Boholo ba lintho tse fumanehang ka tlase li phatlalalitsoe tlalehong ea tlhahlobo. "Rhetoric ea mokhatlo oa bosodoma ho ea ka lintlha tsa mahlale". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Liphumano tsa Bohlokoa

(1) Ho na le motheo o moholo oa bopaki bo matla le ba bongaka ba hore ho khahloa ho sa rateheng ha batho ba bong bo tšoanang ho ka felisoa ka mokhoa o phethahetseng.
(2) Boemo ba bohlokoa bakeng sa katleho ea kalafo e khutlisetsang pele ke ho nka karolo ha mokuli ho ba le maikutlo le takatso ea ho fetoha.
(3) Maemong a mangata, khahleho ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang, e ka bang teng nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng, e nyamela ntle le tšenyo ea letho lilemong tse holileng tsebong.

Selelekela

Tlhokomelo e khethehileng bakeng sa batho ba batlang ho tlosa tšusumetso e sa batleheng ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang (NGV) e bitsoa kalafo ea ntlafatso, SOCE.¹ kapa kalafo e iphetetsang. Hape, thuso e joalo e bitsoa phetiso, phetoho, phepo ea hetero-affirmative kapa reintegrative.

Kaha lintlha tsa tliliniki mabapi le phumano e atlehileng ea ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang le phetoho ea bophelo bo tloaelehileng ba bong bo fapaneng li nyenyefatsa tumelo ea "ho ts'oana" le "ho hloka botsitso" ha batho ba bong bo tšoanang, e hahang maqiti ohle a lipolotiki a basireletsi ba basodoma, ba ile ba etsa matsapa a mangata ho nyenyefatsa kalafo e iphetetsang. o mo nka e se na thuso ebile a le kotsi, hape ho basebelisi e le barati le balateli ba chesehelang bolumeli. E 'ngoe ea mantsoe a lulang a le teng a "LGBT +" ke polelo ea hore thuso ea litsebi ho thoe e ka se khone ho felisa GBV. Polelo ena ha se 'nete.

Phokotso ea NVG ka ho sebetsa le litsebi

Selemong sa 1973, ntle le egosyntonic (i.e. e amohelehang bakeng sa mokuli) bosodoma ho tsoa lenaneng la mathata a kelello, Mokhatlo oa Amerika oa Psychiatric o phatlalalitse tokomaneho latela 

"... Mekhoa ea kalafo ea sejoale-joale e lumella karolo e kholo ea basodoma ba batlang ho fetola boits'oaro ba bona ho etsa joalo ..." (Spitzer, 1973).

Polelo ena e amohetsoe ke Seboka sa Mokhatlo, Komiti ea Tsona le Boto ea Batsamaisi - lekhotla le nang le malapa a manyane a lokolohileng a ileng a vouta ka bonngoe hore a tlose bofetoheli ba bosodoma. APA e ne e tataisoa ke Molao-motheo oa Leona Tylerho latela hore na polelo ea litsebi tsa kelello e lokela ho theha data ea mahlale feela le boiphihlelo ba nnete ba litsebi. Joalokaha mopresidente oa mehleng oa American Psychological Association, Nicholas Cummings, a fana ka bopaki, haufi le lilemo tsa 90, mokhatlo o ile oa tlohela molao-motheo ona ho khahlisa morero oa lipolotiki.

Video ka Senyesemane

Leha ho le joalo, ho 2009, American Psychological Association e phatlalatsa tataiso bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea mafu a kelello le kalafo, tseo ho tsona e tlalehiloe e latelang:

"Bopaki ba morao-rao bo bonts'a hore maikutlo a bosodoma a ka fetoloa haholo ho bareki ba susumetsoang, le hore liteko tsa ho phekola hape ha li hlahise maikutlo." 
(Bohlokoa Psychopathology le kalafo ea eona (2009), 3d ed. leq. 468, 

Leha ho le joalo, likhoeling tse 'maloa hamorao, ka ho se lumellane ho matla, APA e phatlalatsa polelo ea hore phekolo e khutlisetsang ha e na thuso (APA 2009) Ke polelo ena eo babuelli ba LGBT + ba buang - mekhatlo lipuisanong ka monyetla oa phello ea kalafo e hohelang ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang. Sehlopha sa litho tsa APA bao hape e leng litho tsa mokhatlo oa litsebi oa Alliance for Therapeutic Choice², karabong ea polelo ea APA selemong sona seo e phatlalalitse tlhahlobo ea polelo ea APA, e thathamisitseng liphoso tse joalo tlalehong ea APA joalo ka khetho e khethiloeng ea mehloli (Phelan 2009a, leq. 45)Phelan 2009a, leq. 48) ts'ebeliso ea litekanyetso tse peli (Phelan 2009a, leq. 49), le ba bang.

Joale, ha e le hantle ho bontšoa eng polelong ea APA, haeba u e sekaseka ka hloko? Sephetho se akaretsang e ne e le ho nyatsuoa ha phekolo e khutlisetsang morao ka hore ha e na thuso ebile e kotsi. Leha ho le joalo, haeba u sheba maqephe a ho qetela a sephetho, u ka bona lintlha tseo bangoli ba tlaleho ba ileng ba qobelloa ho li ela hloko e le ho qoba ho qhekella, empa ha ba kenye lintlha tsena mantsoeng le litlhalosong tsa bona:

"... Re fumane hore mekhoa e sa fetoheng le ea sejoale-joale ea kalafo ea morao-rao ha e e-so hlahlojoe ka botlalo. Ha re nahana ka palo e lekanyelitsoeng ea lipatlisiso tse ts'epahalang, re ke ke ra fihlela qeto ea hore mefuta ea sejoale-joale ea kalafo e sebetsang e ea sebetsa kapa che .. "(APA 2009, leq. 43).

Litsebi tsa APA li bua ka eng? Taba ea hore ha baa ka ba fumana bopaki bo totobetseng ba hore phekolo ea bocha ha e na thuso. Ha ba na data e nepahetseng bakeng sa ho fihlela sephetho se joalo, leha ba entse sohle se matleng ho fokotsa, ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang ka tekanyetso ea tlhahlobo ea mahlale, bohlokoa ba lithuto bo sa amaneng le tlhaiso e mpe ea pheko e phetoang.³. Qetellong, hara lintlha tse thathamisitsoeng tokomaneng e le 'ngoe ea APA, ho na le bopaki feela ba hore pheko e khutlisetsang - ka tlasa maemo a itseng, ea mantlha eo takatso ea hae ea ho fetoha - e ea sebetsa. Babuelli ba LGBT + - mekhatlo e leka ho hokahanya khahleho ea bong bo le bong le biology le liphatsa tsa lefutso, ba re e ke ke ea fetoha, empa boemo bona bo hanana le litholoana tsa lithuto tse fapaneng tse thathamisitsoeng polelo ea APA.

Nahana ka mantsoe a qotsitsoeng ho tokomane ea APA:

“… HE Adams le Sturgis (1977) ba hlahlobile lithuto tse supileng tseo ba li khethileng e le tse laoloang ke mokhoa 'me ba fumana hore 34% ea batho ba 179 ba fokotsehile khoheli ea basodoma…. Har'a lithuto tseo ba li khethileng e le mokhoa o sa laoleheng oa mokhoa, ba fumane hore 50% ea batho ba 124 ba fokotsehile khoheli ea basodoma (leq. 36)

- McConaghy (1976) o fumane hore hoo e ka bang halofo ea banna ba eang ho e 'ngoe ea li-regimens tsa kalafo tse' ne ba tlaleha ho fokotseha ha takatso ea thobalano ho banna kamora likhoeli tsa 6. Boholo ba barupeluoa ba hlokometse ho fokotseha hoa takatso ea thobalano ho banna hang hoba kamora kalafo (leq. 3)

- McConaghy le Barr (1973) ba fumane hore hoo e ka bang halofo ea banna ba ileng ba fumana kalafo ba tlaleha ho fokotseha ha khang ea bosodoma (p. 38).

- Tanner (1975) e fumane hore ka lebaka la kalafo, boemo ba bonohe ba batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang bo ile ba fokotseha ka lebaka la susumetso ea pono (p. 38).

- Birk le basebetsi mmoho (1971) ba fumane hore 62% ea banna ba tšoaroang e bontšitse ho fokotseha ha drive ea balekane (p. 38).

- McConaghy le basebetsi-mmoho (1981) ba tlaleha hore 50% ea ba arabelang kalafo ba tlalehiloe ba fokotse takatso ea thobalano kamora 1 ka selemo (leq. 38).

- Phuputsong e 'ngoe, HE Adams le Sturgis (1977) e tlalehile hore 68% ea barupeluoa ba 47 e tlaleha ho fokotseha ha drive ea basodoma (p. 37).

- McConaghy (1976) e fumane hore selemo kamora kalafo, 25% ea banna e emisitse ka ho felletseng liketso tsa bosodoma, ho 50% ea banna maqhubu a bona a fokotsehileng, mme 25% e lutse e sa fetohe (p. 38).

- Phuputsong e 'ngoe, McConaghy le Barr (1973) ba tlalehile hore 25% ea banna ba fumanang phekolo e fokotse ts'ebetso ea bona ea bosodoma ka mor'a 1 ka selemo (leq. 38).

- Tanner (1975) e tlaleha ho fokotseha ho hoholo ha drive ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang ka lebaka la kalafo. (X. 38).

- Bancroft (1969) e hlokometse hore 4 ea 10 e tšoaroang ke banna e fokotse ts'ebetso ea bosodoma nakong ea ho latela. Freeman le Meyer (1975) ba tlalehile hore 7 ea banna ba 9 thutong ea bona ba ile ba tlohela ho etsa liketso tsa bosodoma 18 likhoeli tse ngata ka mor'a kalafo (p. 38).

- Ho ea ka lingoliloeng tse ling tse nang le linyeoe tsa bongaka le liphuputso, ho bile le ho fokotseha kapa ho nyamela ha bosodoma ho ba fumanang kalafo (Gray 1970; Huff 1970; B. James 1962, 1963; Kendrick & McCullough 1972; Larson 1970; LoPiccolo 1971; Segal & Sims 1972 (leq. 39) ... "(APA 2009).

Kahoo, esita le APA ha e bue ka qeto ea eona ea hore kalafo ha e na thuso. Ho sebetsa hantle ho 30 - 50% ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa mokhoa leha e le ofe oa ho etsa lipatlisiso, haese feela ho qolla tšobotsi ea mokhoa o joalo o "se nang thuso".

Ho phaella moo, NARTH e phatlalalitse tlaleho ea eona selemong seo, Seo Lipatlisiso li se Bontšang: Karabelo ea NARTH ho Litletlebo tsa American Psychological Association (APA) mabapi le Bosodoma.Phelan 2009b) Tlalehong ena, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo ea likhatiso ka mokhoa oa litlhaloso tsa linyeoe tsa kliniki ho tsoa ts'ebetsong, liteko tse laoloang le lits'ebetso lilemong tse lekholo tse fetileng.

Likhatiso tse fetang tsa 100 tsa puo ea Senyesemane tse hlalosang sephetho se atlehileng sa kalafo ea ho ntlafatsa maikutlo li bonts'itsoe tafoleng e ka tlase.

Mohloli	Mofuta oa kalafo	sephetho
Carl Jung e qotsitsoeng ho Fordham 1935	kalafo ya psychodynamic	o hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea monna oa mosodoma
Gordon 1930	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng bakeng sa mokuli oa basodoma
Stekel 1930	kalafo ya psychodynamic	o hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea bakuli ba bane ba basodoma
About xnumx	mekhoa ea ho itlhapisa	o hlokometse katleho ea litloaelo tse ipapisitseng le tloaelo
London 1950	kalafo ya psychodynamic	o hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea banna ba babeli ba basodoma
Allen 1952	kalafo ya psychodynamic	o hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea balekane ba babeli,  banna le basali
Poe 1952	phekolo ea ho ikamahanya le maemo	o hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea monna oa mosodoma
Caprio xnumx	kalafo ya psychodynamic	o hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea basali ba basodoma: "Bongata ba batho ba neng ba kile ba robala le nna ba ile ba mpolella nako e telele kamora kalafo ... hore ba ke ke ba hlola ba phela bophelo ba bosodoma»(P. 299)
Eliasberg 1954	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse kalafo ea banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba 12, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 5 (42%)
Bergler 1956	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea bakuli ba bong bo fapaneng ba 100, e leng palo ea 33% ea linyeoe tsohle tsa kalafo
Eidelberg ka Leru ea xnumx	kalafo ya psychodynamic	kalafo e atlehileng ea bakuli ba 2 ba tsoang 5 (40%)
Ellis 1956	kalafo ya psychodynamic	kalafo e atlehileng ea bakuli ba 40 (18 ♂, 12 ♀)
Berg 1958	kalafo ya psychodynamic	kalafo e atlehileng ea bakuli ba Xnumx
Hadn xnumx	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse kalafo ea banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba 3, katleho e fumanoe nyeoeng ea 1 (33%)
Hadfield xnumx	kalafo ya psychodynamic	kalafo e atlehileng ea bakuli ba Xnumx
Ross 1958	motswako wa mahlale	o hlokometse katleho ea litloaelo tse ipapisitseng le tloaelo
Robertiello 1959	kalafo ya psychodynamic	kalafo e atlehileng ea mokuli oa bong bo fapaneng
Ellis 1959	boits'oaro	o hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea monna oa mosodoma
Monroe 1960	psychodynamic kalafo ka mokhoa oa ho kopanya oa mahala	kalafo e atlehileng ea banna ba batona ba xnumx
Finny xnumx	motswako wa mahlale	o hlokometse katleho ea litloaelo tse ipapisitseng le tloaelo
Global 1960	kalafo ya psychodynamic ho 7 linyeoe tsa phekolo ea li-hormone	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 113, katleho e fumanoeng ho 44%
Beukenkamp xnumx	kalafo ea psychodynamic ea motho ka mong le sehlopha	o hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea monna oa mosodoma
Stevenson xnumx	Koetliso e matlafatsang	e hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea banna ba batona ba gnumx
Bieber xnumx	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 106, katleho e fumanoeng ho 27%
Coates 1962	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 45; ntlafatso (ho khaola boitšoaro ba batho ba bong bo tšoanang) e fihlelitsoe maemong a 7 (16%)
Ovesey 1963	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo e atlehileng ea banna ba bong bo tšoanang ba xnumx
Buki xnumx	motswako ho tsoa ho setsibi	o hlokometse katleho ea litloaelo tse ipapisitseng le tloaelo
Cappon 1965	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 150, katleho e fumanoe ho 30% ea banna, 50% ea basali, le har'a bakuli ba loanang - 90%
Mayerson ka Marmor xnumx	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 19, katleho e fumanoe ho 47% ea linyeoe
Mintz xnumx	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba 10, katleho e boletsoe ho 3 (30%)
Bokella xnumx	kalafo ea boits'oaro le Mekhoa ea ho khelosa	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 36, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 25 (69%)
Hadn xnumx	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 32, katleho e fumanoeng ho 38%
Kaye xnumx, leq. 633	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea basali ba basodoma ba 15, katleho e fumanoe ho 8 (55%)
Alexander 1967	mekhoa ea ho itlhapisa	o hlokometse katleho ea litloaelo tse ipapisitseng le tloaelo
Sebetsa xnumx	mekhoa ea ho itlhapisa	o hlokometse katleho ea litloaelo tse ipapisitseng le tloaelo
MacCulloch 1967	phekolo e khelosang	katleho ho phekoleng banna ba basodoma ba xnumx
Kraft xnumx	psychodynamic kalafo le boikemisetso bo botle	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Serban 1968	boits'oaro	e hlalositse katleho ho bakuli ba bong bo fapaneng ba Xnumx
Miller 1968	motswako wa mahlale	o hlokometse katleho ea litloaelo tse ipapisitseng le tloaelo
Ramsay xnumx	Mekhoa ea ho hloka boitlamo	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Freud 1968, leq. 251	kalafo ya psychodynamic	katleho ho phekola bakuli ba 2 ba tsoang 4 (50%)
Jacobi 1969	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 60, katleho e bonoe ho 6 (10%)
Fookes 1969	phekolo e khelosang	e hlalositse katleho ho phekoleng bakuli ba bong bo fapaneng ba 60%
McConaghy 1969	phekolo e khelosang	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Lamberd 1969	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse katleho ho bakuli ba bong bo fapaneng ba Xnumx
Bergin 1969	Mekhoa ea ho hloka boitlamo	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Ovesey 1969	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse katleho le banna ba botona ba Xnumx
Wallace xnumx	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Larson xnumx	boits'oaro	o hlalositse katleho ea mokhoa oo ho latela tloaelo ea bona, empa ha a fana ka lipalo tse hlakileng
Birk xnumx, leq. 37	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 26, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 9 (35%)
Huff xnumx	Mekhoa ea ho hloka boitlamo	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Bancroft ho Burns xnumx	mekhoa ea boikoetliso	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 15, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 5 (33%)
Kraft xnumx	psychodynamic kalafo le boikemisetso bo botle	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
McConaghy 1970	phekolo e khelosang	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Mandel xnumx	Mekhoa ea ho hloka boitlamo	o hlalositse katleho ea mokhoa o thehiloeng ho tloaelo
Hatterer xnumx	boits'oaro	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 149, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 49 (34%)
Cautela 1971	boits'oaro	e hlalositse katleho ho 37% ea linyeoe
Bieber ka Kaplan 1971	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse katleho ho 40% ea linyeoe
Truax 1971	kalafo ea sehlopha	o hlokometse katleho ea mokhoa ona ha a bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo
Hadn xnumx	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse katleho ho 30% ea linyeoe
Birk xnumx	boits'oaro	e hlalositse katleho ho xnumx%
Pittman xnumx	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 6, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 2 (33%)
Feldman xnumx, leq. 156	boits'oaro	e hlalositse kalafo ea banna ba basodoma ea 63, katleho e fumanoe ho 29% ea linyeoe
Van den Aardweg 1971	boits'oaro	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 20, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 9 (42%)
Shealy xnumx	boits'oaro	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Kendrick xnumx	Mekhoa ea ho hloka boitlamo	o hlalositse katleho ea mokhoa o thehiloeng ho tloaelo
Segal 1972	Mekhoa ea ho hloka boitlamo	o hlalositse katleho ea mokhoa o thehiloeng ho tloaelo
McConaghy 1972	phekolo e khelosang	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Barlow xnumx	phekolo ea boitšoaro	e hlalositse katleho ho xnumx%
McConaghy 1973	Reflex litsebi	e hlalositse katleho ho xnumx%
Maletzky 1973	boits'oaro	e hlalositse kalafo ea banna ba basodoma ea 10, katleho e fumanoe ho 90% ea linyeoe
Herman 1974	mahlale a kelello	e hlalositse kalafo ea banna ba basodoma ea 3, katleho e fumanoe ho 33% ea linyeoe
Birk xnumx, leq. 41	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 66, katleho e fumanoe ho 52% ea linyeoe
Bancroft xnumx	boits'oaro	e hlalositse katleho ho xnumx%
Cantón-Dutari 1974	mekhoa ea ho nyahlatsa, kalafo e khesang	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 54, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 48 (89%)
Orwin 1974	phekolo e khelosang	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Tanner xnumx	phekolo e khelosang	e hlalositse katleho ea mokhoa oo ho banna ba ratanang le balekane ba 8
Freeman xnumx	boits'oaro	e hlalositse katleho ho xnumx%
McConaghy 1975	phekolo e khelosang	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Cantón-Dutari 1976	mekhoa ea ho nyahlatsa, kalafo e khesang	e hlalositse kalafo e phethahetseng e atlehileng ho 11 ea linyeoe tsa 22 tsa banna ba basodoma (50%)
Callahan in Krumboltz 1976	Mekhoa ea ho hloka boitlamo	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Phillips 1976	mekhoa ea boits'oaro e hlophisehileng	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Socarides 1978, leq. 406	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea bakuli ba 44, katleho e fumanoe ho 20 (45%)
James 1978	mekhoa ea boits'oaro e hlophisehileng	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Bieber xnumx, leq. Xnumx	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo bakeng sa bakuli ba bong bo fetang ba 1000; kalafo e atlehileng e ne e tloha ho 30% ho 50%
Birk ka Marmor xnumx	kalafo ea sehlopha	e hlalositse kalafo ea banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba 14, katleho e fumanoe maemong a 10 (71%)
Pradhan xnumx	boits'oaro	e hlalositse kalafo ea banna ba bong bo fapaneng ea 13, e bonoang ho 8 (61%)
Cafiso 1983	mekhoa ea ho itlhapisa	e hlalositse katleho le monna oa bosodoma
Van den Aardweg 1986a; 1986b	phekolo ea kelello	e hlalositse kalafo ea mokuli oa 101, katleho e bonoe ho 30%, ntlafatso - ho 60%
Siegel 1988	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse kalafo ea basali ba basodoma ea 12, katleho e bonoe ho 50%
Berger 1994, leq. 255	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse katleho ho bakuli ba bong bo fapaneng ba Xnumx
Consiglio 1993	tlhokomelo ya boruti	e hlalositse phetoho e felletseng ea ketso ea bong bo fapaneng ho 85%
MacIntosh 1994	kalafo ya psychodynamic	tlhahlobo ea linyeoe tsa kalafo ea 1215 bakeng sa bakuli ba bong bo fapaneng, katleho e bonoe ho 23%, mme ho 84% litlamorao tsa kalafo tsa bohlokoa li ile tsa hlokomeloa
Schaeffer xnumx	tlhokomelo ya boruti	o hlalositse hore sehlopheng sa bankakarolo ba 140, ho 29% phetoho e phethahetseng ho ts'ebetso ea bong bo fapaneng e bonts'itsoe
Nicolosi 2000	kalafo ya psychodynamic, tlhokomelo ya boruti, thupelo	o hlalositse hore sehlopheng sa bakuli ba 882 (banna ba 689 le basali ba 193) ho 34,3% ea linyeoe phetoho e felletseng e amanang le ts'ebetso ea bong bo fapaneng e bile e khethiloe feela. Pele ho kalafo, 67% e bontšitse khahleho e khahlileng ea basodoma; kamora kalafo, 12,8%.
Shidlo 2002	kalafo ya psychodynamic	bangoli qalong ba ne ba ipehetse sepheo sa thuto ho bona kotsi ea kalafo e iphetetsang. Mohlala, lipapatso tsa ho fumana litho li ile tsa beoa ka har'a limakasine tsa bosodoma tlas'a sehlooho se reng “Re Thuse Tlaleha Kotsi! " Bangoli ba hlalositse sehlopha sa bakuli ba 202 (banna ba 182 le basali ba 20), bao 12,9% ba ileng ba nka phetoho ea ts'ebetsong ea bong bo atlehileng e atlehile.
Spitzer 2003	kalafo ya psychodynamic, tlhokomelo ya boruti	bafuputse sehlopha sa bakuli ba 200 (banna ba 143 le basali ba 57) ba ileng ba etsa kalafo e ipheta hape mme ba nka hore sephetho sa bona se atlehile. Bohle ba arabileng ba hlokometse boteng ba khahleho ea bong bo fapaneng, ho 17% ea banna le 54% basali bona ba ne ba khahloa haholo. Pele ho kalafo ea 46,% ea banna le 42% ea basali ba bontšitse khahleho ea bosodoma ka mor'a bongaka - 0%.
Karten 2006, ha e phatlalatsoe mohloling o hlahlobetsoeng ke lithaka	kalafo ya psychodynamic	fuputsa sehlopha sa banna ba 117 ba fumanang kalafo ea morao-rao. Ho fokotsehile ho hoholo hoa khahleho ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang ho tloha 4,81 ho ea 2,57 sethaleng sa Kinsey ho ile ha hlokomeloa
Cummings 2007, ha e phatlalatsoe mohloling o hlahlobetsoeng ke lithaka	kalafo ya psychodynamic	a bua sebokeng NTSANE e tlalehiloe ka 2005 hore ho 1959 - 1979 Banyalani ba 18000 ba retelehela tliliniking ea hae ka mathata a fapaneng, ao 1 600 e ikemiselitseng ho fetola maikutlo a bona a thobalano. Nakong ea kalafo, bakuli ba bangata ba bile le liphetoho tse ntle ho psyche, ka lebaka leo 2400 ea bona e ileng ea fetoha monna ea fapaneng.
Jones xnumx	tlhokomelo ya boruti	o hlalositse hore sehlopheng sa bankakarolo ba 73 ho 15% ho fokotsehile ho hoholo hoa drive ea basodoma le keketseho e kholo ho drive ea bong bo fapaneng e lemohuoe
Phelan 2017	kalafo ya psychodynamic	e hlalositse sehlopha sa banna ba 30, moo selemo kamora ho qeta kalafo, ho ileng ha hlokomeloa: khahloa ea thobalano feela ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng - 23% (0% pele ho kalafo), haholoholo ho ba bong bo fapaneng - 17% (0% pele ho kalafo), eo ho eona ebe degree ho ba bong bo fapaneng ke 10% (0% pele ho kalafo).

Ha re akaretsa bopaki bo fumanehang ho fihlela joale, re ka re ka karolelano ea batho ba bararo ba nkang karolo ea bongaka ba maikutlo a bongaka ba pheta ho nyamela ho felletseng ha maikutlo a batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ho theha maikutlo ho motho oa bong bo fapaneng, karolo ea boraro - phetoho ea bohlokoa ho hohelang batho ba bong bo fapaneng le ntlafatso e akaretsang ea bophelo bo botle ba kelello le. ts'ebetso ea sechaba, mme tlaleho ea boraro ho haella ha sephetho. Ntho ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa kalafong e atlehileng ea ho phekola ke takatso ea mokuli, tlhokomeliso ea mabaka a hohelang ho etsa thobalano le litlhoko tsa maikutlo tse tlase.

Litsi tsa bongaka tsa Bophirimela tse hananang le kalafo ea khoheli e sa batleheng ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang ka boikaketsi ba hore "e ka ba kotsi", ha e le hantle, li thetsa sechaba ka ho se hlalose hore: 

(1) All litšebeletso tsa mafu a kelello bakeng sa mathata ohle a botho le a mahareng a batho a ka ba kotsi; 
(2) Saense e nang le boikarabelo ha e so ka e bonts'a hore na menyetla ea ho lematsa kalafo e sa lakatseheng ea bong bo le bong e kholo, e lekana kapa e tlase ho kotsi ea psychotherapy e ngoe. (Sutton 2015

Lipatlisiso bonts'ahore boholo ba 5 - 10% ea bakuli ba tšoaroang ke kalafo ea kelello e ka ba le "litlamorao" - ke hore, ho mpefala ha maemo a bona. Lintlha tse amanang le kalafo li kenyelletsa boleng bo tlase ba likamano tsa batho, ho mamella ho fokolang ho tšoenyeha, tšusumetso e tlase, jj.

Phapang ea thobalano le boiketlo ho banna

Kamoo bo-ramahlale ba LGBT ba thetsang sephetho sa lipatlisiso mabapi le kalafo ea pheko

Pheliso e itlelang feela ea khoheli ea bosodoma

Khale selemong sa 1916, Freud puong ea hae "Leonardo da Vinci: Phuputso ea kelello le Tekano ea ho ba le Kelello Lits'oantsong" e itse:

"Ka ho shebella linyeoe ka kotloloho, re khonne ho bontša hore monna ea shebahalang a khona ho araba maikutlo a monna feela o arabela molemong oa basali, joalo ka motho e mong le e mong ea tloaelehileng, empa nako le nako ha a hlahisa thabo ea hae ho ntho e tona ..." (Freud 1916, III: 14).

Pono ena e tšehelitsoe ke lipatlisiso tsa sejoale-joale (Lifefo 1980, Tolman & Diamond 2014)

Ka selemo sa 1992, Shechter o hlalositse nyeoe ea phetoho e itlhahelang feela ho tloha liketsong tsa bosodoma ho ea ho monna oa monna ea ileng a etsa liteko tsa kalafo ea kelello le eena, empa eseng mabapi le NGV, empa ka lebaka le leng (Shechter 1992) Monna o ile a emisa likamano le molekane oa hae oa bosodoma, a emisa liketso tsa bosodoma, a ba le mehopolo ea thobalano le basali. Kamora hore a qale likamano tsa botona le botšehali le mosali, o hlalositse boemo ba hae ka mantsoe ana:

“… Nke ke ka ikarola ho eena mme oa e rata! ... Na motho e mong, joalo ka 'na, ka tšohanyetso a ka ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng? ... "(Shechter 1992, leq. 200).

Bafuputsi Michael le bo-mphato ba hae selemong sa 1994, ba ipapisitse le liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea thuto e kholo, ba fumane hore ho batho ba bang, ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang, ntle le ho fetohela kalafo e ka iphetetsang, ba ka fetoha ba bong bo fapaneng (Michael 1994).

Moprofesa Lisa Diamond, mofuputsi oa thuto ea kelello ea lilemo, setho sa komiti ea litsebi ea APA, ea sa pateleng maikutlo a hae a bosodoma, o ile a akaretsa litholoana tsa mosebetsi oa hae oa lilemo tse ngata puisanong le New Scientist:

"Thobalano e ea fetoha ... re tlameha ho amohela taba ea hore thobalano e ka fetoha" (Grossman xnumx)

Sengolong se ho The Journal of Sex Research, Diamond o ile a akaretsa lipatlisiso tsa mahlale, ho latela 26 - 45% ea banna le 46 - 64% ea basali ba tlaleha phetoho ea drive ea thobalano nakong ea nako (ho tloha 3 ho isa lilemong tsa 10), boholo ba tsona Ho tlaleha phetoho, ho tlalehiloe phetoho e lebisang ho monna oa bong bo fapaneng. (Diamond 2016).

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore ho fapana le polelo ea baetsi ba LGBT, mofuta oa takatso ea thobalano o ka fetoha monna oa bong bo fapaneng le ba bong bo tšoanang. Maemo a batho ba bong bo fapaneng e ba basodoma ka lebaka le feteletseng tlhekefetso le ho khotsofala ka likamano tse tloaelehileng tsa thobalano (Krafft-Ebing 1909), ka ho se khonehe ha nako e telele ha molekane oa batho ba bong bo fapaneng, hammoho le lebaka la ho kheloha (Meijer 1993) Lintlha tse mabapi le bophelo ba sebele ntle le pelaelo li bontša hore 'mele ea libopuoa tsohle tse phelang ka thobalano e etselitsoe likamano tsa bong bo fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, liphoofolo tse anyesang tse phahameng, tse kenyelletsang batho, li na le monyetla oa ho etsa liketso tsa thobalano maemong a itseng tse fetang tlasa semelo sa tlhaho ea tlhaho, eseng feela ka bong ba bona, empa hape le lintho tsa thobalano ka kakaretso. Boithuto bo bonts'a hore mofuta le matla a menahano e litšila ea motho ka mong a khetholla mokhoa oa hae oa ho etsa thobalano (Chelete le Tucker 1975, Lifefo 1980)

Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso li bontšitse hore khahleho ea monna ea ratanang le balekane e tsitsitse linako tse ling tsa 25 ho feta bosodoma. Bafuputsi Savin-Williams le Ream ba ile ba etsa lipatlisiso tsa cohort tsa nako e telele tsa bocha ho tloha lilemong tsa 17 le ho hlahloba hore na litšobotsi tsa ntlafatso ea thobalano li fetoha joang. Ba fumane hore ho 75% ea bacha ba bonts'ang thahasello ea bong bo tšoanang le ba motho lilemong tsa 17-21, kamora nako eo ba khahloa ke ho ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng, athe 98% ea bacha ba bonts'ang khahleho ea bong bo fapaneng e ntse e le nakong e tlang (Savin-Williams 2007).

Whitehead and Whitehead's (2007) ba phetetse tlhahlobo e qaqileng ea lithuto tsa Savin-Williams le Ream (2007), Michael le basebetsi mmoho (1994), le ba bang, mme ba fihlela qeto ea hore maemong a mang lithahasello tsa bosodoma li fetoha ba bong bo fapaneng ntle le tšusumetso efe kapa efe (Whitehead 2007)

Phuputsong e entsoeng ke Ott le basebetsi-mmoho (2011) ka lebaka la tlhahlobo ea sehlopha sa bacha ba 13 840, ho ile ha fumaneha hore 66% ea ba ipolelang hore ha ba na "bonnete ba" litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano hamorao e ba ba bong bo fapaneng feela (Ott xnumx).

Hape, tlhahlobo ea linyeoe tsa phetoho e itlhahelang feela ho tloha ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho ea ho ba bong bo fapaneng, e fumanehang ka har'a lingoliloeng tsa bongoli, e entsoe 2007 ho Sorba (Sorba xnumx, maqephe a 61 - 73).

Ho phekola litsebi le lipale tsa pheko e atlehileng ea NGV

1956 ke ngaka ea kelello e ikhethang ea mehleng ea hae Edmund Bergler o ngotse tse latelang:

"Lilemong tse 10 tse fetileng, se molemohali seo mahlale a ka fanang ka sona e ne e le poelano ea mosodoma le" pheletso "ea hae, ka mantsoe a mang, ho felisa maikutlo a ho ba molato. Phihlelo ea morao-rao ea kelello le lipatlisiso li pakile ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore pheletso eo ho nahanoang hore e ke ke ea khutlisoa ea basodoma (ka linako tse ling e bile e bakoa ke maemo a seng a le teng a bioloji le lihormone) ke karohano e ka fetoloang ea neurosis. Tšepo ea kalafo ea nako e fetileng e ntse e nyamela butle-butle: kajeno psychotherapy ea psychoanalytic e ka folisa bosodoma "... Na re ka phekola bosodoma bo bong le bo bong? - Che. Lintho tse hlokoang pele lia hlokahala, 'me haholo-holo, takatso ea mosodoma ho fetoha ...

Ha u habanya mahlo, bothata bona ba thobalano bo kopantsoe hammoho le ho itšenyeha ho tebileng, e iponahatsang ntle le tšebeliso ea thobalano, hobane e akaretsa botho bohle. Mmaba wa nnete wa monna wa bong bo sele ha se bokhopo ba hae, empa ke ho hloka tsebo ha hae hore a ka thusoa, hammoho le pono ea hae ea kelello, e mo etsang hore a qobe kalafo. Ho hloka tsebo hona ho tšehetsoa ke baetapele ba bong bo tšoanang ... "(Bergler 1956).

Moprofesa oa mafu a kelello, Nikolai Vladimirovich Ivanov (1907 - 1976), e mong oa bathehi ba litaba tsa thobalano ea Russia, o supile lintlha tse tharo tsa bohlokoa bakeng sa kalafo e atlehileng ea ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang: (1) Boikutlo ba mokuli - bo hana ho hoheleha, mme o tseba ka ho se lekane, Na e lebella litla-morao tsa sechaba haeba ho ka ba le tumello ea ho hohela? (2) boteng ba mokuli boiphihlelo ba bosodoma - boemo bona bo nkuoe ke N. V. Ivanov e le qeto. Haeba mokuli e le mohlankana kapa moroetsana, 'me ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang e ntse e le litoro le botsoalle bo bonolo - ho hlokahala hore ho sebelisoe psychotherapy e potlakileng, e tla tšepisa ho lebisa ntlafatsong e felletseng ea ho khahloa ke monna oa bong bo fapaneng; (3) sehlopha sa lintlha tse ling tsa ka hare le kantle tse susumetsang mokuli - tlhokomeliso ea mokuli ea motsotso oa ho fetohela (mohlala, mohopolo o matla haholo ka thobalano ntle le litabatabelo tsa bofebe pele ho nako ea ho kena bohlankaneng, ka mantsoe a mang ho lokisa thobalano); o bontšitse koluoa ​​ea kelello ea motho ea lulang kopanong ea bosodoma kapa ea nang le boits'oaro ba bong bo tšoanang, ho ba teng ha khahloa e le 'ngoe ka banna ba bong bo fapaneng, joalo-joalo (Ivanov 1966, leq. 134).

Moprofesa Ivanov o nkile "molao-motheo" kapa boitšoaro bo litšila e le mabaka a thibelang kalafo e khutlisetsang (empa mona, ka maikutlo a ngaka ea mafu a kelello, ha ho na lebaka la ho hana kalafo); tšepo ea "pilisi" (mohlolo); ho belaela ha mokuli (ke hore, ha e le hantle, ho ikemisetsa ho se chesehe ho fetoha).

Maemong ana kaofela, Ivanov a fana ka tlhahiso ea hore mokuli a hane kalafo pepenene, a hlakisa taba ea hore ha a na tlhoko ea kahare ea ho fapana, a fana ka maikutlo a hore mokuli o khutlela ngakeng ha bophelo ka boeona bo bile bo tsosa potso e bohloko ea ho se khonehe ha tsoelo-pele Ho ba teng ka boitšoaro bo litšila, ha a batla ho felisa bokuli bohle ka eena ”Ivanov 1966, leq. 134).

Moithuti oa Ivanov, Dr. Yan Genrikhovich Goland, o sebelisitse maikutlo a matichere ho nts'etsopele ea mokhoa o lumellanang oa kalafo oa ho khahla batho ba bong bo tšoanang, oo a ntseng a o sebelisa ka katleho ho fihlela kajeno. Therapy e na le mehato e meraro:
1) theho ea vacuum ea maikutlo a thobalano moo maikutlo a ho se tsotelle a mabapi le batho ba bong ba bona a ntlafatsoang;
2) sebopeho sa maikutlo a botle ba mosali le ho hohela ho eena.
Likamano tse haufi-ufi le mosali, kamano e kopanetsoeng ho monna le mosali.
Goland e amohela kalafo feela batho ba bong bo tšoanang ba bontšang takatso e tiileng ea ho felisa lithahasello tsa bona tsa basodoma, mme e tsebisa mabapi le katleho ea kalafo e atamelang 100%.

Mofuputsi oa Amerika Jeffrey Satinover o lumellana le datha tsena, ho latela hore, sehlopheng se khethiloeng ka hloko sa batho ba susumetsoang haholo, boemo ba kalafo bo atlehileng bo haufi le 100%, ha sampole e se nang mabaka, sephetho se atlehileng se ka ba 50% (Satinover xnumx, leq. 51).

Ngaka ea mafu a kelello ea Amerika Joseph Nicolosi (1947 - 2017) e hlahisitse mokhoa o sebetsang oa pheko e iphetisang, o thehiloeng khopolong ea hore ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo le bong ke sephetho sa seo ho thoeng ke "ho hloka boitsebiso ba bong" se hlahisoang ke ho khetholloa ho bong ba motho, ho hloka tšehetso ho batsoali le lithaka mabapi le ho theha boits'oaro ba bong, hape liteko tsa sechaba (Nicolosi 1991, 1993, 2009) Nicolosi o boetse o hatisitse lipampiri tse ngata tsa mahlale ho lingoliloeng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka.⁴.

Setsebi sa kelello sa Spain Elena Lorenzo Rego⁵ ka katleho ho thusa basodoma ba bacha ba batlang thuso. Ts'ebetsong ea hae, ho se ho na le palo e kholo ea linyeoe tsa ho khaotsa mokhoa oa bophelo ba bosodoma le phetoho likamanong le ba bong bo fapaneng (Portaluz 2014).

E mong oa litsebi tse tummeng tsa ho bua Serussia ka kalafo ea NGV Europe Bochabela ke setsebi sa kelello sa kelello sa Kiev le setsebi sa thobalano, Moprofesa Garnik Surenovich Kocharyan.

Ha lilemo li ntse li feta, likenolo tsa batho ba bangata ba lahlileng mokhoa oa bona oa ho ts'oara batho ba bong bo fapaneng 'me ba thehile maikutlo a ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng. Mohlala, W. Aaron o ngotse moqoqong oa hae oa bophelo:

"... Ka lilemo tse 20 ke ne ke le mosodoma (...) kajeno, lilemo tse ngata hamorao (...) Ke phela bophelo ba batho ba bong bo fapaneng 'me ke bo natefetse ..." (Aaron 1972, leq. 14).

Mehlala e meng e fanoa mesebetsing. Rekers (1995), Worthen (1984), Konrad (1987), Comiskey (1988), Judkins (1993). Breedlove (1994), E Matla (1994), Davies (1993), Goldberg (2008), Pabon (2015), Baley (xnumx), Glatze (2007). Mabapi le 100 mehlala ea likamano tsa batho ba sa rateng bosodoma e fanoa bukeng ea Voices of Hope: Matsatsi a Latelang a Lits'oants'o tse Ntle tsa Batho ba Bong bo Tšoanang - Buka ea Anthology of Gospel rutaMansfield xnumx).

Bopaki bo bongata le tšenolo li se li bokelletsoe marang-rang a batho ba kopanyang batho ba atlehang ho khahloa ke ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ba bophelo ba bosodoma.E fetotsoe»,«Mehopolo ea liphetoho»,«Mehopolo ea Tšepo"Le"Mantsoe a se nang lentsoe".

Khopolo-taba mabapi le kalafo ea Aversive

Ho "LGBT +" - rhetoric e ikemiselitseng ho felisa phekolo ea ntlafatso, taba ea hore, pejana, ho fihlela li-1970, basodoma ba ile ba tšoaroa ka ho fetisa motlakase ka bokong. U ka utloa hangata maikutlo le litlatse tse reretsoeng ho hlahisa kutloelo-bohloko har'a baahi ba sa tsebeng ba nalane, joalo ka ha pele batho ba nang le takatso ea bosodoma ba ile ba lahleloa ka likhoka ka setulong sa motlakase.

Bona ke leshano. E etselitsoe ho tšosa le ho theola batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ba bona ba lekang ho fumana monyetla oa ho tlosa NGV. Tlaleho e kaholimo (Phelan 2009b) e bontša ka mokhoa o hlakileng hore banna le basali ba nang le takatso ea ho felisa NVH ba atlehile ho fihlela sepheo sa bona ntle le ho "fetisetsa motlakase ka bokong". Ho li-1970's, ena e ne e le 'nete e tsebahalang ea saense, eo boralitaba bo bohareng bo ngotseng ka bolokolohi ka eona.

Mohlala, sengoloa koranteng ea The New York Times selemong sa 1971 se nang le sehlooho se reng "Basodoma ba bangata ba thusitsoeng ho ba bong bo tšoanang" se bua ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea kalafo - psychodynamics, kalafo ea sehlopha, mokhoa o kopaneng, jj.

"… Ba sebelisa mekhoa e mengata ea kelello, litsebi li fumane hore basodoma ba bacha ba ikemiselitseng ho fetola maikutlo a bona a thobalano ba na le monyetla o motle oa ho atleha. Ntle le moo, litsebi li tlaleha hore li thusitse 25-50% ea bakuli ba bona ba bong bo tšoanang ho fihlela khalemelo ea bong bo fapaneng, ho sa tsotelehe lilemo tsa bona kapa tšusumetso ea pele (...) Mekhoa ea kalafo e fapana ho tloha kalafong e tloaelehileng ea psychoanalytic ho isa ho psychotherapy e lebisitsoeng, kalafo ea sehlopha, kalafo ea boits'oaro le mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa tsena. (…) [Dr. Lawrence] Hatterer o leka ho thusa bakuli ba hae ho utloisisa tšimoloho ea boitšoaro ba bona ba bosodoma ka ho hlahloba likamano tsa malapa le boiphihlelo ba bongoaneng. Ka nako e ts'oanang, o leka ho fetola boits'oaro ba basodoma ka ho sebetsa le bakuli ba hae ho khetholla le ho qoba likarolo tsa bophelo tse qholotsang liketsahalo tsa bosodoma, le ho li nkela sebaka ka likamano tsa botona le botšehali le likamano. Ka mohlala, a ka fana ka maikutlo a hore mokuli a khaotse ho etela libaka tsa batho ba ratanang le ba bang mme a ea libareng tse tloaelehileng ho fapana le hoo, kapa a nke litšoantšo tsa banna le litšoantšo tsa banna.

Ngaka e re mokuli e mong ea lilemo li 30 o entse khalemelo e fapaneng ea bong bo fapaneng likhoeling tse tharo tsa kalafo. Monna ea se nang boiphihlelo bo atileng haholo ba bong bo fapaneng o ile a qala kalafo a le makhatheng a ho ipolaea, ka ho arohana le monna eo a neng a lula le eena lilemo tse peli. Dr. Hatterer o re: "Kamora metsotso e robeli feela ea 45 le 27 e mametseng ho rekota, monna eo o ile a kopanela liphate mme a boloka likamano tse atlehileng tsa thobalano le monyaluoa oa hae makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke," ho bolela Dr. Hatterer.

Karolo ea bohlokoa ka ho fetisisa ea kalafo ke ho tsebisa mokuli hore ho na le monyetla oa ho thusa bothata ba hae ka tsela e itseng.

Setsing sa Institute of Behaeveal Therapy Univesithing ea Temple, Dr. Joseph Walp le basebetsi mmoho le yena ba leka ho phekola batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng ka ho fetola maikutlo a bona ka ho sebelisa mekhoa ea boitšoaro.

Tlhaselo ea bona ea "litsela tse tharo" e ama tšabo ea basodoma ea ho kopana le basali, khoheli ea bona ho banna, le tšabo ea bona e akaretsang ea batho. Mohlala, ho felisa tšabo ka basali, mokuli o ea boemong ba boikhathollo bo tebileng ebe o tsebisa basali. Ho hlakola thahasello ea bona ea thobalano ho banna, bakuli le bona ba ba le khatello ea maikutlo e "ts'oanang" joalo ka metlakase e bobebe ha ba ntse ba bontša litšoantšo tsa banna ba hlobotseng ... "(Broody xnumx).

Joale, ke ena - ho buuoa ka motlakase oa motlakase! Hantle-ntle ho etsahetse'ng?

Ka bongaka, ho hlile ho na le mokhoa o joalo oa kalafo o joaloka ho fetisetsa motlakase ka bokong ba mokuli bakeng sa 0.1 ho isa metsong ea 1 - e bitsoa electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Mokhoa ona o ile oa khothalletsoa ho 1938 bakeng sa kalafo ea mathata a tebileng a lefu la kelello (Wilson 2017) ECT e ntse e sebelisoa le kajeno ho phekola mafu a kelello a fapaneng ao mefuta e meng ea kalafo e se nang phello e lakatsehang. Joalokaha ho hlokometsoe ho tekolo koranteng e hlahlojoang ke lithaka Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience:

"Kalafo ea electroconvulsive ke mokhoa o nkoang nako e telele oa ho phekola mafu a fapaneng a kelello. Ho theosa le mashome a lilemo, mokhoa oa ECT o amohetse lintlafatso tse ngata. Leha a tšoaetsoa liphoso haholo, ECT e ntse e sebelisoa khafetsa litloaelong tsa bongaka ... "(Singh le Kumar Kann 2017).

Hajoale, bakuli ba ka bang limilione tse 1 ka selemo ba sebelisa phekolo ea motlakase ho phekola mafu a fapa-fapaneng a kelello le a methapo, hangata khatello e matla ea maikutlo, catatonia le lefu la manic. Joalokaha BBC Psychology e ngola:

"... Phekolo ea motlakase e thusa bakuli maemong a 80% - empa sekhobo se amanang le mokhoa ona se fana ka maikutlo a hore ECT ha e thuse batho bohle hore e ka thusa ..." (Riley 2018)

Ho joalo, ho na le ngangisano e matla mabapi le katleho, polokeho le melao ea boitšoaro ea ECT. Empa ha li na thuso ho sehlooho - ECT ha e e-so sebelisoe ka molao kalafong ea bosodoma.

Litšoantšo tse tšosang tsa ho tsitsipana ha batho ba otlang litšibollo tsa motlakase le litšupiso tse mabapi le sebopeho sa Jack Nicholson oa baesekopo ea "Flight over the Cuckoo's Nest" ea selemo sa 1975, se neng se tletse lisebelisoa tsa "LGBT +" - mekhatlo ka taba ea kalafo - ha e amane ka letho le taba ena.

Litšisinyeho tse bobebe tsa motlakase tse hlalositsoeng sehloohong se kaholimo ho New York Times li amana le mokhoa oa ho hlaposa oa kalafo. Phekolo e fapaneng ha se kalafo ea electroconvulsive. Ka kalafo e khelohang, matla a motlakase ha a fetisoe ka bokong ba mokuli.

Pheko e feto-fetohang, e ipapisitseng le boemo ba khale ba Pavlov, e kenella ho thehoeng ha maikutlo le takatso e sa batleheng maemong a boemo bo hlalositsoeng. Mokhoa ona o ne o sebelisoa ho itlosa bolutu ka lithethefatsi, phobias, mabifi, mathata a thobalano esita le li-spasms (McGuire le Vallance 1964) Sena se fihlelloa ka ho hokahanya motho ea sa khaotseng (koae, litoro tsa thobalano, litšoantšo tsa bootsoa, ​​jj.) Le maikutlo a sa thabiseng (bohloko, ho nyekeloa, tšabo, jj.). Motlakase oa motlakase o hlahisoa ke lisebelisoa tse sebelisang betri ea 9-volt, moo mokuli ka boeena a ipehelang boemo ba ho omella boo a ka bo mamellang, bo tsamaisoang ka cuff electrode ho ea biceps kapa sebakeng sa leoto le tlase (ha ho joalo sebakeng sa genital).

E ne e le mokhoa ona oa kalafo o khelohang o neng o sebelisoa ka tumello ea bakuli ho tlosa HBV. Ka lilemo tsa 70, kalafo ea boits'oaro e ne e se e tumme ka bongata, mme lithunya tse khahlang li ile tsa rekisoa le bakeng sa ts'ebeliso ea lapeng.

Ntle le mekhelo e sa tloaelehang, kalafo e khopisang e nang le motlakase oa motlakase ha e sebelisoe kajeno kalafong ea NGV ka lebaka la likotsi tse 'maloa tse amanang le ho se tsitse ha phello. Phekolo ea Aversive e bolela kalafo ea boits'oaro, eo lebitso la eona le bolelang, e sebetsanang feela le boits'oaro - i.e. matšoao a kantle a bothata. Ho rarolla mathata a ipapisitseng le mabaka a mantlha a kelello (joalo ka bosodoma), ts'ebetso ea ona ha e na nako e telele, hobane mosebetsi ha o reretsoe ho felisa sesosa, empa ka ho hatella liponahatso tse bonahalang. Li-reflexes tse nang le maemo li hlaha tlasa maemo a itseng ebe lia nyamela ha li le sieo. Ka hona, ho boloka mokhoa oa ho lula o hlohlontša kholiseho ho khothatso e itseng, ho hlokahala ho matlafatsa ea pele ho ea pele. Ha ho sa matlafatsoe ka tatellano, ho felisoa hoa boemo bo hlalositsoeng ho ka reroa ho ka etsahala. Kahoo, tlhahlobo ea 1968 ea selemo e bonts'itse hore ka lebaka la kalafo e khopameng ea ho kheloha ka thobalano, ntlafatso e etsahetse ho 23 ea linyeoe tsa 40 (57%), empa ha ho hlahlojoa selemo hamorao ho ile ha fumaneha hore katleho e felletseng e bolokiloe maemong a 6 feela (15%) (Bancroft le Marks 1968) Sekhahla sa ntlafatso sa "transvestites", "fetishists" le "sadomasochists" se ne se phahame, liphetho li ne li sa khahlise batho ba bong bo tšoanang ebile li le tlase haholo ho batho ba transgender. Bakeng sa papiso, bakuli ba qetileng thupelo ea pshododynamic ba ile ba lula ba ratana le balekane lilemo tse mashome a mabeli hamorao (Bieber le Bieber 1979, leq. 416).

Phekolo ea Aversive ke karolo ea litekanyetso tsa kalafo ea Federal mme e sebelisetsoa ho phekola mathata a 'maloa. Litsebi lia lumela hore tšebeliso ea kalafo e khopisang e ka etsahala 'me ka linako tse ling ea hlokahala, empa ho fihlela sephetho se hantle le se tsitsitseng haholo, ho lakatseha hore e etsoe hammoho le mekhoa e meng ea psychotherapeutic.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore baitseki ba mokhatlo oa "LGBT +", ba batlang ho thibela mekhoa efe kapa efe ea ho hohela batho ba sa rateng ba bong bo tšoanang, ba bue ka "lits'oso le likotlo" tseo ho thoeng li hlokofalitsoe ke batho bao ho thoeng ba etsa kalafo e joalo. Mohlala, nakong ea nyeoe mabapi le thibelo ea kalafo e khutlisetsang lekhotleng la Amerika le 2013, ho ile ha utluoa bopaki ba Briel Goldani (monna ea ileng a etsa ts'ebetso ea bongaka le ea molao ea ho fetohela ho mosali). Ho latela bopaki bona, ha a le lilemo li 13 (selemo sa 1997), batsoali ba hae ba ile ba mo romella ka likhoka ho "kampo ea khalemelo ea bosodoma" e bitsoang "Litataiso tsa 'Nete" ho la Ohio, moo bana ba qobelloang ho ea litšebeletso tse mpe tsa kereke le ho ipholla litho tsa botona le botšehali litšoantšong tsa bong bo fapaneng. , ba ile ba fuoa litokisetso tse matla tsa emetic mme li-elektrode tse nang le hona joale li ile tsa kenngoa matsohong a bona ka lihora tse peli. E utloahala e le mpe e bile e tšosa: "kampong ea basodoma ea Bokreste."

Leha ho le joalo, ka lebaka la cheke e felletseng, ha ho bopaki bo tšehetsang eo ho thoeng ke Goldani bo fumanoeng, ha ho bana ba bang bao ho thoeng ba fumana kalafo kampong ba hlahileng, cheke ea mochochisi ha ea ka ea tiisa boteng ba kampo e joalo. Sebaka feela moo "kampo ea boiphetetso ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang" e neng e bitsoa "Tataiso ea 'Nete" e ne e le ... filimi ea Hollywood ea 1999, e neng e etelletsoe pele ke motsamaisi oa li-lesbiene, moo a neng a bapala karolo ea RuPaul ea tummeng oa kamohelo ea basali.Doyle 2013; Sprigg 2014) Ka tlhaho, ha ho liqoso tse ileng tsa tlisoa khahlanong le tlolo ea molao ea Goldany.

Mohlala o mong o ts'oanang o amana le monna oa bosodoma Samuel Brinton, ea ileng a qosa batsoali ba hae ka "ho mo otla bakeng sa bosodoma" ha a le ngoana, mme a boela a mo romela kampong e "khalemelo" e ts'oanang, moo a ileng a "kenngoa ka linale tse tšesaane tlasa lipekere tsa hae. ba tšela setsi sa motlakase, se tšelang leqhoa le ho futhumatsa malinyane ha ba ntse ba shebelletse litšoantšo tsa batho ba bong bo tšoanang. ” Ha a fana ka lipotso (tse lefsitsoeng) lipuisanong tsa lipuisano, Brinton o ile a eketseha haholo, mme lintlha tsa tlhokofatso e sehlōhō li ile tsa mpefala le ho feta. Leha ho le joalo, tlhahlobo ea mantsoe a hae, esita le ho baetsi ba bang ba "LGBT +", ha ea ka ea senola letho le ka netefatsang seo a se buileng - ho fapana le hoo, lintlha tse ngata tse hanyetsanang le tse hlakileng li fumanoe (Sprigg 2014).

Leshano lena le hlokang tšabo le reretsoe ho tšosa le ho nyenyefatsa batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang ba qalang ho batla litsela tsa ho khahla takatso ea bona ea bong bo tšoanang, e ba sitisang ho phela bophelo bo felletseng (mme ho na le ba bangata). Leshano lena le ka bolaea: hoo e batlang e le batho bohle bao e neng e le basodoma ba tlaleha hore menahano ea bona ea ho ipolaea ha e hlahisoe ke ho hloea tikoloho, empa e bile ka lebaka la boikhohomoso le maikutlo a bona ho hloka tšepohobane ba ne ba kholisitsoe hore ha ba na mokhoa oa ho fetoha.

Taba ea hore batho ba susumetsang ba khona ho khaola ka ho sa feleng batho ba bong bo fapaneng 'me e ba batho ba bong bo fapaneng e nyenyefatsa mantlha ea litaba tsa boloi, tse bolelang hore bosodoma ke thepa ea kahare le e sa fetoheng, joalo ka morabe, ka hona, baitseki ba LGBT ha ba khese le litšōmo tse seng bohlale haholo.

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Lintlha

1 Senyesemane: "Liphetoho tsa likamano tsa botona le botšehali" - "liteko tsa ho fetola maikutlo a thobalano"

2 Pele e ne e le Mokhatlo oa Sechaba oa Phuputso le Phekolo ea Bong ba Batho ba Bong bo Tšoanang (NARTH)

Mohlala oa 3, sebelisa mekhoa e thata ka ho fetisisa ea ho sebetsa hantle, u se ke ua tsotella linyeoe tsa motho ka mong tsa kalafo tse sebetsang, empa ela hloko linyeoe tse tšoanang tsa sephetho se seng.

4 https://www.josephnicolosi.com/published-papers/

Xnumx Elena Lorenzo Rego

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Tlhahisoleseling e eketsehileng

Tlhahisoleseling le lintlha tse ling li ka fumanoa mehloling e latelang:

1. https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#WitnessesPhelan JE, et al. Seo Patlisiso e se Bontšang: Karabo ea NARTH ho Tletlebo ea APA mabapi le Bosodoma Tlaleho ea Komiti ea Boeletsi ea Saense ea teena Mokhatlo oa Naha oa Lipatlisiso le Therapy ea Bong bo Tšoanang. Tlaleho ea Botsoa ba Batho. 2009b; Buka ea 1.
2. Ka 2003 AD, Phelan JE Lintlha le litšōmo mabapi le mekhoa ea ho feto-fetoha le maikutlo nakong e fetileng ea Phekolo ka Phekolo ea Litakatso tsa Batho ba Bong bo Tšoanang. Alliance for Therapeutic Choice le Saense e Tšepahalang, 2005.
3. Sebaka sa lingaka tsa heteroaffirmative: https://iftcc.org/
4. Sebaka sa batho ba khahloang ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang, ba atlehileng ho tlisa liphetoho: https://changedmovement.com/
5. Bopaki ba Liphetoho: https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#Witnesses

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