Kuongorora kwesainzi data.

Kunobva kuChirungu: Robert L. Kinney III - Ungochani uye humbowo hwesainzi: Paipfungwa dzekufungidzira, nhoroondo dzekare, uye kuwanda kwakawanda.
Linacre Quarterly 82 (4) 2015, 364 - 390
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1179/2050854915Y.0000000002
Shanduro Yeboka Sayenzi yezvokwadi/ AT. Lysov, MD, Ph.D.

ZVINHU ZVINOKOSHA: Sechikonzero che "hunhu" hweungochani, zvinotaurwa kuti "chinja" uye kushanda kwevanhu vanoita zveungochani zvakafanana nevanhurume. Nekudaro, zvakaratidzirwa kuti "kuchinjika" uye kushanda mumagariro hakuna hukama nekuona kana kutsauka pabonde kusagadzikana kwepfungwa uye kunotungamira mhedzisiro dzenhema. Hazvibviri kugumisa kuti mamiriro epfungwa haana kutsauka, nekuti mamiriro akadaro haatungamiri kukuremara "kuchinjika", kushushikana kana kukanganisika basa rezvemagariro, zvikasadaro kushushikana kwakawanda kwepfungwa kunofanirwa kuve kwakarongedzwa zvisirizvo semamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa. Idzo mhedziso dzakataurwa mune izvo zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa nevatsigiri vehukama hazvionekwi chokwadi chesainzi, uye zvidzidzo zvisina mubvunzo hazvitorerwe sosi dzakavimbika.

NHANGANYAYA

Nguva pfupi nyaya iyi isati yanyorwa, mumwe musisitori wechiKatorike [akanyora nyaya inonetsa paungochani] akapomerwa mhosva yekushandisa "nyaya dzinofungidzirwa, dhata rechinyakare uye kusangana kwakawanda kuti adhimire ngochani nevarume".Funk 2014) Nechikonzero ichochi, mumwezve muratidziri akanyora kuti nuni yakatsauka ikaenda "muchikamu chezvemagariro evanhu uye zveanthropology", "zvisingakwanisi kugona kwake" (Gallbraith xnumx). Izvo hazvina kunyatso kujeka kuti chii chaizvo chairehwa, asi maitiro kuchinyorwa anomutsa mibvunzo yakati wandei yakakosha. Mhosva yekushandisa data yechinyakare uye kutsauka kupinda munzvimbo iri kunze kwemunhu chero upi zvake inosanganisira zvinhu zviviri. Kutanga, zvinoreva kuti kune humwe humbowo hutsva kupfuura uhwo hwakapihwa nasista panhau yehunhubu. Chechipiri, zvinoreva kuti kune nyanzvi dzinovimbika dzinogona kwazvo kufungidzira nezveungochani. Mubvunzo unomukawo: chii, kutaura zvazviri, nezve ungochani "husina kupera", dhata yemazuva ano? Zvakare, zvinonzi ivo vanonzi vane chiremera nyanzvi nezve ungochani? Kutsvaga kwakareruka kweInternet kunoratidza kuti vazhinji vanonzi nyanzvi dzehutano hwepfungwa vanoti pane humbowo hwakakosha hwesainzi hunotsigira maonero avo kuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, zvakafanira kuongorora uye kuongorora humbowo hunofungidzirwa kuti hwesainzi kuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa.

Mapoka maviri anowanzonzi se “anoremekedzeka uye akatendeseka sehunyanzvi mukunetseka kwepfungwa muUnited States of America” ndiAmerican Psychological Association (APA) neAmerican Psychiatric Association. Naizvozvo, chekutanga ini ndichatipa chinzvimbo chemasangano aya nezveungochani, uye ipapo ndichaongorora "humbowo hwesainzi" hwavanoti vanotaura vanofarira chinzvimbo chakadai.

Ini ndinoratidza kuti pane zvakakanganisika mune izvo, izvo zvinounzwa se "humbowo hwesainzi" mukutsigira kwefungidziro yekuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Kunyanya, chikamu chakakosha chemabhuku chinoratidzwa seuchapupu hwesainzi hachina kukodzera kune musoro weungochani uye kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Nekuda kwekukanganisa uku, kuvimbika kweAmerican Psychiatric Association uye APA, zvakanangana nezvavanotaura pamusoro pehupombwe hwevanhu, zviri kubvunzwa.

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL SANGANO uye AMERICAN PSYCHIOTRIC ASSOCIATION

Ini ndichatanga nerondedzero ye APA neAmerican Psychiatric Association, ndotaura nezve maonero avo paungochani. APA inoti ndeiyi:

"... rakakura sesainzi uye rakarongeka sangano rinomiririra psychology muUnited States. APA ndiyo mubatanidzwa wakakura wepasi rese wevanyanzvi vepfungwa nezve 130 000 research, vadzidzisi, varapi, varapi uye vadzidzi. " (American Psychological Association 2014)

Chinangwa chake "Mupiro mukugadzira, kutaurirana pamwe nekushandiswa kweruzivo rwepfungwa muvanhu kufadza veruzhinji uye kugadzirisa hupenyu hwevanhu" (American Psychological Association 2014).

American Psychiatric Association (iyo inoshandisawo chirevo che APA):

"... isangano rakakura kwazvo repfungwa repasi rose. Iyi inharaunda yakasarudzika yezvokurapa inomiririra huwandu hwevanhu vari kukura, pari zvino vari pamusoro peiyo 35 000 varapi vepfungwa ... Nhengo dzayo dzinoshanda pamwechete kupa hutano hwejekerere uye kurapwa kwakaringana kuvanhu vese vane chirwere chepfungwa, kusanganisa kushushikana kwepfungwa uye kusagadzikana kwekushandiswa kwezvinodhaka. APA izwi nehana nehana dzazvino dzepfungwa " (American Psychiatric Association 2014a).

IAmerican Psychiatric Association inoburitsa iyo Diagnostic uye Statistical Manual yezvinetso zvepfungwa - DSM, zvinova:

"... chirevo chinoshandiswa nevanoona nezveutano muUnited States uye nyika dzakawanda pasi rose ane masimba gwara rezvehutano hwepfungwa gwara. "DSM" ine rondedzero, zviratidzo uye zvimwe maitiro ekuongorora kushushikana kwepfungwa. Inopa kubatana kwekutaurirana kwevanachiremba kuti vataure nezve varwere vavo uye kunosimbisa kuenderana uye kwakavimbika kuongororwa kunogona kushandiswa mukudzidza kwekushushikana kwepfungwa. Zvinopa kubatana kwekukurukurirana kuti vatsvage nzira dzekudzokorora dzemberi uye kubatsira mukugadzira zvinodhaka uye kumwe kupindira. " (American Psychiatric Association 2014b, yakawedzera sarudzo).

Iyo yekuongorora uye yeinongedzo nhungamiro yekukanganisika kwepfungwa inoonekwa seyakatungamira mirayiridzo yekuongorora mamiriro ehutano hwepfungwa. Izvi zvinotevera kuti avo vanorwara nepfungwa vanoumba American Psychiatric Association, kunyanya avo vari mubishi kutsanangura zvirimo zve "DSM," vanoonekwa sevatungamiriri uye nyanzvi mune zvekurapa kwepfungwa.kune vanhu vasingazivikanwe nezvekutsanangurwa kwesainzi, iyo kudzidza kwe psychology kwakasiyana nekudzidza kwechirwere chepfungwa, saka kune masangano maviri ehumhizha akasiyana ayo anodzidza kusagadzikana kwepfungwa - kwepfungwa nepfungwa.).

Maonero eAAPA neAmerican Psychiatric Association nezvehunhu hweungochani zvakarondedzerwa mumagwaro maviri anokosha. Yekutanga yemagwaro aya ndiyo inonzi. Pfupiso yaAmici Curiae weAPA¹yakapihwa panguva yeU.S. Supreme Court Lawrence v. Texas kesi, iyo yakakonzera kudzorwa kwemitemo yekudzivirira-sodomy. Chechipiri gwaro reAAPA rakanzi "Target Group Report on the App sahihi Therapeutic Approached to Sexual Oriental"². Vanyori mune iyi chirevo "Takaita ongororo yakarongeka yemabhuku anoongororwa nevezera nezvekuchinja shanduko yebonde" kuti ape "kurudziro yakanangana nevashandi vane hutano hwepfungwa, veruzhinji, uye vezvematongerwo enyika" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 2) Mapepa ese ari maviri ane zvinyorwa kubva kune zvakagadzirwa se "chiratidzo" kutsigira maonero ekuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Ini ndichataura kune humbowo hwesainzi hwakapihwa mumagwaro uye ini ndichaongorora kwazvinowanikwa souchapupu hwesainzi.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti "boka revaridzi" rakagadzirira gwaro repiri raitungamirwa naJudith M. Glassgold, anoshanda lesbian psychologist. Iye anogara pane imwe bhodhi yeJenda yeGay uye Lesbian Psychotherapy uye ndiye aimbova sachigaro weAPA's Gay neDhipatimendi reLesbian (Nicolosi 2009) Dzimwe nhengo dzeuto rebasa raive: Lee Bexted, Jack Drescher, Beverly Green, Robin Lyn Miller, Roger L. Worsington naClinton W. Anderson. Sekureva kwaJoseph Nicolosi, Bexted, Drescher naAnderson vari "ngochani," Miller "ane bisexual," uye Green ari lesbian (Nicolosi 2009) Naizvozvo, vasati vaverenga mafungiro avo, muverengi anofanira kufunga kuti vamiriri ve APA havatore divi rezvematongerwo enyika panhau iyi.

Ini ndichatora kubva pamagwaro maviri aya. Izvi zvinobvumidza kuburitswa pachena kwenzvimbo yeAPA neAmerican Psychiatric Association.

Kugadziriswa KweZVIRI ZVESANGANO PANE HOMOSEXUALISM

APA inonyora nezvekukwezva ngochani:

"... kukwezvana, kurara pamwe kwevanhu, uye maitiro avo ezvimwe zvinhu zvakasarudzika uye zvine hungwaru muhukama hwevanhu - mune mamwe mazwi, hazviratidze kushushikana kwepfungwa kana kukura." (Glassgold et al. 2009, 2).

Ivo vanotsanangura kuti ne "zvakajairika" vanoreva "Izvo zviviri kusavapo kwekunetseka kwepfungwa uye kuvapo kwehutano hwakanaka uye hutano hwekuguma kwevanhu" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 11) Vanyori ve APA Funga nezve Zvirevo izvi "Inotsigirwa nehukuru hwakakosha hwesimba" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 15).

Gwaro re APA Nyanzvi Pfungwa inoshandisa mazwi akafanana:

"... makumi emakumi emakumi emakumi emakumi emakumi emakumi emakumi emakore ekutsvaga uye ruzivo rwekiriniki hwatungamira masangano ese ezveutano munyika muno kuti apedzisire ataura kuti ungochani inzira yakajairika yebonde kwevanhu." (Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae 2003, 1).

Naizvozvo, chinzvimbo chikuru cheAPA uye neAmerican Psychiatric Association ndechekuti ungochani hausi dambudziko repfungwa, asi asi chimiro chakajairika chebonde nevanhu, uye vanoti chinzvimbo chavo chakavakirwa pauchapupu hwakakosha hwesainzi.

Sigmund Freud

Ose magwaro anoenderera mberi nenhoroondo dzekuongorora ungochani uye psychoanalysis. Rimwe bepa rinotanga nekutaura Sigmund Freud, uyo akataura kuti ungochani "Hachisi chinhu chinonyadzisa, chakaipa, uye kushatisa, hachifanirwe kuverengerwa sechirwere, asi kusiyanana kwebasa repabonde" (Freud, 1960, 21, 423 - 4) Vanyori vanoona kuti Freud akaedza kuchinja maitiro ezvepabonde emukadzi mumwe chete, asi, vasina kuwana budiriro, "Freud akagumisa kuti kuyedza kuchinja maitiro eungochani kungangobudirira." (Glassgold et al., 2009, 21).

Izvo hazvitauri kuti tsamba yakanyorwa na [Freud] mugore re1935 yakaderedzwa kana kuti haisisina basa, zvinoenderana nesarudzo yemazwi. Mhedzisiro yaFreud yekuti shanduko mune zveungochani "pamwe havana kubudirira "mushure meimwechete kuyedza kunofanirwa kutorwa se" nyaya yekufungidzira. " Naizvozvo, data yaFreud mune iyi kesi haina kukwana; maringe netsamba yake, hazvigoneke kutaura kuti ungochani hunhu hwakajairika hwepfungwa dzemunhukadzi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwawo kuti vanyori vakaramba nemaune kunyora zvizere maonero aFreud, uyo akataura kuti ungochani nde "Musiyano mukuita zvepabonde unokonzerwa nekumira kwakati mukuvandudzwa kwebonde"(Herek 2012) Kungwarira kudzivirira iyi quote kubva kubasa raFreud kuri kukanganisa. (Mune rumwe ruzivo nezve izvo zvakanyorwa naFreud nezveungochani, inogona kuverengerwa pabasa raNikolosi).

Alfred Kinsey

Gwaro re APA Task Force rinobva rareva mabhuku maviri akanyorwa naAlfred Kinsey mu1948 uye 1953 (Kuzvibata Kwepabonde muMurume uye Kuita Bonde muMunhu Mukadzi):

"... panguva imwecheteyo kuti maitiro emafambisirwo eungochani kuchirwere chepfungwa nekuAmerica akagadziriswa, huchapupu hwanga huri hwekuwedzera kuti maonero aya anonyadzisa aisimbiswa. Rugwaro rwe "Kuita Zvepabonde muMurume" uye "Kuita Zvepabonde muMunhu Mukadzi" zvinoratidza kuti ungochani hwakanga hwakawanda kupfuura zvaimbofungidzirwa kare, zvichiratidza kuti maitiro akadaro ndeimwe nzira yekuenderera mberi kwehunhu hwepabonde uye hunhu. (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Munhaurwa iyi, chirevo chakakosha ndihwo hunhu hweungochani kune "hunhu hwepamberi" hwepabonde. Mune mamwe mazwi, APA inotaura zvinotevera zvichibva pamabhuku eKinsey:

1. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti ungochani hwawanda pakati pevanhu kupfuura zvavaimbofungidzira kare;
2. Naizvozvo, pane zvakajairika kugoverwa (kana zvakajairwa “kupitisa”) kwekunakirwa nebonde kune vakomana vakasiyana.

Kupokana kwaKinsey (uko kunogamuchirwa neAPA) kwakangofanana nekududzirwa kwezvakataurwa naFreud. "Continuum" "inoteedzana inoteedzana umo zvinhu zvakatendana zvisingafanane kubva kune mumwe, kunyangwe mativi akanyanya kusiyana" (New Oxford American Diction 2010, sv kuenderera) Muenzaniso weiyo inopfuurira ndiko kuverenga kwekudziya - "kupisa" uye "kutonhora" kwakasiyana kubva kune mumwe, asi zvakaoma kusiyanisa pakati pe100 ° F ne99 ° F. Kinsey anotsanangura dzidziso yake yekuenderera mberi muchimiro:

“Nyika haingogovaniswe kuva hwai nembudzi. Havasi vese vatema uye havazi vese vachena. Hwaro hweiyo taxonomy ndeyekuti zvisikwa hazviwanzo kubata nemhando dze discrete. Pfungwa dzevanhu chete dzinodzivirira mhando uye dzinoedza kuisa mazai ese mumabhasikiti. Nyama yemusango ndeyekuenderera mune zvese zvazvinoita.. Tikakurumidza kunzwisisa izvi zvine chekuita nezvebonde kwevanhu, nekukurumidza tinogona kuwana nzwisiso yezvazvinobatsira pabonde. " (Kinsey naPomeroy 1948, yakawedzera sarudzo).

Nezveungochani, Kinsey (sevanyori ve APA) anogumisa kuti sezvo vamwe vanhu vachifarira zvepabonde ivo pachavo, zvinongoerekana zvatevera kuti kune yakajairika kuenderera kwebonde drive. Kuti uone kusakwana kweiyo nharo dzekupokana hazvidi degree resainzi. Kujairika kwemaitiro kunotemwa kwete kungoonekwa kweizvozvo maitiro munharaunda. Izvi zvinoshanda kune ese science zvekurapa.

Kuita kuti zvive nyore kunzwisisa kusakwana kweiyo nharo, ini ndichataura muenzaniso weumwe hunhu hwakanyanya hunhu hunoonekwa pakati pevanhu. Vamwe vanhu vane chishuwo chakakura kubvisa ivo pachavo hutano nhengo dzemuviri; Pakati pevamwe vanhu pane chishuwo chekukuvadza mavanga pamuviri wavo, nepo vamwe vachiedza kuzvikuvadza nedzimwe nzira. Vese vanhu ava havasi kuzviuraya, havatsvage rufu, asi vanongoda kubvisa mitezo yavo hutano kana kukonzera kukuvara kwemuviri wavo.

Chimiro icho munhu anonzwa kuda kubvisa chikamu chine hutano chemuviri chinozivikanwa musainzi se "apotemophilia", "xenomelia", kana "muviri kuvimbika kusagadzikana syndrome". Apothemophilia is "Chido chemunhu ane hutano kuti adimbure ruoko rwakakora uye runoshanda zvakakwana" (Brugger, Lenggenhager uye Giummarra 2013, 1) Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti "Vazhinji vanhu vane apotemophilia varume", icho "Vazhinji vanoda kugura gumbo"nyangwe "Chikamu chakakosha chevanhu vane apothemophilia vanoda kubvisa makumbo ese maviri" (Hilti et al., 2013, 319). Mune kumwe kuongorora nevarume ve13, zvakaonekwa kuti zvese zvidzidzo zvine apotemophilia zvine ruzivo «kusimba kwakasimba makumbo makumbo " (Hilti et al., 2013, 324, kusarudzwa kwakawedzerwa). Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mamiriro aya anokura achiri mudiki, uye kuti anogona kuvapo kunyangwe kubva panguva yekuzvarwa (Blom, Hennekam uye Denys 2012, 1). Mune mamwe mazwi, vamwe vanhu vanogona kuberekwa vaine chishuwo kana kuramba vachidaro kubvisa danho rakasimba. Zvakare, mune yekudzidza pakati pevanhu ve54, yakawanikwa kuti 64,8% yevanhu vane xenomyelia vane dzidzo yepamusoro (Blom, Hennekam uye Denys 2012, 2). Kumwe kuongorora kwakaratidza kuti kubvisa hutano makumbo kunotungamira "Kunatsiridza kwakanaka muhupenyu hwese" (Blom, Hennekam uye Denys 2012, 3).

Saka, muchidimbu: pane mamiriro epfungwa mune vanhu "vanoshuvira" uye "kutsvaga" kubvisa mitezo yavo ine hutano. Ichi chishuwo chinogona kunge chiri chemukati, kana, nemamwe mazwi, vanhu vanogona kuberekwa vaine chishuwo chekubvisa mitezo yavo ine hutano. Ichi "chido" uye "kushuvira" zvakafanana "nekuda" kana "kuda". "Kuda" kana "kushuva", hongu, haina kunyatsoenderana nekomisheni yekucheka (chiito), asi kuda, kuda, kuda, uye chishuvo, pamwe neechiitiko chekubvisa pachako kunoonekwa sekukanganisa (Hiltiet al., 2013, 324)³.

Kubvisa hutano hwakanaka makumbo ndiko pathological effect, uye zvakare chishuwo chekubvisa hutano hwakanaka makumbo pathological kuchiva kana pathological tendero. Chido chepfungwa chinokura muchimiro chemifungo, sekureva kwezvakawanda (kana zvisiri zvese) zvishuwo. Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kusagadzikana kwave kuripo kubvira paudiki. Pakupedzisira, vanhu vanozadzisa chishuwo chavo uye vanobvisa hutano hwakanaka vanonzwa zviri nani mushure mekuchekwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, avo vanoita zvinoenderana nechido chavo chisina kukodzera (pfungwa dzekufunga) uye vanoita chiitiko chekubvisa hutano hwakagwinya, vanowana shanduko mu "mhando yehupenyu" kana vanonzwa pfungwa yekunakidzwa mushure mekuita chiitiko chekuita. (Iye muverengi anofanira kuona pano kufanana pakati peyezvazvakaita pathotiki apotemophilia uye nemamiriro ezvinhu ehumwari.)

Muenzaniso wechipiri uine kusagadzikana kwepfungwa kwandataura pamusoro ndiko kunonzi. "Kwete-kuzviuraya kuzvikuvadza", kana "auto-kuchekacheka" (iyo chishuwo chekukuvadza, mavanga). David Klonsky akataura kuti:

"Kusada-kuzviuraya auto-mutation kunotsanangurwa sekuparadza nemaune kwemasipi emuviri weumwe (pasina zvinangwa zvekuzviuraya), izvo zvisiri zvinodzorwa nemirairo yemagariro ... Maitiro akajairwa e auto-mutation anosanganisira kucheka nekukanda, kushambadzira, uye kukanganisa kupora maronda. Mamwe mafomu anosanganisira kuveza mazwi kana mavara paganda, kusimbisa nhengo dzemuviri. ” (Klonsky 2007, 1039-40).

Klonsky naMuehlenkamp vanyora kuti:

“Vamwe vanogona kushandisa kuzvikuvadza senzira yekufadza kana kunakidzwa, zvakafanana nekuparuka kana kusvetuka. Semuenzaniso, zvinangwa zvinoshandiswa nevamwe sevanhu vanoita zvekurudziro zvinosanganisira "Ini ndoda kukwidziridzwa", "vakafunga kuti zvingave zvinonakidza" uye "zvinonakidza". Nechikonzero ichi, kuchinjika kunogona kuitika muboka reshamwari kana vezera. ” (Klonsky naMuehlenkamp 2007, 1050)

Saizvozvowo, Klonsky anonongedza izvozvo

"... kuwanda kwe auto-mutation muhuwandu hwevanhu kwakakwira uye pamwe kwakakwira pakati pevechidiki nevadiki ... zvave pachena kuti autouit inoonekwa kunyangwe mumakiriniki uye asinganyanyi kushanda mapoka, sevadzidzi vechikoro chepamusoro, vadzidzi vepakoreji nevashandi vemauto ... Kukura kuri kuita auto-mutation vanoti vanachiremba vangangosangana nezviitiko izvi pakiriniki. ” (Klonsky 2007, 1040, kusarudzwa kwakawedzerwa).

IAmerican Psychiatric Association inotaura kuti nekusauraya kuzviuraya, kuchinjisa kukuvara "Kazhinji kurudziro inotangira, uye kukuvadza kwacho kunonzwika sekunakidza, asi munhu wacho achiziva kuti ari kuzvikuvadza" (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 806).

Kupfupisa, kusazvikuvadza kuzvikuvadza ndiko pathological effect inotungamirwa na pathological kuchiva (kana "Kukurudzira") zvikuvadza. Ivo vanozvikuvadza ivo vanozviita nekuda kwe "Kunakidzwa". Vamwe varwere vane chirwere ichi "Yakanyanya kushanda" mupfungwa yekuti ivo vanokwanisa kurarama, kushanda uye kuita munharaunda, panguva imwechete ivo vane kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Pakupedzisira "Kuwanda kwekushandurwa kwemoto kwakanyanya uye pamwe kwakakwira pakati pevechiri kuyaruka nevechidiki" (Klonsky 2007, 1040).

Zvino dzokera kuchinangwa chepakutanga - kufunga mienzaniso yeapotemophilia uye auto-mutation mune chimiro cheiyo logic ye APA uye American Psychiatric Association. APA inoti zvakawana tsvagurudzo yaAlfred Kinsey zvakaburitsa ungochani senzira yekurapa. APA inotsigira chirevo ichi pane zvekutsvaga kwaKinsey "Akaratidza kuti ungochani hwaiwanzoitika kupfuura zvavaimbofungidzira, zvichiratidza kuti maitiro akadai ndeechimwe chiitiko chekuramba uchiita zvepabonde" (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Zvekare, yakapfupiswa vhezheni yekupokana kweKinsey inotaridzika seiyi:

1. Pakati pevanhu, zvakaratidzwa kuti ungochani hwakajairika kupfuura zvavaimbofungidzira kare;
2. Naizvozvo, pane yakajairika kusiyana (kana yakajairwa “kuenderera”) kwechishuwo chebonde.

Tsiura ungochani nemienzaniso yeapotemophilia uye auto-mutation, uchitevedzera pfungwa dzeKinsey uye APA, uyezve nharo ichave seinotevera:

1. Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti vamwe vanhu vanoedzwa uye vanoshuvira kuzvikuvadza uye nekugura zvikamu zvine hutano zvemuviri wavo;
2. Izvo zvakaratidzirwa pakati pevanhu kuti chishuwo chekuzvikuvadza nekugura mativi emuviri ane hutano chinowanzoitika kupfuura zvaifungwa kare;
3. Naizvozvo, pane musiyano wakajairika wekuda kuzvikuvadza nekugura mativi emuviri ane hutano; pane kuenderera kwekusiyana kwakasiyana maererano nemaonero ekuzvikuvadza.

Saka, tinogona kuona kuti hazvinzwisisike uye zvisingaenderani nharo dzeKinsey uye APA zviri; kucherechedza kuti maitiro akajairwa kupfuura zvavaimbofungidzira hazvierekedzere kuendesa kumhedzisiro yekuti panewo kujairika kwemaitiro akadaro. Zvinogona kugumiswa kuti munhu wega wega anoona maitiro emunhu chinongova chiitiko chimwe chakajairika mu "kupfuurira" kwemaitiro emunhu; kana iyo shungu yekuzvikuvadza iwe kana kuda kubvisa gumbo rine hutano kwakaratidzirwa kuve kwakanyanya kupfuura zvavaimbofungidzira, ipapo (nepfungwa yavo) maitiro akadaro achazove chikamu chekupfuurira kweitiro uye zvinangwa zvekuzvikuvadza.

Pane imwe kumagumo yeKinsey spectrum kuchave kune avo vanoda kuzviuraya, uye kune imwe mugumo wechiteshi kuchave kune avo vanoda hutano uye hwekuita hunoshanda kwemiviri yavo. Pane imwe nzvimbo pakati pavo, maererano neKinsey's logic, pachave nevanonzwa sekutema maoko avo, uye padivi pavo pachave nevari kuda kutema maoko ese. Izvi zvinotungamira kumubvunzo: nei mhando dzese dzehunhu hwevanhu dzisingatariswe seyakajairika hunhu hwevanhu? Kupokana kwemusika kweKinsey, kana zvikaenderera mberi zvine musoro, kunobvisa zvachose chero kudiwa kwepfungwa kana kwechirwere chepfungwa; Kinsey akanyora kuti "iyo mhenyu yepasi inowedzerera muzvinhu zvayo zvese". Dai izvi zvaive zvakadaro, saka hapanogona kuve nechinhu chakadai sekusagadzikana kwepfungwa (kana kusagadzikana kwemuviri), uye paisazove nekushaiwa kwemasangano ese aya nemapoka anoongorora uye nekurapa kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Kukwezva kune kutumwa kwemhosva dzakapetwa kwaizove, sekufunga kweKinsey, ingangove imwe yenzira dzakajairika mukuenderera kwemafungiro kune hupenyu hwevanhu.

Naizvozvo, APA yaanoti kudzidza kwaKinsey "kupikisa" kweungochani sezvo nzira isina kukwana uye isiriyo. Iyo data yemabhuku esainzi haitsigire mhedzisiro yakadaro, uye mhedziso pachayo haina musoro. (Mukuwedzera, izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti pamwe chete nekusajeka kwekupokana, kazhinji kwekutsvaga kwaKinsey kwakagumburwa (Browder xnumx; ona zvinhu ngano ye10%).

K. S. FORD Uye FRANK A. BEACH

Chimwe chinyorwa chakaiswa pamberi sehumbowo hwesainzi kuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa kudzidza kwakaitwa naC. S. Ford naFrank A. Beach. APA yakanyora kuti:

"CS Ford neBeach (1951) yakaratidza kuti humhandara-hunhu hunhu uye ungochani zviripo mumhando dzakasiyana dzemarudzi nemarudzi ehunhu. Kuwanikwa uku kwakaratidza kuti hapana chinhu chisiri chechisikigo mune humwe chete-hunhu kana kuita ungochani."(Glassgold et al., 2009, 22).

Quote iyi inotorwa kubva mubhuku rakanzi Sampuli yeBonde Kuzvibata. Iyo yakanyorwa mu1951, uye mariri, mushure mekufunda data yeanthropological, vanyori vakataura kuti kuita zveungochani kwakabvumidzwa mu49 kubva ku76 tsika dzevanhu (Vemamwe Marudzi uye Miller, 2009, 576). Ford neBeach zvakare "zvakaratidza kuti pakati pevechirume vese varume nevakadzi vanoita chikamu cheungochani" (Vemamwe Marudzi uye Miller, 2009) Nekudaro, vanyori veAAPA vanotenda kuti sezvo vaviri vatsvagiri mu1951 vakaona kuti ungochani hunocherechedzwa mune vamwe vanhu nemhuka, zvinoteedzera kuti hapana chinhu chisiri muhuchani (kududzirwa kwe "hapana zvisiri izvo" kunoratidzika kunge kunoreva kuti ungochani. ndiyo "yakajairwa"). Iko kukosha kweiyi nharo kunogona kutaurwa seinotevera:

1. Chero chiitiko kana maitiro anoonekwa mune dzakasiyana siyana dzemhuka uye tsika dzevanhu dzinoratidza kuti hapana chinhu chisiri chechisikigo mune hunhu kana chiito chakadai;
2. Kufanana-pabonde maitiro uye ungochani akacherechedzwa mune dzakasiyana siyana dzemhuka uye tsika dzevanhu;
3. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hapana chinhu chisiri chechisikigo mune humwe-hunhu maitiro kana maitiro eungochani.

Muchiitiko ichi, tirikubata zvakare ne "simba rechinyakare" (1951 yekudzidza yegore), iyo zvakare inoburitsa mhedziso isina musoro. Kucherechedzwa kwemaitiro chero pakati pevanhu uye pakati pemhuka haisi mamiriro akakwana ekufunga kuti hapana chinhu chisiri chechisikirwo pakuita kwakadai (kunze kwekunge APA yauya nezvimwe zvinoreva izwi rekuti "zvakasikwa" kugamuchira izwi iri) . Mune mamwe mazwi, pane zvakawanda zviito kana maitiro anoitwa nevanhu nemhuka, asi izvi hazviwanzo kutungamira kune mhedzisiro yekuti "Hakuna chinhu chisiri chemukati."»Mune zviito uye maitiro akadaro. Semuenzaniso, cannibalism yakaratidzwa kuve yakapararira mutsika dzevanhu uye pakati pemhuka (Petrinovich 2000, 92).

[Makore makumi maviri gare gare, Gungwa rakabvuma kuti aisaziva muenzaniso mumwe wechokwadi wechirume kana munhukadzi ari mhuka yemhuka anoda mukwanyina: “Kune varume vanogara pane vamwe vanhurume, asi vasina zvinokanganisa kana kuguma. Iwe unogona zvakare kuchereji keji pakati pevakadzi ... asi kuidaidza ungochani mune pfungwa dzevanhu kududzira, uye kududzira kunonetsa ... Zvinopokana kuti keji pachayo inogona kunzi bonde ... " (Karlen 1971, 399) -  approx. per.]

Kunyorera maitiro e cannibalism kune logic inoshandiswa neAPA zvinozoguma mukukakavara kunotevera.

1. Chero chiitiko kana maitiro anoonekwa mune dzakasiyana siyana dzemhuka uye tsika dzevanhu dzinoratidza kuti hapana chinhu chisiri chechisikigo mune hunhu kana chiito chakadai;
2. Kudya vanhu vemarudzi avo kunoonekwa mumarudzi akasiyana siyana emhuka uye tsika dzevanhu;
3. Nekuda kweizvozvo, hapana chinhu chisiri chechisikigo pakudya vanhu vezera ravo.

Nekudaro, iwe haufunge kuti zvirokwazvo pane chinhu "chisiri" chakasikwa "mune cannibalism? Tinogona kuuya kumhedzisiro iyi pane hwaro hwepfungwa chete (pasina kuva anthropologist, wezvemagariro, nyanzvi yepfungwa kana biologist). Saka, kushandiswa nema APA kwekugumisa kwakakanganisika kweFord neBeach se “humbowo” hwekuti ungochani hausi kusagadzikana kwepfungwa kwakapera uye hakuna kukwana. Zvekare, mabhuku esainzi haatenderi mhedzisiro yavo, uye mhedziso pachayo haina musoro; kupokana kwavo haisi nharo yesainzi. (Iyi muenzaniso inogona kushandiswawo kuratidza kusanzwisisika kwepfungwa kweKinsey ne APA: kuchave neveganism pane imwe nguva yeiyo "yakajairika yekuenderera kwekutarisa kwekudya" uye cannibalism kune imwe).

Evelyn Hooker nevamwe pa "Adaptability"

Uku kupokana kunotevera kwakaitwa nevanyori ve APA chinangwa cheboka kunongedzerwa kuburitswa kwaEvelyn Hooker:

"Kuongororwa kwenyanzvi yepfungwa Eve Eve Hooker kwakaisa pfungwa yeungochani sekukanganisa kwepfungwa muyedzo yesainzi. Hooker akadzidza sampuli isiri yekiriniki yevanhurume uye akafananidza nemuenzaniso wevanhurume vanoita ungochani. Hooker akawana, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kubva pamhedzisiro yemuyedzo nhatu (thematic apperccious test, Taura nyaya yacho nemifananidzo bvunzo uye Rorschach bvunzo) kuti varume vanoita zveungochani vakafanana neboka ravanochata. nehuremu hwechinjika. Zvinoshamisa kuti nyanzvi dzakadzidza nezveRorschach protocol dzaisakwanisa kusiyanisa pakati pemapoka ebokachani neboka ravanochata, izvo zvakaita kuti vapesane nekunzwisisa kukuru kweungochani uye nzira dzekunzwisisa panguva iyoyo. " (Glassgold et al., 2009, 22, kusarudzwa kwakawedzerwa).

APA Nyanzvi Pfungwa inotaurawo kuna Hooker se "Kunyatsotsvaga":

"... mune imwe yekutanga." chenjera Tsvagiridzo yeMental Health muNgochani Dr. Evelyn Hooker akashandisa bhatiri reyedzo yepfungwa dzakajairwa kudzidza varume vanoita zvechingochani uye varume vanengochani vaienderana nezera, IQ, uye dzidzo ... uye kuti "ungochani haupo sechirwere chekiriniki." (Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae 2003, 10 - 11, kusarudzwa kwakawedzerwa)

Nekudaro, mu1957, Evelyn Hooker akafananidza nevarume vaizviti ngochani nevarume vaizviti vanoita hupombwe. Akadzidza zvidzidzo achishandisa bvunzo nhatu dzezvepfungwa: bvunzo inonzwisisika yekuedza, bvunzo ya "Taura nyaya kubva pamapikicha" bvunzo, uye bvunzo dzeRorschach. Hooker akagumisa kuti "ungochani segomarara haripo" (Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae 2003, 11).

Kuongorora kwakazara uye kushoropodzwa kwe Hooker kudzidza hakupfuure pachiyero chechinyorwa ichi, asi mapfundo akati wandei anofanirwa kucherechedzwa.

Zvinonyanya kukosha zvezvinhu zvese kutsvagurudza ndeizvi: (1) paramende yakayerwa (Chirungu: "mhedzisiro"; magumo poindi), uye (2) kuti zvinokwanisika here kuwana mhedzisiro yakatarwa nekuyera paramende iyi.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha pakudzidza ndechekuti zviyero zvacho zviri zvechokwadi here. Kudzidza kwaHooker kwakatarisa "kugadziridzwa" kweungochani uye ngochani senge paramende inogona kuyerwa. Hooker akataura kuti hutano hwakayerwa mune ngochani uye ngochani zvakafanana. Izvo hazvipe, zvakadaro, zvinopa tsananguro yezwi rekuti "kuchinjika". Parizvino, muverengi anofanira kufunga nezwi rekuti "kuchinjika," randichazodzokera kwariri. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa pano kuti mamwe akawanda mabasa akatsanangura zvakadzama zvikanganiso zvemaitiro mukudzidza kwaHooker (mabasa maviri anobata nezvikanganiso zvemaitiro mukutsvaga kwaHooker zvakapihwa muchikamu chereferenzi - izvi ndizvo Schumm (2012) и Cameron naCameron (2012)) Munyaya ino, ini ndichagara parutivi rwakashandiswa naHoboker seuchapupu hwesainzi mukufarira chirevo pamusoro pe "hunhu" hweungochani: kuwirirana.

Ndakatarisa pane paramende ino, nekuti mugore re2014, "chinja" chinotori chinongedzo nemasangano makuru seuchapupu hwesainzi, mukutsigira kwemashoko ekuti ungochani "musiyano chaiwo wepfungwa yemunhu".

Mushure mekutaura kuongororwa kwaEvelyn Hooker seuchapupu hwesainzi, vanyori veA APA yebasa vakati:

"Muongororo yeArmon pakati pevakadzi vanoita zveungochani, mhedzisiro yakafanana [nedata kubva kuna Evelyn Hooker] yakawanikwa .... Mumakore anotevera mushure mekudzidza kwaHooker naArmon, huwandu hwezvidzidzo pane zvepabonde uye hwekuita zvepabonde hwakakura. Zviitiko zviviri zvakakosha zvakaratidza shanduko inoshamisa mukudzidza kweungochani. Chekutanga, vachitevera muenzaniso waHooker, vazhinji nevazhinji vanotsvaga vakatanga kuita ongororo kumapoka asiri emakiriniki evarume nevarume nevarume. Zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvaisanganisira vatori vechikamu vakashungurudzika kana kusungwa. Kechipiri, nzira dzekuwongorora dzekuyedza hunhu hwevanhu (semuenzaniso, iyo Eysenck hunhu bvunzo, Cattell kubvunzurudza, uye iyo Minnesota bvunzo) yakagadziridzwa uye yaive yakakura psychometric kuvandudzwa pamusoro pedzimwe nzira dzakapfuura, senge, semuenzaniso, bvunzo yeRorschach. Ongororo dzakaitwa nenzira idzi dzichangobva kubudiswa dzakaratidza kuti varume nevakadzi vane hungochani nevarume nevakadzi vanoita zvechisimba uye vanoshanda. ”(Glassgold et al., 2009, 23, kusarudzwa kwakawedzerwa).

Iyi tambo yekupedzisira, yandakasimbisa, yakakosha zvakanyanya; "nzira dzichangogadzirwa"Kuenzaniswa"adapta"Uye kugona kushanda munharaunda pakati pechingochani uye ngochani, kureva kuti, vakashandisa fananidzo kusimbisa maonero ekuti ungochani hachisi chirwere. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa pano kuti "chinja" chakashandiswa chinchinjika ne "chinja" (Jahoda xnumx, 60 - 63, Seaton mukati Lopez 2009, 796 - 199). Nekuda kweizvozvo, APA zvakare inoreva kuti sezvo varume nevakadzi vari ngochani "zvakaenzana" nevarume nevakadzi vari mukugadzirisa uye kushanda munharaunda, izvi zvinoreva kuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Iyi ndiyo nharo imwechete yakafungidzirwa naEvelyn Hooker, uyo akasimbisa mhedziso yake kuti ungochani haisi nzira ine data inoratidza kufanana pakati pechingochani nevarume vanoita zvevakadzi nevarume vari mu "hunhu".

Ongororo yakaitwa naJohn C. Gonsiorek yakanzi "Empirical Basis for the Demise of Illness Model of ungochani" yakadomwa neAPA neAmerican Psychiatric Association seuchapupu hwekuti ungochani hausi dambudziko (Glassgold et al., 2009, 23; Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae 2003, 11). Mune chino chinyorwa, Gonsiorek anoita zvirevo zvakati fananei neya Eve Eve Hooker. Gonsiorek akaratidzira izvozvo

"... Kuongororwa kwechirwere chepfungwa inzira yakakwana, asi kushanda kwayo kungochani kwakaipa uye hakuna kururama, sezvo pasina chikonzero cheizvi. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuongorora ungochani sechirwere yakaipa nzira yesainzi. Naizvozvo, zvisinei nekuti kutendeseka kwechiitiko chekubvunzwa kunogamuchirwa kana kurambwa mun'anga, hapana chikonzero chekufunga ungochani sechirwere kana sechiratidzo chekushushikana kwepfungwa ”. (Gonsiorek, 1991, 115).

Gonsiorek anopomera avo vanotsigira humbowo hwekuti ungochani inyaya yekushandisa "yakaipa nzira yesainzi." Uye zvakare, Gonsiorek anoratidza kuti "Mubvunzo wakakodzera ndewekuti pane chero varume vanoita zvngochani" (Gonsiorek 1991, 119 - 20) uye

"... kumubvunzo wekuti ungochani uri weti here kana kuti kwete wepelinha uye une hukama nehurombo hwepfungwa, zviri nyore kupindura .... Zvidzidzo zvemapoka akasiyana zvakaratidza zvakazara kuti hapana mutsauko mukati kugadziriswa kwepfungwa pakati pechingochani uye heterochani. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe kana zvimwe zvidzidzo zvichiratidza kuti vamwe ngochani vane zvinokanganisa, "Hazvigone kupikiswa kuti kuita zvepabonde nekugadziriswa kwepfungwa chete kwakabatana.". (Gonsiorek, 1991, 123 - 24, yakasimudzirwa)

Saka, mukushanda kwaGonsiorek, "chinja" chinoshandiswa sedhara rakayerwa. Zvakare, humbowo hwesainzi hwakataurwa naGonsiorek, hunotaura kuti "ungochani ndiwo hunhu", hwakavakirwa pachiyero che "huchinjika" hweungochani. Gonsiorek anoreva kuti kana kurara pamwe "kwakabatana" nekugadziriswa kwepfungwa, saka tinogona kufunga kuti ngochani vanhu vane chirwere chepfungwa. Kana, zvisinei, hapana musiyano mukushanduka kweanochani uye ngochani, saka (maererano naGonsiorek) ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Nhauro yake yakada kufanana neye Eve Eve Hooker yekupikisa, iyo yaive seyotevera:

1. Iko hakuna mutsauko wekuyera mukushanduka kwepfungwa pakati pechingochani nevarume vanoita zvehuchani;
2. Naizvozvo, ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa.

APA's Nyanzvi Pfungwa muLawrence v. Texas inotaurawo ongororo yeGonsiorek seuchapupu hwesainzi hunotsigira danho rekuti "Ungochani hauna hukama ne psychopathology kana social maladaptation" (Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae 2003, 11). APA Nyanzvi Nyanzvi inotaura zvimwe zvinongedzo kuufakazi hwesainzi hunotsigira ichi chiitiko. Imwe yezvinyorwa zvataurwa ndeye 1978 ongororo yekudzokorora kwegore, iyo inofungawo nezvechinjika "uye" inopedzisa zvichinzi zvawanikwa parizvino hazviratidze kuti ungochani haanyatsogadziriswa mune zvepfungwa kupfuura waanogarisana naye ".Hart et al., 1978, 604). IAmerican Psychiatric Association uye APA zvakare yakaratidzira zvidzidzo naGonsiorek naH Hooker sehuchapupu hwesainzi mukutangisa kwavo kweUS nguva pfupi v. Windsor (Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae 2013, 8). Nekudaro, zvekare, matanho ekuti "chinja" akashandiswa kutsigira kutaura kwekuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Naizvozvo, tinofanirwa kutsvaga izvo zvinonyatsorehwa ne "kushanduka-shanduka", sezvo ichi chiri hwaro hwe "huchapupu hwesainzi" hunotaura kuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa.

"KUKONESESA" MUPSYCHOLOGY

Ndakaona pamusoro apa kuti "adaptability" izwi rakashandiswa zvakasiyana nekushandurwa ne "adaptation". Marie Jahoda akanyora mu1958 (gore rimwe mushure mekuparadzirwa kwekudzidza kwaEvelyn Hooker) izvo

"Izwi rekuti" kuchinja-chinja "rinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura kuchinjika, kunyanya mumabhuku akakurumbira pane hutano hwepfungwa, asi kazhinji richidaidzira, izvo zvinoumba ambiguity: inofanirwa kusanzwisisika kunzwisisika sekugamuchira kungogamuchira chero mamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu (ndiko kuti, senyika inogutsa mamiriro ezvinhu) kana seinoreva zvakafanana. adapta ". (Jahoda xnumx, 62).

Chidzidzo cheHooker uye ongororo yeGonsiorek mienzaniso inoshamisa yekushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "kugona". Hapana munyori anotsanangura izwi iri chaizvo, asi Gonsiorek anoreva kune izvo zvaari kureva neshoko iri kana achireva nezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakaburitswa pakati pe1960 ne1975 makore (iro rizere zvinyorwa iro rakaoma kuwana nekuda kwekuti dzakabudiswa pasati yaiswa kudhindwa kwedigital):

"Vanoverengeka vevatsvagiri vakashandisa bvunzo yeAdjective Check (" ACL ") Chang uye Vimba, uchishandisa uyu muyedzo, hauna kuwana mutsauko mukuwanda adaptability pakati peungochani uye varume. Evans, achishandisa muedzo mumwe chete uyu, akawana kuti ngochani dzakaratidza matambudziko mazhinji nekuzviona kupfuura varume vanoita zvehuchani, asi kuti chikamu chidiki chete cheungochani chinogona kutariswa zvisina kukodzera kukwana. Thompson, McCandless, uye Strickland vakashandisa ACL kudzidza zvepfungwa adaptability vese varume nevakadzi - ngochani nevarume, vanogumisa kuti kuita zvepabonde hakubatanidzwe nekuchinjika kwemunhu. Hassell naSmith vakashandisa ACL kuenzanisa vakadzi vanoita zvechingochani uye vakadzi vasina murume uye vakawana mufananidzo wakasanganiswa wemisiyano, asi mune zvakajairika, zvichibva pane izvi tinogona kufunga kuti mune ungochani sampu. adaptability " (Gonsiorek, 1991, 130, kusarudzwa kwakawedzerwa).

Nekudaro, sekureva kwaGonsiorek, chinenge chimwe chezviratidzo zvekushanduka kwayo "kuzviona". Lester D. Crow, mubhuku rakaburitswa munguva imwechete iyoyo seydzidzo dzakaongororwa naGonsiorek, anoti

"Kukwana, kugadzirisa hutano kunogona kuitika kana munhu aratidza zvimwe hunhu." Iye anozviziva iye somunhu, zvese zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana kubva kune vamwe vanhu. Iye anovimba mukati make, asi nekuziva kwechokwadi simba rake uye kushaya kwake. Panguva imwecheteyo, anogona kuongorora masimba uye kushaya simba kwevamwe uye kugadzirisa maitiro ake kwavari maererano nemaitiro anobatsira ... Munhu akashongedzwa mushe anonzwa akachengeteka mukunzwisisa kwake kwekugona kwake kuunza hukama hwake padanho rinobudirira. Kuzvivimba kwake uye pfungwa yekuchengetedzeka kwake inomubatsira kutungamira zviitiko zvake nenzira yekuti vanovavarira kugara vachiongorora kugara kwake pachavo nevamwe. Iye anokwanisa kunyatso gadzirisa matambudziko akawandisa kana mashoma aanosangana nawo zuva nezuva. Chekupedzisira, munhu anenge abudirira kuchinjika anogona kutanga kudzidzira huchenjeri hwehupenyu uye hutsika hunhu hunoshanda iye mumhando dzakasiyana dzekudzidzira - kudzidza kana kushanda, pamwe nehukama nevanhu vese vaanosangana navo, vadiki kana vakuru. " (Crow xnumx, 20-21).

Rimwe bhuku rakazobuda muThe Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology rinoti

"Mukutsvagisa kwepfungwa, kushanduka-shandurwa kunoreva kuitika kwazviri kuita uye maitiro acho. Psychological adapta ndiyo inozivikanwa ratidziro yekuongorora mhedzisiro mukufunga kwepfungwa, uye matanho akadai sekuzvivimba kana kushaya kushushikana, kusagadzikana, kana kushushikana zvinowanzo shandiswa zviratidzo zvehunyanzvi. Vanotsvagurawo vanogona kuyera huwandu hwemunhu wekuchinja-chinja kana kugara zvakanaka zvichiteerera kune chimwe chiitiko chinoshungurudza, sekurambana kana kusazvibata, sekudhakwa kana kushandisa zvinodhaka. (Seaton mu Lopez 2009, 796-7).

Zvese zviviri zvakatsanangurwa kubva mubhuku re1967 yegore uye kutorwa kwakazoitwa kubva muensaikulopidia inoenderana netsanangudzo kubva kuongororo dzakataurwa naGonsiorek. Gonsiorek inotaura zvidzidzo zvakawanda umo

"Misiyano yakakura yakawanikwa pakati pechingochani, murume kana murume, uye vanhurume, asi kwete pamwero ungapihwa psychopathology. Nzira dzakashandiswa kuyera huwandu hwekushungurudzika, kuzvishingisa, zvinetso zvehukama nematambudziko muhupenyu hwepabonde. " (Gonsiorek, 1991, 131).

Zviripachena, "kushandisika" kwemunhu kwakatemwa (kanenge chikamu) nekuyera “kushushikana, kuzvishingisa, matambudziko muhukama nematambudziko muhupenyu hwepabonde”, kushushikana uye kusagadzikana. Zvadaro, zvinofungidzirwa kuti munhu asingatombo kunetseka kana kushushikana, aine kuzvitutumadza kukuru kana kuti akajairika, anogona kuchengetedza hukama uye hupenyu hwepabonde, anozonzi "akakodzera" kana "akanyatsokodzera". Gonsiorek anoti sezvo ngochani dzakafanana nevarume vanoita zvehukombwe maererano nekushushikana, kuzvishingisa, hukama nematambudziko muhupenyu hwavo hwepabonde, zvinongotevera izvo kuti ungochani hachisi dambudziko, nekuti, sekutaurwa kwaGonsiorek: "Mhedzisiro yakajeka: zvidzidzo izvi zvinoratidza zvikuru kuti ungochani hauna hukama ne psychopathology kana kugona kwepfungwa kushandurwa" (Gonsiorek, 1991, 115 - 36). Heano akapepuka Gonsiorek nharo:

1. Iko hakuna misiyano inowoneka mukushungurudzika, kuzvishingisa, matambudziko ehukama uye matambudziko muhupenyu hwepabonde pakati pevanhu vanoita zveungochani uye murume kana murume;
2. Naizvozvo, ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa.

Kufanana nemhedziso yaEvelyn Hooker, mhedziso yeGonsiorek haidi kunyatsotevedzera kubva kune iyo data, mune yake maonero, inomutsigira. Kune zvakawanda zvekushushikana kwepfungwa izvo zvisingatungamiri kumunhu kushushikana uye kushungurudzika kana kuzvishingisa; Nemamwe mazwi, "kushanduka-shanduka" haisi iyo nhanho yakaringana yekutsunga yekuona mamiriro ehupfungwa ehwo hwega hwekufunga uye maitiro ane hukama neaya maitiro epfungwa. Kushungurudzika, kuzvishingisa, "kusagadzikana kwehukama", "kushushikana pabonde", kutambudzika uye kugona kuita munharaunda hazvipindirana nehurombo hwepfungwa hwese. ndiko kuti, hazvisi zvese kusarongeka kwepfungwa kunotungamira mukutyorwa kwe "adapta". Pfungwa iyi inotaurwa muThe Encyclopedia of Positive Psychology. Inotarisa kuti kuyera kuzvivimba uye mufaro kuti uone kuchinja kwezvinhu kune dambudziko.

Izvi ndizvo zviyero zvekuita, sekunyora kwemunyori,

"... izvo zvinoenderana nechido chehukama. Mumwe munhu anogona kunge asiri kuziva uye, nekudaro, anogona kunge asingakwanise kutaurira kukanganisa kwake kana chirwere chepfungwa. Saizvozvo, vanhu vane chirwere chakakomba chechirwere vanogona kurondedzera kuti vanofara uye kugutsikana nehupenyu hwavo. Pakupedzisira, kugara zvakanaka kwehukama kunoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. ” (Seaton mu Lopez 2009, 798).

Kuti uratidze izvi, funga mimwe mienzaniso. Mamwe marondedzero anoti haawone matambudziko ne "shungu dzepabonde" muvana, uye anogona kushanda zvizere munharaunda. IAmerican Psychiatric Association inoratidza for pedophilia iyo:

"... kana vanhu vakataurawo kuti kukwezva kwavo zvepabonde kuvana kunokonzeresa pfungwa, vanobva vaonekwa vaine chirwere chepfungwa. Nekudaro, kana vakashuma kushaya mhosva, kunyara kana kushushikana nezvekukwezva kwakadaro uye zvisiri kuita zvine hutano nezvavo zvekufananidza (maererano neanozvitaurira, kuongororwa kwechinangwa, kana zvese zviri zviviri) ... zvino vanhu ava pedophilic zvepfungwa, asi kwete pedophilic kusagadzikana ". (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 698, kusarudzwa kwakawedzerwa).

Uye zvakare, vanhu vanotambura neapotemophilia uye auto-mutation vanogona kushanda zvizere munharaunda; zvakange zvichizivikanwa kare kuti maitiro akadai anoonekwa mu "vanhu vanoita basa rakanyanya, sevadzidzi vechikoro chepamusoro, vadzidzi vekoreji nevashandi vemauto" (Klonsky 2007, 1040). Vanogona kushanda munharaunda, sevakuru vane "zvakanyanya kuda zvepabonde" muvana vanogona kushanda munharaunda uye kwete kutambudzika nekushushikana. Vamwe anorexics vanogona "kuramba vachiratidzika mumagariro uye nyanzvi inoshanda" (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 343), uye kuenderera mberi kwekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvisina hutano, zvisiri zvekudya (zvakaita sepurasitiki) "hazviwanzova izvo chete zvinokonzeresa kushanda kwemagariro"; APA haitauri kuti kushungurudzika, kuzvishingisa, kana matambudziko muhukama kana hupenyu hwepabonde mamiriro ezvinhu ekuongororwa kusagadzikana kwepfungwa mune vanhu vanodya zvisina-zvinovaka, zvisiri-zvekudya kuitira kuti vafare ivo pachavo (iyi kutsauka inozivikanwa seye peak syndrome) (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 330 -1).

IAmerican Psychiatric Association inotaurawo kuti chirwere cheTourette's (chimwe chezvirwere zvematiki) chinogona kuitika pasina zvinoitika (uye nekudaro pasina hukama ne "zvinoenderana" matanho). Ivo vanonyora izvo "Vanhu vazhinji vane makonzo akanyanya uye akaomarara haana matambudziko ari kushanda, uye vangatomboziva kuti vane zvikwekwe" (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 84). Kurwara kwematiki kusagadzikana kunoratidzika sezviito zvoga zvisina kudzora zviito.American Psychiatric Association 2013, 82) (ndiko kuti, varwere vanoti havangoite nekukurumidza, kudzokorora, kusarongeka kana kufamba kwemanzwi uye mazwi (kazhinji anosemesa), vamwe varwere vangangozviti "vanozvarwa nenzira iyoyo"). Maererano neDSM - 5 handbook, kusagadzikana kana kukanganisa mitezo yemagariro hazvidikanwe kuitira kuti uwanikwe uine chirwere cheTourette's syndrome, uye saka uyu ndiwo mumwe muenzaniso wekukanganisa kwepfungwa umo matanho ekuchinjika asina kukodzera. Uku ndiko kusagadzikana umo kusachinjika kunogona kusashandiswa seuchapupu hwesainzi hwekuti chirwere cheTourette hachisi chirwere chepfungwa.

Chekupedzisira, kusagadzikana kwepfungwa kusingaenderane ne "kushandisika" ndeyekufungidzira. Vanhu vane dambudziko rekunyepedzera vane dzidziso dzenhema idzo

"... zvinobva mukufunga kwenhema kwechokwadi chekunze, icho chakabatika kwazvo, kunyangwe chokwadi kufunga kwakadaro kunorambwa nevamwe vanhu, uye pamusoro pekuti pane humbowo husinga bvumike uye huri pachena kune zvinopesana." (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 819)

IAmerican Psychiatric Association inotaura kuti "kunze kwekumanikidza kwakananga kwedheririum kana kuti nemhedzisiro yacho, kushanda kwemunhu hakunyatsooneki, uye maitiro acho haashamise"American Psychiatric Association 2013, 90). Uye zvakare, "hunhu hwakajairika hwevanhu vane hutano hwekufungidzira ndiko kujairika kwehunhu hwavo nechitarisiko kana vasingaite maererano nezvavanofunga" (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 93).

Vanhu vane chirwere chekunyepedzera havaite sevanoratidza zviratidzo zve "kushaya hutano"; Kunze kwezvavanofunga zvekunyepedzera, zvinoita kunge zvakajairika. Nekudaro, kukanganisa kwekunyepedzera muenzaniso wekutanga wehutano hwepfungwa husingaenderane nezviyero zvekugadzirisa; kusimba hakuna chekuita nehunyengeri kusagadzikana. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ngochani, kunyange hazvo maitiro avo ari kuratidzwa kwekusagadzikana kwepfungwa, "zvinoita kunge zvakajairika" mune zvimwe zvinhu zvehupenyu hwavo, sekushandira pamwe nedzimwe nzvimbo dzehupenyu panogona kugadziriswa. Nekudaro, kune zvakawanda kusagadzikana kwepfungwa uko kuyerwa kwehutano hakuna chekuita nechirwere chepfungwa. Uku kukanganisa kukuru mumabhuku anoshandiswa seuchapupu hwesainzi kutsigira mhedziso yekuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa.

Iyi mhedzisiro yakakosha, kunyangwe ini ndisiri wekutanga kutaura dambudziko rekuongorora kusagadzikana kwepfungwa kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekutarisa kusagadzikana, kushanda munharaunda kana paramita, dzakasanganiswa mumazwi "adaptability" uye "adapta". Nyaya iyi yakakurukurwa mune chinyorwa naRobert L. Spitzer naJerome C. Wakefield pakawongorora hutachiona hwepfungwa hunobva pane chirwere chiri pachena kana kusakendenga kwemaitiro ekushanda (chinyorwa chakanyorwa sekushoropodzwa kweshanduro yekare yeDiagnostic uye Statistical Manual, asi nharo dzinokosha dzinoshanda pakukurukura kwangu) .

Spitzer uye Wakefield vakacherekedza kuti mune zvepfungwa, kumwe kukanganisika kwepfungwa hakuonekwe nenzira kwayo nekuda kweizvozvo

"[Mukurapa kwepfungwa] itsika kuona kuti mamiriro ari epanyama, akavakirwa pakuongorora kuti mamiriro aya anokonzeresa kushushikana kana kuita basa munharaunda. Mune dzimwe dzese nzvimbo dzekurapa, mamiriro acho anofungidzirwa semagariro kana paine zviratidzo zvekusabereka mumuviri. Kuparadzaniswa, kushushikana kana kusaremara kushanda munharaunda kwakaringana kumisikidza huwandu hwekuongororwa kwekurapa, asi zvese izvi zvinhu zvinowanzo fambidzana nenzira dzakakomba dzechirwere. Semuenzaniso, kuongororwa kwema pneumonia, kushungurudzika kwemweya, kenza, kana zvimwewo zvinetso mumuviri zvinogona kuitwa kunyangwe kusavapo kwekunyongana kwekumanikidzwa uye kunyangwe nekubudirira kunoshanda mune zvese zvemagariro."(Spitzer uye Wakefield, 1999, 1862).

Chimwe chirwere chinogona kuongororwa pasina kushushikana kana kukanganisika basa revanhu, rinofanira kutaurwa pano, hutachiwona hweHIV / AIDS. HIV ine nguva refu yakazvarwa, uye vanhu vazhinji kwenguva yakareba havazivewo kuti vakatapukirwa nehutachiona. Nekumwe kufungidzira, 240 000 vanhu havazive kuti vane hutachiona hweHIV (CDC 2014).

Spitzer uye Wakefield zvinoreva kuti kusagadzikana kunogona kuve kuripo kunyange kana munhu wacho achishanda zvakanaka munharaunda kana ane yakakwira manhamba e "adaptability". Mune zvimwe zviitiko, tsika yekuongorora kushushikana uye kushanda munharaunda inotungamira kune "yenhema yakaipa" mhedzisiro iyo munhu ane chirwere chepfungwa, asi chirwere chakadai hachiwanikwe sekutadza (Spitzer uye Wakefield, 1999, 1856). Spitzer uye Wakefield vanopa mienzaniso yakawanda yemamiriro epfungwa umo kuongorora kwenhema-kwakashata kunogoneka kana chete mwero wekushanda munharaunda kana kuvapo kwekushushikana kuchishandiswa senzira yekuongorora. Vakacherekedza izvozvo

"Kazhinji pane zviitiko zvevanhu vakundikana kudzora mashandisiro ezvinodhaka uye zvichikonzera kusangana nezvakasiyana siyana (kusanganisira njodzi dzehutano). Nekudaro, vanhu vakadaro havana kushushikana uye vanogona kubudirira kuita basa ruzhinji. Funga, semuenzaniso, nyaya yemubhizimusi akabudirira uyo akapindwa muropa nekacocaine kusvika pamwero wakati waityisa hutano hwake, asi asina kunetseka uye uyo mabasa ake emagariro asina kukanganiswa. Kana iyo "DSM - IV" maitiro asina kuiswa kune ino kesi, saka mamiriro ekuvimba nemishonga anoonekwa nemazvo mumunhu akadaro. Tichishandisa maitiro e "DSM - IV", mamiriro emunhu uyu haisi hosha " (Spitzer uye Wakefield, 1999, 1861).

Spitzer uye Wakefield vanopa imwe mienzaniso yekusagadzikana kwepfungwa iyo isingazoonekwa seyakagadzikana kana isu tikangofunga nezve kuvapo kwekunetseka uye chiyero chekushanda munharaunda; Pakati pavo pane paraphilia, chirwere cheTourette's chirwere uye kusagadzikana pabonde (Spitzer uye Wakefield, 1999, 1860 - 1).

Vamwe vakaongorora hurukuro naSpitzer na Wakefield, vachidudzira kuti tsanangudzo yekusagadzikana kwepfungwa, iyo yakavakirwa pachiyero chekushanduka-shanduka ("kushushikana kana kukanganisa basa revanhu"), inotenderera, inotevera:

"Spitzer uye Wakefield (1999) vaive vamwe vevakanyanyo kuzivikanwa mutsoropodzi, vachiti kusuma kwavo" DSM - IV "" zvakanyatso conceptual "(p. 1857) pane empirical. Iyo fuzziness uye subjecaction yeiyi nhanho inoonekwa seinetso zvakanyanya uye inotungamira dzakaipa denderedzwa mamiriro seyakaiswa pane kududzirwa: dambudziko iri rinotarwa pamberi pekiriniki yakakosha kushushikana kana kushomeka kushanda, izvo ivo pachavo chirwere chakakomba kutariswa senge chirwere ... Iko kushandiswa kweanodzvinyirira kujekesa hakuwirirani neyakajairika mushonga paradigm zvichienderana nekuti kunetseka kupi kana kushanda kwakashata hakufanirwe kuongororwa. Chokwadi, akawanda asymptomatic mamiriro emushonga anoonekwa sema pathologies akavakirwa pathophysiological data kana aripo panjodzi yakawandisa (semuenzaniso, yekutanga malignant tumors kana hutachiona hwehutachiona, arterial hypertension). "Kufunga kuti matambudziko akadaro haapo kusvikira akonzera kusagadzikana kana kuremara kunenge kusingafungike." (Narrow uye Kuhl mu Regier 2011, 152 - 3, 147 - 62)

Nhaurwa iri pamusoro inoreva "DSM - IV," asi kushomeka kwechimiro che "kushushikana kana kukanganiswa mukushanda munharaunda" kuchiri kushandiswa kutaura kuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Uyezve, sekutaura kunoita chirevo ichocho, tsanangudzo yekusagadzikana kwepfungwa iyo yakavakirwa pa "kushushikana kana kuvhiringidzika mukushanda munharaunda" sekisheni kutenderera. Tsanangudzo dzakakomba denderedzwa zvikanganiso zvine musoro, hazvina zvazvinoreva. Maitiro ekutsanangurwa kwe "kushushikana kwepfungwa", maererano neAmerican Psychiatric Association uye APA zvichibva pamisangano yavo paungochani, zvinoenderana nechiratidzo che "kushushikana kana kukanganisika mukushanda munharaunda". Nekudaro, chirevo pamusoro peungochani setsika yakavakirwa pane chirevo (uye chinyakare) chirevo.

Dr. Irving Bieber, "Mumwe wevatori vechikamu munhaurirano yezvakaitika kare, achiguma musarudzo ye1973 yekusabvisa ungochani kunongedzo yezvirwere zvepfungwa" (NARTH Institute), akabvuma chikanganiso ichi mune kupokana (nyaya imwecheteyo yakatariswa muchinyorwa Socarides (Xnumx), 165, pazasi). Bieber akacherechedza matambudziko eamamanishoni eAmerican Psychiatric Association ekuti aongororwe dambudziko rekusangana pabonde. Muchidimbu chechinyorwa chaBieber, zvinoonekwa kuti

"... [American] Psychiatric Association yakaratidza kugona kwakanyanya kwechiitiko uye kurongeka kwakanaka kwehukama hwevakawanda ungochani seuchapupu hwehunhu hweungochani. Asi kungovapo kwezvinhu izvi hazvibatanidze kuvapo kwe psychopathology. Psychopathology haigaro kuperekedzwa nematambudziko ekuchinja-chinja; saka, kuona dambudziko rechirwere chepfungwa, maitiro aya haana kukwana. ” (NARTH Institute nd)

Robert L. Spitzer, chiremba wepfungwa uyo akabatanidzwa mukubvisa humhombwe kubva kunongedzo yehutano hwepfungwa, akakurumidza kuona kusakodzera kwekuyera "kushanduka" mukuongorora kushushikana kwepfungwa. Ronald Bayer mune rake basa akapfupikisa zviitiko zvine chekuita nesarudzo yeAmerican Psychiatric Association (1973), achiona kuti

"... panguva yesarudzo yekusabvisa ungochani kubva kuhla yeavo mafambi, Spitzer akagadzira dudziro yakaderera yakadaro yekushushikana kwepfungwa iyo yaive yakavakirwa pamakona maviri: (1) kuti maitiro akaonekwa sekusagadzikana kwepfungwa, maitiro akadaro anofanirwa kugara achiperekedzwa ne subjential kushushikana uye / kana" humwe huwandu hwakaipa. "Kuita munharaunda kana kuita basa." (2) Sekureva kwa Spitzer, kunze kweungochani uye humwe humhandara, humwe humwe humwe hutachiona muDSM - II hwakanangana nedudziro yakafanana yekunetseka. " (Bayer, 1981, 127).

Zvisinei, sekucherekedza kwaBayer, "mukati megore kunyangwe iye [Spitzer] akamanikidzwa kubvuma" kukwana kwekupokana kwake "(Bayer, 1981, 133). Mune mamwe mazwi, Spitzer akabvuma kusakodzera kwekuyera nhanho ye "kusagadzikana," "kushandira pamwe kwevanhu," kana "kushanduka" kuona dambudziko rekupfungwa, sezvakaratidzwa muchinyorwa chake chakazotaurwa pamusoro apa (Spitzer uye Wakefield, 1999).

Zviripachena, zvirinani zvimwe zvezvirwere zvepfungwa zvakaverengerwa muDMM handbook hazvikonzere matambudziko ne "adapta" kana kushanda munharaunda. Vanhu vanozvicheka-cheka nemarunda kuti vafare, pamwe nevaya vanofarira zvepabonde zvakanyanya uye fungidziro dzebonde nezvevana, zvakajeka vane hutano hwepfungwa; anorexics uye vanhu vanodya mapurasitiki vanoonekwa zviri pamutemo vanhu vane hurema hwepfungwa zvichienderana neDSM - 5, uye vanhu vane chirwere chekunyengedzera vanoonekwawo semutemo vanorwara nepfungwa. Nekudaro, akawanda eepamberi epamusoro, emagetsi, kana anorexics anoita seakajairwa uye "haatombosangana nematambudziko mukushanda munharaunda." Mune mamwe mazwi, vanhu vazhinji vasina kugadzikana kwepfungwa vanokwanisa kushanda munharaunda uye vasingaratidze zviratidzo kana zviratidzo zve “kushomeka kushanduka”. Zvimwe zvinetso zvepfungwa zvinoita kunge zvine nguva dzekuregererwa kana nguva yekuregererwa, panguva iyo varwere vanokwanisa kushanda munharaunda uye vachiita kunge vakajairwa.

Vanhu vane hunhu hweungochani, vanhu vane hunyengeri, vanokara, vanogadzira mapurasitiki, vanodya mapurasitiki uye anoretiki, vanokwanisa kushanda munharaunda (zvakare, chinguva chakati kwenguva yakati), havawanzo kuratidza zviratidzo zvekushomeka kwezita . Psychological adaptability haina hukama nehumwe kushushikana kwepfungwa; Ndokunge, zvidzidzo zvinotora matanho e "kugona" sekisheni inowoneka hazvikwanisi kuona hunhu hwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzekufunga uye hunhu hunosangana nazvo. Naizvozvo (dzakapera) zvidzidzo zvakashandisa kusanzwisisika kwepfungwa seyakaganika chikamu chine zvikanganiso, uye dhata ravo harina kukwana kuratidza kuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Izvo zvinotevera kuti chirevo cheAPA uye neAmerican Psychiatric Association kuti ungochani hachisi dambudziko repfungwa haitsigirwi nedata ravanoreva. Uchapupu hwavanotaura hahuna chekuita nemhedzisiro yavo. Uku kugumisa kusinganzwisisike kunotora kubva pane zvisina basa masosi. (Uyezve, nezvemhedzisiro isiri kubva kumhedzisiro: Mufungo waGonsiorek wekuti hapana mutsauko pakati peungochani uye varume kana murume nehurechani nezvekuora mwoyo uye kuzvishingisa zvakare kunova kusiri kwechokwadi pachako. Zvave zvichiratidzwa kuti ngochani dzinonyanya kuratidzwa yakakwirira kupfuura varume, murume ari panjodzi yekushungurudzika zvakanyanya, kunetseka uye kuzviuraya,Bailey 1999; Collingwood xnumx; Fergusson et al., 1999; Herrell et al., 1999; Phelan et al., 2009; Sandfort et al. Xnumx). Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti idzi nhamba dzinowanzo shandiswa kupa kuti rusaruro ndirwo rwunokonzera misiyano yakadaro mukutambudzika, kushushikana uye kuzviuraya. Asi iyi imwe mhedzisiro isingatoteedzere kubva pachirevo. Mune mamwe mazwi, hazvigoneke kuita isinganzwisisike mhedzisiro yekuti kushushikana, nezvimwe, imhedzisiro yekushorwa, uye kwete kuratidzwa kwechirwere cheichi chiitiko. Izvi zvinofanirwa kuve nesainzi. Zvichida zvese ndezvechokwadi: kushungurudzika, nezvimwewo, ndezvekurwara, uye ngochani vanhu havaonekwe seyakajairika, iyo, zvakare, inowedzera kuwedzera kushungurudzika kwevanhu vakadaro.

"KUKONESESA" uye KUKUNDA ZVINOKOSHA

Tevere, ndinoda kufunga nezve mhedzisiro yekushandisa chete matanho e "kushandurwa" uye kushanda munharaunda kuti ndione kuti kuita kwepabonde uye kufunga kwepfungwa kwakabatana nako ndiko kutsauka. Nenzira, zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti nzira iyi inosarudza uye haishande kune zvese zvepfungwa zvechisimba. Mumwe anoshamisika kuti nei APA neAmerican Psychiatric Association vanofunga chete "chinja" uye matanho ekushandira munharaunda kutonga mamwe maitiro (semuenzaniso, pedophilia kana ngochani), asi kwete kune vamwe? Semuenzaniso, nei masangano aya asingatarise zvimwe zvimiro zvepaphilia (kushata kwepabonde) zvinoratidza zvakajeka chimiro chavo chendudzi? Nei mamiriro ezvinhu umo munhu anogunun'una kuenda kumisangano, achifungidzira nezvekukonzera kushushikana kwepfungwa kana mumuviri kune mumwe munhu (zvepabonde kushungurudzika), kwete kutariswa sokunge kutsauka kwekufamba, asi mamiriro ezvinhu mune iye munhu ane fungidziro yekufungidzira anoonekwa senge chirwere chepfungwa?

Kune vanhu vane chokwadi chekuti zvipembenene kana honye zvinogara pasi peganda ravo, kunyangwe kuongororwa kwachiremba kuchiratidza pachena kuti havana kutapukirwa noutachiona. vanhu vakadaro vanoonekwa vaine chirwere chekufungidzira. Ukuwo, kune varume vanotenda kuti ivo vakadzi, kunyangwe kuongororwa kwachiremba kuchiratidza pachena zvinopesana - uye, zvakadaro, varume ava havana kubatwa nehurombo hwekunyepedzera. Vanhu vane mamwe marudzi ezvepabonde vanoratidzira iwo maitiro akafanana ekushanduka uye kushandisika seungochani. Varatidziri vevanhu ndevaya vane vavariro dzakasimba dzekuratidzira genital kune vamwe vanhu vasiri kutarisira izvi kuitira kuti vasvike pakuita bonde.American Psychiatric Association 2013, 689). Rimwe dura rinonyora izvozvo

"Hafu kusvika kuzvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zvevaratidziri vanopinda muwanano dzakajairika, zvichikwanirisa huwandu hunogutsa hwewanano uye zvepabonde. Ungwaru, danho redzidzo uye zvido zvehunyanzvi hazvivasiyanise kubva kune ruzhinji ... Blair naLanyon vakacherekedza kuti ongororo zhinji dzakaona kuti varatidziri vakatambura nekunzwa kushomeka uye vanozviona sevanotya, vehukama vasingabatanidzwe uye vaine matambudziko airatidzwa mukushamwaridzana. Mune zvimwe zvidzidzo, zvakadaro, zvakaonekwa kuti varatidziri havana shanduko inoonekera mukushanda kwemunhu ". (Adams et al., 2004, yakawedzera sarudzo).

Chikamu chinogutsa chekushanda munharaunda pamwe nemhando dzinotsauka dzechido chebonde chinogona zvakare kucherechedzwa pakati peva sadomasochists. Zvepfambi kushungurudzika, sezvandambotaura, ndizvo "Kusimba kwepabonde kunosimuka kubva mukutambudzika mumuviri kana kwepfungwa kwemumwe munhu, kunozviratidza mumafungiro, kukurudzira, kana maitiro" (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 695); zvepabonde kutadza kuri "Kudzokorora uye kurara kukuru kwekurara nemunhu kubva pakuita chiitiko chekunyadzisa, kurova, kuroja kana chero imwe nzira yekutambudzika inozviratidza mune fungidziro, zvisungo kana maitiro"(American Psychiatric Association 2013, 694). Kumwe kuongorora kwakaitwa muFinland kwakawana kuti masiromuscheki "anoshandisirwa zvakanaka" munharaunda (Sandnabba et al., 1999, 273). Vanyori vakacherekedza kuti 61% ye sadomasochists akaongororwa "Vakawana chinzvimbo chinotungamira munzvimbo yebasa, uye 60,6% yaive shasha mumabasa eruzhinji, semuenzaniso, vaive nhengo dzemabhodhi ezvikoro zvemuno" (Sandnabba et al., 1999, 275).

Nekudaro, vese sadomasochists nevairatidziri havaiti zvinetso zvekushanda munharaunda uye kukanganisa (zvakare, mazwi aive akaiswa muamburera izwi rekuti "adaptability"). Vamwe vanyori vakataura kuti "zvinotsanangura" zviitiko zvese zvekutsauka pabonde (izvo zvinozivikanwawo separamende) "zvinogona kudzikiswa nehunhu hwepabonde uye kukonzeresa kushomeka mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzekushanda kwepfungwa" (Adams et al., 2004)).

“Parizvino, hapana nzira dzese uye dzakanangana nekuyedza kushingirira kuzvibata uye kuita. Kunze kwekuuraya humhondi, hapana chimiro chebonde chinoonekwa pese pese seyakaoma ... Mufungo wekukabvisa ungochani muboka rekutsauka pabonde unoratidzika sekushaikwa kwehumboo hwekuti ungochani pachahwo iko kusagadzikana. Nekudaro, zvinokatyamadza kuti iwo mutsara mumwechete wepfungwa wekufunga hauna kushanda kune dzimwe nzira dzakatsauka, dzakadai senge fetishism uye kubvumirana sadomasochism. "Tinobvumirana neLaw uye O'Donohue kuti mamiriro aya haasi emagariro, uye kuiswa kwavo muchikamu ichi kunoratidza kusawirirana muchikamu." (Adams et al., 2004)

Nekuda kweizvozvo, vanyori vanokurudzira kuti chega nzira yekuita zvepabonde iyo "yakasarudzika seyakaonekwa sechisina basa" (uye nokudaro seyakaonekwa sechinetso chepfungwa) kuuraya kwepabonde. Vakasvika pamhedzisiro iyi, vachireva kuti chero hunhu hwepabonde uye hukama hwekufunga zvinoitisa kukanganisika mukushanda kwehukama kana maitiro e "adapta" hakusi kutsauka pabonde. Sezvandatsanangura pamusoro, pfungwa dzakadai hadzina musoro, uye dzinotungamira kumhedziso dzisina mhinduro. Zviripachena kuti hadzisi dzose dzinopesana dzebonde dzakajairika, asi kuti vamwe vepfungwa nevarapi vepfungwa vakatsausa nzanga nekutaura zvisingaite matanho ekuongorora mamiriro epfungwa seuchapupu hwekuti mamiriro acho akaita zvinhu. (Handisi kuti izvi zvakaitwa nemaune. Kutadza kwakatendeka kwaigona kuitwawo.)

Migumisiro ine njodzi yekuita kwakadaro, mune iyo chete nzira yekuona kuti bonde rinoita (tsika) yakatsauka kana yakajairika, vari kushandisa zvisina kukodzera matanho kuyedza "kushandurwa" uye kushanda munharaunda, zvinoonekwa mukukurukurirana muDVDM - 5 bhuku rekuramba kushungurudzika kwepabonde uye pedophilia .

IAmerican Psychiatric Association haichimbooni kushungurudzika kwepabonde sekutsauka. Iyo American Psychiatric Association inonyora kuti:

"Vanhu vanobvuma pachena kuti vane chido chepabonde zvakanyanya mukutambura kwepanyama kana kwepfungwa kwevamwe vanonzi" vanhu vanobvuma. Kana vanhu ava vakashumawo matambudziko epfungwa nekuda kwekufarira kwavo pabonde, saka vanogona kuwonekwa vaine hutsinye hwepabonde. Kusiyana neizvi, kana "vanhu vakareurura" vachitaura kuti zvishuvo zvavo zvinosuruvarisa hazvivakonzere kutya, mhosva kana kunyadziswa, kushushikana, kana kukanganisa kugona kwavo kuita mamwe mabasa, uye kuzviremekedza kwavo uye nhoroondo yepfungwa kana yemutemo inoratidza kuti havazivi mafungiro avo, saka vanhu vakadaro vanofanira kuva nechido chepabonde chinosuruvarisa, asi vanhu vakadaro hazvingadaro Sanganai nezviratidzo zvekushungurudzika pabonde. (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 696, yekutanga sarudzo)

Nekuda kweizvozvo, iyo American Psychiatric Association haifunge izvozvo pachayo "Kukwezva zvepabonde kunetseka mumuviri kana kwepfungwa" mumwe wacho kusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, kukwezva kwepabonde uye kufungidzira kunoitika nenzira yemafungiro, ndiko kuti, pfungwa dzemunhu anofunga nezvekukuvara kwepanyama uye kwepfungwa kune mumwe munhu kuitira kuti amusimudzire kune orgasm, iyo American Psychiatric Association haionekwi seyakazvarwa.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti American Psychiatric Association zvakare haifunge nezve pedophilia pachayo sekusagadzikana kwepfungwa. Vachitaurawo saizvozvo kuti murume anogona kunge aripo anogona kuratidza kuvapo kwe "kufarira zvepabonde kuvana," vanonyora kuti:

"Kana vanhu vakaratidza kuti kukwezva kwavo zvepabonde kuvana kunokonzeresa kushushikana kwepfungwa, vanogona kuwanikwa vaine chirwere chepfungwa. Nekudaro, kana vanhu ava vakashuma kushaiwa mhosva, kunyara, kana kushushikana nezvezvinangwa izvi, uye ivo havana kuita basa nekuenzanisirwa kwavo neparadziro (maererano nekuzvireurura, chinangwa chekuongorora, kana zvese zviri zviviri), uye yavo yekuzvirevera uye nhoroondo yepamutemo inoratidza kuti havana kumboita zvinoenderana nezvavaisemesa, ipapo vanhu ava vanechekuita zvepabonde, asi kwete chirwere chepamberi " (American Psychiatric Association 2013, 698).

Zvekare, fungidziro dzebonde uye "kukwezvwa kukuru kwepabonde" kunoitika nenzira yekufunga, ndosaka murume ane makore XXUMX ane "zvakanyanya kuda zvepabonde" muvana, achigara achingofunga zvepabonde nevana kuti azvimutse iye orgasm, maererano neAmerican Psychiatric Association, haina kutsauka. Irving Bieber akaita zvakafanana kucherechedzwa mu54's, iyo inogona kuverengwa muchidimbu chebasa rake:

"Anofara uye akagadziridzwa zvakanaka pamubhedha" yakajairika "? Maererano naDr. Bieber ... psychopathology inogona kuve yakagadzirirwa-kusiri kukonzera kudzikira, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwevanhu (ndokuti, kugona kuchengetedza hukama hwakanaka uye kuita basa nemazvo) kunogona kuwirirana ne psychopathology, mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange psychotic mune zvakasikwa ". (NARTH Institute nd).

Zvinoshungurudza zvakanyanya kuti zvinangwa zvinosuruvarisa kana zvekufungidzira zvinogona kuve zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvisasvike maitiro echirwere chepfungwa. Michael Woodworth et al. Kutarisa kune chokwadi icho

"... Kufunga zvepabonde kunotsanangurwa kungangoita chero kukurudzira kwepfungwa kunokonzeresa munhu kuita zvepabonde. Zvemukati menyaya yekufungidzira zvepabonde zvinosiyana kwazvo pakati pevanhu uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinotsamira zvakanyanya kukurudzira kwemukati nekunze, kwakadai seizvo vanhu vanoona, vanonzwa uye vanoona zvakananga. (Woodworth et al., 2013, 145).

Kufungidzira nezvepabonde mifananidzo yepfungwa kana pfungwa dzinotungamira kune nyonganiso, uye idzi fungidziro dzinoshandiswa kumutsa orgasm panguva yekuita bonhora. Zvemukati mepfungwa dzebonde zvinoenderana nezvinoonekwa nevanhu, kunzwa uye chiitiko zvakananga. Nekudaro, hazvishamise kufunga kuti murume anopinda mumba, munharaunda inogara vana, achave nekufungidzira zvepabonde nevana ava; hazvizo shamisike kufunga kuti sadistist anofungidzira nezvekukonzera kutambudzika kwepfungwa kana kwepanyama kumuvakidzani wake. Nekudaro, kana sadistist kana pedophile akasawana kusagadzikana kana kukanganisika kushanda munharaunda (zvakare, aya mazwi akaverengerwa mu "amburela term" "adaptability") kana kana vasingazive kwavo kwekufunga kwepabonde, ipapo havatariswe sevasina kupenga kwepfungwa. Kufungidzira zvepabonde kana kufunga nezvekuita zvepabonde nemwana ane 10 ane makore ekufamba kwepfungwa XXUMX kana kufungidzira kana kufunga kweanoshungurudza kufungidzira nezvekukonzera kushushikana kwepfungwa kana mumuviri kune muvakidzani wake hakuongororwe semukati kana kushushikana, kukanganiswa, kana kusakonzera kushamwaridzana. kukuvadza vamwe.

Maitiro akadaro ndeanopokana, pahwaro hwefungidziro isiriyo, mhedziso isingaiti inopihwa kuti chero mufungo usingakonzere kutyorwa kwekushanduka-shanduka haisi dambudziko repfungwa. Iwe uchaona kuti APA neAmerican Psychiatric Association vakazvichera ivo gomba rakadzika nenzira imwecheteyo yekuzivisa zvinetso zvepabonde. Zvinoratidzika kuti ivo vakatogadzirisa chero kutsauka kwetsika uye maitiro umo mune "kubvumidzwa" kweavo vanoita mune zviitiko zvakadaro. Kuti dzienderane nemafungiro akafanana anoshandiswa kugadzirisa ungochani, ivo vanofanirwa kugadzirisa humwe humwe hunhu hwekuita hupombwe hunosimudzira orgasm iyo isingakonzere kuora mu "adapta" kana isingatungamire mukusagadzikana munharaunda. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti maererano nepfungwa iyi, kunyangwe maitiro ebonde mune iyo mumwe munhu akakuvadzwa haaonekwe sekutsauka - kana munhu wacho achibvuma. Sadomasochism hunhu umo mumwe kana mumwe munhu anokurudzirwa kuti afambise mweya nekukonzera kana kugashira kutambudzika, uye, sezvandataura pamusoro apa, maitiro aya anoonekwa seyakajairika neAmerican Psychiatric Association.

Vamwe vanogona kudaidza chinyorwa ichi "nharo isina kugadzikana," asi izvo zvingave kusanzwisisa kwezvandiri kuyedza kutaura: IAmerican Psychiatric Association yakatogadzirisa maitiro ese anokanganisa maitiro kunze kweaya anokonzeresa "kugadzirisa" matambudziko (kushushikana, nezvimwewo). matambudziko mukushanda munharaunda, kukuvadza kune hutano kana njodzi yekukonzera kukuvara kwakadai kune mumwe munhu. Muchiitiko chekupedzisira - "kukuvadza kana njodzi yekukuvara" - asterisk inodiwa, nekuti chirevo ichi chinobvumidza zvisizvo: kana mvumo yekuwirirana ikawanikwa, hunhu-hunosimudzira hunhu hunobvumidzwa, kunyange zvichitungamira kukuvadza kuhutano. Izvi zvinoratidzwa mukumisikidzwa kwesadomasochism, uye izvi zvinotsanangura kuti nei masangano evanofamba achitsigira vana achisimbirira kudzikisa zera rekubvumidzwa (LaBarbera 2011).

Nekudaro, kupomerwa kwekuti chinyorwa ichi chinoita kusabvumikisa kukakavara hakuna chikonzero: zvese izvi zvekushushikana kwepfungwa zvatove zvakajairidzwa neAmerican Psychiatric Association. Zvinotyisa kuti mvumo yesangano inogadzirisa chero hunhu hunotungamira, kana mvumo ikawanikwa nekuda kwemaitiro; kuti kugadzirwa kwezvinhu kwakaitika kwakakonzerwa nemafungiro asiri iwo ekuti "chero chinhu chinomutsa chechisimba nemaitiro epfungwa ane hukama asina kutungamira kumatambudziko ekuchinjika kana kushanda munharaunda hakusi kukanganisa kwepfungwa." Uku kusakwanira kupopotedzana. Kunyangwe chingangoda chinyorwa chimwe chete chinodikanwa kuburitsa pachena musimboti wekuona kuti chii chinonzi chirwere chepfungwa uye chebonde, ndichaedza kupfupisa mimwe maitiro. Izvo zvakaratidzirwa pamusoro pekuti "mainini" psychology uye psychiatry zvine hungwaru kusarudza kuti chero hunhu hwepabonde (kunze kwekuuraya humhondi) hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Ndambotaura kuti kushushikana kwakawanda kwepfungwa kunobatana nekushandiswa kwemuviri wemuviri - apotemophilia, auto-mutation, peak uye anorexia nervosa. Kumwe kushushikana kwepfungwa kunogona zvakare kutaurwa pano.

Kukanganisika kwemuviri kunowanzoonekwa nekuyera kushanda kwemitezo kana masisitimu emuviri. Chero chiremba kana nyanzvi iyo inotaura kuti hakuna chinhu chakadai sekushanda kwemoyo, mapapu, maziso, nenzeve kana mamwe maumbirwo emitezo yemuviri inganzi, zvirinani, kusaziva kusaziva, kana asiri tsotsi akapfeka gauni, kubva kwaari unofanirwa kutora chiremba nekukurumidza. diploma. Nekudaro, kusagadzikana kwemuviri kune zvimwe zvakapusa kuongororwa kupfuura kushushikana kwepfungwa, nekuti paramita inowanikwa zvakanyanya pachiyero chekuyera: kuwanda kweropa, moyo uye uye chiyero chekufema, nezvimwe izvi zviyero zvinogona kushandiswa kuona mamiriro ehutano kana kusagadzikana. mimwe mitezo uye nhengo masisitimu. Saka, mumunda wekurapa, musimboti wekutanga ndewekuti kune chinowanzoitika kushanda kwemitezo uye ma system. Iyi nheyo yakakosha uye yakakosha yemushonga iyo inofanirwa kucherechedzwa nachiremba chero api zvawo, kana zvisina kudaro ivo havana chekuita nemushonga (ivo vachaderedzwa ku "mushonga maererano naAlfred Kinsey", umo nhengo imwe neimwe yemuviri ichangobva yaita yekuenderera mberi kwekushanda).

Orgasm-inoenderana nemitezo (yakagadziriswa) isina kubviswa kubva kune iyi nheyo inokosha yemishonga. Vanyori vanonyanya kuita senge vanongoramba vachifunga chokwadi chekuti genital inewo mwero wekushanda kwemuviri.

Iko kwepfungwa kwakatemerwa kwemaitiro ekuita zvepabonde kunogona (kanenge chidimbu) kutemerwa neyakajairika tsika mune zvepabonde maitiro. Nekudaro, maererano nevarume vanoita zvepabonde nevarume, kushungurudzika kwemuviri kunokonzerwa nekukanganiswa kwepamuviri kukanganisa kwemuviri; kusangana pabonde kunosangana nguva dzose kunotungamira mukuvhiringidzika kwemuviri munharaunda yeanorectal yeanogamuchira mutori wechikamu (uye, pamwe, munzvimbo yepenisi yeiyo ari kutora chikamu):

"Hutano hwakakwana hweAnus hunoda kuvimbika kweganda, rinoita senge rekudzivirira kubva kuzvipembenene zvinopinda muzvirwere ... Kuderera kwemabasa ekudzivirira kwe mucous tata ye rectum kunoonekwa muzvirwere zvakasiyana zvinotapuriranwa kuburikidza nehutano hwepabonde hwekuonana. Iyo mucous membrane inokuvadzwa panguva yekubatana.uye zvipembenene zvinopinda nyore nyore kupinda zvakananga muma crypts uye colar maseru ... Izvo zvigadzirwa zvekusangana kwekuita zvepfungwa, kana zvichienzaniswa nekubatana kwevakadzi, zvakavakirwa pakukanganisika zvachose kwemaselula nemucous zvinodzivirira zveanus uye rectum " (Whitlow mukati Beck xnumx, 295 - 6, kusarudzwa kwakawedzerwa).

Zvinotaridzika kwandiri kuti ruzivo rwunoratidzwa mune yekutanga quote ichokwadi chakasimba chesainzi; Zvinoratidzika kwandiri kuti muongorori, chiremba wezvechiremba, chiremba wepfungwa kana chiremba wepfungwa akaramba chokwadi ichi anganzi kusaziva asina hanya, kana asiri tsotsi mune rakapfeka gauni anofanira kukurumidza kutora diploma yekurapa.

Nekudaro, imwe yemaitiro ekuti maitiro epabonde ndeyakajairika kana kutsauka ingave ingave ichikonzera kukuvara kwemuviri. Zvinoita sezviri pachena kuti kusangana pabonde nekudzvanywa inyonganiso yemuviri, ichikonzera kukuvara kwemuviri. Sezvo varume vazhinji vanovata nevarume vachida kuita zviito zvisina kuchena mumuviri, nokudaro, chishuwo chekutora chikamu mune zviito zvakadaro chinotsauka. Sezvo zvishuwo zvinomuka panguva ye "pfungwa" kana "pfungwa", zvinotevera kuti zvido zveungochani kutsauka kwepfungwa.

Kupfuurirazve, muviri wemunhu une marudzi akasiyana siyana emvura. Aya maantiids "emuviri", ane mabasa emuviri mukati meyakajairika (zvakare, izvi zvakangori zvemuviri zvakapihwa - mvura mumumuviri wemunhu ine mamwe mabasa akakodzera). Saliva, plasma yeropa, inopinda mukati merimwe mvura, lacrimal fluid - ine mabasa akakodzera. Semuenzaniso, rimwe remabasa eropa plasma nderekuendesa maseru eropa nezvimedu kumatunhu ese emuviri.

Sperm nderimwe remvura remuviri wechirume, uye nekudaro (kunze kwekunge nzira yakasarudzwa kumunda wekurapa yaiswa), sperm inewo nemabasa emuviri akakodzera (kana mashoma mabasa). Sperm, sekutonga, ine masero akawanda, anozivikanwa sehutumwa, uye aya maseru ane chinangwa chakakodzera kwaanofanirwa kutakurwa - kuenda kumuromo wechibereko chemukadzi. Saka, kurongeka kwepamuviri kwekurara nomurume kungave uko kwaizoshandiswa nomurume kuita mushe. Naizvozvo, chimwezve chinongedzo chechimiro chechimiro chebonde chimiro icho chinoshandiswa nomurume zvakanaka, umuna unounzwa kumuromo wechibereko.

(Vamwe vangapokana kuti vamwe varume vanogona kunge vaine azoospermia / asipermia (kushomeka kwemurume mumurume), saka vangati basa rechirume hakusi kuendesa murume kumurume, kana kuti vangataura kuti, maererano kune nharo, vanhu vane aspermia vanogona kusunungura yavo ejaculate chero kwavanoda .. Zvisinei, iyoospermia / Aspermia yakasarudzika pane zvakajairwa uye ndiyo mhedzisiro yekukanganisa kukuru kwegadziriro yekusangana kwembeu. matogeneza) nokuda zvokurwara ari testes ... kana, zvimwe kacho, yokubereka turakiti mhingaidzo (eg nokuda mumwe vasectomy, mwandabvu kana Chlamydia hweHIV) "(Martin 2010, 68, sv azoospermia). Muviri weanhurume ane hutano, humurume hunogadzirwa, nepo vanhurume vane zvinokanganisika pakurapa vanogona kunge vaine mamiriro mukati mawo izvo zvisingagone kuyera huwandu hwehuturu mumurume. Kana paine zvinangwa zvakajairika zvemamwe mabasa emuviri, saka kutyora kana kusavapo kwechimwe chikamu chemuviri hazvidi kutungamira mukushandurwa kwekushanda kwechimwe chikamu chemuviri. Chirevo chakadai chingave chakafanana nerevo kuti chinowanzoitika cheplasma yeropa hachisi kuendesa masero matsvuku eropa uye michero mumuviri wese, sevamwe vanhu vane anemia.)

Zviri pachena zvakare kuti muviri une hurongwa hwe “hwemufaro nekurwadziwa” (hunogona kunzi "chirongwa chemubairo nechirango"). Iyi tsika yemafaro uye yekurwadziwa, kufanana nemamwe maitiro ese uye nhengo dzemuviri, ine basa rakakodzera. Basa rayo guru kuita sekutumira chiratidzo kune muviri. Iyo yemafaro uye mararamiro marongero anotaurira muviri "chii" chakanaka icho uye chii "chakashata" icho. Iyo tsika yemafaro uye kurwadziwa, mune imwe nzira, inotonga maitiro emunhu. Kudya, excretion weti weti uye mutsvina, kurara - aya ndiwo mafambiro akajairika emunhu hunosanganisira imwe nhanho yemafaro seanokurudzira. Kurwadziwa, kune rumwe rutivi, chinogona kunge chiri chiratidzo chetsika yemunhu yakatsauka, kana kutyora kwechinhu chemuviri. Kurwadziwa kwakabatana nekubata ndiro inopisa kunoidzivirira kubva kubata iko kutsva uye kupiswa, nepo kurwadza uchirapa kazhinji kunoratidza dambudziko nechirungu (bundu, prostate, kana urethra).

Munhu ane "congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA)" haagone kunzwa marwadzo, uye nekudaro zvinogona kutaurwa kuti hurongwa hwekurwadziwa hauna simba (uchishandisa mazwi asiri eechiremba). Iyi sistimu haitumiri chiratidzo chakakodzera kuhuropi kudzora maitiro emuviri. Iyo yemafaro system inogona zvakare kukanganisika, izvi zvinoonekwa muvanhu vane "nguva yemberi" vasinganzwe kuravira kwechikafu.

Orgasm ndiyo yakakosha mhando yemafaro. Iyo yakafananidzwa nemhedzisiro yezvinodhaka zvakadai se opiates (heroin) (Pfaus xnumx, 1517). Orgasm, zvisinei, inowanikwa zvakajairika muvanhu vane vanowanzo shanda genital. Vamwe (sezviri kusanganisira neAmerican Psychiatric Association) vanobata kuti iyo orgasm ndiyo mhando yemafaro iwo pachawo wakanaka, zvisinei nemamiriro ezvinhu anokonzeresa kune kusagadzikana.

Zvekare, chimwe chinyorwa chinodikanwa kuti utaure zvikanganiso zvese zvekutaura kwakadaro.

Nekudaro, muchidimbu, kana zviremera zviri mumunda wekurapa zvakatsiga (uye zvisiri kusarudzika), ivo vanofanirwa kuziva kuti mafaro anoenderana necasmasm anoshanda sechiratidzo kana meseji kuuropi kuti chinhu chakanaka chaitika kumuviri. Ichi "chimwe chinhu chakanaka" chinosanganiswa ne orgasm ndiko kukurudzira kwe penis kusvikira sperm ejection iri mumuromo wechibereko. Chero imwe mhando yerudzi rwekutsimbirira (semuenzaniso, chero mhando yekuita bonhora - kuve kuzvimudzira, kurara pamwe kwevanhu, kana kuita bonhora nemurume kana musikana - iko kushatiswa kwehurongwa hwekunakidzwa. Kubhinya kwechirongwa chekunakidzwa panguva yekuita bonhora (uye mune zvese-zvepabonde orgasm-zvinomutsa zviito) zvingave zviri nani yakatsanangurwa nemuenzaniso weimwe mafaro enyama. Kana zvaigoneka pakubata bhatani kukonzeresa kunzwa kwe "satiety" yakabatana nechikafu, saka kuramba uchimanikidza bhatani rakadai kungave kushungurudza s system yemafaro .. Iyo yemafaro system inotumira "nhema" zvisiratidzo zvisizvo kuhuropi .. Iyo hurongwa hwemafaro huchati neimwe nzira "kunyepa" kune muviri .. Kana muviri uchinzwa kufara kunosangana nekuzorora kwakanaka kwehusiku, asi chaiko aisazorora zvachose; urination kana defecation, pasina chaicho kutsvedzera kana defecation, pakupedzisira, kukanganisa kwakakura mumuviri kuchaitika mumuviri.

Nekudaro, chimwe chinongedzo chekusarudza kuti kuita kwepabonde kuri kwakajairika here kana kutsauka ndiko kuona kana maitiro ebonde achiperekedza kukanganiswa mukushanda kwegadziriro yemafaro kana kurwadziwa mumuviri.

Chekupedzisira, izvi hazvitauri kutaura kuti kubvumidza (zvakafanana kusvika zera rinodiwa rekubvumidza) chiitiko chinofanirwa kuve nechekuita nekutsanangurwa kwehutano kubva kuremara "hukama hwepabonde".

ZVISANGANO

IAmerican Psychiatric Association uye APA inodonongodza zvidzidzo zviri pamusoro souchapupu hwesainzi hwekuti ungochani hunhu hwakajairika hwepfungwa dzemunhukadzi. APA yakacherekedza kuti ungochani hwakadai haureve kudzikira mukufunga, kugadzikana, kuvimbika uye hukama hwemagariro uye hunyanzvi. Uye zvakare, APA inodaidzira vese vashandi vehutano hwepfungwa kuti vatore danho rekugadzirisa chiseko cheurwere hwepfungwa hwagara huchibatirana neungochani (Glassgold et al., 2009, 23 - 24).

APA Nyanzvi Yekufungidzira inodzokorora chirevo chimwe chete, sechirevo cheichi chirevo chinoreva izvo zvambotaurwa, izvo zvinotaura nezve "chinja" uye kushanda munharaunda (Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae 2003, 11). Nekudaro, kuchinja-chinja uye kushanda kwenzanga hakuna kuratidzwa kuve kwakakodzera pakuona kana kutsauka kwepabonde kunetseka kwepfungwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvidzidzo zvesainzi izvo zvakaongorora chete matanho ekushanduka-shanduka uye kushanda munharaunda zvinotungamira mhedziso dzakakanganisika uye kuratidza "manyepo akaipa" mhedzisiro, sezvakataurwa naSpitzer, Wakefield, Bieber nevamwe. Nenzira isingafadzi, kufunga kwakaipa kwakashata kwakava chikonzero chekupomerwa 'Uchapupu hwakapupurira uye hunogutsa'iyo inovanza fungidziro yekuti ungochani hausi kutsauka kwepfungwa.

Hazvigoneke kupedzisa kuti humwe hunhu hwevanhu hwakajairika nekuda kwekuti hwanyanya kupfuura zvaimbofungidzirwa (sekureva kwaAlfred Kinsey), zvikasadaro maitiro ese ehunhu, kusanganisira kuuraya kwakawanda, anofanirwa kutariswa seyakajairika. Hazvigoneke kupedzisa kuti hapana "chinhu chisiri chechisikigo" mune humwe hunhu nekuti zvinongoonekwa muvanhu nemhuka (sekureva kwaC.S.Ford naFrank A. Beach), zvikasadaro kudya nyama kwevanhu kunofanirwa kutorwa sekusikwa. Kunyanya kukosha, hazvigoneke kupedzisa kuti mamiriro epfungwa haana kutsauka nekuti mamiriro akadaro haakonzere kukanganisa kushomeka, kushushikana, kana kukanganisa kwehukama (sekureva kwaEvelyn Hooker, John C. Gonsiorek, APA, American Psychiatric Association, nevamwe), Zvikasadaro, matambudziko mazhinji epfungwa anofanirwa kunyorwa zvisirizvo seyakajairika. Mhedziso dzakataurwa mumabhuku akataurwa nevatsigiri vetsika yengochani hazvisimbiswi chokwadi chesainzi, uye zvidzidzo zvinokatyamadza hazvigone kutariswa sosi dzinovimbika.

APA neAmerican Psychiatric Association vanogona kunge vakaita tsaona dzakakanganisa pakusarudza mabhuku, ayo avanotaura seuchapupu hwekutsigira dudziro yekuti ungochani (uye kumwe kutsauka pabonde) hachisi chirwere chepfungwa; mamiriro aya anokwanisika. Zvakangodaro, munhu haafanire kuve asina ruzivo uye achiregeredza mikana iripo yemasangano ane simba yekuita yekuparadzira sainzi. Pane misiyano yakakomba mumhedzisiro ine musoro, pamwe nekushandisirwa kwekushandisa kwezvibodzwa nenheyo nevanoonekwa se "zviremera" mundima yekurapa kwepfungwa nepfungwa. Kuongororwa kwemabhuku anoitwa muchinyorwa chino, icho chinonzi "chakasimba" uye "chinogonesa" chiratidzo chehumwari, chinoratidza zvikanganiso zvaro zvikuru - kusajeka, kusava nehanya, uye kusava nebasa. Nekudaro, kutendeka kwe APA neAmerican Psychiatric Association nezve dudziro yekusangana pabonde kuri kunzi kuve mubvunzo. Pakupedzisira, nyaya dzinofungidzirwa uye data rekare ivo vanoshandiswa chaizvo mumakakava pamusoro penyaya yeungochani, asi masangano ane masimba haazeze kushandisa nzira iyi.

---

¹ MuAnglo-Saxon mutemo pamutemo, pane sangano re "shamwari dzedare" (amici curiae) - zvinoreva vanhu vakazvimirira vari kubatsira mukutongwa, vachipa nyanzvi yavo maonero anoenderana nenyaya yacho, nepo shamwari dzedare "vamene havasi mapato bhizinesi.

² Chirevo cheTask Force pane yakakodzera Kurapa Mhinduro dzezvepabonde.

³ IAmerican Psychiatric Association haina basa nezve apotemophilia sekutyora; DSM-5 inoti: "Apotemophilia (kwete kutyorwa maererano ne" DSM-5 ") inosanganisira shungu yekubvisa nhengo kuti igadzirise kusiyana pakati pekunzwa kwemuviri wemunhu pamwe nekwaari kuita. American Psychiatric Association 2014b, peji. 246-7).

---

KUDZIDZIRA KUTI

• Wright RH, Cummings NA, eds. Maitiro Ekuparadza Mune Hutano hwepfungwa: Iyo Tsime - Yakanongedzwa Pasi Kukuvadza. New York naHove: Routledge; Xnumx
• Satinover JF. Iyo Trojan Couch: Sei Iyo Major Mental Health Guilds Yakadzoserwa Kurapa Diagnostics, Sayenzi Kutsvaga uye Jurisprudence Kusimudzira iyo Institution yewanano., bepa rakaunzwa kumusangano weNARTH Mbudzi 12, 2005.
• Wright RH, Cummings NA, eds. Maitiro Anoparadza Mune Hutano hwepfungwa: Iyo Yakarongeka Yakanangidzirwa Nzira yekukuvadza. New York naHove: Routledge; Xnumx 
• Satinover JF. Iyo Trojan Couch: How Major Mental Health Guilds Vakadzora Medical Diagnostics, Sayenzi Kutsvaga uye Jurisprudence Kuti Undermine iyo Institution yewanano, bepa rakaratidzwa kuNARTH Musangano waNovember 12, 2005. 
• Satinover JF. Kwete yeSainzi kana yeDemocratic. Linacre Quarterly. Vhoriyamu 66 | Nhamba 2; 1999: 80 - 89. https://doi.org/10.1080/20508549.1999.11877541 
• Socarides CW. Zvepabonde Zvematongerwo Enyika uye Sayenzi Logic: Iyo Nyaya yeChingochani. Iyo Nhau yePsychohistory; Spring 1992; 19, 3; 307 - 329. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1992-31040-001 
• Satinover JF. Ungochani nePolitics yeChokwadi. Baker Mabhuku, 1998. 
• Ruse A. Fake Sayenzi: Kufumura Yekuruboshwe Skewed Statistics, Fuzzy Chokwadi, uye Dodgy Dhata. Regnery Kuburitsa, 2017. 
• van den Aardweg G. Chirume Chemurume uye Neuroticism Factor: Kuongororwa Kwekutsvagira Kunzvera. Dynamic Psychotherapy; 1985: 79: 79. http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1986-17173-001 
• Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Beautrais AL. Ko Bonde kuita zvehukama kune hukama nePfungwa dzehutano hwepfungwa uye kuzviuraya muVadiki here? Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999; 56 (10): 876-880. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.876 
• Herrell R, et al. Kuita Zvepabonde uye Kuzvibata: Kubatana Kwemhando Yekutonga muVakuru Varume. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999; 56 (10): 867-874. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.56.10.867 
• Cameron P, Cameron K. Kuongororazve Evelyn Hooker: Kuisa rekodhi zvakananga nemazita eSchumm's (2012) reanalysis. Roorano uye Ongorora Yemhuri. 2012; 48: 491 - 523. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2012.700867 
• Schumm WR. Kuongororazve wongororo yekutsvagisa kudzidza: Iyo yekudzidzisa inonyora. Roorano uye Ongorora Yemhuri. 2012; 8: 465 - 89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2012.677388
  
• Cameron P, Cameron K, Landess T. Zvikanganiso neAmerican Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, uye National Educational, Sangano mukumiririra ungochani mune zvemitemo zvipfupi nezve Amendment 2 kuUS Supreme Court. Psychol Rep. 1996 Oct; 79 (2): 383-404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383

KUSVIRA

1. Adams, Henry E., Richard D. McAnulty, naJoel Dillon. 2004. Kutsauka pabonde: Paraphilias. MuComprehensive handbook ye psychopathology, ed. Henry E. Adams naPatricia B. Sutker. Dordrecht: Springer Science + Bhizinesi Media. http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/sprhp/sex ual_deviation_paraphilias/0 .
2. American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Kuongorora uye nhamba yezvinyorwa zvekushushikana kwepfungwa. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric
3. Sangano. American Psychiatric Association. 2014a. Nezve APA & psychiatry. http: //www.psy chiatry.org/about-apa-psychiatry.
4. American Psychiatric Association. 2014b. Inowanzo bvunzwa mibvunzo. http: // www. dsm5.org/about/pages/faq.aspx.
5. American Psychological Association. 2014. Nezve APA. https://www.apa.org/about/ index.aspx.
6. Bailey, J. Michael. 1999. Ungochani uye chirwere chepfungwa. Archives of General Psychiatry 56: 883 - 4.
7. Blom, Rianne M., Raoul C. Hennekam, naDamiaan Denys. 2012. Kuvimbika kwemuviri kuzivikanwa kusagadzikana. PLOS Imwe 7: e34702.
8. Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae yeAmerican Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, National Association of Social Workers, uye Texas Chitsauko cheNational Association of Social Workers mukutsigira kwevanokumbira. 2003. Lawrence v. Texas, 539 US 558.
9. Pfupiso yeAmici Curiae yeAmerican Psychological Association, American Academy yePediatrics, American Medical Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Psychoanalytic Association, et al. 2013. United States v. Windsor, 570 US
10. Bayer, Ronald. 1981. Ungochani uye American psychiatry: Iyo yezvematongerwo enyika yekuongorora. New York: Basic Mabhuku, Inc.
11. Browder, Sue Ellin. 2004. Chakavanzika chaKinsey: Iyo sainzi yepony yekuchinja kwepabonde. CatholCC.org. http://www.catholic tsika.org/culture/library/view.cfm? recnum = 6036
12. Brugger, Peter, Bigna Lenggenhager, uye Melita J. Giummarra. 2013. Xenomelia: Maonero emagariro ehunyanzvi hwekushandurwa kwemuviri kuzviziva. Frontiers muPsychology 4: 204.
13. Cameron, Paul, uye Kirk Cameron. 2012. Kuongororazve Evelyn Hooker: Kuisa rekodhi zvakananga nemazita eSchumm's (2012) reanalysis. Kuroora uye Kunzvera Kwemhuri 48: 491 - 523.
14. Centers for Zvirwere Kudzora uye Dziviriro (CDC). 2014. Yakawedzera chirongwa chekuedza. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/eti.html.
15. Collingwood, Jane. 2013. Yakanyanya njodzi yezvinetso zvehutano hwepfungwa kune ngochani. Psychcentral.com. https://psychcentral.com/lib/higher-risk-of-mental-health-problems-for-homosexuals/
16. Crow, Lester D. 1967. Psychology yekugadziriswa kwevanhu. New York: Alfred A Knopf, Inc
17. Fergusson, David M., L. John Horwood, uye Annette L. Beautrais 1999. Ko kuita zvepabonde kunoenderana nematambudziko ehutano hwepfungwa uye kuzviuraya muvadiki here? Archives of General Psychiatry 56: 876 - 80.
18. Freud, Sigmund. 1960. Asingazivikanwe (tsamba kuna amai veAmerica). Mune Iwo mavara eSigmund Freud. ed. E. Freud. New York: Basic Mabhuku. (Yekutanga basa rakaburitswa 1935.)
19. Funk, Tim. 2014. Nun anopokana anomisa May kutaura muCharlotte diocese. 2014. Charlotte Mucherechedzi. Kubvumbi 1, http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2014/04/01/4810338/controversial-nun-cancels-may. html # .U0bVWKhdV8F.
20. Galbraith, Mary Sarah, OP 2014. Chirevo kubva kuAquinas College. Aquinas Koreya Press kuburitswa. Kubvumbi 4, 2014.http: //www.aquinascollege.edu/wpcontent/uploads/PRESS-RELEASEStatement-about-Charlotte-Catholic-Assembly-address.pdf.
21. Vemamwe Marudzi, Barbara F., naBenjamin O. Miller. 2009. Nheyo dzekufunga kwepfungwa: Nhoroondo yepfungwa. Los Angeles: SAGE Pub, Inc.
22. Glassgold, Judith M., Lee Beckstead, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Robin Lin Miller, Roger L. Worthington, naClinton W. Anderson, APA yebasa remauto pamhinduro dzakakodzera dzekurapa kuita zvepabonde. 2009. Chirevo chebasa rebasa pane dzakakodzera nzira dzekurapa dzakanangana nehukadzi hwepabonde. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
23. Gonsiorek, John C. 1991. Hwaro hwepamoyo hwekuuraya chirwere chechingochani. Muungochani: Kutsvaga zvinorehwa neruzhinji mutemo, ed. John C. Gonsiorek naJames D. Weinrich. London: SAGE Mabhuku.
24. Hart, M., H. Roback, B. Tittler, L. Weitz, B. Walston, uye E. McKee. 1978. Kugadziriswa kwepfungwa kwevasina hanya nehupombwe: Kuongorora kwakakosha kwemabhuku ekutsvagisa. Chinyorwa cheClinical Psychiatry 39: 604 - 8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Psychological+Aditingment+of+Nonpatient+Homochorwaanuel3A+Critical+Review+of+the+Research
25. Herek, Gregory. 2012. Chokwadi pamusoro peungochani uye hutano hwepfungwa.http: // psychology. http://ucdavis.edu/faculty_sites/rainbow/html/facts_ mind_health.html.
26. Herrell, Richard, Jack Goldberg, William R. Chokwadi, Visvanathan Ramakrishnan, Michael Lyons, Seth Eisen, uye Ming T. Tsuang. 1999. Zvekuita zvebonde uye kuzviuraya: Chokubata mapatya ekudzidzira kudzidza mune varume vakuru. Archives of General Psychiatry 56: 867 - 74.
27. Hilti, Leonie Maria, Jurgen Hanggi, Deborah Ann Vitoca, Bernd Kraemer, Antonella Palla, Roger Luechinger, Lutz Jancke, naPeter Brugger. 2013. Iko kuda kwekugadziriswa kwegumbo remakumbo akagadzika: Urongwa hwehuropi hwekugadziriswa hukama uye zviratidzo zvekurapa zve xenomelia. Brain 136: 319.
28. Jahoda, Marie. 1958. Pfungwa dzazvino dzehutano hwakanaka hwepfungwa. New York: Basic Mabhuku, Inc.
29. Kinsey, Alfred C., Wardell R. Pomeroy, naClyde E. Martin. 1948. Kuita zvepabonde mumurume mukuru. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders, akatorwa kubva kuAmerican Journal of Public Health. Chikumi 2003; 93 (6): 894-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ zvinyorwa / PMC1447861 / # sec4title.
30. Klonsky, E. David. 2007. Asiri-kuzviuraya selfinjury: Sumo. Chinyorwa cheClinical Psychology 63: 1039 - 40.
31. Klonsky, E. David, naMuehlenkamp J. E .. 2007. Kuzvikuvadza: Ongororo yekutsvagisa kwachiremba. Zvinyorwa zveKliniki Psychology 63: 1050.
32. LaBarbera, Peter. 2011. Mutauri mushumo weB4U-ACT musangano we "minorattracted vanhu" - Zvinangwa pa normalizing pedophilia. Neworleansbridal.com http://americansfortruth.com/2011/08/25/firsthand-report-on-b4u-act-conference-forminor-attracted-persons-aims-at-normalizing-pedophilia/ .
33. Marshall, Gordon. 1998. Kutsigira. Duramazwi rezvemagariro. Encyclopedia. com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/ 1O88-advocacyresearch.html.
34. Martin, Elizabeth A. 2010. Oxford inotaura nezvechinyorwa chekurapa. 8th ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
35. Narrow, William E., uye Emily A. Kuhl. 2011. Kukosha kwekliniki uye kusagadzikana kukomba muDSM - 5: Basa rekuremara nekushushikana. Mune iyo conceptual shanduko yeDMM - 5, eds. Darrel A. Regier, William E. Narrow, Emily A. Kuhl, naDavid J. Kupfer. 2011. Arlington, VA: Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
36. NARTH Institute. nd The A. PA kuomarara kweungochani, uye chidzidzo chekutsvaga chaIrving Bieber. http: //www.narth. com / #! iyo-apa - bieber-kudzidza / c1sl8.
37. Nicolosi, Joseph. 2009. Ndivanaani vaive APA "basa re" nhengo? http: // josephnicolosi .com / avo-vanga-apa-basa-ke-simba-ini /.
38. Petrinovich, Lewis. 2000. Iyo cannibal mukati. New York: Walter de Gruyter, Inc.
39. Pfaus, JG 2009. Nzira dzeshungu dzebonde. Chinyorwa cheMishonga yezveBonde 6: 1506 - 33.
40. Phelan, James, Niel Whitehead, naPhillip Sutton. 2009. Chii chinotsvaga chinoratidzwa: Mhinduro yeNARTH kune iyo APA inotaura nezveungochani: Chirevo cheSainzi Advisory Committee yeNational Association yekutsvaga uye Kurapa kweungochani. Chinyorwa cheUpombwe hwepabonde 1: 53 - 87.
41. Purcell, David W., Christopher H. Johnson, Amy Lansky, Joseph Prejean, Renee Stein, Paul Denning, Zaneta Gau1, Hillard Weinstock, John Su, naNicole Crepaz. 2012. Kufunga huwandu hwehuwandu hwevanhurume vanovata nevarume muUnited States kuti vawane hutachiona hweHIV uye syphilis. Vhura AIDS Journal 6: 98 - 107. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pmc / zvinyorwa / PMC3462414 /.
42. Sandfort, TGM, R. de Graaf, R. V. Biji, uye P. Schnabel. 2001. Kuita zvebonde-zvebonde uye kushushikana kwepfungwa: Zviwanikwa kubva kuNetherlands kuongororwa kwehutano hwepfungwa uye chiitiko chezviitiko (NEMESIS). Zvinyorwa zveGeneral Psychiatry 58: 85-91.
43. Sandnabba, N. Kenneth, Pekka Santtila, naNiklas Nordling. 1999. Kuita zvepabonde uye kushamwaridzana kuchinjika pakati sadomasochistically-anotungamirirwa vanhurume. Iyo Nhoroondo Yezve Kuita Bonde Kutsvaga 36: 273 - 82.
44. Seaton, Cherisse L. 2009. Kugadziriswa kwepfungwa. Muiyo enisaikoropidhiya yeakajeka psychology vhoriyamu II, L - Z, ed. Shane J. Lopez. Chichester, UK: Wiley- Blackwell Publishing, Inc.
45. Schumm, Walter R. 2012. Kuongororazve wongororo yekutsvagisa kudzidza: Iyo yekudzidzisa inonyora. Kuroora uye Kunzvera Kwemhuri 8: 465 - 89.
46. Sanday, Peggy Reeves. 1986. Nzara yaMwari: Cannibalism sisitimu yetsika. New York: Cambridge University Press.
47. Socarides, C. 1995. Ungochani: Rusununguko rwuri kure kure: A psychoanalyst inopindura mibvunzo ye1000 nezvezvikonzero uye kurapa uye kukanganiswa kweiyo gay kodzero kodzero yekuAmerican nzanga. Phoenix: Adamu Margrave Mabhuku.
48. Spitzer, Robert L., naJerome C. Wakefield. 1999. DSM - IV yekuongorora inoongorora kukosha kwekiriniki: Inobatsira kugadzirisa dambudziko renhema rinopemha? IAmerican Journal ye Psychiatry 156: 1862.
49. New Oxford American Danish, iyo. 2010. Oxford University Press. Kindle Edition.
50. Ward, Brian W., Dahlhamer James M., Galinsky Adena M., naJoestl Sarah. 2014. Zvepabonde zvehutano uye hutano pakati pevakuru veUS: National Health uye Kubvunzurudza Ongororo, 2013. National Health Statistics Reports, U. S. Dhipatimendi rehutano neHuman Services, N. 77, Chikunguru 15, 2014. http://ww.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr077.pdf.
51. Whitlow Charles B., Gottesman Lester, naBernstein Mitchell A .. 2011. Zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa pabonde. Mune Iyo ASCRS zvinyorwa zvekoloni uye rectal kuvhiya, 2nd ed., Eds. David E. Beck, Patricia L. Roberts, Theodore J. Saclarides, Anthony J. Genagore, Michael J. Stamos, naSteven D. Vexner. New York: Springer.
52. Woodworth, Michael, Tabatha Freimuth, Erin L. Hutton, Tara Muvezi, Ava D. Agar, naMat Logan. 2013. Vakawanda vane njodzi dzekusangana pabonde: Kuongorora nezvepfungwa dzekunyepedzera, zvepabonde parira, psychopathy, uye mhosva mhosva. International Journal yeMutemo uye Psychiatry 36: 144- 156.

Tsamba yakavhurika "Pamusoro pekudzokera kudzidzo yesainzi uye yekiriniki kutsanangurwa kwechiitiko chechishuvo chebonde"