nzira yekuchinja.

Idi rekuti rakakurudzira vanhu vanokwanisa kupaza zvachose neungochani uye voita gumbo mumba gumbo panze rinokanganisa iro musimboti wezvekuita zveungochani, izvo zvinoti ungochani inzvimbo yekugara uye isinachinja, senge dzinza, uye nokudaro LGBT vanoshambadzira havafadze kunyange ngano dzakanyanya kupusa.

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Notes

1 yeChirungu: "kuita zvebonde kunochinja kuedza" - "kuedza kuchinja hunhu"

2 Aimbova National Association Yekutsvagira uye Kurapa kweungochani (NARTH)

3 semuenzaniso, shandisa iyo yakanyanya kuomarara maitiro ekushanda, usaite hanya yemumwe munhu kliniki kesi yekurapa inoshanda, asi ziva nyaya dzakafanana dzemhedzisiro isina kunaka.

4 https://www.josephnicolosi.com/published-papers/

Xnumx Elena Lorenzo Rego

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Ruzivo rwekuwedzera

Rumwe ruzivo neruzivo zvinogona kuwanikwa mune zvinotevera zvinyorwa:

1. https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#WitnessesPhelan JE, et al. Izvo Zvinotsvagurwa Zvinoratidza: NARTH Mhinduro kune iyo APA Inotaura nezveungochani Chirevo cheSainzi Advisory Committee ye t.iye National Association yeKutsvaga uye Kurapa kweungochani. Chinyorwa cheHutano hweVanhu. 2009b; Vhoriyamu 1.
2. Byrd AD, Phelan JE Chokwadi uye Nhema pamusoro pePakutanga Aversion Matekiniki Mukurapa Kwekusada Vanhurume Zvekunakidzwa. Alliance ye Therapeutic Sarudzo uye Sayenzi Kuvimbika, 2005.
3. Iyo saiti yeheteroaffirmative varapi: https://iftcc.org/
4. Iyo saiti yevanhu vane zvakafanana-zvepabonde inokwezva, akakwanisa kuita shanduko: https://changedmovement.com/
5. Uchapupu hweMashanduko: https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#Witnesses

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