Boholo ba boitsebiso bona bo phatlalalitsoe koranteng ea "Russian Journal of Education and Psychology": Saense ea Lossov V. Saense le bosodoma: khethollo ea lipolotiki sekolong sa kajeno.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

“Botumo ba saense ea 'nete bo utsoitsoe ke boits'oaro bo bobe
likhaitseli tsa mafahla - "fake" science, eo
Ke merero feela ea mohopolo.
Maikutlo ana a ile a etsa hore ba mo tšepe
eo ka nepo e leng saense ea 'nete. "
ho tsoa bukeng ea Austin Rousse Fake Science

Kakaretso

Lipolelo tse kang “sesosa sa lefutso sa bosodoma se pakiloe” kapa “khohelo ea bosodoma e ke ke ea fetoloa” li lula li etsoa liketsahalong tse tsebahalang tsa thuto ea mahlale le Inthaneteng, tse reretsoeng, har’a tse ling, bakeng sa batho ba se nang phihlelo litabeng tsa saense. Sehloohong sena, ke tla bontša hore sechaba sa morao-rao sa saense se busoa ke batho ba hlahisang maikutlo a bona a sechaba le lipolotiki mesebetsing ea bona ea saense, ho etsa hore mokhoa oa saense o be le leeme haholo. Maikutlo ana a reriloeng a kenyelletsa letoto la lipolelo tsa lipolotiki, ho kenyeletsoa mabapi le seo ho thoeng ke. "batho ba bong bo fokolang", e leng "bosodoma ke phapang e tloaelehileng ea thobalano har'a batho le liphoofolo", hore "khahleho ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang ke ea tlhaho 'me e ke ke ea fetoloa", "bong ke mohaho oa sechaba o sa felle feela ho lihlopha tsa binary", joalo-joalo. joalo joalo. Ke tla bontša hore maikutlo a joalo a nkoa e le a tloaelehileng, a tsitsitse, 'me a thehiloe mekhatlong ea morao-rao ea saense ea Bophirimela, leha ho se na bopaki bo matla ba saense, ha maikutlo a mang a ngotsoe hang-hang e le "pseudoscientific" le "false," leha a na le bopaki bo matla. ka mora bona. Ho ka boleloa lintlha tse ngata e le sesosa sa leeme le joalo - lefa le tsotehang la sechaba le histori le lebisitseng ho hlaha ha "taboos ea saense", lintoa tse matla tsa lipolotiki tse ileng tsa hlahisa boikaketsi, "khoebo" ea saense e lebisang ho lelekisa maikutlo. , joalo-joalo. Hore na hoa khoneha ho qoba leeme ka ho feletseng saenseng e ntse e le likhang. Leha ho le joalo, ka maikutlo a ka, hoa khoneha ho theha maemo bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea mahlale a lekanang.

Selelekela

Ka Mopitlo 2017, mohloli oa tlhahisoleseling USA Kajeno o phatlalalitse video e bitsoang The Psychology of infertility (USA Kajeno ka MSN) Pale eo e re pale ea banyalani ba bararo ba neng ba sa khone ho ba le bana esita le thobalano e telele ntle le thibelo ea bokhachane - ke hore, ba ile ba tšoaroa ke thobalano, ho latela tlhaloso ea Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (Zeger-Hochshild 2009, leq. 1522). E mong le e mong oa banyalani o rarollotse bothata ba ho hloka thari ka tsela e itseng - ka lebaka la kemaro ea vitro, ho nkeloa ka lapeng le tšebeliso ea 'm'a oa mosali ea tsoang botoneng. Video ena e ne e entsoe ka masenke ebile e hlophisitsoe ka tsela e tsebahalang ea saense, mme nalane ea banyalani ka bomong e hlalositsoe ka botlalo.

Leha ho le joalo, mohlophisi oa litaba oa USA Today, ka tsela e tloaelehileng ka kotloloho ntle le ho qabola kapa ho ba le maikutlo a tlhaho, o thathamisitse banna ba babeli har'a baratani ba babeli ba neng ba e-na le mathata a bongaka (mesebetsi ea setho sa botona le litho tse sa sebetseng hantleng). Bangoli ba video ka mmino o amang maikutlo o amang maikutlo ba ile ba hlalosetsa bamameli hore bothata ba "ho hloka thari" ba basodoma ba babeli ba Amerika - Dan le Will Neville-Reyben - ke hore "ha ba na popelo" (Palesa ea 2017) Mohlomong, USA Today e lumela hore ho karolo e itseng ea bamameli ba eona, liphapang tse joalo tsa sebopeho sa 'mele oa monna le mosali li ne li sa tsejoe ho fihlela joale. Ka tsela e 'ngoe, e' ngoe ea moko-taba oa litaba e ne e le taba ea hore inshorense ea bongaka e lokela ho koahela litšenyehelo tsa balekane ba bong bo tšoanang bakeng sa kalafo ea ho hloka thari.

Melaetsa ea mofuta ona, e tletse ka tlhaho ea tlhaho, ha e tloaelehe mecheng ea litaba tsa Atlantic, 'me, ha e le hantle, e fumaneha leseling la Russia le sebaka sa saense se tsebahalang. Lipolelo tse mabapi le "liphatsa tsa lefutso tse netefalitsoeng ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang" kapa "mofuta o le mong oa halofo ea liphoofolo tsa basodoma" li fetisetsoa liketsahalong tse tummeng tsa thuto ea mahlale ho bacha.

Sehloohong sena, ke tla bonts'a hore sechabeng sa sejoale-joale batho ba hlahisang maikutlo a bona a bulehileng mesebetsing ea bona ea mahlale, ba etsa hore saense e be le khethollo e ngata. Maikutlo ana a tlatsetsang a kenyelletsa letoto la lipolelo tsa leshano mabapi le seo ho thoeng "Likamano tsa botona le botšehali" ("LGBT"), e reng, "bosodoma ke ntho e tloaelehileng e tloaelehileng ea thobalano bathong le liphoofolo", hore "khahleho ea bong bo le bong e ka ba kahare mme e ke ke ea fetoloa," "bong ke karolo ea sechaba, ha e felle feela ka khethollo ea binary" jj.

Hamorao temaneng ena ke tla bua maikutlo a kang leshano la LGBT¹. Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho na le maikutlo le maikutlo a hananang le se ka holimo, ke tla ba bitsa LGBT-skeptical. Ke tla bonts'a hore bobuelli ba LGBT sechabeng sa semmuso sa semmuso se nkuoa se le seemahale, se phehella ebile se tsitsitse, leha ho na le bopaki bo kholisang ba saense, ha maikutlo a LGBT a belaela ebile a ngotsoe e le "pseudo-science" le "bohata", leha a ts'ehetsoa netefatso e kholisang.

Mahlale a Saense le Lipolotiki

Boemo ba pele ba bohlokoa ba ho utloisisa hore na mahlale ke eng ho khetholla mokhoa oa mahlale ke. Mokhoa oa mahlale o na le mekhahlelo e mengata: (1) ho hlahisa potso (se hlokang ho ithutoa): ho khetholla ntho le sehlooho, sepheo le sepheo sa thuto; (2) Sebetsa ka lingoliloeng: ho ithuta ka litaba tse seng li ntse li fuputsoe ke ba bang; (3) nts'etsopele ea mehopolo: sebopeho sa mohopolo mabapi le hore na ts'ebetso e tlasa thuto e tsoela pele joang le hore na ho ka etsahala eng ha e pepesoa; (4) teko: Ho leka tšibollo ea maikutlo; (5) tlhahlobo ea sephetho: ho ithuta sephetho sa liteko le ho bona hore na mohopolo o tiisitsoe joang; mme qetellong, (6) liqeto: ho tlisa liphetho tse ling tsa liteko.

Motheo ona oa ho ithuta e bile motheo oa lipatlisiso tsa saense ka makholo a lilemo, mme mokhoa oa eona o hlakileng, o nang le sepheo o lumelletse batho ho fumana litholoana tse ntle.

Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha Moprofesa Henry Bauer a hlokometse ka 1992, bo-ramahlale, haholo-holo sechaba se tummeng sa mahlale se ntse se furalla mokhoa oa saense e le ho latela monahano oa tokoloho e le eona feela tsela e nkang qeto ea ho "hlalosetsa" mahlale a lefats'e ho potoloha (Bauer 1992) Kahoo, mokhoa o ka sehloohong oa mahlale o ile oa fokotsoa ho se latelang: (1) tlhaloso ea bothata mme, ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, ho qoba lihlooho "tse hanetsoeng". morabe le bong e le mehopolo e ikemiselitseng ea tlhaho, "tloaelo ea ho etsa thobalano" joalo ka karolo ea sechaba; (2) ho batla se seng se ithutoe ke ba bang, le khetho ea liphetho tse sa hananeng le maikutlo a teng; (3) nts'etsopele ea mehopolo: khopolo ea litlhaloso tsa bothata bo sa hananeng le maikutlo a lokolohileng; (4) teko: tlhahlobo ea hypothesis; (5) Tlhahlobo ea sephetho: ho hlokomoloha le ho fokotsa bohlokoa ba "litholoana tse sa lebelloang" ha o ntse o eketsa le ho lekola sephetho sa "se lebelletsoeng"; mme qetellong; (6) liqeto: phatlalatso ea liphetho tse "tšehetsang" maikutlo a tokoloho ka thabo. Moprofesa Bauer hase eena feela ea amehileng ka phetoho ena ea mahlale ho saense.

Mohlala, Moprofesa Ruth Hubbard (Hubbard le Wald 1993), Moprofesa Lynn Wordel (Wardle 1997, 852), Dr. Stephen Goldberg (Goldberg 2002), Dr. Alan Sokal le Dr. Gene Brichmont (Sokal le Brichmont 1998), Mofani oa phatlalatso oa Ma-Amerika Kirsten Powers (Matla a 2015), le Dr. Austin Ruse (Ts'oaetso 2017).

Moprofesa Nicholas Rosenkrantz oa Georgetown Law School le Moprofesa Jonathan Haidt oa Univesithi ea New York ba bile ba theha Heterodox Academy, morero oa inthaneteng o shebaneng le bothata ba maikutlo a homogeneity le ho hanyetsa maikutlo a fapaneng likolong tsa thuto e phahameng tsa Amerika.Heterodox academy.nd).

Ngaka Bret Weinstein o ile a tlohela Koleche ea Naha ea Evergreen kamora hore a hanne ho nka karolo ho seo ho thoeng ke "Letsatsi la Boiketsetso" - ha baemeli ba morabe o mong le morabe o mong ntle le Caucasians ba amoheloa univesithing - o ile a hlekefetsoa ke baithuti ba halefileng le basireletsi (Weinstein xnumx) Hamorao, hammoho le abuti oa hae, Dr. Eric Weinstein le bo-rasaense ba bang, o thehile sechaba, a somang ka ho re ke "Intellectual Dark Web" (Bari xnumx). Moqolotsi oa litaba Bari Weiss o ile a hlalosa sechaba sena ka tsela e latelang: “Sa pele, batho bana ba itokiselitse ho sireletsa maikutlo a bona ka matla, empa ka nako e tšoanang ba phehisana khang ka sechaba, hoo e ka bang ka litaba tsohle tse amehang: bolumeli, ho ntšoa ha mpa, bojaki, sebōpeho sa ho tseba lintho. Taba ea bobeli, nakong eo ka eona maikutlo a atileng ka lefatše le liketsahalo tse re potolohileng hangata a hanang linnete tsa 'nete, e mong le e mong o ikemiselitse ho hanana le ba phatlalatsang likhopolo tse loketseng lipolotiking. 'Me ea boraro, ba bang ba lefile theko ea ho batla ho hlahisa maikutlo a mang ka ho lelekoa mekhatlong ea thuto e fetohileng lehloeo le lengata la maikutlo a sa tloaelehang - le ho fumana bamameli ba amohelehang libakeng tse ling" (Bari xnumx).

Bakeng sa ba neng ba sa thahaselle bothata bona pejana, matla a ho busa hoa nalane ea thuto ea mahlale a saense a ka utloahala e se taba e makatsang. Ba ka lumela ka nepo hore ho saense ea sejoale-joale ke linnete tse netefalitsoeng ntle ho tikatiko ke tsona feela 'nete,' me ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e thehiloe mohopolong, likhopolong, likhopolong le bophatlalatsong ba sechaba le lipolotiki. Leha ho le joalo, mohopolo oa likhopolo, likhopolo-taba, likhopolo tsa maikutlo le boiketlo ba sechaba le lipolotiki joalo ka "lintlha tse netefalitsoeng" li bonoa mathateng a fapaneng a fapa-fapaneng (Bauer 2012, c. 12), tseo tse ling tsa tsona li nang le mohoo o moholo oa sechaba. Mohlala, na ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng ke "phapang ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali tsa batho", kapa ke ho kheloha tsela eo e seng ea 'mele (e sa hlahiseng) ea thobalano le ho hohela bana, liphoofolo kapa lintho tse sa pheleng? Litabeng tsena, hammoho le ba bang, mokhoa oa mahlale o fetohile lehlatsipa la maikutlo a lipolotiki (Wright le Cummings 2005, leq. Xiv).

Nahana ka tse latelang: kajeno, ho borutehi, bafuputsi ba reng ba na le seo ho thoeng ke Litumelo tsa "Tsoelo-pele" li feta hole tse bolelang litumelo tse "matlafatsang" (Abrame 2016) Lethathamo le khahlisang la lingoliloeng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka tse senolang taba e tšoanang li ka fumaneha polokelong ea sechaba sa Heterodox Academy se boletsoeng ka holimo (Heterodox Academy nd Patlisiso e Akaretsoang ea Lithaka) 'Me maikutlo a phatlalatso ea LGBT ke e' ngoe ea likarolo tsa mantlha tsa mohopolo oa "theknoloji" e tsoelang pele.

Puisanong ea lekunutu, e mong oa basebetsi-'moho le 'na, eo e leng setsebi sa kelello le Ph.D. ho e' ngoe ea litoropo tse kholo ho fetisisa Russia (o ile a nkopa hore ke se ke ka senola lebitso la hae hobane o tšaba litlamorao tsa ho ba le maikutlo a fapaneng) o ile a ntlhalosetsa ka molao-motheo o bonolo oa saense ea "mehleng" ena, e le hore ahlola ka lihlooho tse amanang le bosodoma: ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e bonts'ang lintlha tsohle tse ntle bakeng sa batho ba bong bo tšoanang li bontšoa ke mohlala oa mahlale a sepheo le mokhoa o motle oa saense. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e bontšang ho belaela ho mabapi le batho ba bong bo tšoanang e bitsoa "pseudoscience ho tloha ho mapheo a otlang pelo" (puisano ea motho ka la 14 Mphalane, 2018). Ka mantsoe a mang, ho "mahlale a sejoale" ho belaela "tloaelo" ea bosodoma ho tšoana le ho belaella "tsoelo-pele" ea postmodernism le setso se tummeng. Ho theha taba ena, ho shebella feela bonolo ka ho fetisisa puong ea kajeno ea mahlale a tsebahalang ho lekane. Mebuso ea linaha tse ruileng le metheo e ruileng eo eseng ea 'muso e theha litumelo tse itseng tse lumellehang mabapi le bosodoma, joalo ka ha eka ke' nete e ke keng ea hlalosoa le e hlakileng, joalo ka hore ke basali feela ba ka tsoalang batho (leha ke tšaba hore ho latela se etsahalang lebaleng la "transgenderism" kajeno , mohlala ona o tla nyatsuoa haholo).

Ho fetola saense le nepahalo ea lipolotiki

Ba bang ba pheha khang ea hore lipolotiki tsa saense le lipuisano tsa sechaba li tlameha ho ameha haholo lihloohong tse ngata ka lebaka la lefa le bohloko la nalane ea motho. Empa linnete tsa mahlale ha li amane le lipolotiki. Ho na le phapang e totobetseng lipakeng tsa merabe ea batho (phenotypes) (2005), ho na le phapang e hlakileng ea tlhaho lipakeng tsa bong ba motho (Evans le DeFranco 2014) joalo-joalo. Ho joalo, lintlha tse joalo li ile tsa sebelisoa e le "mabaka" bakeng sa litlolo tsa molao tse mpe tse sa nahanoang le nalane eohle historing ea motho, mme botho le sechaba li lokela ho lula li hopola sena. Ha ho na khang ea ho se lekane.

Leha ho le joalo, maqephe a soabisang a boletsoeng ka holimo a histori ha a hanyetse boteng ba phenotypes ea 'mele le liphapang tsa thobalano ho batho, hobane li etsahala ka tlhaho' me li ikemiselitse ho ea ka baeloji. Ka mohlala, monna ha a khone ho beleha ka lebaka la litšobotsi tsa tlhaho tsa 'mele oa hae (ho ba sieo ha popelo, pele ho tsohle, joalokaha USA Today e boletse ka nepo). Re ka qoba ho bua ka eona, ho koahela lintho tsena tsa tlhaho tse totobetseng, kapa ho fetola moelelo oa lentsoe "mosali" - sena ha se kenyelle letho 'neteng e sa sisinyeheng ea saense. Linnete tsa mahlale li teng ho sa tsotelehe tlhaloso ea tsona ke batho ba nang le maikutlo a thuto ea lipolotiki, ho sa tsotellehe hore na ba thathamisitsoe phatlalatsong leha e le efe kapa lihlopha tsa mafu, le ho sa tsotellehe ho nepahala ha lipolotiki.

Ka maikutlo a ka, ho thehwa ha pontsho e lekanang pakeng tsa "ho nepahala ha sepolotiki" le mahlale ke e 'ngoe ea mathata a maholo a nako ea rona,' me ntlha ena e sitisa bocha le boqapi. Bafuputsi ba bang ba na le maikutlo a tšoanang (Hunter 2005) Ho latela polelo ea HarperCollins ho Senyesemane sa Brithani, "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki" ho bolela "ho bonts'a maikutlo a tsoelang pele, haholoholo ka ho hana ho sebelisa mantsoe a nkoang a khopisa, a khetholla kapa a nyatsa, haholoholo mabapi le morabe le bong"Collins English Dictionary. nd) Hape ho latela polelo ea Webster ea "Ntlo e Ntle" ea American English, "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki" "... e khetholloa e le molao ka boitlamo ho tsa thuto e tsoelang pele litabeng tsa morabe le bong, maikutlo a amanang le thobalano kapa ecology" (Dikishinari / Thesaurus nd).

Babuelli ba litaba tsa ka tlung, Belyakov le bangoli ba bang, ba hlalositse "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki" ntle le maikutlo a fosahetseng:

"... Ho nepahala ha lipolotiki ke e 'ngoe ea lihlahisoa tsa sechaba sa morao-rao se khetholloang ke litso tse ngata, mokhoa oa ho hloka taolo ea mekhoa, karohano ea sechaba le ho tla hoa tsebiso e nyane. Demokrasi sechabeng se joalo e bonahala e le mokhoa oa sechaba, o sa bolelang matla a bongata, empa haholoholo ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa sehlotšoana leha e le sefe, ho theohela ho motho ka mong. Ebile, esita le mmuso o demokrasi o moholo ha o khone ho sireletsa litokelo tsohle tseo o li phatlalatsang le ho netefatsa litabatabelo tsa setho se seng le se seng sa sechaba. Tharollo ea tharollo ea bothata bona ke tšebeliso e atileng ea puo ea ho nepahala ha lipolotiki, e fanang ka maikutlo a ho qoba tšebeliso ea mantsoe le lipolelo mabapi le morabe le bong, lilemo, bophelo bo botle, boemo ba sechaba le ponahalo ea baemeli ba lihlopha tse itseng tsa sechaba tseo ba ka nkang e le tse khopisang le tse khethollo. Kahoo, "ho nepahetse lipolotiking" ho bitsa motho e motšo "Moamerika oa Moindia", "Moindia" oa India, motho ea holofetseng "ho hlola mathata ka lebaka la boemo ba hae ba mmele (a qholotsoa 'meleng) le monna ea nonneng" ea nang le tšekamelo e ntle "( ka mokhoa o hlakileng), mafutsana - "ea hlokang thuso", motho ea phallang ka litšila - "ea bokellang lintho tse neng li qheletsoe" (ba bokellang bareki), jj. ho thibela ho hlekefetsoa ka "bofokoli bo tlase ba thobalano", kapa "batho ba seng setso boitsoaro ”(hape le lipono tse nepahetseng tsa lipolotiki), pele agaetsya sebelisoa ho bona, ho etsa mohlala, poleloana e reng "gay," 'me "bosodoma." Boitšoaro bo bobe ba ho ba le “banna ba bong bo fapaneng”, bao ho thoeng bo bua ka bophahamo ba banna ho feta basali, le bona bo ile ba fumanoa bo khopisa. Mantsoe a amanang le "monna" oa molimotsana (molulasetulo), molaoli (hlooho), setima-mollo (fireman), postman (poso) a khothalletsoa hore a se sebelisoe molemong oa molulasetulo, mookameli, mohloekisi oa mollo, mokalli oa mangolo, ka ho latellana . Ka lona lebaka le tšoanang, ho tloha joale lebitso la mosali le lokela ho ngoloa e le "womyn" (kapa esita le mosali oa mosali oa botšehali), mme sebakeng sa mabitso a hae, o lokela ho mo sebelisa kamehla, eena (mosali oa hae). Bakeng sa ho qoba ho hlaha hoa anthropocentrism e nyarosang ho liphoofolo le limela, mantsoe a liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng (liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng) le limela tsa ntlo (lijalo tsa malapeng) a emeloang ke motho e le mong'a ona a khothalletsoa ho nkeloa sebaka ke metsoalle ea liphoofolo (metsoalle ea liphoofolo) le bo-mphato ba limela (... metsoalle ea limela).Belyakov le Matveychev 2009).

Ka hona, "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki", haeba re hlakola polelo ena ho "nepahala lipolotiking", ha ho bolele feela mofuta oa puseletso.

Litumelo tse ling tsa moetlo oa letsoho le letšehali li fetohile lithuto tsa phatlalatsa tseo ho seng motho ea nang le tokelo ea ho khutla, ekaba ke bo-rasaense, matichere kapa baithuti. Rasaense e mong le e mong ea batlang ho fihlela tumello le lichelete o lokela ho sebelisa puo ea "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki." Kahoo, "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki" ka linako tse ling ho thoe ke "tokoloho", ho totobatsa boikaketsi ba batho ba ipolelang ba lokolohile ho sebetsa e le boiphetetso ba bongoli (Koporo ea 2017).

Ho totobetse hore na "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki" ho khopamisa mahlale hakae, hobane ho senya maano le melaoana ea khale ea mahlale. Litloaelo tsena li ka akaretsoa ka ho tšoana, ho buleha, ho se tsotelle, ho belaela, tse nkeloang hloohong e le saense le taba ea ho tšepahala le ho hloka boikaketsi. Leha ho le joalo, kajeno se neng se nkoe se le bonolo ha se sa nkoa e le ntho e joalo. Qetellong, ho pheha khang ea hore ho na le ntho e senoloang ntle le tšebeliso e sa tsejoeng ka nako eo ho nang le bopaki bo kholisang ba ho se lumellane (bo tsejoang ho bo-ramahlale ba nang le bokhoni le ba se nang leeme) ke feela ho se tšepahale le ho se hlomphehe.

Ketsahalong ena, moqolotsi oa litaba Tom Nichols o itse:

"... Ke tšaba hore re tloha hole le lipelaelo tsa bophelo bo botle mabapi le litlatsetso tsa litsebi tse fapaneng mabapi le ho felisoa ha maikutlo a litsebi joalo: ho khothaletsoa ke Google, ho latela Wikipedia le ho thibetsoe ke li-blog ke litsebi tsa litsebi le balateli, matichere le baithuti ba tsebang mme ba na le tjantjello ... "(Nichols xnumx).

Wikipedia le YouTube e le mohloli oa "tsebo"

Wikipedia ke e 'ngoe ea libaka tsa marang-rang tse eteloang haholo, tse itlhahisang e le "encyclopedia"' me e amoheloa ke batho ba bangata bao e seng litsebi hammoho le bana ba sekolo e le mohloli o sa belaetseng oa 'nete. Sebaka sena sa marang-rang se phatlalalitsoe ka 2001 ke mohoebi oa Alabama ea bitsoang Jimmy Wales. Pele a theha Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales o ile a theha projeke ea inthanete ea Bomis, e neng e aba litšoantšo tsa bootsoa tse lefuoang, 'nete eo a ikitlaelletsang ho e tlosa tlalehong ea hae ea bopheloHansen xnumx; Ho ithuta xnumx).

Batho ba bangata ba nahana hore Wikipedia e ka tšeptjoa, hobane "mosebelisi e mong le e mong a ka eketsa sengoloa kapa a hlophisa sengoloa se seng se ntse se le teng." Sena ke nnete - ha e le hantle, tlhaiso-leseling efe kapa efe e sa tsamaisaneng le litumelo tse bolokiloeng ka leqhetsoana le le letšehali e tla hlahlojoa ka lebaka la ho ba teng hoa mekhoa e rarahaneng ea ho netefatsa sengoloa seo ho sona ho nang le setsi sa seo ho thoeng ke setsi babuelli ba litaba - bahlophisi ba emelang metsamao e meng ea tokoloho, mohlala, mokena-lipakeng oa "LGBT +" - mokhatlo o ka hlophisang kapa oa hana lisebelisoa (Jackson 2009) Kahoo, leha e le leano la ona la semolao leo ho lumeloang hore ha le jele paate, Wikipedia e na le leeme le matla le khethollo e totobetseng.

Sengolong se makasineng ea FrontPageMagazine, David Swingle o ile a sekaseka mme a supa hore morero oa Wikipedia o hlahisa ntlha ea pono ea bahlophisi ba eona ba phehellang ka mehla le ba kamehla, ba bang ba bona (haholo-holo libakeng tsa likhohlano tsa sechaba) ke baitseki ba batlang ho susumetsa maikutlo a sechaba (Swingle xnumx) Mohlala, Swingle e baloe:

"... Bapisa le [lingoliloeng tsa Wikipedia] ka Ann Coulter²) le mabapi le Michael Moore (Michael Moore³) Sengoloa se mabapi le Coulter se ne se e-na le mantsoe a 9028 (ho 9 ea Phato 2011 ea selemo). Ka chelete ena, mantsoe a 3220 a ne a le karolong e reng "Contradictions and Criticism", e hlalositseng liketsahalo tse ngata le Coulter mme a qotsa mantsoe a bahlahlobisisi ba neng ba mo nyatsa, boholo ba hae e le ba bohlokoa haholo. Ka mantsoe a mang, 35,6% ea sengoloa se nehetsoeng Ann Coulter e ne e ikemiselitse ho e hlahisa ka bobebe, e rata likhang ebile e tletse ho nyatsuoa.

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, sengoloa se mabapi le Moore se ne se e-na le mantsoe a 2876 (e batlang e lekana le bophahamo bo boholo ba lingoliloeng tse mabapi le lipalo tsa lipolotiki ho Wikipedia), tseo mantsoe a 130 a neng a le karolong ea "Contradictions". Ena ke 4,5% ea sengoliloeng sohle sa Moore.

Na see se bolela hore 'mali ea sa "ratoang" o lumela hore Coulter o pheha khang makhetlo a robeli ho feta Moore? ... "(Swingle xnumx).

Sengolong sa hae, moqolotsi oa litaba Joseph Farah o ngola hore Wikipedia:

"... ha se feela mochini oa ho fana ka ho nepahala le leeme. Ona ke morekisi ea thetsang oa mashano le liketselletso, joalo ka ha lefatše le e-so tsebe .. "(Farah 2008).

Ntle le moo, Wikipedia e susumetsoa haholo ke likamano tsa sechaba tse lefuoang le litsebi tsa taolo ea botumo tse tlosang lintlha tse mpe ka bareki ba tsona le ho hlahisa litaba tse khetholloang (Grace 2007; 2007 ea Gohring) Le ha tokiso e lefuoang joalo e sa lumelloe, Wikipedia ha e etse hanyane ho latela melao ea eona, haholoholo ho ba fanang ka chelete e kholo.

Motlatsi oa Wikipedia, Larry Sanger, ea tlohileng morerong ona, o ile a lumela hore Wikipedia ha e latele leano la eona le phatlalalitsoeng la ho se nke lehlakore (Arrington 2016).

Mofuputsi Brian Martin oa ngola bukeng ea hae:

“...Ho sa natse ho ipapisa le bukana ea mosebelisi, tokiso e hlophisitsoeng e leeme e ka hlaha ho Wikipedia, e lulang e hlokometsoe. Mekhoa ea ho hlophisa ka leeme ea ho kena ho Wikipedia e kenyelletsa ho hlakola tlhahisoleseling e nepahetseng, ho eketsa tlhahisoleseling e mpe, ho sebelisa mehloli e leeme, le ho fetelletsa bohlokoa ba lihlooho tse itseng. Ho boloka leeme ho kenoa, leha e ka hlalosoa ke basebelisi ba bang, mekhoa ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa ho se fetole ho kena, ho sebelisa melao ea Wikipedia ka mokhoa o ikhethileng, le ho thibela bahlophisi ... "(Martin 2017).

Lingoloa tsohle tsa Wikipedia ho LGBT + li lokela ho amoheloa ke seo ho thoeng babuelli ba litaba, 'me lintlha life kapa life tse ba hanelang li tlosoa lisebelisoa. Puso ea bobuelli ea moemeli oa LGBT + e tlamehile bakeng sa lingoliloeng tsohle tsa LGBT +, 'me ke mokena-lipakeng ea etsang qeto ea se tla phatlalatsoa le se ke keng sa hana. molao Wikipedia.

Kahoo, lingoliloeng tsohle tsa Wikipedia tse amanang le LGBT + li leeme, li itšebeletsa, 'me li emela feela pokello ea tlhaiso-leseling e hlophisitsoeng ka hloko ho tsoa mehloling e belaetsang kapa ka kakaretso e sa lumellaneng le mahlale. Ho ke ke ha khoneha eseng feela ho eketsa sengoloa se secha, kapa ho kenya litlatsetso sengolong se seng se le teng, empa le ho fetola lentsoe le le leng haeba le hanana le thuto e sa buuoeng "e ntle kapa e se letho".

Mehlala e ka bang 300 ea ho kenya letsoho ha Wikipedia, ho kenyeletsoa taba ea LGBT +, e ngotsoe webosaeteng ea Conservapedia (Conservapedia 2018).

Mohlala, ho Wikipedia, ka nako e telele haholo, sengoloa se mabapi le boits'oaro ba bong bo le bong har'a liphoofolo (se ikhethileng haholo, sheba Khaolo ea 2) se ne se na le polelo e se nang moelelo mabapi le "mefuta e 1500 ea liphoofolo tsa basodoma", e hlahisitsoeng ke Wikipedia e le 'nete ea saense - leha e le hore ha ho na mehloli e qotsitseng lipalo tsena. Ebile, lepetjo lena la papatso le qaliloe ke mohiruoa oa Setsi sa nalane sa nalane ea nalane ea nalane ea tlhaho e bitsoang Petter Böckmann nakong ea tlhophiso ea lipontšo ka 2006, e leng Böckmann le tlisoa eena ka sengoloa sa Wikipedia ka 2007. Lilemo tse 11 feela hamorao, tlhahisoleseling e ile ea hlakoloa: nakong ea lipuisano, Böckman ha a ka a fana ka mohloli mme a lumela hore polelo eo e fosahetse: 

Qetellong, joalo ka ha baphethahatsi ba Wikipedia ba bolela:

“… Wikipedia ke sebaka sa marang-rang se ikemetseng se tšoareloang ke Wikimedia Foundation 'me se sebelisoa feela ke Boto ea Bafani ea Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia le Wikimedia Foundation li na le bolokolohi ba ho ipehela melao mabapi le hore na ke mang ea ka ngolang le ho hlophisa lingoliloeng sebakeng sena sa marang-rang ... Joaloka webosaete e ikemetseng, Wikipedia e na le tokelo e felletseng ea ho thibela, ho thibela le ho thibela bokhoni ba 'mali ofe kapa ofe bala kapa o hlophise litaba tsa sebaka sa marang-rang ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, kapa hona ntle ho lebaka ... Wikimedia Foundation e na le tokelo e felletseng ea ho fetola melao ea eona ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe leo e bonang e hlokahala - kapa leha e se ka lebaka, hobane feela "o batla" ... "(Wikipedia: Puo ea mahala ea 2018).

Ke "encyclopedia" ena eo e leng mohloli o moholo oa "tsebo" mabapi le lefats'e ho pota bakeng sa palo e kholo ea bacha ...

Mohloli o mong oa tlhahisoleseling bakeng sa balateli ba sejoale-joale ke tšebeletso ea ho tsamaisa livideo ea YouTube, e nang le mokhatlo o moholo oa Google. Sebaka sa marang-rang sa YouTube se ikhethile ka molao e le sesebelisoa sa mahala seo ho thoeng se sa kena-kenane le polelo molemong oa LGBTKIAP +, kapa mantsoe a hanyetsang rhetoric ea LGBTKIAP +. Sena ha se joalo.

Lilemong tsa morao tjena, YouTube e ntse e qosoa ka ho fetelletseng ka maikutlo a thibelang maikutloCarlson 2018) Censorship ho YouTube e ne e behiloe tlas'a mocha oa "PragerU" le liteishene tse ling tse fanang ka maikutlo a fapaneng le maikutlo a litsebi tsa tokoloho.

Baqolotsi ba litaba ba FoxNews ba boletse semmuso sa kahare sa YouTube YouTube se qalileng ho sebetsa ka la Mphalane 2017, se qaqisang kamoo censorship ea livideo e bang teng ka teng. Le leng la mabaka a hore tekanyo ea censorship ho YouTube ha e bonahale ho batho ba bangata ke hobane khampani e bohlale hore e se ke ea hlakola video e ngoe le e ngoe eo e batlang ho e bala. Sebakeng seo, "mokhoa o thibetsoeng" o hlahisoa bakeng sa livideo tse ngata.⁴. Livideo tse joalo li thibetsoe likampong, likolong, lilaeboraring le libakeng tse ling tsa sechaba; li ke ke tsa bonoa ke bana le basebelisi ba sa ngolisoang. Litaba tse thibetsoeng tsa sebaka sena li romelloa ka boomo qetellong, kahoo ho thata ho li fumana. Ntle le moo, ba entsoe bademona: ba ba romelletseng ba ke ke ba fumana chelete ho bona, ho sa tsotelehe palo ea maikutlo.

Nahana, ka mohlala, hore New York Times e emisitse ho rekisa ho newsagent - u ka e fumana, empa ka ho ngolisoa feela. 'Me, ho feta moo, - mahala mahala. Ka mantsoe a mang, bahatisi ba ne ba thibetsoe ho etsa chelete ka ho rekisa likoranta. Ho hlakile hore liketso tse joalo li tla oela tlasa tlhaloso ea censorship.

Litekanyetso tsa censorship tsa livideo tsa YouTube ke life? Joalokaha ho boletsoe memo, censorship e kenyelletsa, ke qotsitse, "litaba tse likhang tsa bolumeli kapa chauvinistic", le "litaba tse hanyetsanang, tse hlohlelletsang haholo." Ha ho na tlhaloso ea hore na ke eng - litaba tsa likhang, tsa bolumeli, tsa tumelo kapa tsa bochaba - ha li fuoe. Qeto e etsoa ke YouTube, hape e le lipolotiking kamoo ho ka khonehang.

FoxNews e bua ka mohlala: YouTube e fumane mocha oa "PragerU" "o tsosang takatso" oa ho tsosa lipelaelo ka qoso ea khethollo ea morabe e atileng hara sepolesa sa US. Haeba u sa nke mapolesa ohle a Amerika e le khethollo ea morabe, ka hona, ho ea ka YouTube, o arolelana "litaba tse phehisanang haholo, tse tsosang takatso." Kahoo video ea "PragerU" e entsoe ka modemona mme ha e le hantle e phatlalalitsoe e baka lehloeo. Ka nako e ts'oanang, livideo tse ipitsang "ba basoeu ka tlhaho" li lula li le YouTube ntle le lithibelo.

Memo e fana ka kutloisiso e hlakileng ea hore na YouTube e nka li-censors kae. Tokomane eo e hlalosa hore k'hamphani e ikemiselitse ho "tokoloho ea ho ba le borui, ho kenyelletsa le melemo eo e leng sehlahisoa sa lihlahisoa le ho kenyeletsoa." Har'a bao YouTube e ba fileng boikemelo khahlanong le "litaba tse fetelletseng" e ne e le mokhatlo o fanang ka maikutlo a matla a ho fana ka litokelo, ho kenyelletsa le maikutlo a "LGBT +", - "Center ea Molao oa Bofutsana" (HoAna; Li-2018).

Bahlahisi ba Kotsi

Ba bangata, ba tšehelitsoeng hantle 'me, ka lebaka leo, lihlopha tse nang le tšusumetso le mekhatlo e kang Setsi sa Molao sa Bofuma sa Southern, ba sebelisa boiphihlelo ba bo-1970 ba lekholo la ho qetela la lilemo (bona Khaolo ea 14), ba theha maemo ao ho' ona sebui leha e le sefe, esita le saense e lumellaneng , e sa tsamaellaneng le rhetoric ea "LGBT +", e be kotsing ea ho lahleheloa ke mosebetsi - ho tloha mosebetsing ho isa bophelong bo botle. Leha qalehong ea mehla ea "mahlale a maholo" le "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki", bafuputsi ba buellang maikutlo a fapaneng le "mokete o moholo oa mokha" ba kotsing ea ho qosoa ka "undemocracy," "unity and unity"Marmor xnumx), "Ho hloka boikarabelo, ho hlonepha batho ba bong bo tšoanang le khethollo" (Ho tloha ka 1986) Liqoso tse joalo li tšehetsoa ke "setso sa mantlha" mecheng ea litaba le ho bonts'a khoebo.

Moprofesa Robert Spitzer (1932–2015) e ne e le e mong oa lipalo tsa bohlokoahali nakong ea liketso tse nyarosang tsa boetapele ba American Psychiatric Association ka 1973, a etsa boiteko bohle ho qhelela bosodoma lenaneng la mathata a kelello, Spitzer a etsetsa mokhatlo oa "LGBT", mohlomong ho feta ba bang, ho fumana tlhompho le bolaoli sechabeng sa LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Leha ho le joalo, hoo e ka bang lilemo tse 30 hamorao, sebokeng sa American Psychiatric Association ka 2001, Spitzer o tlaleha ka liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa hae tsa morao-rao hore "karolo ea 66 ea banna le liperesente tse 44 tsa basali li fumane tšebetso e ntle ea bong bo fapaneng," ke hore, ba ile ba boloka likamano tse tsitsitseng, tse lerato ho ratana le monna ka selemo ho fumana khotsofalo e lekaneng ho tsoa kamanong ea maikutlo le balekane ba bona, e kalolelitsoe bonyane lintlha tse 7 ka tekanyo ea lintlha tse 10, ho ba le thobalano le motho ea kopanelang liphate le eena ka Cr. bonyane khoeli le khoeli, 'me ha ho mohla u kileng ua nahana ka seo ka likamano tsa botona le botšehali nakong ea thobalano ”; hamorao, liphetho li ile tsa phatlalatsoa koranteng ea Archives of Sexual Behavior (Spitzer 2001; 2003a). Sena se ne se fapane ka ho felletseng le lithuto tsa leshano tsa LGBT mabapi le semelo seo ho thoeng se ka se fetohe sa ho hohela batho ba bong bo tšoanang. Lihele li ile tsa phatloha ho potoloha Spitzer: "Kajeno, mohale oa sehlopha sa basodoma o ile a fetoha Judase" (van den Aarweg 2012). Sengoloa sa Spitzer se nyatsitsoe ka matla ke bahlorisi ba tummeng ba phekolo ea khatello ba kang A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kennette Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, le Roger Worsington (Rosik 2012).

Ho khahlisang, joalo ka ha ho hlokometsoe ke Dr Christopher Rowsick, lintlha tse ling tse nyatsitsoeng tsa mosebetsi oa Spitzer tsa 2003 li bile ka tsela e latelang: thuto e ne e ipapisitse le lipotso tsa motho ka mong tse tsoang mohlaleng o tsoang mekhatlong ea boeletsi le Mokhatlo oa Naha oa Boithuto le Phekolo ea Bong ba Batho ba Bong bo Tšoanang. ) Ona ke boemo ba boikaketsi bo phahameng ka ho fetesisa: mosebetsi oo liphetho tsa lipatlisiso tsa LGBT li hlahisitsoeng li nyatsuoa ka ho sebelisa mokhoa o tšoanang o sebelisitsoeng mosebetsing oa bobuelli oa LGBT, mohlala, thuto ea Shidlo le Schroeder le tsona li thehiloe litlalehong tsa motho ka mong (Shidlo le Schroeder 2004 ) Ebile, mahlale ohle a kelello le mahlale a mang a sechaba a itšetlehile haholo ka puisano ea botho le litlaleho tsa boithatelo tsa lintho tsa lipatlisiso. Ntle le moo, karolo e kholo ea lingoliloeng tsa bobuelli tsa LGBT mabapi le bana ba holisitsoeng ke balekane ba bong bo tšoanang li thehiloe sampole tse nyane tse bokelletsoeng ke mekhatlo ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang.

Qetellong, kamora lilemo tse leshome tsa lehloeo ho eena, Spitzer o ile a inehela. Ha a le lilemo li 80, o ile a ngolla bahlophisi ba Pokello ea Litaba tsa Thobalano a mo kopa hore a tlose sengoloa (Spitzer 2012). O boetse a pepesa sechaba sohle sa basodoma ka "kotsi." Dr. van den Aardweg o hopola puisano ea mohala le Moprofesa Spitzer, nakoana kamora ho phatlalatsoa ha sengoloa sa hae ka 2003, moo a buang ka liteko tsa ho hanyetsa bahlahlobisisi: (Spitzer 2003b): “Ke ile ka mo botsa hore na o tla tsoela pele ho etsa lipatlisiso, kapa a leke? Na o sebelisana le batho ba nang le mathata a bong bo fapaneng ba batlang thuso ea "ling", ke hore, thuso le ts'ehetso ho fetola maikutlo a bona a batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho ba bong bo fapaneng ... Karabo ea hae e ne e sa utloahale. Che, a ke ke a hlola a ama taba ena hape. O ile a batla a robehile maikutlong kamora ho hlaseloa hampe ke basodoma le batšehetsi ba bona. E ne e le leqhubu la lehloeo. Motho a ka lahleheloa ke ketsahalo e bohloko joalo. ” (Spitzer 2003b).

Mofuputsi e mong eo mosebetsi oa hae o atisang ho qotsoa ke baitseki ba bong bo tšoanang ke Moprofesa Charles Roselli oa Univesithi ea Oregon. Moprofesa Roselli o ithuta lits'ebetso tsa methapo ea kutlo ka mehlala ea linku tsa lapeng. Qalong ea tšebetso ea hae, Moprofesa Roselli o ile a etsa liteko tsa ho ithuta boitšoaro ba batho ba linku tsa lapeng. O khothalelitse hore ho se leka-lekane ha li-hormone ho ka senya boitšoaro ba thobalano ba lipheleu. Lingoliloeng tsa hae tsa pele mabapi le taba ena, lithuto tsa Moprofesa Roselli li ne li shebane feela le ho ntlafatsa tlhahiso ea linku le litlamorao ho moruo, 'me Roselli o ananetse taba ea ho ithuta ka boitšoaro ba batho ba thobalano ka mehlala ea liphoofolo, a re: "Lithuto tse reretsoeng ho utloisisa lintlha tse laolang boitšoaro ba thobalano le tsoalo. linku ke tsa bohlokoa haholo ho tsetseng linku. Tlhahiso-leseding e fumanoeng mabapi le li-hormone, neural, liphatsa tsa lefutso le tikoloho tse khethollang khetho ea balekane ba thobalano e lokela ho lumella khetho e ntle ea linku bakeng sa ho ikatisa mme ka lebaka leo, e na le boleng ba moruo. Leha ho le joalo, thuto ena e na le bohlokoa bo batsi ba ho utloisisa nts'etsopele le taolo ea tšusumetso ea thobalano le khetho ea balekane bakeng sa mefuta e fapaneng ea liphoofolo tse anyesang, ho kenyeletsa le batho. Mabapi le taba ena, ho bohlokoa ho utloisisa hore boitšoaro ba pheleu e etselitsoeng monna e mong bo ke ke ba lekana hantle le bosodoma ba motho, hobane maikutlo a thobalano a motho a kenyelletsa pono, litoro le boiphihlelo, hammoho le boitšoaro bo bonts'itsoeng ba thobalano ”(Roselli 2004, leq. . 243).

Sehloohong sa hae sa tlhahlobo ea 2004, Moprofesa Roselli o ile a lumela hore ha aa ka a fumana bopaki bo kholisang ba khopolo ea hae [ea intrauterine hormonal imbalance], 'me a bua ka likhopolo-taba tse sa tšoaneng ho hlalosa boitšoaro ba bong bo tšoanang ho lipheleu tse ling (Roselli 2004, maq. 236 - 242). Mesebetsing ea hae, Roselli o ne a amehile haholo ka batho ba LGBT ka litlhaloso le litlhaloso tsa hae, 'me ka sebele ha aa ka a hlahisa maikutlo a belaetsang a LGBT.

Leha ho le joalo, Moprofesa Roselli o ile a hlekefetsoa le ho hlorisoa ke baitseki ba LGBT bakeng sa ho bula li-autopsies ka laboratoring ea hae - leha ho le joalo ho hlakile hore ha ho na tsela e 'ngoe e theko e tlase ea ho ithuta ram anatomy (Cloud 2007). Hang-hang Roselli o phatlalalitse e le "Homophobic" le "flayer." Sehloohong se nang le sehlooho se reng, "Hands Off Gay Sheep!" ho London Sunday Times, Roselli o ne a bitsoa "hlooho ea morero oa bolotsana oa lekunutu khahlanong le basodoma" (Ersly 2013, leq. 48). PETA, ka mokhoa oa moemeli oa eona, moatlelete ea tsebahalang le motlatsi oa mokhatlo oa LGBT + Martina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), o ile a ikopanya le moferefere o ntseng o phahama. Batšehetsi ba ile ba romella Roselli le basebetsi ba fapaneng ba Univesithi ea Oregon ka litlhaku tse likete tse 20 ka litšoso le litlhapa ("o hloka ho thunya!", "Ka kopo shoa!", Jtc.) (Ersly 2013, leq. 49).

Lilemo tse 'maloa hamorao, ha Roselli, mohlomong a rutiloe ke boiphihlelo bo bohloko ba ho hanyetsa likhopolo tse kholo, a fetohela puong ea "LGBT +" - motsamao, sengoloeng se latelang o ngotse: "Khetho ea balekane ba thobalano bathong e ka ithutoa ka mehlala ea liphoofolo ka ho sebelisa liteko tse khethehileng ... Leha ho na le ho se phethahale , ho sebelisoa liteko tsa khetho ea balekane ba liphoofolo ho etsa mohlala oa maikutlo a motho ka tsa thobalano ”(Roselli 2018, leq. 3).

Dr. Ray Milton Blanchard oa Univesithi ea Toronto ke setsebi sa thuto ea thobalano 'me o sebelelitse ho American Psychiatric Association's Gender Identity Subcommittee e ntlafalitseng sehlopha sa DSM-IV. Ngaka Blanchard o hakantse hore ho khahloa ke batho ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo tšoanang (ho kenyeletsoa le pedophilia ea batho ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo tšoanang) le transsexualism (DSM-IV gender identity disorder, eo hona joale e leng DSM-5 gender dysphoria) e bakoa ke likarabelo tse ikhethileng tsa 'mele tsa banna tse tšoanang le tsa banna. . Le hoja puo ea mahlale ea Dr. Blanchard e thibetsoe haholo ebile e batla e le propagandistic ea LGBT, o hlorisoa ke baitseki ba LGBT ka lebaka la tumelo ea hae ea hore transsexualism ke bothata ba kelello. Ena ke ntho e nyefolang maikutlong a kajeno a LGBT, ke kahoo Dr. Blanchard a 'nileng a nyatsoa ka matla ke baitseki ba bang ba LGBT (Wyndzen 1996). Ho feta moo, puisanong, Blanchard o ile a re: "Nka re, haeba u ka qala ho tloha qalong, u hlokomolohe histori eohle ea ho tlosoa ha bosodoma ho tloha DSM, ho kopanela liphate ho tloaelehileng ho amana le ho ikatisa" (Cameron 2003). Mabapi le transsexualism, Dr. Blanchard o ile a re: "Mohato oa pele oa ho etsa lipolotiki transsexualism-ho sa tsotellehe hore na u emela kapa u khahlanong le eona-ke ho hlokomoloha kapa ho latola tlhaho ea eona ea motheo e le mofuta oa lefu la kelello" (Blanchard 2013 on Twitter).

Setsebi sa LGBT sa morero oa Bilerico se ngotse ka Blanchard: “Haeba Dr. Blanchard e ne e le motho ea hlanyang ea se nang boemo kapa bolaoli, o ne a ka nyatsuoa habonolo. Empa ha ho joalo - ho fapana le hoo, o ne a le komiting ea American Psychiatric Association e ikarabellang bakeng sa paraphilias le mathata a thobalano "(Tannehill 2014). Haeba u fumana moelelo o nepahetseng, mohanyetsi o tletleba ka hore Dr. Blanchard "o na le matla" ho seng joalo "o ne a tla ba bonolo ho nyenyefatsa." Ke phetho.

Ngaka Mark Regnerus oa Univesithi ea Texas o ne a se na bolaoli ba Blanchard ha a phatlalatsa lipatlisiso tsa hae ka selemo sa 2012 koranteng e hlahlobang lithaka ea Social Science Research hore likamano tsa botona le botšehali li ama bana hampe (Regnerus 2012). Sengoliloeng se ile sa baka phello ea bomo e phatlohang ho feta hole le sechaba sa bo-ramahlale ba sebetsang lefapheng la thuto ea kahisano ea lelapa. Se sibolotsoeng sena se ne se hanana le semmuso, se neng se thehiloe sechabeng sa saense sa Amerika sa tokoloho ho tloha qalong ea lilemo tsa 2000 mabapi le ho se be teng ha tšusumetso ea takatso ea thobalano ea batsoali ho bana mme se bakile khalefo ea mekhatlo ea sechaba sa basodoma. Hanghang Regnerus o ile a reoa lebitso la bosoasoi "mme a qosoa ka sephetho sa hae khahlanong le molao oa" manyalo "a batho ba bong bo tšoanang (pale eo e etsahetse pele ho qeto e tummeng ea Lekhotla le Phahameng la Amerika), leha Regnerus a sa ka a beha mabaka a joalo kae kapa kae moo sengoloeng. Mecha ea phatlalatso ea litokoloho e bile e bitsa Regnerus "tlou ea lebenkeleng la china la" psychology "ea batho ba bangata" (Ferguson 2012).

Setsebi sa litaba tsa kahisano Gary Gates, motsamaisi oa Setsi sa Thobalano ea Thobalano le Boitšoaro ba Bong ho Univesithi ea California, o etelletse sehlopha sa litsebi tse peli tsa botsoalle ba LGBT tse saenneng lengolo ho motsamaisi oa sehlooho oa makasine ea Social Science Research e ba kopang hore ba khethe sehlopha sa bo-ramahlale ba nang le boiphihlelo bo ikhethang ho boteng ba LGBT ho ngola sephetho se qaqileng se hlakileng ka sengoloa ke Regnerus (Gates 2012).

Boemo ba maemo ke hore Gary Gates, ea lulang ka tšebelisano ea bong bo tšoanang, o ile a nyatsuoa ka matla ke baitseki ba LGBT "e le lehlabaphio litekong" (Ferguson 2012) ka ho phatlalatsa thuto eo ke liperesente tse 3,8 feela tsa MaAmerika a ipitsang balekane ba basodoma. Gates 2011a). Sena se hanana le polelo ea "10%" e tsoang mosebetsing oa setsebi se tsebahalang sa entom Alfred Kinsey, se emelang e 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa leshano tsa LGBT. Joalo ka ha Gates a ile a arolelana, "Ha lipatlisiso tsa ka li qala ho phatlalatsoa, ​​babali ba hlahelletseng ba bong bo tummeng le balateli ba bona ba mpitsa" ba se nang boikarabelo, "o ile a nyatsa mosebetsi oa ka, a ba a mpapisa le MaNazi” (Gates 2011b).

Leha ho le joalo, selemo feela hamorao, Gates o ile a etella pele ho hlorisoa ha Regnerus le lipatlisiso tsa hae tse belaetsang tsa LGBT. Motšehetsi oa LGBT Scott Rose o ile a ngolla mopresidente oa Univesithi ea Texas lengolo le bulehileng, a kopa likotlo khahlano le Regnerus ka ho e phatlalatsa e le "tlolo ea molao" (Rose 2012). Univesithi e ile ea araba ka hore e se e qalile tlhahlobo ea ho bona hore na phatlalatso ea Regnerus e na le "sehlahisoa se sebe" sa ho qala lipatlisiso tse hlokahalang tsa semolao. Tshekatsheko ha e a ka ya senola ho se lumellane ho itseng ka diketso tsa Regnerus ka litekanyetso tsa boitšoaro tsa mahlale a mahlale, mme ha ho patiso e ileng ea hlahisoa. Empa, pale e ne e sa le hole. Regnerus o hlekefelitsoe ke blogosphere, mecha ea phatlalatso, le lingoliloeng tsa semmuso, eseng feela ka mokhoa oa ho nyatsa mosebetsi oa hae oa mahlale (mekhoa ea liphatlalatso le ts'ebetso ea data ea lipalo), empa hape ka mokhoa oa ho rohaka le ho sokela bophelo bo botle esita le bophelo (Wood 2013).

Christian Smith, moprofesa oa thuto ea kahisano le motsamaisi oa Setsi sa Thutong ea Bolumeli le Mokhatlo Univesithing ea Notre Dame, o buile ka ketsahalo ena: "Ba hlaselang Regnerus ba ke ke ba lumela pepenene sepheo sa bona sa lipolotiki, ka hona leano la bona e ne e le ho mo tlotlolla ho etsa "mahlale a mabe". Bona ke leshano. Sengoloa sa hae sa [Regnerus] ha sea nepahala - 'me ha ho na sengoloa se phethahetseng. Empa ho ea ka pono ea mahlale, sena ha se sebe ho feta se atisang ho phatlalatsoa koranteng ea sechaba. Ha ho pelaelo hore haeba Regnerus o ne a phatlalalitse sephetho se fapaneng le eena a sebelisa mokhoa o ts'oanang, ha ho motho ea neng a ka belaela ka mekhoa ea hae. Ntle le moo, ha ho le ea mong oa bahlahlobisisi ea hae ea ileng a bontša ho tšoenyeha ka mekhoa ea thuto mabapi le lithuto tsa pejana ka taba e le 'ngoe, liphoso tsa tsona li ne li tebile ho feta meeli eo ho buuoang ka eona ka botlalo sehloohong sa Regnerus. Ho hlakile hore lithuto tse fokolang tse fihlellang liqeto tse "nepahetseng" li amoheleha haholo ho feta lithuto tse matla tse hlahisang liphetho tsa "mona" (Smith 2012).

Ngaka Lawrence Meyer le Dr. Paul McHugh, ea phatlalalitseng tlhaiso-leseling e batsi ea lipatlisiso tsa mahlale New Atlantis, e nang le sehlooho sa Thobalano le Bong: Lintho tse fumanoeng ho Biological, Psychological, and Social Science, li tlas'a khatello e matla ea mokhatlo oa LGBT + (Hodges 2016). Mosebetsing oa bona, bangoli ba bontšitse ka mokhoa o hlakileng le ka hloko ho se nang motheo ha puo ea bosodoma mabapi le sesosa sa khahloa ea bosodoma, ba fihlela qeto ea hore "tlhahlobo ea sephetho sa lipatlisiso tsa baeloji, tsa kelello le tsa kahisano ... ha ea senola bopaki bofe kapa bofe ba mahlale bakeng sa tse ling tsa lipolelo tse phatlalatsoang khafetsa mabapi le thobalano" (Mayer le McHugh 2016, leq. 7).

Ngaka Quentin van Mieter, mosebelisi oa Mayer le McHugh Univesithing ea Johns Hopkins, o boletse hore qalong, Mayer le McHugh ba rerile ho phatlalatsa sengoloa sa bona ho tse ling tsa lingoloa tse kholo tsa bo-ralitaba tse ikhethileng tsa bo-ralitaba, empa bahlophisi ba hana ka makhetlo-khetlo, a hlakisa taba ea hore mosebetsi oa bona "Ho fosahetse lipolotiking" (Van Meter 2017).

Sengoloa sa Mayer le McHugh hang hang se ile sa hlaseloa ka mabifi ke batšehetsi ba LGBT + - mokhatlo. Campaign ea Litokelo tsa Botho (HRC), eo ho ea ka sebaka sa eona sa marang-rang, e leng moemeli e moholo oa LGBT + mme e na le tekanyetso ea selemo le selemo ea limilione tse ka bang $ 50, e phatlalalitse maikutlo mabapi le Mayer le McHugh, ba bolela hore bangoli bana “Khelosa”, “jala lehloeo” jj. Batšehetsi ba ile ba qala ho beha khatello ho bahlophisi ba makasine ena, ba batla ho nyenyefatsa sengoloa (Hanneman 2016). Bahlophisi ba makasine ena ba bile ba qobelloa ho hatisa lengolo la semmuso ho arabela liqoso tsa HRC tse bitsoang "Lieu le Boloi ho tsoa Lets'olo la Litokelo tsa Botho," moo ba ileng ba bua ka tse ling tsa litlhaselo tse mpe ka ho fetisisa. Bahlophisi ba New Atlantis ba hlokometse: “Boiteko bona bo nyonyehang ba ho tšosa ke ntho e senyang saense, e reretsoeng ho senya boteng ba ho se lumellane ka hlompho litabeng tsa saense tse hanyetsanang. Maano a ho khothatsa a mofuta ona a nyenyefatsa moea oa lipatlisiso tsa mahala le tse bulehileng, tseo litsi tsa mahlale li tlamehang ho li tšehetsa ”(Bahlophisi ba The New Atlantis 2016).

Boikutlo bo tšoanang bo tsoang ho baetsi ba LGBT bo amahanngoa le khatiso ea Dr. Lisa Littman, motlatsi oa moprofesa oa boitšoaro le saense ea sechaba Univesithing ea Brown. Dr. Littman o ile a ithuta mabaka a ho eketseha ha "rapeid-start gender dysphoria" (lebitso la adolescent transsexualism) har'a bacha 'me a etsa qeto ea hore takatso ea bona ea tšohanyetso ea ho fetola bong e ka ata ka lithaka tsa bona' me e ka 'na ea e-ba mokhoa oa ho sebetsana le mathata ka lilemo. -mathata a amanang (Littman 2018). Pele ba ipolela hore ke "transgender," bacha ba ile ba shebella livideo tse mabapi le ho aroloa bocha ha bong, ba buisana le batho ba transsexuals liwebsaeteng tsa sechaba, 'me ba bala lisebelisoa tsa "transgender". Ho phaella moo, ba bangata e ne e le metsoalle ea motho a le mong kapa ho feta ba kopanelang liphate. Karolo ea boraro ea ba arabelitsoeng e tlalehile hore haeba bonyane ho na le mocha a le mong ea iphetotseng bong sechabeng sa bona, ba fetang halofo ea bacha sehlopheng sena le bona ba ile ba qala ho ipitsa "transgender." Sehlopha seo 50% ea litho tsa sona e leng "transgender" e phahame ka makhetlo a 70 ho feta tebello ea ho ata ha ketsahalo ena har'a bacha. Ntle le moo, ho ile ha fumanoa hore pele ho qala ha dysphoria ea bong, 62% ea ba arabelitsoeng ba ne ba e-na le tlhahlobo e le 'ngoe kapa ho feta ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello kapa lefu la neurodevelopmental. 'Me ho 48% ea linyeoe, ba arabelitsoeng ba bile le ketsahalo e sithabetsang kapa e sithabetsang pele ho qala "dysphoria ea bong," ho kenyelletsa bompoli, tlhekefetso ea thobalano kapa tlhalo ea batsoali. Dr. Littman o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea hore ho thoeng. Tšoaetso ea sechaba le ts'oaetso pakeng tsa batho li bapala karolo e kholo ho lisosa tsa bothata ba boitsebiso ba bong. Ea pele ke "ho ata ha tšusumetso kapa boitšoaro ho pholletsa le sehlopha sa baahi" (Marsden 1998). Ea bobeli ke "ts'ebetso eo ka eona motho le lithaka ba susumetsanang ka litsela tse susumetsang maikutlo le boitšoaro bo ka 'nang ba senya tsoelo-pele ea bona kapa ea ntša ba bang kotsi" (Dishion and Tipsord 2011). Liphetho tsa thuto li bile li behiloe ho webosaete ea Univesithi ea Brown. Empa khatiso ena, joalo ka ha ho ne ho lebelletsoe, e ile ea khahlametsoa ka liqoso tse nyarosang tsa "transphobia" le litlhoko tsa ho hlahlojoa. Tsamaiso ea univesithi e ile ea inehela habonolo 'me ea tlosa sengoloa sa lipatlisiso ka potlako webosaeteng ea eona. Ho ea ka moeta-pele, baitseki ba sechaba sa univesithi "ba bontšitse ho tšoenyeha ka hore liphuputso tsa thuto li ka sebelisoa ho nyatsa boiteko ba ho tšehetsa bacha ba iphetotseng bong le ho hlokomoloha maikutlo a litho tsa batho ba iphetotseng bong" (Kearns 2018).

Porofesa Jeffrey S. Flier, yo e kileng ya bo e le mookamedi wa Sekolo sa Bongaka sa Harvard, o ne a akgela jaana malebana le kgang eno: “Mo dingwageng tsotlhe tse ke ntseng ke le mo sekolong, ga ke ise ke ko ke bone tsibogo e e ntseng jalo mo makasineng malatsi a le mmalwa morago ga gore go gatisiwe setlhogo se makasine ono o neng o setse o se tlhatlhobile. , ea hlahlojoa ke lithaka, ’me e amoheloa.” bakeng sa khatiso. Motho a ka nahana feela hore karabelo ena e ne e le karolo e kholo ea karabelo khatellong e matla le litšokelo - tse hlakileng kapa tse hlakileng - hore ts'oaetso e mpe ka ho fetisisa ea mecha ea litaba ea sechaba e ne e tla oela PLOS One haeba ho se na khato ea ho thibela batho "(Flier 2018) .

Moprofesa Kenneth Zucker oa Univesithi ea Toronto ke motsamaisi oa mehleng (ea koetsoeng ka Hlakubele 2015) Clinic Identity Clinic bakeng sa Bana le Malapa Setsing sa Tlatsetso ea Tlatsetso le Mental Health (CAMH).

Moprofesa Zucker o phatlalalitse lethathamo le khahlisang la mesebetsi mabapi le bothata ba botona le botšehali, e ne e le setho sa sehlopha sa tšebetso sa DSM-IV le DSM-IV-TR mme o etelletse Sehlopha sa Ts'ebetso sa Thupelo ea Baitlami ba Letso la Thobalano le Tekano ea Bong ba Letsoho bakeng sa Sehlopha sa Amerika sa "DSM-5." Ho thata ho bitsa Moprofesa Zucker setlamo sa LGBT, mme e bile tlasa boetapele ba hae hore American Psychiatric Association "e nchafatse" tlhahlobo ea "pherekano ea boitseko ba bong" le "dysphoria", e tlose lentsoe "pherekano" ho tsoa tsebong ho fihlela tlholisanong ea batho ba LGBT (Thompson 2015).

Ka tsela e 'ngoe, setsing sa pele sa Gender Identity Clinic, Moprofesa Zucker o sebelitse le bakuli ba lilemo tse 3 ho isa ho tse 18, ho fapana le melao-motheo ea litšebeletso tsa bana tse "ntle le bong" Canada, tse fanang ka thuso e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ka khonehang phetohong ea tekano. bana ba joalo - tšehetso ea ho hlalosa bong bo lakatsehang ka ho fetola mabitso, liaparo, boitšoaro le mekhoa e meng - ho fihlela bana ba fihla lilemong tsa molao bakeng sa ho buuoa le ho nka li-hormone. Ho e-na le hoo, Dr. Zucker o ne a lumela hore lilemong tsena tse nyenyane, boitsebiso ba bong bo ka senyeha haholo 'me dysphoria ea tekano e tla fokotseha ha nako e ntse e ea (Zucker and Bradley 1995). Mokhoa ona o ne o le khahlanong le maikutlo a LGBT, 'me mosebetsi oa Dr. Zucker haesale o le tlas'a khatello ea baitseki ba LGBT. Ho sa tsotellehe boteng bo lemohuoang ba mefuta e fapaneng ea phekolo bakeng sa bothata ba boitsebiso ba bong (Ehrensaft 2017), tsamaiso ea Setsi sa ho Lemalla le Mental Health e ile ea etsa qeto ea ho etsa tlhahlobo ea mesebetsi ea Dr. Zucker (Thompson 2015). Bahlahlobisisi ba khethiloeng ba ile ba ngola tlalehong ea bona, "Nakong ea tlhahlobo, lihlooho tse peli tse ka sehloohong li ile tsa hlaha e le matšoenyeho ho bahlahlobi: pele, hore Tleliniki e bonahala e sebetsa e le motlatsi ka har'a tsamaiso ea Addiction le Mental Health Centre haholo-holo. sechaba ka kakaretso, 'me - ea bobeli, mesebetsi ea Tleliniki ha e bonahale e lumellana le mekhoa ea sejoale-joale ea bongaka le ts'ebetso. Maikutlo a tsoang ho bareki le ba amehang e bile tse ntle le tse mpe mabapi le Tleliniki. Batho ba bang bao e kileng ea e-ba bareki ba ne ba thabetse tšebeletso eo ba e fumaneng, ha ba bang ba ne ba ikutloa hore mokhoa oa litsebi o ne o sa lokele, o nyahamisa ebile ha o na thuso. Sechaba sa litsebi se hlokometse tlatsetso ea thuto ea Clinic, athe ba bang ba amehang ba bontšitse matšoenyeho mabapi le mokhoa oa hajoale oa tlhokomelo. " (CAMH 2016).

Bahlahlobisisi ba ile ba boela ba ngola hore ba ile ba mema ba amehang ba sa tsejoeng hore ba fane ka maikutlo a bona ka phihlelo ea bona tleliniking, 'me e mong a bolela hore Dr. Zucker "o ile a mo kōpa hore a hlobole hempe ea hae ka pel'a lingaka tse ling tse neng li le teng, a tšeha ha a lumela, a ntan'o mo bitsa. 'parasite e nyenyane ea moriri.' (Singal 2016a). Dr. Zucker o ile a lelekoa hang-hang (mosebeletsi oa bobeli oa nako e tletseng oa tleliniki, Dr. Haley Wood, o ne a lelekiloe pejana), kahoo Tleliniki ea Boitsebiso ba Bong e ile ea koaloa. Haele hantle, taba ea hore "ba bang ba amehang ba bontšitse ho tšoenyeha" (ho sa tsotellehe taba ea hore tloaelo ea Gender Identity Clinic e fumane tlhokomelo ea thuto) le qoso e sa tiiseheng ea phekolo e sa lokang-eo, ka tsela, e ileng ea tlosoa ke moqosi (Singal 2016b) -e ne e lekane ho sebelisa censorship e tiileng.

Ngaka Robert Oscar Lopez oa Univesithi ea California State, eo eena ka boeena a ileng a holisoa ke batho ba babeli ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng, o hatisitse moqoqo ka selemo sa 2012, "Ho Hola Ka Mets'e e Meli: Pono ea Bana eaoldold", e bua ka boiphihlelo ba hae bo seng monate haholo ba ho holisa ba babeli. basali, bao hamorao ba ileng ba mo fetohela ea belaelang LGBT e belaetsang ka lenyalo la bong ba monna le ho ba le bana. Sena se lebisitse ho bompoli ba nakoana le linyeoe tsa blogga (Flaherty 2015). Lopez o ile a tsoela pele ho ngola puong e le 'ngoe, ka lebaka leo a kenyellelitsoe lethathamong la "puo e nyonyehang" ea mekhatlo ea phatlalatso ea LGBT e kang Human Rights Campaign (HRC staff 2014) le GLAAD (GLAAD nd).

Leha e le polelo efe kapa efe e bonolo ka ho fetisisa ea LGBT e belaela e bitsoa lehloeo.

Sena se boetse se pakoa ke mosali ea holisitsoeng ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang, Heather Barwick, ea phatlalalitseng maikutlo a hae a ho hlolla - kahare ho ghetto ea tlhaiso-leseling ea boralitaba ea maikutlo a setso - lengolo le bulehileng ho "LGBT +" - sechaba. Barwick o re ho fapana le bana ba pholohileng tlhalo, mme ho fapana le bana ba nketsoeng ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng, bana ba ba bong bo tšoanang ba nyatsuoa haeba ba nka qeto ea ho tletleba ka boemo ba bona: “… re ba bangata. Bongata ba rona re tšaba ho bua le ho u joetsa ka mahlomola le bohloko ba rona, hobane ka lebaka lefe kapa lefe, ho bonahala o sa mamele. Seo u sa batleng ho se utloa. Haeba re re re utloa bohloko hobane re holisitsoe ke batsoali ba bong bo tšoanang, re kanna ra hlokomolohuoa kapa ra reoa lehloeo ... ”(Barwick 2015). Khoeli hamorao, morali e mong oa banyalani ba ratanang le basali ba bang o ile a phatlalatsa lengolo la hae le bulehileng, a nyatsa moetlo oa bohatelli oa sechaba sa "LGBT +" se ho lona: "... Nke ke ka inka ke le ea sa mamelleng le ea boithati joalo ka sechaba sa LGBT, se hlokang mamello e chesang le e chesehang, empa ha e bontše ho mamellana, ka linako tse ling esita le ho litho tsa eona. Ebile, sechaba sena se hlasela mang kapa mang ea sa lumellaneng le sona, ho sa tsotelehe ho se lumellane ho hlahisoa ka pelo e kae ... ”(Walton 2015).

Khopotso ea mahlale molemong oa mohopolo

Bo-rasaense le batho bohle ba amanang le mahlale ba lokela ho lula ba leka ho lula ba sa ts'oane le setso le lipolotiki e le karolo ea mesebetsi ea bona ea mahlale. Mahlale a na le takatso ea ka ho sa feleng le e se nang botho ea ho batla tsebo ka lefatše le re potolohileng a etsa qeto ea se "nepahetseng", se thehiloeng holim'a bopaki, eseng "lipelaelo tse hlahisoang ke batho ba bang ba nang le thahasello sechabeng". Haeba ha ho na bopaki bo joalo kapa lia hanyetsana, re ka bua feela ka likhopolo-taba le likhopolo-taba. Mahlale a tlameha ho ba lefats'e, ke hore, sebelisa mekhoa e tšoanang bakeng sa ho toloka liteko le lipatlisiso. Ha ho na sengoliloeng se loketseng, mosebetsi o mong le o mong oa mahlale o na le mefokolo le mefokolo ea ona. Leha ho le joalo, haeba thuto kapa phatlalatso eo liphetho tsa eona e leng LGBT-belaela e senotse meeli ea mokhoa, mme thibelo ena e sa lumelle sephetho sa ho qetela, joale thibelo e ts'oanang ea mokhoa o ts'oaroang thutong kapa phatlalatso eo liphetho tsa eona e leng LGBT li ka tsela e ts'oanang. ha e lumelle ho etsa liqeto tsa ho qetela. Mohlala, meeli e mengata ea mekhoa e bontšitsoe mosebetsing o tsebahalang oa ho buella oa LGBT oa Alfred Kinsey (Terman 1948; Maslow le Sakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) le Evelyn Hooker (Cameron and Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Leha ho le joalo, mesebetsi ena e nkuoa e le mehlala e nang le "linnete tse kholisang le tse netefalitsoeng" tse neng li sebelisoa ho etsa liqeto tsa bohlokoa tsa boiketlo ba sechaba le lipolotiki le saense. Ka nako e ts'oanang, lithibelo leha e le life ho lingoliloeng tsa LGBT-tse belaetsang li hlile lia e senya le ho e fetola "pseudoscience." Ntle le moo, ona ke mohlala oa 'mankhonthe le logong la mahlo.

Ngaka Lauren Marx oa Univesithi ea Louisiana State e phatlalalitse ka 2012 tlhahlobo ea lipampiri tsa mahlale a 59 (Mareka 2012) ho bana ba holisitsoeng ho balekane ba bong bo le bong; lipampiri tsena li sebelisitsoe e le lebaka bakeng sa polelo ea Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychological ea hore ha ho na phello ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali ho bana. (APA 2005). Marx o bontšitse mefokolo le mefokolo e mengata ea mesebetsi ena. Tlhahlobo ea Dr. Marx ha ea ka ea hlokomolohuoa feela ke mekhatlo e etellang pele ea lipatlisiso, empa hape e ngotsoe e le "lipatlisiso tsa boleng bo tlase," tse neng li sa "nepahala bakeng sa koranta e phatlalatsang lipatlisiso tsa mantlha" (Bartlett 2012).

Ka litsela tse ngata, joalo ka ha ho bontšitsoe kaholimo, bafuputsi ba na le lebaka le utloahalang la ho tšaba le ho qoba ho senola liphuputso tse belaetsang tsa LGBT, mme ebile ba hana ho sebetsa ka tsela e "thibetsoeng" joalo. Na taba ee e khopamisa mahlale? Ha ho pelaelo. Mohlala, Mopresidente oa mehleng oa American Psychological Association (1979-1980), Ngaka Nicholas Cummings, o lumela hore mahlale a sechaba a oa hobane a le tlasa khatello ea bomphehi ba sechaba. Dr. Cummings o boletse hore ha American Psychological Association e etsa lipatlisiso, e etsa joalo feela "ha ba tseba hore sephetho e tla ba eng ... ke lithuto feela tse nang le litholoana tse hlakileng tse amohelehang" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

Mopresidente e mong oa mehleng oa American Psychological Association (1985-1986), Dr. Robert Perloff, o itse: "... American Psychological Association e 'nepahetse haholo lipolotiking' ... hape e inehetse ho lithahasello tse khethehileng ..." (Murray 2001).

Clevenger mosebetsing oa hae o hlalositse tatelano e hlophisitsoeng e amanang le phatlalatso ea lingoliloeng tse mabapi le taba ea bosodoma (Clevenger 2002). O bontšitse hore ho na le leeme le hlophisitsoeng le thibelang ho phatlalatsoa ha sengoloa leha e le sefe se sa tsamaelaneng le kutloisiso e itseng ea lipolotiki le maikutlo a bosoha. Clevenger o phethela ka hore Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychological, joalo ka mekhatlo e meng ea litsebi, o ntse o tsoela pele lipolotiki, o lebisa lipelaong mabapi le bonnete ba lipolelo tsa bona le ho hloka leeme ha mesebetsi ea bona, leha ba ntse ba hlomphuoa haholo mme ba sebelisoa kahlolong. mathata. Maikutlo a bafuputsi a hanyetsanang le thuto ea tokoloho a tebisoa ebile a sotloa.

Nka ka mohlala, thuto ea 2014 e bitsitsoeng "Ha mabitso a fetola maikutlo: Teko mabapi le phetisetso ea ts'ehetso ea tekano ea ba bong bo tšoanang", moo Michael Lacourt oa Los Angeles a ileng a hlahloba likarabo baahi ba potso e mabapi le ho thoeng "Ho ngolisoa ka molao" lenyalo la bong bo tšoanang ho latela boits'oaro ba batho ba etsang thobalano (LaCour le Green 2014). LaCourt o pheha khang ea hore ha motho ea hlahlobang mosebetsi a bonahala e le mosodoma, sena se matlafalitse monyetla oa karabo e netefatsang. Liphetho li ile tsa phatlalla hape ka har'a lihlooho tsa mecha ea litaba e etellang pele. LaCourt e se e batla e le naleli. Leha ho le joalo, ho ka boleloa hore ho hlonama ha hae ho mo bolaile ha 'mali ea sa tsotelleng a tseba hore LaCourt o qositse data ka botlalo thutong ea hae (Broockman et al. 2015). Phatlalatso ea LaCourt e hopotsoe (McNutt 2015), empa, hape, litaba tsa khopotso ha lia ka tsa hasana ho media.

Moqolotsi oa litaba Naomi Riley o hlalosa nyeoe ea phatlalatso ea Mark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). Ka 2014, moprofesa oa Univesithi ea Columbia, Mark Hatzenbühler o boletse hore o fumane tse latelang: basodoma ba lulang libakeng tse nang le "khethollo" ba ne ba le lilemo tse 12 tsa bophelo bo tlase ho feta ba lulang libakeng tse "lokolohileng". Bakeng sa kutloisiso e ntle: phapang ea lilemo tse 12 e feta phapang e ts'oanang pakeng tsa batho ba tsubang khafetsa le ba sa tsubeng. Ka tlhaho, litaba tsa thuto ea Hatzenbühler li hasane hohle mecheng ea litaba tse hlahelletseng, ha batšehetsi ba nyenyefatso ba hanang bosodoma ba amohetse khang ea "mahlale" joalo ka tloaelo. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho le e 'ngoe ea liphatlalatso tsena e boletseng phatlalatso koranteng ea Science Science and Medicine eo mofuputsi eo a buileng ka eona ka holimo, moprofesa oa Univesithi ea Texas Mark Regnerus, ea ileng a leka ho pheta liphetho tsa Hatzenbühler mme a fumana lintlha tse fapaneng ka ho fetesisa - ha ho na tšusumetso ea "boemo ba khethollo" mabapi le tebello ea bophelo ba batho ba bong bo tšoanang. (Regnerus 2017). Ka botšepehi Regnerus o ile a leka mekhoa e leshome e fapaneng ea lipalo-palo ho leka ho netefatsa lintlha tse boletsoeng ke Hatzenbühler, empa ha ho mokhoa o le mong o bonts'itseng liphetho tsa lipalo. Regnerus o phethile ka ho re: "Lintho tse fapaneng lithutong tsa mantlha tsa Hatzenbühler (ka hona liphetho tsa lona tsa mantlha) li tebile haholo ka toloko ea tšibollo nakong ea litekanyo hoo ho ka nkoang li sa sebetse" (Regnerus 2017).

Ho saense ea sechaba, "bothata ba ho pheta-pheta" (ho bolela, ho phetoa, ka mantsoe a mang) lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng li se li le teng le kajeno. Ka selemo sa 2015, projeke e kholo ea lipatlisiso e bitsitsoeng Reproducibility Project, e etelletsoeng pele ke Brian Nosek oa Univesithi ea Virginia, e fuoe mosebetsi oa ho pheta liphetho tsa lithuto tse 100 tse hatisitsoeng tsa kelello - ke karolo ea boraro feela ea tsona e ileng ea hlahisoa hape (Aarts et al. 2015).

Richard Horton, mohlophisi-kakaretso oa koranta ea bo-ramahlale The Lancet, o hlalositse pherekano ea hae lengolong la mongoli:

"... Bongata ba lingoliloeng tsa mahlale, mohlomong halofo, li kanna tsa se bonts'a 'nete. Ho hlolloa ke lithuto tse nang le mehlala e menyenyane, litlamorao tse sa reng letho, le likhohlano tse totobetseng tsa lithahasello, hammoho le takatso e fetelletseng ea feshene ea bohlokoa bo belaetsang, saense e fetohetse lefifing ... ho khahlisa bo-ramahlale hangata ba fetola data ho lumellanya pono ea bona ea lefats'e kapa ho fetola likhopolo-taba ho data ea bona ... Ho phehella ha rona "bohlokoa" ho chesa lingoliloeng tsa mahlale ka lipale tse ngata tsa lipale ... Liunivesithi li nka karolo ntoeng e sa feleng ea chelete le talenta ... Mme bo-rasaense ka bo mong, ho kenyeletsoa le batsamaisi ba bona ba phahameng u se ke oa etsa letho ho fetola moetlo oa lipatlisiso, oo ka linako tse ling o fapaneng le bokhopo ... ”(Horton 2015).

Phapang pakeng tsa maikutlo a media ho phatlalatso ea Regnerus le Hatzenbühler e hlakile: liqeto tse ling li amoheleha ho feta tse ling [1].

Moprofesa Walter Schumm oa Yunivesithi ea Kansas, ka eona sehlooho seo, o hlokometse: “… lithuto li bontšitse hore bangoli ba bangata ba mahlale, ha ba lekola lingoliloeng, ba bua ka lithuto tse fokolang tsa thuto, haeba lithuto tse joalo li theotse sephetho se lakatsehang ho ts'ehetsa mohopolo oa hore ha ho na tšusumetso… "(Schumm 2010, leq. 378).

Ka 2006, Dr. Brian Meyer oa Gettysburg College o ile a hlokomela, mabapi le phello ea boralitaba ea Adams et al., Hore polelo ea lehloeo la bosodoma e ne e boleloa e supa "bosodoma bo patiloeng" (Adams et al. 1996): "... Ho haella ha [lipatlisiso tse itirisang] ho makatsa haholo. haeba motho a nahana ka boemo ba tlhokomelo bo hlahisoang ke sengoloa [Adams et al. 1996]. Re fumana ho le monate hore mecha ea phatlalatso e mengata (lingoliloeng, lingoliloeng, le libaka tse ngata tsa marang-rang tsa Internet) li amohetse khopolo-taba ea psychoanalytic e le tlhaloso ea ho hloea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang, leha ho se na bopaki bo latelang bo bontšang hore motho o na le tumelo ... ”(Meier et al. 2006, leq. 378).

Ka 1996, Dr. Alan D. Sokal, moprofesa oa fisiks Univesithing ea New York, o ile a fana ka pampiri e nang le sehlooho se reng "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" koranteng ea thuto ea Social Text ". Bahlophisi ba Social Text ba ile ba etsa qeto ea ho hatisa sehlooho sena (Sokal 1996a). E ne e le teko - sengoloa e ne e le leshano le felletseng - sehloohong sena Sokal, ho tšohla mathata a mang a hajoale a lipalo le fisiks, ka mokhoa o makatsang o fetisa bohlokoa ba bona lefapheng la setso, filosofi le lipolotiki (mohlala, o ile a etsa tlhahiso ea hore matla a khoheli a quantum a social construct) e le ho hohela tlhokomelo ea bahlalosi ba morao-rao ba thuto ba belaellang sepheo sa saense, e ne e le papiso e ngotsoeng ka bohlale ea lipatlisiso tsa morao-rao tsa filosofi, tse se nang moelelo leha e le ofe oa 'mele (Sokal 1996b). Joalokaha Sokal a hlalositse: “Ka lilemo tse ’maloa ke ’nile ka tšoenngoa ke ho theoha ho bonahalang hoa maemo a kelello likarolong tse ling tsa batho ba thuto ea Amerika. Empa ke mpa ke le setsebi sa fisiks: haeba ke sa utloisise melemo ea ntho e kang ena, mohlomong e mpa e bontša ho se lekane ha ka. Kahoo, ho leka litekanyetso tse tloaelehileng tsa bohlale, ke ile ka etsa qeto ea ho etsa teko e itekanetseng (haeba e sa laoloe ka ho feletseng): na koranta e ka sehloohong ea lithuto tsa setso sa Amerika Leboea, eo bahlophisi ba eona ba kenyelletsang liphatlalatso tse kang Fredric Jameson le Andrew Ross, e ka phatlalatsang bohlanya bo feletseng haeba sena se se na thuso. (a) e utloahala e le ntle le (b) e khahlisa maikutlo a bahlophisi ba maikutlo? Ka bomalimabe, karabo ke e. ” (Sokal 1996b).

Netefatso e ngoe ea boemo bo soabisang ba saense ea sejoale-joale e fanoe ke bo-ramahlale ba bararo ba Amerika - James Lindsey, Helen Plakrose le Peter Bogossyan, bao ka selemo sohle ba ngotseng ka boomo ba ngola lingoloa tsa "saense" tse sa utloahaleng likarolong tse fapaneng tsa mahlale a sechaba ho paka: maano lefapheng lena khale li ne li hlola kelello e tloaelehileng. Ho tloha ka Phato 2017, bo-rasaense, ka mabitso a iqapetsoeng, ba romelle lingoloa tse 20 tse entsoeng e le lipatlisiso tse tloaelehileng tsa mahlale ho li-magazine tse tsebahalang le tsa boithuto tsa lithaka. Lihlooho tsa mesebetsi li ne li fapana, empa kaofela li ne li inehetse lipontšong tse fapaneng tsa ntoa khahlanong le "ho hloka toka sechabeng": lithuto tsa botšehali, setso sa bolekane, litaba tsa maikutlo a khethollo ea morabe, maikutlo a botona le botšehali, botle ba 'mele, joalo-joalo. Sengoliloeng se seng le se seng, khopolo e belaetsang e ne e beoa pele e nyatsa "ho aha sechaba" (mohlala, likarolo tsa bong). Ho ea ka pono ea bo-ramahlale, lingoloa li ne li sa utloahale ebile ho ne ho se bonolo hore li emele ho nyatsuoa.

Sengolong se makasineng ea Areo, Lindsay, Plakrose le Bogossian ba buile ka sepheo sa ketso ea bona: "... Ho na le ntho e neng e sa sebetse hantle mahlaleng, haholo-holo libakeng tse ling tsa batho. Joale lipatlisiso tsa mahlale li thehiloe ka tieo, e sa inehela ho batleng 'nete, empa ho se khotsofatseng sechabeng le likhohlanong tse hlahang motheong oa tsona. Ka nako e 'ngoe ba busa libaka tsena ntle le maemo,' me bo-ramahlale ba ntse ba tšosa baithuti, balaoli le mafapha a mang, ba ba qobella ho latela pono ea bona. Sena ha se pono ea lefatše ea mahlale, ebile e tlase. Ho ba bangata, bothata bona bo hlakile ebile bo hlakile, empa ha ba na bopaki bo kholisang. Ka lebaka lena, re sebelitse lefapheng la thuto selemo sohle, ka ho bona ke karolo ea bothata ... ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

"Ts'ebetsong ena, ho na le khoele e le 'ngoe e kopantseng litokomane tsa rona kaofela tsa mahlale a 20, leha re sebelisitse mekhoa e fapaneng, re beha maikutlo ana pele ho bona hore na bahlophisi le basekete ba tla etsa joang. Ka linako tse ling re ne re tla ka mofuta o mong oa mohopolo o fetelletseng kapa o seng bohlale ebe re qala ho o ntšetsa pele. Hobaneng u sa ngole pampiri e buang ka banna ba koetlisitsoeng joalo ka lintja ho thibela moetlo oa pefo? Kahoo mosebetsi oa rona oa "Park bakeng sa ho Tsamaea ha Lintja" o ile oa hlaha. Mme hobaneng u sa ngole thuto ka polelo ea hore ha motho a ipholla litho ka lekunutu, a nahana ka mosali (ntle le tumello ea hae, mme a ke ke a tseba ka hona), o etsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano khahlanong le eena? Kahoo re fumane thuto ea Masturbation. Mme hobaneng o sa re bohlale ba mahlale ba bohlale ho feta bo kotsi bo ka ba kotsi, hobane bo hlophisitsoe ka masculine, misogynistic and imperialistic, o sebelisa psychoanalysis ea mongoli oa Frankenstein, Mary Shelley le Jacques Lacan? Ba phatlalalitse - 'me ba fumana mosebetsi oa "Feminist Artificial Intelligence". Kapa mohlomong o beha khopolo ea hore 'mele o mafura ke oa tlhaho, ka hona ho a haha ​​ka litsebi hoa hlokahala ho hlahisa sehlopha se secha sa batho ba mafura? Bala "Fat Study" 'me u tla utloisisa se etsahetseng.

Ka nako e 'ngoe re ne re ithuta lithuto tse teng tsa ho se khotsofale e le hore re utloisise hore na ho etsahala'ng, ebe re leka ho tiisa mathata ana. Na ho na le mosebetsi "Feminist Glaciology"? Haele hantle, re tla e kopitsa 'me re ngole mosebetsi oa bonohe ba linaleli, moo re phatlalatsang hore bonohe ba bonohe ba basali le basodoma bo lokela ho nkuoa e le karolo ea bohlokoa ea mahlale a bolepi ba linaleli, a lokelang ho reoa lebitso le phoso. Bahlahlobi ba ne ba chesehela mohopolo ona haholo. Empa ho thoe'ng haeba re sebelisa mokhoa oa ho sekaseka sehlooho ho fetolela litlhaloso tsa data tseo u li ratang ka ho fetesisa? Hobaneng ho se joalo. Re ngotse sengoloa ka batho ba sebetsang ba transgender, moo ba entseng joalo feela. Na banna ba sebelisa "mehloli ea banna" ho bontša boits'oaro ba bona ba ho fifala ka tsela e sa amoheleheng sechabeng? Ha ho na bothata. Re ile ra phatlalatsa pampiri, eo kakaretso ea eona e leng e latelang: "Mofuputsi oa mathata a bong a ea lebenkeleng lebenkeleng la batho ba sa aparang liaparo ho ea fumana hore na hobaneng a hlokahala." U makatsoa ke maikutlo a amohelehang ka kakaretso, 'me u ntse u batla tlhaloso ea see? Rona re hlalositse tsohle tse mosebetsing oa rona "Dildo", re fana ka karabo ea potso e latelang: "Hobaneng ha banna ba otlolohileng ba sa tloaetse ho ipholla litho ka ho kenella ka hare, ebe ho tla etsahala'ng haeba ba ka qala ho etsa see?" Re fana ka leseli: ho latela sengoloa sa rona koranteng ea mahlale e etelletseng pele ea Thobalano le Setso, banna ntlheng ena ba tla ba le lehloeo le tlase ho batho ba transgender le batho ba transgender, mme ba tla ba basali le ho feta.

Re sebelisitse mekhoa e meng. Mohlala, re nahanne hore na re ka ngola "sengoloa se tsoelang pele" ka tlhahiso ea ho thibela banna ba basoeu litsing ho bua ka har'a bamameli (kapa ho etsa hore tichere e arabe ka li-imeile tse ba tlileng), ebe, ho ekelletsa ho tsohle, li etsa hore ba lule fatše ka liketane. e le hore ba ikutloa ba soabile 'me ba itokisetsa molato oa bona oa nalane. Hanghang ha ho se ho entsoe joalo. Tlhahiso ea rona e fumane karabelo e thabisang, mme ho bonahala eka titan ea filosofi ea basali, makasine "Hypatia" e ile ea mo araba ka mofuthu o moholo. Re ile ra tobana le potso e 'ngoe e boima: "Kea ipotsa hore na khaolo e tsoang ho' Mesa oa Kampf ea Hitler e tla phatlalatsoa haeba mosali eo a e ngola hape?" Ho ile ha fumaneha hore karabo ho eona e ne e le ntle, hobane koranta ea thuto ea basali e bitsoang Affilia e amohetse sengoloa hore e phatlalatsoe. Ha re fetela pele tseleng ea mahlale, re ile ra qala ho hlokomela hore ho na le letho leo re ka le etsang haeba le sa fetele ka har'a melao ea boitšoaro e amohelehang le ho bontša kutloisiso ea lingoliloeng tse teng tsa mahlale.

Ka mantsoe a mang, re ne re na le lebaka le letle la ho lumela hore haeba re nepisa lingoliloeng tse seng li ntse li le teng 'me re li alima (mme sena se etsahala hangata - re tlameha feela ho bua ka mehloli ea mantlha), re tla ba le monyetla oa ho bua ka mokhoa o fe kapa o fe oa lipolotiki. Sebakeng ka seng, ho hlahile potso e le 'ngoe e tšoanang ea bohlokoa: re hloka ho ngola eng le seo re hlokang ho se qotsa (lihokela tsohle tsa rona, ka' nete, ke tsa nnete) hore mahlale a rona a phatlalatso e be saense ea sefofane se phahameng. "

Lingoliloeng tsena li lekoa ka katleho le ho phatlalatsoa koranteng e tsebahalang ea lithaka e hlahlojoang. Ka lebaka la "mehlala ea bona ea mahlale", bangoli ba bile ba amohela limemo tse 4 ho ba bahlahlobisisong ka lingolingoeng tsa mahlale, le sengoloa se sengata haholo sa "Ntja Park", ba ile ba ithorisa ka ho ba teng lenaneng la lingoloa tse ntle ho feta koranteng ea basali ea "Gender, Sebaka le Setso". Morero oa opus ena o bile ka tsela e latelang:

“Libakeng tsa lintja ho kenelletsoa ho betoa 'me ke sebaka sa moetlo o hola oa peto ea lintja, moo ho nang le khatello ea" ntja e hatelletsoeng "e re lumellang ho lekola tsela eo motho a shebang mathata ka bobeli ka eona. Sena se fana ka mohopolo oa ho khoesa banna tlhekefetsong ea thobalano le khethollo ea botona kapa botšehali ”. (Lindsay et al. 2018).

Adininem

Moitseki oa Amerika ebile e le mongoli, ea sa pateng litakatso tsa hae tsa bosodoma, moprofesa oa botho Camilla Paglia, bukeng ea hae Vamps And Tramps morao koana ka 1994, o hlokometse: , Tabeng ena, baitseki ba bong bo fapaneng bao ka tumelo e fetelletseng ba reng ba na le 'nete ... Re tlameha ho hlokomela pherekano e ka bang kotsi ea bosholu ba bong bo fapaneng le mahlale, e hlahisang mashano a mangata ho feta nnete. Bo-rasaense ba basodoma e lokela ho ba bo-rasaense pele, ebe e ba basodoma… ”(Paglia 1995, leq. 91)

Polelo ea ho qetela e ea makatsa. Phetoho ea maikutlo le maikutlo a sechaba sa litsebi tsa bophelo bo botle ba kelello - eseng lipatlisiso tsa bongaka le lintlha tsa mahlale - li na le tšusumetso e matla liphethong tsa lipatlisiso. Ka bomalimabe, ba bangata ba ithutang bosodoma ba tsepamisitse maikutlo ntlheng e itseng.

Bafuputsi bao liphetho tsa bona li hananang le maikutlo a "bosodoma joalo ka mofuta oa mokhoa oa ho ikemela" hangata ba nyatsuoa motheong oa molaoana oa "ad Hominem Circstantiae". Ena ke tloaelo e mpe ea demagogic eo ho eona khang, ho fapana le puisano ea 'nete ka boeona, e hanoang ka ho supa maemo, tlhaho, sepheo kapa tšobotsi e' ngoe ea motho ea hlahisang phehisano, kapa motho ea amanang le ngangisano. Mohlala, taba ea hore moqolotsi oa tumelo ke molumeli kapa o tšehetsa mekha ea lipolotiki ka maikutlo a hlokofatsang, hore sengoloa se phatlalatsoa koranteng e seng "kholo" kapa e sa hlahlojoang ke lithaka, jj. Ntle le moo, boiteko bofe kapa bofe ba ho fetola taba ena likhato tse 180 li lahloa hang-hang ka liqoso tsa ho hlapaola, ho hloka "ho nepahala ha lipolotiki", "ho hlonepha batho ba bang" esita le ho jala lehloeo.

Ikahlole.

Carl Maria Kertbeny, moqolotsi oa libuka oa Austria ea qapileng mantsoe a bong bo fapaneng, bosodoma, le bosodoma (ketso ea pele ea bong bo tšoanang e ne e bitsoa sodomy kapa pederasty), e ne e le mosodoma (Takács 2004, pp. 26-40). 'Muelli oa molao oa Jeremane ea qapileng lentsoe "boikutlo ba thobalano" mme a batla hore likamano tsa bosodoma li nkoe e le ntho e tloaelehileng hobane e ne e le tsa tlhaho, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, e ne e le mosodoma (Sigusch 2000). Edward Warren, ralimilione oa Amerika ea nang le thahasello linthong tsa khale, o file sechaba senoelo seo ho thoeng ke sa khale se nang le litšoantšo tsa liketso tsa bosodoma, tseo ho thoeng li netefalitse maemo a tloaelehileng a bosodoma Greece ea Khale (eo ho thoeng ke Warren Cup), e ne e le mosodoma (BrightonOurStory). 1999). Setsebi sa likokoana-hloko Dr. Alfred Kinsey-"ntate oa phetoho ea thobalano United States" -e ne e le banna ba babeli (Baumgardner 2008, leq. 48) 'me a kopanela liphate le banna ba bang, ho akarelletsa le seithuti sa hae le sengoli-'moho le eena Clyde Martin (Ley 2009, leq. . 59). Setsebi sa kelello Fritz Klein, sengoli sa Klein Sexual Orientation Scale, o ne a rata batho ba bong bo fapaneng (Klein le Schwartz 2001). Dr. Evelyn Hooker o ile a qala thuto ea hae e tummeng ka khothatso ea motsoalle oa hae Sam Frome le banna ba bang ba basodoma (Jackson et al., 1998, maq. 251-253), 'me tlaleho ea hae ea pele ka taba ena e ile ea hatisoa makasineng ea gay Mattachine. Tlhahlobo (Hooker 1955). Setsebi sa kelello Paul Rosenfels, ea hatisitseng Bosodoma: The Psychology of the Creative Process ka 1971, e ileng ea hlahloba ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang e le phapang e tloaelehileng, le eo ho kenya letsoho ho eona ho ileng ha phetha karolo ea liketsahalo tsa 1973, e ne e le bosodoma (Paul Rosenfels Community website n.d.).

Ngaka John Spiegel, ea khethiloeng e le mopresidente oa American Psychiatric Association ho 1973, e ne e le monna oa bong bo fapaneng (mme setho sa seo ho thoeng ke "GayPA") (mantsoe a 81, joaloka 2002), joalo ka basebetsi-'moho ba bang ba kentseng letsoho ho kenyelletsoeng bosodoma ho tsoa lenaneng la mekhelo: Ronald Gold (Humm 2017), Howard Brown (brown 1976), Charles Silverstein (Silverstein le White 1977), John Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) le Richard Green (Green 2018). Ngaka George Weinberg, ea qapileng polelo e qhekellang "ho hlohlelletsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng" tlasa tšusumetso ea ho ikopanya le metsoalle ea basodoma, e ne e le mohlabani ea bohale oa mokhatlo oa batho ba bong bo tšoanang (Ayyar 2002).

Dr. Donald West, ea qapileng "tšusumetso" ea hore batho ba belaelang hore batho ba bong bo tšoanang e ka ba "basodoma ba patehileng," ke motho oa bong bo tšoanang (West 2012). Ngaka Gregory Herek, setsebi sa "Homophobia," conceptual the tlhaloso ea "tlolo ea molao ea lehloeo," ka boeena ke mosodoma (Bohan le Russel 1999). Bangoli ba lithuto tsa sehlooho, tse hlalosoang e le bopaki ba tšimoloho ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali, ke basodoma: Ngaka Simon LeVey ("thuto ea hypothalamus") (Allen 1997), Ngaka Richard Pillard ("thuto ea mafahla a mafahla") (Mass 1990) le Dr. Dean Heimer ("Boithuto ba liphatsa tsa botona le botšehali") (The New York Times 2004). Dr. Bruce Badgemeal, ea hatisitseng buka e bolelang hore bosodoma bo atile ebile bo tloaelehile har'a liphoofolo le hore "litlamorao ho batho li ngata," ka boeena ke monna oa bong bo tšoanang (Kluger 1999). Ngaka Joan Rafgarden, motšehetsi oa tšusumetso ea "tlhaho" ea bosodoma le transsexualism ho liphoofolo, ke Jonathan Rafgarden, ea ileng a kenella ts'ebetsong ea bongaka bakeng sa polasetiki ea banna ho basali nakong ea lilemo tsa 52 (Yoon 2000).

Tlaleho ea American Psychological Association mabapi le phekolo ea pheko ea li-gay e ile ea etsa qeto ea hore "boiteko ba ho fetola maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate ha ho bonolo hore bo atlehe 'me bo be le kotsi e itseng ea kotsi, ho fapana le lipolelo tsa litsebi tsa phekolo ea phekolo le babuelli" (APA 2009, leq. V) ; tlaleho ena e entsoe ke sehlopha sa batho ba supileng, bao Judith M. Glassgold, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Lee Beckstead, Clinton W. Anderson e leng gay, le Robin Lyn Miller ke bisexual (Nicolosi 2009). Mongoli oa Mokhatlo o mong oa American Psychological Association o tlaleha ka bana ba hōlisitsoeng ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang, ba ileng ba ngola hore “ha ho liphuputso tse fumaneng hore bana ba batsoali ba basodoma kapa ba basodoma ba futsanehile ha ba bapisoa le bana ba batsoali ba bong bo fapaneng” ( APA 2005, para. 15 ) Moprofesa Charlotte J. Patterson oa Univesithi ea Virginia ke mopresidente oa mehleng oa Division 44, sehlotšoana sa bobuelli sa APA sa basodoma, basodoma, le ba batona le ba batšehali, hape ke setho se etileng sa lefapha la Setifikeiti sa LGBT Health Graduate Certificate College ea Columbia College of Arts and Sciences (GW). Columbian College). Dr. Clinton Anderson, eo Dr. Patterson a ileng a mo leboha ka "thuso ea bohlokoa" ka tlaleho (APA 2005, leq. 22), ke mosodoma (bona ka holimo). Batho ba bang ba supileng bao Dr. Patterson a ileng a ba leboha ka “litlhaloso tsa bona tse molemo” ba ne ba akarelletsa Dr. Natalie S. Eldridge, eo e leng mosodoma (Eldridge et al., 1993, leq. 13), le Dr. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, eo e leng gay (Dayton Daily News 2009)), Dr. April Martin ke lesbiene (Weinstein 2001) le "pula-maliboho ho buella likamano tsa botona le botšehali tse makatsang le litokisetso tse ling tsa malapa" (Manhatann Alternative. n.d.). 'Me phetolelong ea pejana ea tlaleho (APA 1995), Dr. Patterson o ile a boela a leboha Dr. Bianca Cody Murphy, eo hape e leng lesbiene (Plowman 2004).

Igor Semenovich Kon, rahistori le rafilosofi ea phatlalalitseng mesebetsi e 'maloa e hlalosang bosodoma sechabeng sa Russia, a ts'ehetsa khafetsa mohopolo o rarahaneng oa mokhatlo oa bosodoma Russia, o amohelang liphallelo tse tsoang mekhatlong ea Amerika le e meng ea LGBT, o fetile a le mong, ha ho mohla ha a nyaloa (Kuznetsov le Ponkin 2007). Celia Kitzinger le Susan (Sue) Wilkinson, litho tse matla tsa Mokhatlo oa Brithani oa Psychological le American Psychological Association, bangoli ba libuka le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse nyatsang kutloisiso ea moetlo ea likarolo tsa bong le ho ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng, ba nyalane (Davies 2014). Psychiatrist Martha Kirkpatrick, sengoli sa phuputso ea 1981 mabapi le "ho se be le tšusumetso" ea botsoali ho balekane ba bong bo fapaneng, ke lesbi (Rosario 2002). Ngaka ea mafu a basali e bitsoang Catherine O'Hanlan, sengoli sa lingoliloeng tse mabapi le ho shapa batho basodoma, o nyetse mosali (The New York Times 2003). Ngaka Jesse Bering, ea ratang mefuta eohle ea tse bitsoang. "Litla-morao tsa bong bo fapaneng", ke bosodoma (Bering 2013).

Ke tla emisa mona tlhahlobo ea botho ba li-propagandists tsa LGBT, hobane sena ha se morero oa sehlooho sena. Ka bonna, ke lumela hore tlhahlobo ea Ad Hominem ea lintho tse bonahalang e fosahetse ebile e fosahetse bakeng sa mahlale, 'me e lokela ho qojoa ka litšenyehelo tsohle. Letheba.

Ho feta moo, ho lokela ho ananeloa hore ho na le bo-rasaense ba bong bo fapaneng ba nang le sebete sa ho hlahisa liphetho tsa lipelaelo tsa LGBT: mohlala, Ngaka Emily Drabant Conley, setsebi sa kelello sa lesbi ho tsoa ho k'hamphani ea genomic "23andme" (Rafkin 2013), ea hlahisitseng e le poso liphetho tsa tlhahlobo e batsi ea genomic mokhatlo oa litakatso tsa thobalano kopanong ea selemo le selemo ea American Society of Human Genetics ho 2012 - thuto ha ea ka ea fumana kamano lipakeng tsa ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng le liphatsa tsa lefutso (Drabant et al., 2012). Leha, joalo ka ha ke tseba, ka mabaka a sa tsejoeng, Drabant ha a ka a tlisa thepa ena bakeng sa ho hatisoa koranteng e hlahlojoang ke lithaka.

Empa ho hana molao-motheo oa "Ad hominem" ho tlameha ho ba hohle ho saense. Maemong ana, ha motho a re "A", o lokela ho re "B". Ke boikaketsi bo boholo ho nyenyefatsa lithuto tse itseng ho latela maikutlo a lipolotiki kapa litumelo tsa moea tsa bafuputsi, mohlala, hobane phatlalatso e entsoe koranteng e phatlalalitsoeng ke Mokhatlo oa K'hatholike oa Bongaka, kapa hobane thuto e amohetse chelete ho tsoa Conservative Witherspoon Institute, 'me ka nako e ts'oanang e hlokomolohile lintlha tse kaholimo ho bafuputsi ba hlahisang liphetho tsa bobuelli tsa LGBT. Joale, ha ho tšohloa bothata ba ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang, molao-motheo oa "Ad hominem" ha oa lokela ho sebelisoa ho hang ho fetolela sephetho.

fihlela qeto e

Saense e ke ke ea aroloa ka lipolotiking tse "nepahetseng" le "tse sa nepahalang," tse fesheneng le tse khomaretseng, tsa demokrasi le tsa bolaoli. Saense ka boeona e ke ke ea ba leshano la LGBT kapa lipelaelo tsa LGBT. Ka mantsoe a bonolo feela, lits'ebetso tsa mahlale - liketsahalo tsa psychophysiological le karabelo, livaerase le libaktheria - ha li tsotelle maikutlo a lipolotiki a rasaense ea li ithutang; libaktheria ha li tsebe letho ka "lintoa tsa setso". Tsena ke lintlha tse teng joalo ka ha li fanoe, li ka hlokomolohuoa feela kapa ba li bolelang ba ka hlahlojoa, empa lintlha tsena li ke ke tsa hlakoloa. Saense e ipapisitse le mokhoa oa mahlale, e mong le e mong ea fetolang mahlale nthong e 'ngoe, ho sa tsotelehe hore na ba tataisoa ke lipakane life - botho, maikutlo le lipolotiki, toka ea sechaba le boenjiniere ba sechaba, joalo-joalo - ke baboleli ba 'nete ba "pseudoscience". Leha ho le joalo, sechaba sa mahlale, joalo ka sechaba sefe kapa sefe sa batho ba nang le litumelo le litabatabelo tsa bona, se tlas'a leeme. Le leeme lena ho batho ba itseng, bao ho thoeng ke bona. Litekanyetso tsa "neoliberal" li hlile li hlahisoa ka matla lefatšeng la sejoale-joale. Lintlha tse ngata li ka boleloa e le lebaka la leeme lena - lefa le tsotehang la sechaba le la histori le lebisitseng ho hlaha ha "taboos ea saense", lintoa tse matla tsa lipolotiki tse ileng tsa hlahisa boikaketsi, "khoebo" ea saense e lebisang ho lelekisa maikutlo. , jj. Ka tlhaho, bothata ba leeme saenseng ha bo felle feela ho leeme tlhahlobong ea bosodoma, empa bo kenyelletsa litaba tse ling tse ngata tseo hangata e leng tsa bohlokoa le tsa bohlokoa ho nts'etsopele ea batho. Hore na leeme la saense le ka qojoa ka ho feletseng e ntse e le likhang. Leha ho le joalo, ka maikutlo a ka, hoa khoneha ho theha maemo bakeng sa ts'ebetso e nepahetseng ea mahlale a lekanang. E 'ngoe ea maemo ana ke boikemelo bo feletseng ba sechaba sa saense - lichelete, lipolotiki le, ha ho bohlokoa hakaalo, tokoloho ho tsoa mecheng ea litaba.

Tlhahisoleseling e eketsehileng

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5. Cameron P., Cameron K., Landess T.Liphoso tsa Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, le Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Thupelo ho hlahisa Peto ea Batho ba Bong bo Tšoanang Amonia Mabapi le Amendment 2 ho Lekhotla le Phahameng la US. Litlaleho tsa Psychological, 1996; 79 (2): 383–404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383
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8. Tierney J. Setsebi sa Setso New York Times. La 7 Hlakubele 2011. https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/08/science/08tier.html?_r=3

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Lintlha

1 Encyclopedia Britannica e hlalosa leshano ka tsela e latelang: "Propaganda, phatlalatso ea tlhahisoleseling - lintlha, mabaka, rums, linnete tse seng kae, kapa mashano - ho susumetsa maikutlo a sechaba. Propaganda ke boiteko bo hlophisehileng kapa bo fokolang ba ho qhekella litumelo, likamano kapa liketso tsa batho ba bang ka matšoao (mantsoe, boitšisinyo, liphousetara, liemahale, 'mino, liaparo, litekanyetso, lits'oants'o tsa lits'oants'o tsa lichelete le litempe tsa poso, jj.). Ho tsepamisa mohopolo le ho hatisoa ka matla ho thetso ho khetholla leshano ho puisano e tloaelehileng kapa phapanyetsano ea maikutlo le mahala. Moetsi oa phatlalatso o na le sepheo kapa lipheo tse tobileng. Ho li fihlella, mo phatlalatso o khetha linnete, mabaka le matšoao mme o li hlahisa ka mokhoa o tla etsa hore ho be le phello e kholo. E le ho ntlafatsa katleho, a ka fetoa ke lintlha tsa bohlokoa kapa a li sotha, 'me a ka leka ho faposa tlhokomelo ea bamameli mehloling e meng ea tlhahiso-leseling. ” https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

Mopolotiki oa setso oa 2

3 Setsebi sa Sechaba se Sebelisang Liphetoho

4 Kahoo e rehiloe memo

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