V. Lysov
Lengolo-tsoibila: science4truth@yandex.ru
Boholo ba lintho tse latelang bo hatisoa koranteng e hlahlojoang ke lithaka tsa thuto. Lithuto tsa morao-rao tsa mathata a sechaba, 2018; Buka ea 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "Boitšoaro bo botle le boikokobetso ba tšebeliso ea lentsoe" Homophobia "puong ea mahlale le ea sechaba".
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Liphumano tsa Bohlokoa

(1) Boikutlo bo nyarosang mabapi le bosodoma ha bo fihlelle litekanyetso tsa tlhahlobo ea phobia e le mohopolo oa psychopathological. Ha ho na khopolo-taba ea "homeophobia", ke polelo e sebelisang rhetoric ea lipolotiki.
(2) Ts'ebeliso ea "Homophobia" ts'ebetsong ea mahlale ho bonts'a maikutlo ohle a nyarosang a ketso e ts'oanang ha e fosahetse. Ts'ebeliso ea "Homophobia" e hlakisa phapang lipakeng tsa maikutlo a tebileng a bosholu ba batho ba bong bo fapaneng a thehiloe litumelong tsa mohopolo le mekhoa ea pherekano, e fetolang pono e amanang le bosholu.
(3) Bafuputsi ba hlokometse hore ts'ebeliso ea "Homophobia" ke mohato o hatellang o tobisitsoeng khahlanong le batho ba sa amohelang ho phahamisa mokhoa oa bophelo ba bosodoma sechabeng, empa ba sa utloeng lehloeo kapa ba sa tšabe batho ba bong bo tšoanang.
(4) Ntle le litumelo tsa setso le sechaba, motheo oa maikutlo a nyarosang liketsong tsa bong bo le bong, ho bonahala, ke sesole sa mmele sa boits'oaro - karabelo ea tlhaho manyalae ntšetsoa pele molemong oa phetoho ea motho ho netefatsa ts'ebetso ea bohloeki le ho ba le bana ka botlalo.

Mantsoe a bohlokoa: tsomo, "Homophobia", manyala, kotsi, boits'ireletso ba mmele, mananeo a ho laola

SELELEKELA

Har'a karolo ea bohlokoa ea sechaba, ho na le maikutlo a a nyarosang mabapi le ts'ebetso ea bong bo tšoanang, tekanyo ea polelo e fapana haholo: ho tloha ho ts'ehetsang khanyetso ea molao ho leka ho fetola setsi sa lenyalo e le ho kenyelletsa tšebelisano ea bong bo tšoanang ho isa linyeoeng tsa pefo khahlanong le batho ba bonts'ang ba sechaba sa "LGBTKIAP +" (Kohut 2013; Grey 2013) Ka har'a moralo oa "LGBTKIAP +" mokhatlo, maikutlo a joalo a nyarosang, ho sa tsotellehe hore na a bonahetse hakae le mabaka a eona, a bitsitsoe joalo ka se bitsoang. "Homophobia" (Adams xnumx) Ho latela Oxford English Dictionary, neologism "homophobia" e tsoa ho mantsoe "bosodoma" le "phobia" (Lingoliloeng tsa Senyesemane sa Oxford Living). Polelo "homophobia" e sebelisoa haholo mecheng ea litaba le moetlong o tummeng: mofuputsi Nungessor o hlokometse hore:

"Ho ratana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang" e se e le mohopolo o akaretsang oa lipolotiki o sebelisitsoeng ho supa maikutlo afe kapa afe a seng matle ho batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang ... "(Nungessor xnumx, leq. 162).

«Homophobia ”e sebelisoa le mererong ea lipolotiki ea likamano tsa mehleng ena tsa litso tse tsamaisanang (EPR 2006). Ka hona, ts'ebeliso ea lentsoe "homophobia" ho hlalosa maikutlo a tebileng mabapi le litekanyetso tsa mokhatlo oa "LGBTQIAP +" e ipapisitse le melao-motheo e 'meli ea bohlokoa: (1) e theha kamano e hokahaneng lipakeng tsa maikutlo afe kapa afe a lahlang bosodoma le lefu la phobic, le psychopathology; (2) e fana ka litlhaloso tse mpe mme e khetholla batho ba buellang maikutlo a mang ntle le a mokhatlo oa LGBTQIAP +.

Joaloka ngaka ea mahlale a molao Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin le bangoli ba bang ba ngola mesebetsing ea bona:

"… Hoo e batlang e le puisano efe kapa efe le ba phatlalatsang likhopolo tsa bosodoma, ha ba sa lumellane le bona, kajeno ho kenyelletsa ho ikamahanya ka bohona ha leibole e khopisang" homophobe ", ntle le ho nahana ka moelelo le sebopeho, boemo ba 'nete le tumello ea molao ea litlhahlobo tse joalo tsa bohlokoa tsa bosodoma. Linaheng tse ngata, ba hlahisang maikutlo a ho nyatsa bosodoma ba haneloa ka bolokolohi ba maikutlo le tokoloho ea ho bua, eseng feela nakong ea ngangisano ea sechaba, empa ka kakaretso, boitekong bofe kapa bofe ba ho hlahisa maikutlo a bona mecheng ea litaba. Ho feta moo, ho na le mehoo ea sechaba ea ho khetholla batho ba joalo: ho hana tokelo ea ho kena linaheng tse ling, ho ba kenya teronkong, jj. Puisano e joalo e leeme le tlhaloso e joalo ea molao-motheo oa tekano ea bohle ka pel'a molao le lekhotla le molao-motheo oa mamello ha li lumellane feela ka botlalo le melao le demokrasi ea demokrasi, empa ho feta moo, li lokela ho baka karabelo hanghang ho tsoa mmuso, o se nang tokelo ea ho ikhula molaong oa machabeng le molao-motheo le molao oa tekano ea bohle ka pel'a molao le lekhotla. Mantsoe ana "homophobe", "ho hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang" ha a nepahale, a ngotsoe ka litletlebo tse ngotsoeng ho batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang (ho sa tsotelehe sebopeho le boemo ba tokafatso ea nyatso e joalo), hammoho le mang kapa mang ea hanang ho qobelloa ho qobelloa ho qobella batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho kopanyelletsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng (ho kenyeletsoa le bana). Mantsoe ana a emetse mabitso a ho sekaseka likhopolo tse mpe mme a sebelisoa e le nyefolo e sa tšepahaleng molemong oa ho qhekella le ho rohaka mofere-fere (...) Ebile, batho ba sa amoheleng mekhoa ea bophelo ea bosodoma, lithethefatsi le litumelo ba ipelaetsa khahlanong le mashano a sechaba a bosodoma, ha ho na "phobias", ke hore, tšabo e bohloko e feteletseng e etsang hore batho bana ba tšabe basodoma. Batho ba sa tsebeng mantsoe a khethehileng a bongaka ba ka amahanya moelelo oa lentsoe "homophobe" le ho se rate batho le batho ka kakaretso (ho tloha Latin homo - man). Tlhaloso e sa utloahaleng ea ho kheloha kelellong (phobias) ho batho ba sa lumeleng litumelo tsa bosodoma ha se mokhoa o seng molaong feela, empa hape e etselitsoe ho nyenyefatsa seriti sa batho ba joalo, ho ba etselletsa ... ”(Ponkin 2011).

Ka nepo o hlalosa mokhoa oa ho sebelisa li-cliches ka ho qosa Sergei Khudiev oa "Homophobia"

"... Mang kapa mang ea itetang sefuba ho hanana ka botlalo le maikutlo a lumellanang le batho ba bong bo tšoanang o tobana le litlhapa tse halefisang. Haeba u fumana thobalano ea bong bo le bong e sa lokelang ho khothaletsoa ka molao, o tla phatlalatsoa hang-hang hore o khopo, ha a mamelle, o cheseha ka ho fetelletseng, o khutlela morao ebile o lehloeo, morabe, mohatelli, Ku Klux Klan, Taliban, joalo-joalo joalo-joalo. Mokhoa o bonolo empa o sebetsa bakeng sa ho laola maikutlo o sebelisa mekhoa e mengata e hlakileng. Mohlala, u fuoa khetho e fosahetseng - ekaba kotlo e matla ea bosodoma, kapa u e khothaletse ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang. Haeba u khahlanong le ho bolaoa ka sehlōhō bakeng sa batho ba bong bo tšoanang, u lokela ho ba bakeng sa kamohelo ea manyalo a batho ba bong bo tšoanang ka lenyalo. Mokhoa o mong - "litlokotsebe tse ling tse hlakileng (mohlala, Manazi) li ne li le khahlano le bosodoma - le uena u khahlanong le bona - ka hona u Manazi. Haeba u sa batle ho nkuoa u le Manazi, lumellana le maikutlo a rona. " Wa boraro o phatlalatsa litlolo tsohle tsa molao tse etsoang khahlano le basodoma - mohlala, boemo boo mohlankana ea botekatse a bolailoeng ke moreki oa hae - joalo ka lipontšo tsa "ho hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang", e phatlalatsa ho se lumellane leha e le hofe e le "ho hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo le bong" 'me ka hona e arola batho ba hanang e le linokoane. Khatello ena ea maikutlo e ka nkuoa e se letho haese ponahatso ea litlokotsi tse sa lokang, empa bothata ke hore e ntse e hatelloa ka ho eketsehileng ke mmuso; linaheng tse 'maloa tsa Europe, ho se lumellane le maikutlo a lumellanang le batho ba bong bo tšoanang ho nkoa e le "ho hlohlelletsa lehloeo" le tlolo ea molao e ka qosoang. Leha ho le joalo, bohlanya ba qoso ea mofuta ona bo bonahala hang ha re nka bothata ba ho e nahana bonyane metsotso e mehlano. Ma-taliban a otla joala hampe; Na see se bolela hore mang kapa mang ea sa amoheleng tahi ke Taliban mme o ikemiselitse ho kenya molao oa Sharia sechabeng? Batho (ba bong bo fapaneng) ba fumanang chelete ka botekatse hangata e ba liphofu tsa botlokotsebe - na see se bolela hore mang kapa mang ea supang hore mokhoa ona oa ho fumana chelete o fosahetse ebile o kotsi o tšehetsa linokoane? Na ho na le mang kapa mang ea sa amoheleng tšebeliso ea lithethefatsi a ka qosoang ka lehloeo la hae le matla ho batho ba futsanehileng ba lemaletseng lithethefatsi? ... "(Khudiev 2010).

MAHLOMOLA HOMOPHOBIA

Setsebi sa kelello sa Maafrika le sebatli "LGBTKIAP +" - mokhatlo (Ayyar 2002; Grimes 2017) George Weinberg e nkile moqapi oa lentsoe "Homophobia" le mongoli oa tšibollo ea karolo ea kelello ea kelello e nang le maikutlo a nyarosang mabapi le bosodoma (Mona 2004; Weinberg xnumx) Puisanong le phatlalatso ea bosodoma, Weinberg ha a fane ka karabo e hlakileng ea hore na ke hobaneng ha e bile karolo ea mafolofolo mokhatlong oa LGBTKIAP +, o re:

“Le ha ke ne ke se mosodoma, ke ne ke lokolohile ka hohle kamoo nka khonang liketsong tsa ka tsa bong bo fapaneng, le mesebetsing e meng eo ke sa batleng ho ngola ka eona” (Ayyar 2002).

Weinberg o ipitsa motho ea behileng khopolo ea hore poulelo le tšabo li nyatsa ho ratana ha batho ba bong bo bohareng ba 1960s, ha a ntse a itokisetsa puo kopanong ea East Coast Homophile Organisation (Ayyar 2002; Grimes 2017) O arolelitse mehopolo ea hae le baitseki ba "LGBTKIAP +", mekhatlo ea Jack Nichols le Lige Clark, ea ileng a sebelisa lentsoe "homophobia" sengolong sa makasine ea litšoantšo tsa bootsoa "Screw" (23 ka May 1969 ea selemo), e neng e bolela tšabo ea banna bao e seng ba bong bo tšoanang hore ba ka fosa batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang - ena e bile lekhetlo la pele ho buuoa ka taba e ngotsoeng (Grimes 2017; Mona 2004) Likhoeli tse 'maloa hamorao, lentsoe lena le ile la sebelisoa sehloohong sa The Times (Grimes 2017).

Ho 1971, Weinberg ka boeena o ile a qala ho sebelisa "Homophobia" sengoloeng se nang le sehlooho se reng "Mantsoe a Setso se secha" ho "Gay" ea beke le beke.Grimes 2017). Kamora ho bala sengoloa sena, mosebetsi-'moho le Weinberg, Kenneth T. Smith (Weinberg xnumx, maq. 132, 136) qetellong ea 1971 o ile a bua ka lekhetlo la pele ka lentsoe "homophobia" bukeng ea mahlale eo ho eona a ileng a etsa tlhahiso ea sekala se ikhethileng sa ho lekanya karabelo e mpe ea motho ka mong e bakoang ke likamano le batho ba bong bo tšoanang (Smith 1971) Kamora nako ea 1972, Weinberg o ile a qopitsa kelello ea kelello ea "Homophobia" bukeng ea "Society and the Healthy Homosexual" (Weinberg xnumx) Selemong se latelang, Weinberg e ile ea e-ba e mong oa baetapele ba liketsahalo tsa sechaba tse hlophisitsoeng ke American LGBTKIAP +, mokhatlo o ileng oa lebisa qeto ea Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric hore o se ke oa khetholla tlhahlobo ea "bosodoma" lenaneng la litla-morao tsa kelello tsa 1973 (Grimes 2017) Leha taba ea hore "homophobia" e ile ea nyatsuoa ke batšehetsi le bahanyetsi ba mokhatlo oa "LGBTKIAP +", Weinberg o ile a lula e le motšehetsi ea tšehetsang tumelo ea hae bophelo bohle ba hae mme a tsitlallela ho kenyelletsa "Homophobia" mokhatlong oa mafu a kelello (Weinberg xnumx).

TLHOKOMELISO EA HO SEBELISOA

Kamora nako ho tloha ha ho buuoa ka lekhetlo la pele mesebetsing ea mahlale (1971 - 1972), moelelo oa lentsoe "Homophobia" o fapana ka litšobotsi tsa motho ka mong (Smith 1971) le ts'abo ea mabaka a sa utloahaleng (Weinberg xnumx) ho maikutlo afe kapa afe a tšoaeang (ho kenyelletsa, mohlala, ho se lumellane ka ho lumella balekane ba bong bo le bong ho ba le bana) (Costa 2013) George Weinberg mosebetsing oa hae o sebelisitse "Homophobia" molemong oa ho tšaba ho kopana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang, 'me haeba re bua ka batho ba bong bo tšoanang, joale "Homophobia" e bolela ho itšepa ha bona (Weinberg xnumx) Lilemo tse 'maloa hamorao, Morin le Garfinkle ba hlalosoa e le "basodoma" motho ea sa boneng mokhoa oa bophelo ba bosodoma o lekanang le mokhoa oa bophelo ba bong bo fapaneng (Morin xnumx).

Selemong sa 1983, Nungessor o hlokometse:

"..." "homophobia" e fetohile mohopolo o matla oa lipolotiki o sebelisitsoeng ho supa maikutlo afe kapa afe a seng matle ho batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang ... "(Nungessor xnumx, leq. 162).

Ka selemo sona seo, Fyfe o bonts'itse "Homophobia" maikutlo a fosahetseng le khethollo ho basodoma (Fyfe xnumx) Hudson le Ricketts ba hlokometse hore "lentsoe" homophobia "le qalile ho sebelisoa haholo ke litsebi le batho bao e seng litsebi ho supa lehloeo lefe kapa lefe ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng hoo le ileng la lahleheloa ke moelelo oa lona oa mantlha"Hudson xnumx, leq. 357). Ho 1991, bafuputsi ba bangata ba hlalositse "Homophobia" e le "khethollo le khethollo efe kapa efe e hananang le bosodoma" (Bell xnumx; Haaga xnumx), hape Reiter ae khethile e le "leeme le nang le moelelo oa setso le sechaba" (Sengoli 1991) Lilemo tse hlano hamorao, Young-Bruehl o hlokometse hore "ho ratana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang ha se batho ba ikhethang, empa ke liketso tse ikhethang" (Monyenyane-Bruehl 1996, leq. 143). Hamorao, Kranz le Cusick ba hlalositse "ho hlonama" ke "tšabo e se nang kelello ea basodoma" (Kranz 2000) Selemong sa 2005, O'Donohue le Caselles ba hlokometse hore lilemong tse mashome tse fetileng, poleloana "homophobia" e fetisitse mokhoeng o mong le o mong o fosahetseng, tumelo kapa ketso ho basodoma (O'Donohue in Wright xnumx, leq. 68).

Ka moralo oa saense ea khale ea thuto ea mafu a kelello, phobia (phobic syndrome) e bua ka mofuta oa lefu la ho tšoenyeha, e leng moelelo o ka sehloohong oa ho tseba hore na ke ts'abo e tsitsitseng e se nang mabaka (kapa matšoenyeho), e ntseng e mpefala le ho feta maemong a mang (Kazakovtsev 2013, leq. 230). Motho ea nang le phobia o leka ka hohle kamoo a ka khonang ho qoba ho kopana le ntho kapa boemo bo bakang phobia mme o sebetsana le khatello e joalo ea maikutlo le khatello ea maikutlo. Ho ts'ehetsa 'nete ea hore maikutlo a atileng a mabapi le ts'ebetso ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang ha se phobia, Haaga (1991) a bapisa khethollo le phobias, karabelo e hlalositsoeng mecheng ea litaba e le "Homophobia" e fihlella litekanyetso tsa khethollo (bona tafole e ka tlase) (Haaga xnumx).

Tafole 1 Papiso ea Khethollo le Phobia ho latela D.A.F. Haaga [30]

Tšoaea	Khethollo (eo ho thoeng ke "ho ratana le batho ba bangata")	Real phobia (neurosis)
Boikutlo ba maikutlo	bohale, ho teneha	matšoenyeho, tšabo
Ho ngangisana ha maikutlo	boteng ba sepheo	ho hloka hlaloso, ho hloka kelello
Ketso ea ho araba	mabifi	ho qoba ka mekhoa efe kapa efe
Morero oa sechaba	khanyetso ea sechaba	ha e eo
Sepheo sa boiteko ba ho tlosa boemo bo sa thabiseng	ntho ea khethollo	ka borona

Ho entsoe liteko tse fapaneng ka tsela e itseng ho lekanya boemo ba maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le bosodoma - ho sebelisoa liteko tsa kelello (Smith 1971; Hudson xnumx; Lumby xnumx; Milham 1976; Logan 1996) Patlisiso ea Grey le basebetsi mmoho le Costa le basebetsi-mmoho ba senotse likala tse ngata tse fapaneng tse khothalelitsoeng ho lekanya maikutlo a batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho batho ba bonts'ang boitšoaro ba basodoma (Costa 2013; Grey 2013) Mekhoa eohle e ntlafalitsoeng ea tlhahlobo e na le khaello e le 'ngoe ea bohlokoa - ho se be teng ha sehlopha ha ho bapisoa nakong ea kholo ea sona: netefatso litekong tsohle tse khothalelitsoeng e ipapisitse le sehlopha sa babuelli se senotseng litekanyetso tse phahameng tse amanang feela le maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le bosodoma (mohlala, Borapeli, ho vouta bakeng sa mekha ea lipolotiki e ka lehlakoreng le letona). Ho ea ka O'Donohue le bo-mphato ba hae, phoso ena e ka felisoa ka ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa ba arabelitsoeng ba ahlotsoeng ka pefo bakeng sa batho ba bonts'ang boitšoaro ba batho ba bong bo tšoanang (O'Donohue ho Wright xnumx, leq. 77). Kahoo, ha ho fanoa ka mathata a mangata a psychometric ka mekhoa e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e lekantsoeng ea tlhahlobo, litlhatlhobo le liqeto tse entsoeng motheong oa mekhoa ena ea liteko li belaela (O'Donohue in Wright xnumx, leq. 77). Ka kakaretso, ha ho hlake hore na ho thoeng. "Homophobia": tumellano mabapi le moelelo oa lentsoe "homophobia", e seng e bonoe kajeno, e bohlokoa haholo ntlheng ena, ke mehopolo e fapaneng haholo, ho tloha ka kakaretso (mohlala, negativism) ho ea ho qaqileng haholoanyane (O'Donohue ho Wright xnumx, leq. 82).

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore tšebeliso ea lentsoe la "homophobia" e sebelisitsoeng hantle e le bothata ho latela bonyane mabaka a mane a bohlokoa. Taba ea pele, bopaki bo matla bo fana ka maikutlo a hore lehloeo ho basodoma le ikhethang linyeoe e ka ba phobia ka kutloisiso ea bongaka, joalo ka claustrophobia kapa arachnophobia. Le ha ho le joalo, batho ba bangata ba nang le maikutlo a mabifi a likamano tsa bong bo fapaneng ba na le karabo ea mmele ho phobias (Shields xnumx) Ts'ebetso ea hajoale, e tsebahalang ea "LGBTKIAP +", ts'ebeliso ea "Homophobia" ha e khetholle ka tsela efe kapa efe lipakeng tsa linaha tsena tse peli. Taba ea bobeli, ts'ebeliso ea "Homophobia" ho latela pono ea Weinberg e fana ka maikutlo a hore ena ke boemo ba kliniki ka boeona, leha ho le joalo, lithuto ha li netefatse sena, empa li bonts'a botsoalle bo hlakileng le sehlopha sa lefats'e sa setso le likamano tsa sechaba (Kohut 2013) Taba ea boraro, phobia mohopolong oa kliniki e amahanngoa le liphetoho tse sa thabiseng le liphihlelo tse khahlanong le mesebetsi e tloaelehileng ea sechaba (Tafole 1), empa lehloeo ho basodoma ha le ame mosebetsi o tloaelehileng oa sechaba (Mona 2000, 1990) Khetlo la bone, ts'ebeliso ea lipolotiki ea mohopolo oa "Homophobia" e ts'oanang le lipolotiki e lekana lehloeo ho bosodoma le liketsahalo tse kang, mohlala, khethollo ea morabe kapa bong.EPR 2006). Leha ho le joalo, khethollo ea morabe kapa bong ke ketsahalo e lebisitsoeng khahlano le bajari ba litšobotsi tse ikhethileng tsa bioloji tse sa itšetleheng ka boits'oaro ba bajari ba bona (mohlala, khethollo khahlanong le Ma Caucasus kapa banna). Se bitsoang "ho hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang" ka har'a mokhatlo oa LGBTKIAP + ke maikutlo a mabifi eseng ho bajari ba litšobotsi tsa tlhaho, empa ho liketso (boits'oaro), haholo-holo, mabapi le pontšo ea boits'oaro bo joalo, moo ho kheloha karolo ea botona le botšehali e amanang le thobalano le / kapa sechabeng. Ha ho na le tumellano ea maikutlo e nkoang e le mosodoma - motho ea tloaetseng ho etsa thobalano le batho ba bong bo tšoanang kapa ka seoelo haholo; ea qobelloang ho kenella likamanong tsa batho ba bong bo tšoanang kapa ea etsang joalo ka boithaopo, ea ipitsang "mosodoma" kapa che, jj. Jj. Bopaki ba polelo ena - mabapi le boits'oaro, eseng boits'oaro ba maikutlo a mabe - ke hore bosodoma motho ea sa bontšeng phatlalatsa boitšoaro ba bosodoma ebile e le setho sa sechaba sa "LGBTKIAP +" ha a hlaheloe ke litlamorao tse mpe tse tsoang sechabeng, e leng ntho e ke keng ea etsahala maemong a joalo a khethollo ea morabe.

TLHOKOMELISO EA TLOTLISO HO LITLHALOSO TSA BOPHELO

Kaha lentsoe "phobia" le na le moelelo o hlakileng oa bongaka 'me le supa boemo ba tšabo e sa laoleheng (tlhahlobo ea bongaka), lebitso le nang le maikutlo a ho nyatsa bosodoma joalo ka phobia ha le na mabaka a saense. Mohlala, maikutlo a nyarosang a botaki ba sejoale-joale ho latela pono ea litekanyetso tsa mahlale a ke ke a bitsoa "avant-garde phobia": maikutlo a joalo a bonts'a maikutlo a motho a le mong feela. Nyeoe ea tšenyo e amanang le mesebetsi ea bonono ke ketsahalo e sa amoheloeng, mme ka tekanyo e phahameng, e paka bopaki bo bong ba tlolo ea molao ea basebetsi. Leha ho le joalo, bohlokoa bo matla ba linyeoe tse joalo tsa tšenyo ea lihlahisoa tsa ho hlahloba mesebetsi e joalo mme, haholoholo, bohle ba sa rateng mesebetsi ena ea bonono, ba lekana zero.

Boemo bo tebileng linthong tse amanang le matsapa a sechaba a LGBTKIAP + - mokhatlo, ha o nkuoe e le tlolo ea molao oa Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo kapa American Psychiatric Association (Tlhaloso: ICD 1992; DSM 2013) Bakeng sa mabaka a bontšitsoeng kaholimo, tšebeliso ea lentsoe "homophobia" mabapi le maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le bosodoma e nyatsitsoe ke bangoli ba bangata (Mona 2004, Herek ka Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Shields xnumx),, ho fapana le hoo, ho builoe mantsoe a mangata: Wright xnumx; Likoloi 1997).

Leha ho le joalo, lentsoe "Homophobia" le ntse le sebelisoa ka matla liphatlalatsong, moetlong o ratoang, esita le lingoliloeng tsa mahlale ho bolela maikutlo a nyatso mabapi le bosodoma. Connie Ross, mohlophisi oa e 'ngoe ea limakasine tsa batho ba bong bo tšoanang, o boletse hore a ke ke a tlohela tšebeliso ea lentsoe "homophobia" ka lebaka la ho hloka toka ha eona ea mahlale, kaha a nka mosebetsi oa mantlha e le "ho loanela litokelo tsa basodoma" (Taylor ka 2002).

Smithmyer (2011) o bontšitse tse latelang:

“… Tšebeliso ea lentsoe 'ho hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang' ke mohato o hatellang o lebisitsoeng ho litho tsa sechaba tse sirelletsang tlhaloso ea moetlo ea lenyalo, empa u se ke ua hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang (…) Tšebeliso ea lentsoe lena ea khopisa (…) ebile e nyenyefatsa (…) Lentsoe" homophobe "ke leqheka la lipolotiki le sebelisoang ka molao le makhotleng ..." (Smithmyer 2011, leq. 805).

Holland (2006) e hlokometse hore:

"... Esita le tlhaloso e bonolo feela ea lipalo-palo tse mabapi le ketsahalo ea AIDS har'a banna ba basodoma e hlahisa liqoso tsa 'ho hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang' ...” (Holland xnumx, leq. 397).

Ka monyetla oa hoo e ka bang 100%, tlaleho ena e tla bonts'oa hang-hang ke "homophobia" ke batšehetsi ba "LGBTKIAP +" mokhatlo.

Ho 2009, moqapi oa leqephe la botle la Miss California, Kerry Prechan o ile a nka karolo ho finyeletsoeng la Miss America. Kamora hore a arabe potso e tsoang ho monna oa bosodoma ea lumelang hore na manyalo a basodoma a lokela ho ngolisoa ka molao naheng ea Amerika, o ile a lelekoa tlholisanong mme a amoha lebitso la hae la Miss California.

Karabelo ea Kerry Preghan e ile ea baka khalefo ea "mecha eohle ea litaba e nepahetseng ea lipolotiki" e nepahetseng ea lipolotiki, a qosoa ka leeme, a batla ho khutlisa mantsoe a hae mme a mo bitsa phatlalatsa hore ke "sethoto"Pele ho 2009) Bakeng sa eng? Prezhan o ile a ithaopela ho kenya batho ba bong bo tšoanang teronkong?

Che, karabo ea hae ke polelo e reng:

"... Ke nahana hore ho monate hore Maamerika a ka khetha e 'ngoe kapa e' ngoe. Re lula naheng eo o ka khethang pakeng tsa lenyalo la basodoma le lenyalo la setso. 'Me ua tseba, moetlong oa rona, lelapeng leso, ho bonahala eka ke lumela hore lenyalo le lokela ho ba lipakeng tsa monna le mosali. Ha ke batle ho khopisa mang kapa mang, empa ke tsela eo ke holisitsoeng ka eona ... "(EA-2009).

Basireletsi ba LGBTKIA +, mekhatlo ea Kirk le Madsen, ba pheha khang ea hore tšebeliso ea lentsoe "Homophobia" e sebetsa haholo leanong la lipolotiki la ho fetola maemo a sechaba sa batho ba bong bo tšoanang:

“… Letšolong lefe kapa lefe la ho hapa kutloelo-bohloko ea sechaba, basodoma ba lokela ho hlahisoa joalo ka bahlaseluoa ba hlokang ts'ireletso, e le hore batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng ba inehele litakatsong tse matla tsa ho nka karolo ea basireletsi… Li-gay li tšoaneloe e le liphofu tsa sechaba… Li lokela ho bontšoa: litšoantšo tse hlakileng tsa banna ba ratanang ba bong bo tšoanang; terama ea khaello ea mosebetsi le matlo, tahlehelo ea litokelo tsa bana le tlontlollo ea sechaba: lenane le tsoela pele ... Letšolo la rona ha lea lokela ho batla ts'ehetso e tobileng bakeng sa litloaelo tsa bosodoma, ho fapana le moo, re lokela ho theha ntoa khahlanong le khethollo e le mosebetsi o ka sehloohong ... "(Kirk 1987).

Bukeng e lokollotsoeng lilemo tse 'maloa hamorao, Kirk le Madsen ba hatelletse:

"... Le ha poleloana 'homophobia' e ka nepahala ho feta, 'homophobia' e sebetsa hantle ho feta ... e fana ka maikutlo a mofuta oa bongaka oa maikutlo a khahlano le bosodoma a amanang le ho senyeha hoa kelello le ho se sireletsehe hoa bona ..." (Kirk 1989, leq. 221).

TLHALOSO BIOLOGICAL

Mefuta e fapa-fapaneng ea ho qhekella e mabapi le ts'ebetso ea batho ba bong bo fapaneng e hlahisitsoe: ea botho (Smith 1971), boits'oaro (O'Donohue ka Wright xnumx), boits'oaro (Grey 1991tse tebilengBell xnumx), mohlala oa pono kapa ho hloka tsebo (Herek in Gonsiorek xnumx), phobic (MacDonald ka 1973), setsoSengoli 1991) Ha ho na tlhokomelo e tlase ho lingoliloeng tsa mahlale le tse tummeng tsa mahlale tse fanoang ho mehlala ea biological Reflex.

Ho shebella ka mokhoa o makatsang ho re lumella ho nka mohopolo ka mekhoa e ka tlase e atamelaneng ea maikutlo a mabe mabapi le liketso tsa bosodoma. Ellis le bo-mphato ba hae (2003) ba ithutile liithuti tsa 226 tsa litsebi tsa kelello tse tsoang liunivesithing tse tharo tsa Borithane, bao, ba sebelisa likala tse peli tse arohaneng, ba lekolang maikutlo a batho ba ratanang le maikutlo a amanang le ts'ebetso ea setsoalle e amanang le ts'ebetso ea bong bo le bong (taba ea ho lumella ngoliso ea likamano tsa bana, ho amohela bana, jj. .) (Ellis 2003) Leha karolo e fetang halofo ea ba arabelitsoeng e bonts'a hore ba lumellana le polelo e akaretsang e hlalosang bosodoma e le ketsahalo ea tlhaho ho motho, palo e nyane haholo ea ba arabelitsoeng e lumellane le polelo e ikhethang (mohlala, "bong ha bo na taba lenyalong, basodoma ba ka sebeletsa sesoleng, bana ba lokela ho rutoa. mohopolo oa tlhaho ea bosodoma ”, jj.) (Ellis 2003, leq. 129). Steffens (2005) o ile a etsa lipatlisiso tsa baithuti ba Majeremane ba 203 ba sebelisa mekhoa e ikhethileng ho lekola maikutlo a bulehileng (a sa tsebe letho) mabapi le bosodoma (Steffens xnumx) Mosebetsing ona, ho ile ha ithutoa maikutlo ka ho sebelisa lipotso tse fapaneng tsa tlhahlobo, 'me ho ile ha ithutoa maikutlo a sa tsebeng ho sebelisa liteko bakeng sa litloaelano tse patehileng.

Ho fumanoe hore le ha maikutlo a mabapi le bosodoma a ne a le matle haholo qalong, maikutlo a sa tsebeng a fetoha a hobe le ho feta. Boikutlo bo nepahetseng mabapi le bosodoma bo boetse bo amana le boits'oaro ba basodoma. (Steffens xnumx, leq. 50, 55). Inbar le bo-mphato ba hae (2009) ba bonts'itse hore le batho bao ba inka e le sehlopha sa batho ba ratang liketso tsa bong bo fapaneng, ba sa tsebe letho ba ikutloa ba nyonyeha ha ba bona batho ba bong bo le bong.Inbar 2009).  

Ho feta moo, batho ba bang ba nang le moea oa bosodoma ba hlokomela ho hloea ha tlhaho ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang:

"... Ho se rate bosodoma bathong ho boemong ba ho lahla maikutlo ..." (Mironova 2013).

Polelo ea ho qetela e na le tlhaloso ea saense. Bangoli ba bangata ba lumela hore nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho, seo ho thoeng ke. boits'ireletso ba mmele - ts'ebetso ea methapo ea kelello e sa lemoheng, e etselitsoeng ho sireletsa khahlanong le litlamorao tsa likokoana-hloko tse ncha le likokoana-hloko (Schall in Forgas xnumx; Faulkner 2004; Park 2003; Filip-creford xnumx).

Tsamaiso ea boits'ireletso ea boits'oaro e ipapisitse le maikutlo a sa tsitsang a ho teneha: batho bao e leng lihlopha tse sa tloaelehang tsa sechaba, haholoholo ba etsang liketso tse seng tsa tlhaho mabapi le ho ja lijo, bohloeki le bong, ba beha kotsi e kholo ea ho fetisa tse ncha (le, ka hona, kotsi haholo-holo) mafu a tšoaetsanoang. Kahoo, ha re kopana le batho ba joalo, boits'ireletso ba boits'oaro bo a sebetsa, le ho nyonya ka tlhaho (Filip-creford xnumx, leq. 333, 338; Curtis 2011a, 2011b; Curtis 2001) Kaha ts'ebetso ea thobalano lipakeng tsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng kapa ba mefuta e fapaneng ea tlhaho, hammoho le ho kenya litopo kapa batho ba sa ts'oanang le ba batona, jj., Ke boitšoaro bo sa tlholeheng bo tsoaloang, ba tlhaho e seng tlhaho, karabelo ea batho ba bangata ponong ea boitšoaro bo joalo ke ho nyatsa ho ka ba kotsi le ho likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse sa sebetseng le batho ba joalo. Kamano ea manyala le maikutlo a mabe mabapi le ho se be le bana, ho kenyelletsa le bosodoma, liketso tsa thobalano li bontšitsoe liphuputsong tse 'maloa (Mooijman 2016; Bishop xnumx; Terrizzi 2010; Olatunji 2008; Cottrell xnumx;  Mona 2000; Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). Litholoana tse fapaneng le tsona lia khahlisa - maikutlo a maiketsetso a ho nyonya a mpefala boemong ba ho se tsebe maikutlo mabapi le litšoantšo tse nang le lihlooho tsa bosodoma (Dasgupta xnumx).

Aversion ke mokhoa oa ho ikamahanya le maemo o seng o thehiloe ka sepheo sa ho khothaletsa boitšoaro bo etselitsoeng ho qoba kotsi ea lefu (Schall in Forgas xnumx; Curtis 2004, 2011b; Oaten xnumx; Tybur 2009; Fessler xnumx) Sistimi ena e hlophisitsoeng e se e hlahisitsoe ho liphoofolo ho nolofatsa ho amoheloa ha lintho le maemo a amanang le kotsi ea tšoaetso, mme ka hona, ho theha boits'oaro bo hloekileng, ka tsela eo ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho kopana le likokoana-hloko tsa macro le macro; mothating oa phetoho ea sechaba sa batho ho ea sebopeho sa phosocial, mesebetsi ea manyala e boetse e nkile sebopeho sechabeng, e fana ka sepheo sa ho otla boitšoaro bo bobe le ho qoba tlolo ea maemo a sechaba (Chapman 2009; Haidt 1997) Miller (1997) o lumela hore hoo e batlang e le ka linako tsohle bobe bo baka manyala. O supa hore batho ba ts'oereng bobe, ba manyala, le liketso tse nyarosang ba nyatsuoa ke boitšoaro ba tlhaho bo nyarosang ba ntle le ts'ebetso ea boitšoaro bo maemong a holimo.Curtis 2001) Tsela eo motho a arabang ka eona ha a fetoha e ea fapana ho latela botho le boiphihlelo ba motho, le moetlo oa setso sa moo le litloaelo tsa hae (Curtis 2011b) Curtis (2011) e fana ka lethathamo la mafu a tšoaetsanoang a bakang karohano e nyarosang ea ho hlonama, ho kenyeletsa AIDS, syphilis, jj. (Curtis 2011a) Grey le basebetsi-'moho ba hlokometse tlhahlobisong ea bona (Grey 2013, leq. 347) hore maikutlo a nyarosang mabapi le bosodoma a kopantsoe le maikutlo a fosahetseng mabapi le ts'oaetso ea HIV le batho ba nang le HIV / AIDS.

Ho na le lintlha tse 'maloa tse hlokometsoeng mabapi le kamano pakeng tsa manyala le boitšoaro bo sa tsebeng letho (Zhong 2006, 2010; Schall xnumx): liketso le batho ka bomong tse khahlano le litloaelo tsa maemo a bophelo hangata li baka manyala (Curtis 2001), karabelo e ts'oanang ea 'mele le ts'ebetso ea libaka tsa ts'ebetso ea boko li bonoa ka ho hlohlona hoa tlhaho le boitsholong (sechabeng) (Chapman 2009; Schaich xnumx) Olatunji o bolela hore mohopolo oa motheo oa manyala o amahanngoa le ho hloea thobalano ka lebaka la karabelo e akaretsang ea 'mele, joalo ka ho hlatsa (Olatunji 2008, leq. 1367). Fessler le Navarette ba bontša hore "ho bonahala eka khetho ea tlhaho e thehile mochini o sirelletsang mmele ho tsoa likokoana-hlokong le linthong tse chefo, hape e felisang boitšoaro ba thobalano bo fokotsang katleho ea likokoana-hloko" (Fessler xnumx, leq. 414). Haidt le basebetsi-'moho ba supa hore le ha mokhoa oa ho nyatsa e le mokhoa oa ho felisa lijo tse ka bang kotsi, mokhatlo oa batho o hloka ho qhelela lintho tse ngata ho kenyeletsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano le sechaba.Haidt 1997).

Lintho tse ling tse amanang le thobalano kapa batho bao e ka bang balekane ba ho kopanela liphate le tsona ke manyala (Tybur 2013; Rozin 2009) Tybur le basebetsi mmoho ba pheha khang ea hore hobane ho etsa thobalano ho na le likotsi tsa tšoaetso e ka ba teng ka likokoana-hloko, likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse sa tliseng melemo ea ho tsoala kapa ho beha kotsi ea likotsi tsa lefutso (ke ho kopana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang, bana, kapa batho ba baholo, beng ka bona ba haufi. e lebisa ntlheng ea hore motho o kotsing ea tšoaetso, ka nako e ts'oanang a sena monyetla oa ho ntlafatsa bokhoni ba hae ba ho ba le bana.Tybur 2013) Ka mantsoe a mang, likamano tsa botona le botšehali ka bong ha li hlalose monyetla oa ho tsoala, ke ka hona mohopolo oa ho ratana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang o baka manyala a tlhaho (Filip-creford xnumx, leq. 339; Curtis 2001).

Ponahalo ea manyala joalo ka karabelo ea bosodoma e boetse e amahanngoa le kamano le tšokelo ea tšilafalo ea ts'oaetso, ka tsela ena boitšoaro bo ts'oaroa ka mokhoa o sa tsotelleng, tataiso ke ho qoba kotsi ea ho kopana le likokoana-hloko tsa 'mele le takatso ea ho "hloekisa" (Golec de zavala xnumx, leq. 2).

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