Izvo zvinotaridzika sechiito chetsika kune iye muridzi wemashoko mukati meyokutanga kana yechipiri nhanho, inoshanda kuzadzisa zvakadzama zvounzenza uye zveunzenza zvinangwa, kana tichifunga kunyengera kubva pakukwirira kwezinga rekupedzisira.

Chekutanga pane zvese, ndinoda kunyevera vaverengi kuti varege kufunga nezvemapapu evechiri kuyaruka. Iye zvino kufunga kwevanhuwo zvavo kwakaiswa neyakaganhurwa, mune iyo musiyano wepfungwa pane imwe axis: kune rumwe rutivi kune hunhu hunofungidzirwa uye hunhu husina hutsinye hunotsigira ungochani, uye kune rimwe divi kune anonzi anonzi akajekeswa, akabudirira, ane tsika uye anetsitsi asina rusarura, ndiani inotsigira ngochani.

Muchokwadi, dambudziko rinotsanangurwa pano harisi nyore sezvo vatsigiri varo nevanopikisa vanowanzovapo. Izvo zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti munguva dzazvino, manipuesheni ekuziva ari multilevel uye anogara mune akati wandei ndege. Kuongorora dambudziko rekusarudzika humwechete-hwebonde, zvinokatyamadza kufunga kwakanyatso funga sei multilevel kunyengera kwekuziva. Musimboti wekunyengedzera kwemazuva ano kushandisa maitiro ehunhu wevakabatwa nekunyengedzwa kuitira kuti, vachivimba nehunhu hwezviito zvavo, vabatsire vanyengeri kuzadzisa zvakapesana, zvakanyanya unzenza zvinangwa.

Iko kuoma kweiyi manifuling iko kuri muchokwadi chekuti ine akati wandei madanho. Chikamu chehungwaru cheboka revanhu vane hupombwe vakagadzira uye vakaunza iyi modeli yekunyengedza kwekuziva mune venhau haina kufadza. Urongwa hwekunyengedza hwakasarudzika hunofungwa pasina chikonzero. Muchokwadi, manipulators akagadzira mamiriro ezvinhu apo zvinhu zvekuenderana kwehunhu hwemutsipa, sekudikanwa kwekubvumirwa uye kugamuchirwa, kudiwa kwakawedzerwa kwepfungwa yekuchengetedza, kutya kushoropodzwa uye kusatenderwa, kudiwa kwekurwira nekuda kwechikonzero chete, manzwiro etsitsi kurongeka.

Izvo zvinotaridzika sechiito chetsika kune iye muridzi wemashoko mukati meyokutanga kana yechipiri nhanho, inoshanda kuzadzisa zvakadzama zvounzenza uye zveunzenza zvinangwa, kana tichifunga kunyengera kubva pakukwirira kwezinga rekupedzisira.

Ngationgororei akasiyana mazinga ekubhurikidza mune hwakawanda ruzivo

Level One Manipulation - Rudzidziso Kugadziridza kweMedical Terms

Padanho rekutanga, pane mashandisirwo emitauro ane marapiro pasi pezvirango zve "kutarisisa manzwiro evanorwara" maererano nechimiro chekudzvanywa kwezvirwere zvepfungwa. Nekudaro, chirwere ichi "pederasty", icho chaive chikamu chehurombo hwekusangana pabonde pamwe nekutsakatika, chakatanga kutumidzwa chirwere "ngochani". Ipapo maburuguru akabva atanga kunzi ngochani, uyezve "ngochani". Zvino zvaitika mune inical logic inonzi initsiva concepts. Kana kumberi kuzvikwezva kumunhu wechikadzi mumwechete wainzi chirwere chepfungwa, chakazokurudzirwa kufunga nezvechirwere kusagadzikana kubva pakukwezva munhu wechikadzi chimwe chete. Iko kushayikwa kwekusagadzikana kwakataurwa kuti ionekwe sehutano.

Saka kufambiswa zvakanaka zvakashandurwa kuita mitauro yakajeka, sainzi-kunge mazwi - egosyntonic uye egodistonic kutaridzika. Kana munhu asingagadzikane (egodistonic state), saka anogona kutendeukira kune psychiatrist-sexopathologist pakurapwa; kana munhu achigutsikana nezvose (egosyntonic state), ipapo anotenderwa zviri pamutemo kurarama pasina kurapwa. Pashure pacho, egosyntonic oriental yakaparadzaniswa kubva kune dzimwe nyika kuongororwa kwezvirwere uchishandisa isayenzi, kuvhota kunosemesa, pasina tsvakiridzo yekurapa uye humbowo (zveruzivo, havavhote mumushonga, nekuti mushonga hausi wezvematongerwo enyika). Iyo "egodistonic oriental", apo munhu anonzwa kusagadzikana kubva mukukwezva kwake-pabonde kukwezva, yakasiyiwa muICD-10 sechirwere.

Chisarudzo chekusaratidza manhamba pane egosyntonic mamiriro muICD-10, vamwe vanhu vakatora seuchapupu hwekushaikwa kwemaitiro uye senzira yekufunga izvi zvakajairwa kana kunyange chimiro chehutano. Izwi rekuti "ungochani" rakatanga kuverengerwa muchirevo nezwi rakanyorwa kuti "ungochani". Vanhu vasina kudzidza vakatombofunga kuti kwainzi kwaive nemhando yakasarudzika yeusingaite zvechinyakare, yaisawanzoita uye yakatowoneka mufashoni, uye nekudaro yakakodzera kutevedzera.

Kuti pasave neanogona kuve nemibvunzo isina kugadzikana, ruzivo rwekare rwunobviswa kubva paInternet. Kugadziriswa kwepasi rose kwezvirwere zve 8 uye 9 kudzokorodza, uko muchikamu "chirwere chepfungwa" zvakaratidzira "kufambidzana" uye "ungochani" nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero, zvakatadza kuwana kushandisa injini dzekutsvaga paInternet. Zvingaite sekunge izvi zvirizvo zvekuti vadzidzi vatarise kuti chirwere ichi chaimbonzi chii? Chete apo chirwere chepfungwa chakatanga kutsiviwa neakasiya hukama hwepabonde ndipo pazvakava pachena kuti nei matanho aya achidikanwa. Hapana imwe yevanyanzvi vasina kubvumidzwa vanogona kutaura kuti, vachibvuma kubva kunzwira tsitsi kune vanorwara, kuti vatore zvekare chirwere icho mune chimwe chinhu chisingatore-kurira, akabatanidzwa mune imwe nzira yakatosiyana. Ndiani angave akafunga kuti mushure mekugamuchira zita idzva munhau, manyepo makuru evanhurume nevanhukadzi angatangwa senge rudzi rwe “hunokudzwa” hwepabonde?

"Patakaita sarudzo yekubvisa ungochani, hapana aiziva kuti zvingaitika.", - APA ex-mutungamiri anozviruramisa Nicholas Cummings, uyo akasayina danho rekuti ungochani hauchanzi chirwere chepfungwa, "kushamwaridzana kwainge kusiri kuita zvehondo sezvazviri nhasi: zvese kana hapana ”.

Chero zvazvingave, World Health Organisation, iyo yakagadzira iyo International Classization yeZvirwere, haisi sangano resainzi. NDIANI iyo UN bureaucratic agency, uye ICD iri rayo raishandiswa, rekutonga uye runyorwa zvinyorwa, tsanangudzo dzayo zvine mamiriro. WHO haisi kuyedza kutaura neimwe nzira - ndizvo zvakanyorwa mukati sumo kuiswa kumamiriro ekusagadzikana kwepfungwa muICD-10:

"Paradzai tsananguro nemirairo usatakure mukati mayo zvinoreva zvirevo uye usanyepedze kune dudziro yakazara yemamiriro aripo ekuziva kwekushushikana kwepfungwa. Ivo vanongova zviratidzo mapoka uye kutaura pamusoro pazvo nhamba yakakura yevanopa mazano nevanopa mazano munyika zhinji dzepasi vakabvuma sechinhu chinogoneka kutsanangudza miganhu yemudungwe mukugadzikana kwekunetseka kwepfungwa. "

Kubva pakuona kwesainzi yesainzi, chirevo ichi chinotaridza sezvisina musoro. Kugadziriswa kwesainzi kunofanirwa kuve kwakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvine hungwaru, uye chero chibvumirano pakati pevanyanzvi chinogona kungove chikonzero chekududzirwa kwechinangwa chezvepfungwa nedhipatimendi rekusimbisa, uye kwete kutongwa nechero fungidziro yekufunga, kunyangwe iyo inonyanya kubatsira vanhu. Saka, zviri pachena kuti ICD-10 hairatidze zvesainzi, asi zvemagariro zvematongerwo enyika, uye kuti ungochani, sekudaro, haumiririri mazviri, hauna hukama hushoma nehukama hwechokwadi sainzi data, uye saka hukama negwaro iri. seuchapupu hwekupedzisira hwekujairika kweungochani - hazvina zvazvinoreva.

Iyo Wikipedia isiriyo inotaura kuti panofungidzirwa kuti kune kubvumirana kwenyanzvi pamusoro penyaya iyi. Kune vasingazivi mushonga wesainzi, ini ndinoda kutaura kuti pamazinga mashanu euchapupu hwesainzi nekurapa, kuwirirana kwehunyanzvi chiratidzo chezasi, rechishanu chikamu. Dambudziko nderekuti hapana kubvumirana zvachose. Iko hakuna chimwe chinopfuura kubva pachokwadi. Uyezve, hapana chiratidzo chekiriniki chesainzi ku1 - 4 level.

Kukwezva kumeso kwechimwe chechikadzi haisi nzira yekufungidzirwa kuti "yakajairika, isinechechi" zvepabonde, asi chirwere chepfungwa kubva muchikamu chebonde. Vanokahadzika vanogona kujaira ivo Order Nha. 566н yeGurukota rehutano, mune vanhu vane hurema uye hunhu hunosangana nevakaremara kuita zvepabonde vanorondedzerwa sevarwere vari munzvimbo dzehutano hwepfungwa.

Recent basa Masayendisiti epfungwa eYale University akawana kuti hutano hwepanyama uye hwepfungwa hwevadiki zvepabonde hwakanyanya zvakanyanya kukunda hwevaya vanoita zvechirikadzi.

Chikamu chechipiri chekunyengedza ndiko kukwezva kwehunhu hwetsitsi uye kuchinjisa pfungwa ye "hutsika" kubva pamhando yakakosha kuenda kumanzwiro

Padanho repiri ndiko kunyengedzwa kwepfungwa yetsika yekunzwira tsitsi vanhu vakarambwa nharaunda vanoitirwa chisimba, kurohwa nekutambudzwa. Kunzwira kwedu tsitsi kune vanotambudzwa hakutitenderi kana kuita kana kutaura chero chinhu chingavhiringidza hupenyu hwavo. Ehezve, munhu anonzwa netsika dzakanaka anoremekedza rusununguko rwehunhu hwemurwere, anoshivirira kuratidzwa kwekunze kwechirwere, achiremekedza kodzero yekusarapa chirwere, remekedza kodzero yemurwere yerusununguko rwekutaura, shanda muchikwata pasina kushushwa.

Mano ari pano ndeaya kunzwa kwetsika tsitsi idzo vanhu vane hutano vanowana kune vanorwara dzinoenzaniswa tsika yakakosha tsika. Tsika manzwiro uye tsika tsika - izvi zvinhu zvakasiyana zvachose. Haigoni kuenzana mutsika kunzwa и tsika yakakosha tsikamunhu nekuti idzi pfungwa kwete kuenzana. Izvo hazvina kufanana kune mumwe neumwe muhuwandu hwepfungwa, iwe haugone kuisa chiratidzo chakaenzana pakati pavo. Kuenzanisa manzwiro uye kukosha, tinoita chikanganiso chakakura chepfungwa, zvakangofanana nekuenzana mita nemakirogiramu. Tinogona kunzwa kunzwa kwetsika tsitsi kune vanorwara, asi isu hatidiwi accept kuratidzwa kwehurwere hwavo se landmark mutsika medu kukosha kwemaitiro. Pakati pezvikamu zveiyo tsika yezvinhu uye denderedzwa remanzwiro richiri denderedzwa remifungo, musana wezvitendero. Izvo zvinoda kuziva kuti mutsika yeWestern nyaya iyi inosanganisirwa muhurongwa hwetsika.

Kana iwe uine netsitsi netsitsi kune ngochani, izvi hazvireve kuti iwe unofanirwa kuona ungochani kukosha kwehunhu.

Chikamu chechitatu chekushandura ndicho chinotsiva tsika. Pfungwa yehukama hwehukama.

Apa kunakidza kunotanga. Zvinoreva izwi rekuti "tsika" rakazara neshoko rakasiyana zvachose. Mutsika, pfungwa yehunhu inosanganisira yakajeka kupatsanurana kuita zvakaipa uye kunaka. Iyo nyowani, "isina kuvanzika" zvinoreva izwi rekuti "hutsika" haisati yatakura zvinorehwa nehunhu uye hunhu hwehunhu, asi inoshanda nenhaurwa dzemukati: "kuda zvese", "kugamuchira zvese", "kurwira chimwe chinhu chakajeka, chakachena uye chakakwana", "kusaratidza. hutsinye "," ratidza mutsa, "usafarire hupenyu hwepedyo hwevamwe vanhu", "taura zvine hunyanzvi", "usadzidzisa vamwe vanhu kurarama."

Nekudaro, kana tsika yakajairika iine nheyo dzakajeka uye maitiro ayo munhu anogona kuona zviri nyore kuti chii chinonzi tsika uye chii chinoita unzenza, saka rakashandurwa zvinoreva izwi rekuti "tsika" rakavakirwa pane inonzi dzidziso yehukama hwehukama, apo pasina musiyano wakajeka pakati pechirevo chekunaka uye zvakaipa. Munhu "ane hunhu" mukati mehurongwa hwepfungwa hwehukama anoonekwa seanoremekedza miganhu yake, anoremekedza kuvanzika kwevamwe, haaratidze hutsinye hwekunze, uye haaise vamwe vanhu munzvimbo yakaoma iyo inopfuura kupfuura yetsika dzakanaka. Nekudaro, izwi rekuti "tsika" rakazadzwa nezvinorehwa, hunhu, hukama. Hapana chakashata ne hunhu uye kuremekedza zvakavanzika zvevamwe vanhu, kunze kweizvozvo ruremekedzo uye kuziva hunhu zvisina kuenzana tsika. Idzi pfungwa idzi hadzifanane uye nekudaro hadzigone kutsiva imwe neimwe. Kune ane mwero uye akangwara scoundrels, kune vanhu vane tsika vasingazive hunhu.

Nekudaro, kutorwa semunhu ane hutsika mune chimiro cheiyo nyowani yekudyidzana kwetsika zviri nyore. Izvo zvinodikanwa chete kudzvinyirira uye kupamhidzira chero, izvo zvishoma kuratidza hutano hwehashakutaurirana zvine hukama, kuwirirana, kuwirirana kune zvese. Kana zvichikwanisika, enda nepamunogona napo kuti muvhure makakava uye edza kutaridzika se “munhu ane hushamwari”, uku uchinyatsonzwa godo rakasimba, kutsamwa uye kuvenga. Nekudaro, hazvidikanwe kushandisa nguva uye kushanda nesimba kuti ukudzise hunhu hunhu nekunetseka kukuru, kunyatsokudziridza hunhu hwako uye nekuuya kuzvishingisa kwechokwadi uye rudo rwechokwadi kune vamwe vanhu nekuda kweiyo nzira yakaoma yekukudziridza hunhu hwehunhu. Iye zvino, kuti titariswe se "munhu ane hutsika" mune chimiro chemamiriro matsva, zvakaringana kuva kugadzikana kwepamoyo. Kuratidza manzwiro etsitsi, kugamuchira uye rudo rusina magumo kune wese munhu, pasina kusangana nemanzwiro aya zvakadzama. Mune mamwe mazwi, kazhinji sezvinobvira ratidza izvo zvinonzi psychotherapy inodaidzira neurotic conformism.

Munhu akavanzika mubatsiri wakanakira wevanoshanda psychopaths. Kupindirana, kunofadza, kusimudzira kune hunhu hwehunhu, kusava nemafungiro ake uye zvinangwa zvake. Munhu akavanzika nehurongwa husina kujairika hwehunhu hwetemplate iri nyore template yekudzidza anonzi "webasa vanhu."

Ehezve, hapana akaudzwa zvinonyatsorehwa kuti izwi rekuti "tsika". Vanhu havambo nyatso ziva kuti vane matambudziko akakomba nehunhu, kuti vava vateveri uye vateveri veichi dzidziso yeutsinye hunhu. Asi ivo vanogutsikana kuti nekusimudzira ungochani semagariro, vanhu vane hutsika vane hunhu hwe "budiriro", "vanojekeserwa" uye "hwazvino" kukosha system.

Shamwari dzinodikanwa, uchimisikidza hukama hwebonde nehwechimwe chinhu chakafashikana, chemazuva ano, chakabudirira uye chakavhenekerwa, chakakodzera avo vakunda rusaruro, uri kunyengerwa, zvakanyanya, nechinangwa uye nehana.

Mune basa re psychotherapist, kugona kugona kwehunyanzvi kwakatemwa nehukuru hwehungwaru, kugona kuona kuenzanisa kwekuziva uye kuchengetedza vatengi kubva pazviri.

Vanhu vakanyengerwa havafe vakaziva kuti vari pasi pesimba reunyengeri. Manipulators haambotauri chikonzero chaicho, mhedzisiro inodiwa uye kukurudzira kwavo kwechokwadi kune vanoitirwa zvakaipa.

Hapana imwe nzira iri nani yekuvanza pfungwa dzevanhu pane kuvapa isiriyo danho rekutanga.

Vazhinji vakangwara vanofunga kuti kune rudo, kuti ngochani vanhuwo vanhu vasina kufanana nevamwe, havagamuchirwe nenharaunda uye vanonetseka kuwana munhu wavanoda naye. Inofanira kunzwisiswa kuti mune psychopathology, zvinhu zvebonde zvinosemesa hazvina kufanana neyakajairika, hazvina hutano. Chinhu chikuru chekunakidzwa kwevakadzi ngochani simba uye kuzviisa pasi. Ndosaka paine mushopano mukuita zvinoshanda uye zvinongopfuurira (kutora chinzvimbo chesimba uye, zvichidaro, kuzviisa pasi). Vanhuwo zvavo vanonzwa kusagadzikana kubva pasimba pamusoro pemumwe munhu, kana kubva pakuzviisa pasi. Ane mutyairi kutyaira anobva pane sensight. Sei Report Dr .Ngcolosi: “Kumurume anoda zvechingochani, kuita zvepabonde kuedza kubata uye kutonga mumwe murume. Izvi zvinoshanda sechiratidzo che "kuva" cheumwe munhu, uye kazhinji chinosanganisira utsinye kupfuura rudo.

Zvikonzero zveungochani

Ungochani ihosha yakakura. Kuenzanisa nefivha kunogona kuitwa - zviri pachena kuti pane chirwere, asi chikonzero nei chiripo - chiremba anofanira kunzwisisa. Saka hezvino zvikonzero zvengochani zvinogona kukamurwa mumapoka 5. 4 yavo haikuvadzi munharaunda, uye 5 ibhiza reTrojan, pfungwa yacho iri chando paganda. Kutanga tanga zvinhu.

• Boka rekutanga uye rakakura kune vanoita ngochani vanobatwa nekuparadzirwa kweterevhizheni, avo vakaisa pathological yakagadziriswa Reflex muhuduku. Uku kushata kunogona kurapwa nachiremba wepfungwa-zvepfungwa.

• Boka rechipiri rakabatwa chibharo uye vakomana muhudiki (rakabatwa senzira yekushungurudzika, iyo pathological yakagadziriswa Reflex inodzvinyirirwa, yakajairika Reflex inogadzirwa - izvi zvakare zvinorapwa nachiremba wepfungwa-sexopathologist).

• Boka rechitatu varwere vane schizophrenia nevarwere vane manic depression psychosis. Avo vakadzidzisa kurapa kwepfungwa vanoziva kuti schizophrenia kazhinji inotanga nehupombwe. Wakaona vanhu vakadai - vanosvetuka vasina kupfeka paRed Square kana kumhanya mumabhutsu mamwe pamusoro peSokolniki. Varwere vakadaro vanofanirwa kupihwa antipsychotic kumisa kukura hurema mudhara ravakaenda kuna chiremba wepfungwa. Zvikasadaro, ivo vanova vasina kukwana zvakakwana. Pasina kurapwa, vanhu vari muboka iri vanokwanisa kuve vakaremara mupfungwa.

• Pamwe hapana munhu akaona boka rechina, nekuti iwo maunitsi, asi nekuda kwekurairwa kuri madikanwa kutaura nezvavo - ava vanhu vane endocrine uye chromosomal pathology.

• Boka rechishanu ndiyo njodzi chaiyo. Avo vaifunga zvese zvekuparadzira uku kwe "rusununguko rwemubhedha" uye "kurwira vakagumburwa" vaive nechinangwa chekushandisa kusadzidza kwevanhu uye kuviga iri boka pasi penjere yemamwe mapoka ese. Uku ndiko kushata chaiko uye kwakaipa - akachena psychopaths. Pure psychopathy ishoko rakapfuura, asi rinonyatsoratidza huchokwadi hwechinetso. Kuti unzwisise kutyisa kwezvavanokwanisa, tsvaga kuti ndivanaani Duplessis Nherera.

Ini ndinotsanangura dambudziko. Urwu ndirwo rwune njodzi rudzi rwe psychopathology. Icho chikonzero chiri chechisikigo uye chisingarapike. Fungidzira mudzidzi akadzidziswa kwazvo asina ruzivo rwezvinhu zvakasikwa asingakwanise kuona chero maitiro ehunhu - hapana tsitsi, kana tsitsi, kana kunzwira tsitsi, kana kuvimba, kana kutendeseka, hana kana hutsika. Uye iwe uchanzwisisa kuti pasi pevhariro reasina kukuvadza mapoka mana eungochani (kazhinji asina kukosha kune nzanga) kune kushata chaiko, kutyisa kwacho kwakanzwisiswa chete nevaya vakadzidza psychiatry 25-40 makore apfuura.

Ndiani anofanirwa kupa psychiatric pathology seyakajairwa?

Psychchopaths chete anogona kugadzira normalization yeungochani uye inoda normalization ye sexopathology munyika dzakasiyana. Icho chokwadi ndechekuti iyo yemukati yenyika ye psychopaths ndeyekunamatira kwepabonde kunoenderana nesimba, kutumira, kunyadziswa; chitendero chehutsinye uye tsika yemari yesimba pamusoro pevamwe vanhu. Zvakajairika vanhu havadi simba pamusoro pe psyche yevamwe vanhu. Munhu akajairika haazofunge nezvekuti ungaita sei vamwe vanhu nekumanikidza uye kuvamanikidza kuti vaite chimwe chinhu. Zvakajairika (mupfungwa yehunhu, uye kwete mupfungwa ye "kwete kupenga") vanhu vanotarisira hupenyu hwavo uye vanoedza kugara pamwe nerunyararo.

Pfungwa yekudaidzira ungochani rudo rwemhando yepamusoro inogona chete kuitika kune psychopath. Naizvozvo, chete psychopaths anogona kushandisa kutsiva concepts uye kudana kubatana zvichibva pamusoro chinhu “kuzviisa pasi, kunyadziswa uye simba” rudo. Izwi rekuti rudo rinoyera vanhu vane hunhu, kana vachirinzwa vanodzokera.

Kugadziriswa kwechirwere munharaunda kunokonzerwa nebasa reboka rakapamhama revanyanzvi vanoshanda mune zvepfungwa uye zvepfungwa uye vachishumira, zvinopesana neiyo nyanzvi code, zvido zveanoschatological-psychopathic elite. Yakakura zviwanikwa zvemari uye kutonga pamusoro pekuyerera kweruzivo kunovabvumira kupesvedzera maonero eruzhinji rwevanhu vasina dzidzo mumunda wepfungwa. 

HAKUNA ZVIMWE ZVIRI MUKATI ZVINONYANYA KUTI URI KUTI URI KUTI URI KUTI URI KUTI URI KUTI URICHIATRIC SEXOPATOLOGY.

Normalization yekutsauka kwepabonde inofanirwa kuti psychopaths ichinjise zvishoma nezvishoma maitiro ehutsika mune huwandu hwevanhu uye, sezviri pachena, kuderedza kubereka.
Verenga zvakawanda nezve izvi muchinyorwa Depopulation matekinoroji: "kuronga mhuri".

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Kubva pane chinyorwa naNatalia Rasskazova 
"Nei chaive chikamu chepfungwa ye"ungochani" muchimiro che"egosyntonic state" isingabatanidzwe nekuvhota kubva pane rondedzero yezvirwere zvepfungwa?"

Chikamu chechina chekunyengera chinogona kuwanikwa mukati chinyorwa chizere.