Boholo ba lintho tse fumanehang ka tlase li phatlalalitsoe tlalehong ea tlhahlobo. "Rhetoric ea mokhatlo oa bosodoma ho ea ka lintlha tsa mahlale". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Liphumano tsa Bohlokoa

1. Гипотетический «ген гомосексуализма» не известен, он никем не открыт.
2. Исследования, лежащие в основе заявления о «врожденности гомосексуализма» имеют ряд методологических неточностей и противоречий, и не позволяют сделать однозначных выводов.
3. Даже имеющиеся исследования, цитируемые активистами движения «ЛГБТ+», говорят не о генетической детерминированности гомосексуальных наклонностей, а в лучшем случае о комплексном влиянии, в котором генетический фактор предположительно обусловливает предрасположенность, в сочетании с влиянием окружающей среды, воспитанием и др.
4. Некоторые известные личности среди гомосексуального движения, в том числе учёные, критикуют заявления о биологической предопределенности гомосексуализма и говорят, что он обусловлен сознательным выбором.
5. Авторы методики ЛГБТ-пропаганды «After The Ball» рекомендовали лгать о врождённости гомосексуализма:

«Во-первых, необходимо убедить широкую общественность, что геи являются жертвами обстоятельств, и что они выбирают свою сексуальную ориентацию не более, чем они выбирают свой рост, цвет кожи, таланты или ограничения. Leha taba ea hore, ho bonahala, maikutlo a thobalano ho batho ba bangata e le sehlahisoa sa tšebelisano e rarahaneng lipakeng tsa tlholeho e amanang le tlhaho le maemo a tikoloho bongoaneng le bonyenyaneng, re tiisa hore bakeng sa merero eohle e sebetsang, ho lokela ho nahanoa hore basodoma ba hlahile ka tsela eo.

<..>
Гомосексуалисты ничего не выбирали, никто никогда их не одурачивал и не соблазнял».

Selelekela

Taba ea hore ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang ke ea tlhaho - ke seo ho thoeng Khopolo-taba e mabapi le tlhaho ea ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang ke e 'ngoe ea lintho tsa bohlokoa molemong oa "LGBT +". Polelo ea "Born This Way"¹, e hasantsoeng ka matla moetlong o tummeng, e ile ea lebisa litsebi tse ngata tseo e seng litsebi ho nahana hore mofuta oa tlhaho oa bosodoma ke ntho e ke keng ea phetoa le e netefalitsoeng. Sena ha se nnete.

Lintlha tse tšepahalang ka ho fetisisa mabapi le bosodoma ha li bonts'e kamano ea tlhaho, empa kamano ea tikoloho le tikoloho le tikoloho. Boiteko ba mashome a lilemo a morao tjena ba ho fumana data e ka tšehetsang khopolo ea baeloji bo hlahisitse lipelaelo feela tsa hore lintlha tse joalo li teng.

Taba ea hore na tlhaho ea tlhaho ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang ha e hlalosoe ka boyona - ka har'a sebopeho sa eona ho na le mehopolo e 'meli e hlalosang moelelo oa "tlhaho ea tlhaho" ea litakatso tsa bong bo tšoanang: (A) Ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang ho bakoa ke "mofuta o ikhethileng" kapa liphatsa tsa lefutso, ka mantsoe a mang bosodoma ka har'a DNA ea motho 'me e fetisoa ho tloha molokong ho ea molokong. (B) Ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang ho bakoa ke ho hlabana ka linako tsohle nakong ea kemolo (li-hormone kapa boits'ireletso ba mmele) tseo ho thoeng li ama lesea ka popelong mme li fella ka thato ea bosodoma ho ngoana.

Kahoo, puisano ea hypothesis ea biological Detacism e tla aroloa likarolo tse tharo. Karolo ea pele e tla hlahloba ka ho hlaka mabaka a mabapi le kamano ea bosodoma le liphatsa tsa lefutso, karolo ea bobeli e tla hlahloba ka ho hlaka mabaka a mabapi le nts'etsopele ea ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng ka lebaka la ho senyeha ha li-hormone tsa intrauterine. Karolong ea boraro, mohopolo oa mofuta oa autoimmune oa ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang o tla hlahlojoa ka botebo.

Karolo ea Pele: Gay gene?

Polelo mabapi le mofuta oa tlhaho ea bosodoma e thehiloe tlhahiso e ikhethang ea tlhaiso-leseling le tlhaiso-leseling ea lintlha tse ling har'a batho ba bangata ba se nang tsebo e ikhethang mabapi le lefutso. Mahlale ha a tsebe "mofuta oa bosodoma", ha o so ka o bonoa kae kapa kae, leha ho bile le liteko tse ngata.

Nahana ka lithuto hore na li-activist tsa LGBT + li etelletse pele khang ena. Pele ho tsohle, ho bohlokoa ho hlalosa ka bokhutšoanyane hore na ke mekhoa efe ea mantlha eo bo-rasaense ba ka e khethang hore na thepa ea motho (tšobotsi) e ikemiselitsoe ka liphatsa tsa lefutso. Mekhoa ena e kenyelletsa lipatlisiso tsa mafahla le tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.

Lithuto tsa Twin

Ho hlahlojoa ha mafahla a tšoanang ke mokhoa o lekaneng oa ho etsa lipatlisiso ho lekola hore na litšobotsi life kapa life li na le motheo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ho qala ka - poleloana e reng "mafahla a tšoanang" e bolelang? Mafahla a joalo a tsoa lehe le emolisitsoeng le arotsoeng likarolo, moo likokoana-hloko li arohanang, e leng likopi tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso. Mefuta ea bona e kopane ho 100%, o ka ba bitsa clones ea tlhaho. Li-twine tse nang le boitsebiso bo boetse li bitsoa mafaana a tšoanang kapa a monozygous (homozygous). Mafahla a basodoma a thehoa ho tsoa mahe a fapaneng, a entsoe ka peo e fapaneng. Mefuta ea bona e hokahana ka bongata ka 50%, ho ka ba le bong bo fapaneng, bolelele, 'mala oa mahlo, moriri, jj. Mafahla a sa bonahaleng a boetse a bitsoa a sa tšoane kapa a dizygotic (heterozygous) kapa mafahla a mabeli.

Thutong ea mafahla, concordance (coincidence) e ithutoa. Concordance ea tšobotsi ke monyetla oa ponahatso ea tšobotsi eo mafahla ka bobeli a nang le eona. Haeba tšobotsi ea litšobotsi leha e le life ka mafahla a tšoanang e phahame, re ka fihlela qeto ea hore tšobotsi ena mohlomong e bakoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso. Haeba concordance ea tšobotsi ka mafahla a ts'oanang e sa fetelle concordance ka mafahla a tšoanang, hona ho bontša hore bakeng sa sebopeho sa tšobotsi ena tikoloho ka kakaretso e ka ba ntho ea bohlokoa ho feta mefuta e tloaelehileng (Yarygin 2003).

Hoa hlokahala ho hlakisa hantle hore na concordance e bontša eng. Ha ho moo e supang boteng ba mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa lefutso. Cordordance ea tšobotsi e mafahla e bontša boholo ba lefa la mokhoa ona. Mona ho bohlokoa ho lula moelelo oa lentsoe "heritability" lithutong tsa mafahla. Lefa ke karolo ea hore na phapang e itseng bathong e fapane hakae (ke hore, tšobotsi ena e ka fapana hakae ho motho ka mong) e amanang le phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho batho ba fuoeng. Leha ho le joalo, lithutong tsa mafahla, heritability ha se tekanyo ea tlhahlobo ea semelo ea tšobotsi.

Litšobotsi tse batlang li ikemiselitsoe ka nepo li ka ba le litekanyetso tse tlase haholo, ha litšobotsi tse se nang motheo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka bonts'a boleng bo phahameng ba lefu. Mohlala, palo ea menoana - e mehlano palong e 'ngoe le e' ngoe - ho batho e batla e lekantsoe ka botlalo liphatsa tsa lefutso. Empa palo ea menoana ho motho e tšoauoa ka ho feto-fetoha ho tlase, mme ho fapana ho atileng maemong a mangata ho hlalosoa ke lintho tse seng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse joalo ka likotsi, tse hlahisang tšebelisano e tlase ea heritability ea tšobotsi. Ka mantsoe a mang, haeba u ka fumana lipara tse mashome a mararo moo e mong a ke keng a ba le menoana e mehlano letsohong la hae, palo e lekanang ea menoana ea mor'abo e mong e tla bonoa ka palo e nyane haholo ha e le teng.

Ho fapana le hoo, mekhoa e meng ea setso e ka ba e khahlisang haholo. Mohlala, haeba re ne re nahana ka ho roala masale a Amerika bohareng ba mashome a mabeli a lilemo, ebe re tla bona hore e tšoauoa ka tekanyo e phahameng ea menitability, hobane ka nako eo e ne e its'etleha haholo ka bong, e leng, bo amanang le boteng ba lipara tsa li-chromosomes tsa XX kapa XY, ka hona ho fapana ha masale a apereng ho amana hantle le phapang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, leha taba ena e le moetlo ho fapana le ketsahalo ea tlhaho. Mohlala, haeba u ka hlahloba lipara tse mashome a mararo tsa banana ba mafahla moo e mong oa bona a apereng masale, joale ho 100% ea linyeoe tsa bobeli le tsona li ka roala masale. Kajeno, tšoaneleho ea heritability ea masale a apereng e ne e tla ba tlase ho feta Amerika ka bo mashome a mabeli a lilemo, eseng hobane ho bile le liphetoho mokhoeng oa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa Maamerika, empa hobane palo ea banna ba apereng masale e eketsehile (Thibela xnumx).

E mong oa bo-pula-maliboho ba amanang le liphatsa tsa lefutso e ne e le ngaka ea mafu a kelello ea Amerika e tsoang lelapeng la Jeremane, Franz Joseph Kallmann. Sengolong se phatlalalitsoeng ho 1952, o itse ho mafahla a 37 a mahlale a tšoanang (monozygous) ao a ithutileng, haeba e mong oa mafahla e ne e le bosodoma, joale ea bobeli e ne e le bosodoma, ke hore, degree ea concordance e ne e le ntho e makatsang ea 100% (Kallmann xnumx) Kallmann ha a ka a bontša ka ho hlaka kamoo a lekotseng maikutlo a barupeluoa thutong ea hae. Hape, sengoli ha sea ka sa supa kamoo a entseng ho hira barupeluoa thutong, athe sengoloa se itse: "lipatlisiso tsa ba nkang karolo ba ne ba sa hlophisoa eseng feela ka thuso ea mekhatlo ea kelello, khalemelo le liphallelo, empa hape le ka likamano tse tobileng le lefatše la bosodoma"Kallmann xnumx) Ka hona, thuto ea Kallmann e ile ea nyatsoa haholo (Taylor 1992): Rosenthal e bontšitse boholo ba batho ba nang le mathata a kelello har'a ba arabetseng Kallmann (Rosenthal xnumx), Likken o hlokometse boholo ba mafahla a monozygotic a sampole ea Callamanne ha a bapisoa le sechaba ka kakaretso: (Lykken 1987).

Moprofesa Edward Stein o phethile ka hore sampole ea Kallmann "ho hang e ne e se moemeli oa batho ba bong bo tšoanang" (Stein xnumx) Ho feta moo, Kallmann ka boeena o ile a lumela hore o nka liphetho tsa hae e le "setšoantšo sa maiketsetso" (Pula ea 1960) Ho lipalopalo, disampole tse kang sampole thutong ea Kallmann li bitsoa "sampole tse bonolo" - li kenyelletsa khetho ea lintho ho latela maemo a loketseng mofuputsi. Ho sebelisa mohlala o joalo, motho a ke ke a etsa saense e akaretsang, hobane thepa ea sampole e joalo ha e bonts'e thepa ea bongata ka kakaretso.

Mohlala, haeba tlhahlobo e etsoa setsing sa mabenkele hoseng ka letsatsi le le leng feela, litholoana tsa sona ha li emele maikutlo a litho tse ling tsa sechaba, joalo ka ha ho bile joalo haeba tlhahlobo e entsoe ka linako tse fapaneng tsa letsatsi le makhetlo a 'maloa ka beke. Kapa haeba u botsa bareki lebenkeleng hore na ba tla reka joala, joale ka Labohlano bosiu, sephetho se ke ke sa tsamaellana le sephetho ka Sontaha.

Ho 1968, litsebi tsa Amerika Heston le Shields ba ile ba hlahloba concordance ea bosodoma ho li-twine tsa 7 tse tšoanang. Barupeluoa ba ithutoang ba ile ba fumanoa bukeng ea Madsley Twin Record (Heston xnumx) Bohle ba arabelang e ne e le bakuli ba kelello. Bangoli ba senoletse concordance ka mafahla a tšoanang ho 43%. Boithuto bona bo ile ba nyatsuoa hape, ho kenyeletsoa ke bangoli ka bo bona, ka lebaka la bokuli ba kelello ba ba nkang karolo le boholo ba sampole e nyane haholo (Taylor 1992; Heston xnumx).

Boithuto ba Bailey le pilara

Boithuto bo latelang ba ho hohela thobalano har'a mafahla bo entsoe 1991 ke Michael Bailey oa Univesithi ea Northwestern le Richard Pillard oa Univesithi ea Boston Amerika (Bailey 1991) Ba ile ba hlahloba concordance ea bosodoma ho barab'eso ba maemo a fapaneng a kamano. Li-pair tsa 56 tsa mafahla a tšoanang, ma-54 a mafahla a tšoanang, bana ba 142 le li-pair tsa 57 tsa li-stepbrothers li ile tsa hlahlojoa². Tafole e ka tlase e bonts'a sephetho sa bohlahlobo ba bona.

Tebello ea bong ba batho ba bong bo tšoanang
ho latela boemo ba kamano (Bailey 1991)

Mofuta oa likamano	Peresente ea mefuta eohle	Concordance
Ke mafahla a tsebahalang	100%	52%
Ke mafahla a sa ts'oaneng	50%	22%
Barab'eso ba Twin	50%	9,2%
Ma-stepbrothers (eseng beng ka motho)	Ha ho lintlha tse tšoanang tsa bohlokoa	11%

Bailey le Pillard ba boletse hore ho tloha ho 52% ea linyeoe ngoan'eno oa bobeli ka mafahla a tšoanang le eena o ne a e-na le likhetho tsa bosodoma, "" litloaelo tsa bosodoma li bakoa ke tšusumetso ea lefutso ... ".

Boithuto ba Bailey le Pillard, joalo ka lithutong tse fetileng tsa mafahla, bo na le mathata a mantlha. Taba ea mantlha, haeba bosodoma bo ne bo ka khethoa ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, concordance har'a mafahla a ts'oanang e tla ba 100%, eseng 52%, hobane mefuta ea bona e ts'oana ho 100%, eseng ho 52%. Tlhalosong ea sengoloa sa Bailey le Pylard, Riesch o boetse a hlokometse hore boemo ba tšebelisano pakeng tsa batho ba fapaneng ka tlhaho - banab'eso - bo ne bo phahame haholo ho feta har'a baena bao e seng mafahla ba tlhaho, bo bonts'ang bohlokoa ba ts'usumetso ea tikoloho. (Senya 1993) Ho latela melao-motheo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ho kenyelletsa khakanyo ea 100% ea takatso ea thobalano ka mafahla a ts'oanang, liperesente tsa tšebelisano ea mafahla a tšoanang le a bao e seng mafahla a lokela ho ba holimo ho feta, ka ho latellana, 22% le 9,2% (bona tafole e ka tlase).

Ntle le moo, mats'oafo a mafahla a tšoanang (100% ea liphatsa tsa lefutso) a fapana le boits'oaro ba mafahla a fapaneng (50% ea mofuta o ts'oanang) ka linako tsa 2.36, empa haeba re bapisa boitseko ba mafahla a tšoanang le concordance ea mafahla a mafahla (50%) phapang ke ena: Linako tsa 2.39, tseo hape, li bonts'ang tšusumetso e hlalositsoeng ho feta ea tikoloho ho feta liphatsa tsa lefutso (bona tafole e ka tlase).

Papiso ea concordance lipakeng tsa mekhahlelo (Bailey 1991)

Bapisa Likarolo	Phapang lipapaling tsa lefutso	Phapang lipakeng tsa concordances
Ke mafahla a maiketsetso le mafahla a fapaneng	Ka makhetlo a mabeli mefuta e tloaelehileng ea tlhaho	2.36
Bara ba motho ba babeli le mafahla	Ha ho na phapang liperesente tsa lipalo tsa mefuta eohle	2.39

Taba ea bobeli, Bailey le Pillard ha baa ka ba khetha sampole ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang. Ka mantsoe a mang, ba ne ba sa kenyelletsa batho thutong ho latela maemo a lipatlisiso tse sa ratoang tsa thuto: ba sa thahaselle sephetho, ba sa tloaelana. Joalokaha mofuputsi Baron a ngola:

"... Sebakeng seo, barupeluoa ba ile ba hapuoa ka ho romella lipapatso ka limakasine tsa bong ba bong. Khetho e joalo ea bankakarolo e na le lipelaelo haholo, hobane ho latela ho bala ha limakasine tse joalo le ho susumetsoa ke ba amohetseng ho nka karolo. 'Nete e joalo e lebisa karohanong ea sephetho, mohlala, ho fihlela palo ea mafahla a batho ba bong bo tšoanang e tla ba e kholo. Hobaneng? Hobane barupeluoa ba ne ba nahanela boitšoaro ba thobalano ea bana ba bona ba mafahla pele ba lumela ho nka karolo. 'Me sena se baka lipelaelo ka tšebeliso ea sampole. Bakeng sa bopaki ba saense, sampole e lokela ho ba e sa fetoheng ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang, ke hore, ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho kenyelletsoe mafahla ohle tlhahlobo, ebe ho etsoa tlhahlobo ea boitšoaro ba thobalano ... "(Baron 1993).

Taba ea boraro, ha bafuputsi Hubbard le Wald ba ngola tlhahlobisong ea bona:

"... taba ea hore concordance har'a bana ba mafahla - 22% - e feta habeli concordance har'a baena ba bonolo - 9,2% - e bontša hore lebaka la nts'etsopele ea bosodoma ha se liphatsa tsa lefutso, empa ke tikoloho. Ehlile, ho tšoana hoa liphatsa tsa mafahla a heterogenible ho tšoana le ho tšoana ha bara ba motho ba tloaelehileng. 'Me haeba mabaka a tikoloho le khōliso e bile le tšusumetso e kholo joalo ho mafahla a matla, ha ho makatse hore matsatsing a tšoanang, tšusumetso ea tikoloho e phahame le ho feta. Ntle le moo, pono ea kelello ea motho ea nang le lefahla le tšoanang e amana hantle le mafahla ... "(Hubbard xnumx).

Bafuputsi Billings le Beckwiers ba ngotse tlhahlobong ea bona "... leha bangoli ba tolokile liphuputso joalo ka bopaki ba lefutso la bosodoma, re lumela hore liphetho, ho fapana le hoo, li supa hore lintlha tsa khōliso le tikoloho li susumetsa nts'etsopele ea bosodoma" (Mabili xnumx, leq. 60).

Na sephetho sa Bailey le Pillard se phetoa?

Na ho na le motho ea atlehileng ho pheta (pheta) liphetho tsa Bailey le Pillard - ho fumana concordance har'a mafahla a tšoanang bonyane ho 52%? Ho 2000, Michael Bailey ka boeena o lekile ho pheta lipatlisiso tsa hae sehlopheng se seholo sa mafahla Australia. Concordance ea litšekamelo tsa bosodoma e ne e le nyane haholo ho feta thutong ea hae ea pele. Har'a mafahla a tšoanang, e ne e le 20% bakeng sa banna, le 24% bakeng sa basali, le har'a mafahla a tšoanang - 0% bakeng sa banna, le 10% bakeng sa basali³ (Bailey 2000).

Ho 2010, setsebi sa lefu la seoa sa Sweden Langström se ile sa etsa lipatlisiso tse kholo tsa maikutlo a thobalano ka mafahla, ho hlahloba lintlha tsa mafahla a likete tse 'maloa tsa mafahla a tšoanang a bong le a banna ba bong bo fapaneng (Långström 2010) Bafuputsi ba khethollotse litšekamelo tsa bosodoma ho latela boteng ba balekane ba bong bo le bong bophelong bohle. Ba lekantse concordance ka litekanyetso tse peli: ka ho ba teng ha molekane a le mong oa basodoma nakong ea bophelo, le ka palo e felletseng ea balekane ba bosodoma nakong ea bophelo. Matšoao a Concordance mohlaleng a ne a le tlase ho feta a fumanoeng lithutong ka bobeli ke Bailey et al. (1991) le (2000) Sehlopheng sa bankakarolo ba neng ba e-na le bonyane molekane a le mong oa bong bo tšoanang, concordance ho banna e ne e le 18% bakeng sa kufanana le 11% bakeng sa mafahla a tšoanang; ho basali, 22% le 17%, ka ho latellana.

Bakeng sa palo e felletseng ea balekane ba thobalano, matšoao a concordance ho banna a fihlile ho 5% bakeng sa kufanana le 0% bakeng sa mafahla a tšoanang; ho basali, 11% le 7%, ka ho latellana. Ho banna, 61% le 66% ea phapang e hlalositsoe ke lintlha tsa tikoloho tse amang karolo e le 'ngoe feela ea mafahla, ka ho fapana, ha ho fapana ho sa hlalosoe ho hang ka mabaka a tikoloho a tloaelehileng ho mafahla. Lintlha tse ikhethileng tsa tikoloho li ikarabelletse 64% le 66% phetisetso, ka ho tšoanang, ha lintlha tse akaretsang tsa tikoloho li ikarabella bakeng sa 17% le 16%, ka ho latellana (Långström 2010).

Ho 2002, bafuputsi Peter Birmen oa Univesithi ea Columbia le Hannah Bruckner oa Yale University ea Amerika ba ile ba etsa lipatlisiso tse batsi le tsa baemeli ka palo e kholo ea bankakarolo (Bearman 2002).

Ba na le maemo a manyane ho feta a concordance ea litšekamelo tsa bosodoma: 6,7% ka li-twine tse tšoanang, 7,2% ka mafahla a fapaneng a tšoanang, le 5,5% ho baena ba tloaelehileng. Birmen le Bruckner ba ile ba fihlela qeto ea hore ba fumanoe:

"... bopaki bo hlakileng bo emelang mohlala oa khokahano ho motho ka mong ..., liphetho tsa rona li fana ka maikutlo a hore ho holisa bana ka molao-motheo oa ho se nke lehlakore, ntle le ho tsebahatsa bong ba ngoana, ho na le tšusumetso ho bopeng litakatso tsa batho ba bong bo tšoanang ..." (Bearman 2002).

Ho fapana le mesebetsi e sa tsoa hlahlojoa, ngaka ea mafu a kelello Kenneth Kendler le basebetsi-mmoho ba ile ba etsa thuto e kholo ea mafahla ba sebelisa sampole ea probabilistic e nang le lipara tsa 794 tsa mafahla le bara le baralib'abo ba tloaelehileng ba 1380 (Kendler xnumx) Bangoli ba phethile ka hore liphumano tsa bona "li fana ka maikutlo a hore lintlha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka ba le tšusumetso e matla litakatsong tsa thobalano." Boithuto, leha ho le joalo, bo ne bo sa lekana ho fihlela liqeto tse tebileng joalo ka tekanyo ea ts'usumetso ea liphatsa tsa botona le botšehali: ka kakaretso, ho 19 ea li-pair tsa 324 tsa mafahla a ts'oanang, motho ea nang le litšekamelo tsa bosodoma o lemohuoe, ha a le 6 ea lipara tsa 19, litšekamelo tsa bosodoma li ne li lumellana moena oa bobeli); bonyane motho a le mong ea nang le litšekamelo tsa bosodoma o fumanoe ho 15 ea banyalani ba 240 ba mafahla a bong bo tšoanang, ha 2 ea banyalani ba 15 e ne e le concordant. Taba ea hore ke 8 feela ea mafahla a 564 a entseng hore litšekamelo tsa bosodoma li kopane (1,4%) li fokolitse monyetla oa ho sebelisa liphetho tsena bakeng sa papiso e tebileng ea mafahla a ts'oanang le a sa ts'oaneng.

Re lokela ho hopola hore mafahla a tšoanang a pota-potiloe ke tikoloho e tšoanang - lerato la pele, likamano le bana ba bang, jj. - bapisoa le mafahla a sa ts'oaneng le bara le baralib'abo ba tloaelehileng. Kaha mafahla a tšoanang a tšoana ka chebahalo le semelo, maikutlo a tšoanang ho bona a ka etsahala ho feta mafahla a tšoanang le a bara le baralib'abo. Ka hona, maemong a mang, coeffanele e phahameng e ka hlalosoang ke tikoloho ho fapana le lintlha tsa lefutso.

Ho ea ka ngaka ea mafu a kelello Jeffrey Satinover (Satinover xnumx) lintlha tse amang ka botlalo sebopeho sa mofuta oa boitšoaro ba motho oa thobalano li ka aroloa ka mekhahlelo e mehlano:
1) litla-morao tsa intrauterine (prenatal), joalo ka ho teba ha lihormone;
2) extrauterine (postnatal) litla-morao tsa 'mele tse joalo ka ts'oaetso ea maqeba le vaerase;
3) liphihlelo tsa extrauterine, joalo ka tšebelisano ea lelapa, thuto;
Boiphihlelo ba botsoali ka 4), mohlala, sephetho se matlafatsang sa boiphetetso ba boits'oaro;
5) khetho.

Ho ba sieo ha konkreite ea 100% ka mafahla a tšoanang hantle ha ho supe feela hore tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ke keng ea hlalosoa, empa hape le hore lintlha tse seng tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li ke ke tsa fetoha intrauterine feela. Ntle le moo, haeba ho ne ho le joalo, concordance e kanna ea ba haufi le 100%, hobane mafahla a tšoanang a anngoe ke lintho tse tšoanang tsa tikoloho ea "intrauterine" (Satinover xnumx, leq. 97).

Haeba liphatsa tsa lefutso li bapala karolo ea ho fetisa maikutlo a batho litakatsong le boits'oarong bo bong, joale lithuto tsena kaofela li re lumella ho bua ka kholiseho hore sehlooho sena ha se felisoa ke tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso. Ha re akaretsa lipatlisiso tsa mafahla, re ka fihlela qeto e bolokehileng ea hore saense ha e a paka hore takatso ea thobalano ka kakaretso le litakatso tsa bosodoma li khethoa ke mefuta ea batho.

Lithuto tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso

Ho ithuta potso ea ho nka karolo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho theheng litakatso tsa batho ba bong bo tšoanang 'me, haeba ho khonahala, tekanyo ea ho nka karolo hona joale, re se re hlahlobile lithuto tseo ho tsona lefa la lefutso le khethiloeng ke mofuta oa genetics, empa ha ba ka ba beha mosebetsi oa ho fumana hore na ke liphatsa life tsa lefutso. mefuta e ikhethileng e ikarabella bakeng sa mokhoa ona. Ka nako e ts'oanang, liphatsa tsa lefutso li ka ithutoa ka thuso ea ba bitsoang. Mekhoa ea limolek'hule e etsang hore ho khonehe ho tseba hore na mefuta efe e sa tšoaneng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e amanang le litšobotsi tsa 'mele kapa boits'oaro.

Thutong ea Dean Haymer

E 'ngoe ea liteko tsa pele tsa ho etsa tlhahlobo ea limolek'hule ea litšekamelo tsa bosodoma e entsoe ke Dean Haymer le basebetsi mmoho le yena Setsing sa Naha sa Bophelo ho Maryland, Amerika (Hamer 1993) Haymer o ile a fuputsa malapa ka mafahla a tšoanang a banna, moo bonyane mafahla a mang a neng a khahloa ke batho ba bong bo le bong. Har'a palo e felletseng ea malapa, Haymer o ile a tsebahatsa 40, moo mor'abo rona oa basodoma a neng a e-na le mor'abo e mong eo e neng e le monna oa bong bo tšoanang, mme a hlahloba DNA ea bona bakeng sa libaka tse tšoanang. Phuputso e ts'oanang e bitsoa "lipatlisiso tse amanang tsa lefa" - ho Senyesemane "liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa kamano".

Phuputsong ea lefa le hokahaneng, ho etsoa tse latelang: sehlopheng sa lithuto tse nang le semelo se tsejoang se tloaelehileng, tlhahlobo e etsoa bakeng sa ho ba teng ha likarolo tse tšoanang tsa DNA - ba bitsoa matšoao. Haeba ho fumaneha hore sehlopheng sa lithuto palo e phahameng ea matšoao e sebakeng se le seng sa DNA, joale ho ka nahanoa hore matšoao ana kaofela a fuoe "hammoho" - a kopantsoe - ke hore, e kanna ea ba karolo ea mofuta o mong (Pulst 1999).

Haymer o boletse hore ho li-pair tsa 33 tse tsoang 40, barab'eso ba basodoma ba na le sebaka se tšoanang sa thobalano ho chromosome ea X, eo a e bitsitseng "Xq28." Heimer o ile a etsa qeto ea hore sebaka sa Xq28 se na le mefuta ea mekhoa ea bosodoma.

Pele ho tsohle, ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore liphetho tsa Haymer hangata li hlalosoa hampe. Batho ba bangata ba nahana hore Haymer o fumane sebaka se ts'oanang sa DNA - Xq28 - ka bobeli ba li-33, ho banna bohle ba 66, empa ha e le hantle, tatellano ea li-nucleotide ea sebaka sa Xq28 e fumanoe e tšoana pakeng tsa bara ba motho ka mafahla ka bobeli, 'me tatellano ea Xq28 ka bobeli ka bobeli e ne e sa tšoane - Haymer ha a ka a fumana "gene" e tummeng hampe.

Phuputso ena e na le mathata a mangata a bohlokoa. Haymer ha a ka a hlahloba ho tšoana ha Xq28 ho banyalani ba babeli ba khahloang ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng, empa o ne a le har'a balekane ba basodoma feela (Byne xnumx) Haeba a sa fumane sebaka sena har'a baena ba bong bo fapaneng, empa e le feela har'a basodoma, sena se ne se tla bua ka sephetho se lumellanang le qeto ea hae. Leha ho le joalo, haeba a ne a fumane Xq28 har'a banab'abo ba neng ba ratana le eena, liqeto tsa hae li ka be li fumane boleng ba zero (Horton xnumx) Hape, joalo ka ha bafuputsi Fausto-Sterling le Balaban ba hlokometse, sampole ea Heimer e na le data e sa felletseng: ea linyeoe tsa 40, feela ho litšobotsi tsa 15 tsa DNA heterozygosity li ne li lekantsoe ka kotloloho; maemong a 25 a setseng, datha li ile tsa baloa ka mokhoa o sa reroang (Fausto-Sterling 1993) Ke feela ho 38% ea linyeoe moo Heimer et al a ileng a lekanya ka kotloloho boemo ba heterozygosity ba chromosome ea X ea mma, mme ho 62% ba e balile feela ho latela likhakanyo tse fumanehang.

Ho ka boleloa ka karolo e latelang e amanang le phatlalatso ea Haymer 1993 ea selemo. Ho 1995, makasine ea New York Native e phatlalalitse sehlooho se reng "Patlisiso mabapi le" mefuta "ea bosodoma ha ea ka ea hanyetsana: ralitaba John Krudson oa Chicago Tribune o sibollotse ho qhekella hoa mahlale ho entsoeng ke mofuputsi" (Chicago Tribune 1995) Sengoloa se bonts'a hore mosebetsi oa Haymer o ile oa nyatsoa haholo ke litsebi tse fapaneng bakeng sa hore Haymer ha a ka a etsa cheke ea netefatso bakeng sa boteng ba Xq28 har'a bara ba motho oa bong bo fapaneng. Bahlahlobisisi ba ne ba kenyelletsa litsebi tse tummeng tsa baeloji le liphatsa tsa lefutso Richard Levontin le Ruth Hubbard oa Univesithi ea Harvard (Chicago Tribune 1995) Ho feta moo, sengoloa sona seo se re Federal Bureau of Ethics of National Institute of Health e ntse e ithuta ka tletlebo ea e mong oa bahiruoa ba laboratori ea Heimer, eo lebitso la hae le sa tsejoeng, ea tlalehileng ho qhekelloa ha liphetho tse entsoeng ke Heimer thutong ea hae: ho latela polelo ea ofisiri ena, Heimer ka boomo kantle ho phatlalatso sephetho se bonts'a ho se utloisisehe ha mohopolo oa tlhahlobo ea tlhaho ea litakatso tsa maikutlo a bosodoma (Chicago Tribune 1995) Likhoeli tse 'maloa ka mor'a ho hatisoa ha sengoloa koranteng ea New York Native, makasine ea Science Science American e hatisitse sengoloa se seng se netefatsang ntlha le lebaka la lipatlisiso tsa Federal Ethics Bureau khahlanong le Heimer (Horgan xnumx, leq. 26). Setsi sa Bophelo sa Naha ha sea ka sa senola sephetho sa lipatlisiso, empa hamorao Haymer o ile a fetisetsoa lefapheng le leng. Hape ho hlokomeloe hore Haymer o ile a etsa lipatlisiso mabapi le "mofuta oa bosodoma" a sebelisa thuso, eo ha e le hantle e neng e abetsoe ho ithuta Kaposi's sarcoma, kankere ea letlalo e atisang ho ama bakuli ba bong bo fapaneng ba nang le AIDS (Mukherjee xnumx, leq. 375). Ho nepahala ha phatlalatso ea Haymer ho ne ho itšetlehile ka hore na sehlopha se ikemetseng sa bafuputsi se ka fumana litholoana tse tšoanang. Sena ha sea ka sa etsahala.

Phetoho ea liphetho tsa Haymer

Ho 1999, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tsoang Univesithing ea Western Ontario, se etelletsoeng pele ke rasaense ea bitsoang Rice, se ile sa etsa thuto e ts'oanang (e sebelisa mokhoa oa "liphatsa tsa kamano") har'a banna ba basodoma ba 52 (Rice xnumx) Bangoli ha baa khona ho pheta liphetho tse fumanoeng ke Haymer mme ba phethela ka ho re: "liphetho tsa thuto ea rona ha li a hlahisa bopaki leha e le bofe ba kamano pakeng tsa bosodoma le mofuta oa banna."

Ka mor'a moo, ho 2005, ho ile ha etsoa phuputso e ncha le Dean Haymer (Mustanski Xnumx) Bangoli ha baa ka ba fumana kamano ea bohlokoa lipalo pakeng tsa Xq28 le tšekamelo ea bosodoma, empa ba re ba fumane "tokiso e khahlisang" bakeng sa libaka tse ling (ho 7, 8 le 10 chromosomes).

Leha ho le joalo, liphetho tsena li ne li ke ke tsa phetoa thutong e ngoe ho 2009, ha sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tsoang Oxford England le Univesithing ea Ontario ea Canada ba etsa lipatlisiso tsa malapa a 55 moo ho nang le banna ba ratanang: liphatsa tsa lefutso li bokelletsoe ho tsoa ho barupeluoa ba 112 le lipatlisiso tsa genome wide bakeng sa mekhatlo li entsoe ka ho kenyelletsoa ha matšoao a liphatsa tsa lefutso a 6000 (Ramagopalan 2010) Tlhahlobo eo ha ea ka ea senola kamano ea lipalo pakeng tsa matšoao a lefutso le bosodoma.

Ho 2015, sehlopha sa bangoli ba tsoang litsing tse fapaneng tsa saense Amerika, ho latela lipatlisiso tsa genome ka bophara, ba boletse hore ba fumane kamano ea bohlokoa sebakeng sa marang-rang a 8 chromosome ebile e se ea bohlokoa ho Xq28 (Sanders xnumx) Khethollong ea bona, bangoli ba lumetse hore "phello ea liphatsa tsa lefutso mokhoeng oa ho ratana le batho ba bong bo fapaneng e kanna ea ba le qeto ... boholo ba sena e ka ba sesosa sa mabaka a mangata."

Ho 2017, sehlopha sona seo sa bangoli se sebelisitse mokhoa oa sejoale-joale o nepahetseng o bitsoang patlisiso e batsi ea litloaelo⁴. Patlo ea litloaelano tse akaretsang tsa lefutso e thehiloe ts'ebelisong ea mahlale a tatellano ea liphatsa tsa lefutso (ho bala tlhaiso-leseling ho tsoa ho DNA) ho fumana likarolo tse ikhethang tsa DNA tse ka amanang le tšobotsi eo ho etsoang lipatlisiso ho eona. Bo-rasaense ba ntse ba hlahloba mefuta e limilione ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ka palo e kholo ea batho ba nang le semelo se le seng, le batho ba se nang tšobotsi ena, 'me ba bapisa khafetsa mefuteng ea liphatsa tsa lefutso har'a lihlopha tseo ka bobeli. Ho nahanoa hore mefuta eo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e atileng haholo ho beng ba tšobotsi ho feta har'a ba se nang eona ka tsela e itseng e amana le tšobotsi ena. Lekhetlong lena, likamano tsa bohlokoa tsa lipalo li ile tsa fumanoa bakeng sa libaka ho li-chromosomes tsa 13 le 14 (Sanders xnumx).

Phuputso e entsoeng ke Sanders le bo-mphato ba hae (2017) ha baa ka ba fumana mofuta oa litšekamelo tsa bosodoma, 'me ha ea ka ea paka boemo ba bona ba bongoli (bangoli ka bo bona ba e senya), hape ha ea ka ea tiisa sephetho sa Haymer 1993 ea selemo, e ileng ea rala motheo oa spree e telele le mofuta oa bosodoma. E 'ngoe ea sephetho sa sengoliloeng sena e ne e le monahano oa hore mefuta eohle e ka holimo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e ka ama boiketlo litakatso tsa batho ba bong bo tšoanang (Sanders xnumx, leq. 3).

Francis Collins, mookameli oa projeke ea ho hlahisa mofuta oa motho, o ngola tse latelang:

"Monyetla o haufi le 20% oa hore mafahla a tšoanang a monna oa bong bo tšoanang e tla ba a bosodoma (ha a bapisoa le 2 - 4% ho bongata ka kakaretso) o bontša hore maikutlo a thobalano a susumetsoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso, empa ha a kenngoe kahare ho DNA, le mefuta efe kapa efe e amehang emela qeto esale pele empa eseng qeto e reriloeng esale pele ... "(Collins xnumx).

Phuputso e kholo haholo ka mokhoa oa lipatlisiso tsa lefutso ka bophara bakeng sa mekhatlo e ikemiselitseng ho khetholla mefuta ea liphatsa tsa lefutso e amanang le tšekamelo ea bong bo tšoanang, e hlahisitsoe kopanong ea selemo le selemo ea American Society of Human genetics ho 2012 (Drabant 2012) Ka lebaka la lipatlisiso tse batsi, ha ho likamano tsa bohlokoa tse fumanoeng bakeng sa litšekamelo tsa bosodoma ho batona le ba batšehali. Ka nako e ts'oanang, likete tse likete tsa batho tse tsoang database ea khamphani ea 23andMe li ile tsa hlahlojoa.

Bangoli ba morao-rao le ba kholo ka ho fetisisa ho etsa lipatlisiso ka liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa bosodoma bolelletsoe о его результатах:

«Фактически невозможно предсказать сексуальное поведение человека по его геному»,

— говорит Бен Нил, профессор отдела аналитической и трансляционной генетики в Массачусетской больнице, который работал над исследованием.

По словам профессора Института генетики Калифорнийского университета Дэвида Кертиса,

«В человеческой популяции нет такого сочетания генов, который бы оказывал существенное влияние на сексуальную ориентацию. Фактически невозможно предсказать сексуальное поведение человека по его геному».

Epigenetics

Ho 2015, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tsoang Univesithing ea California, Los Angeles se ile sa hlahisa kakaretso ka seboka sa American Society of Human Genetics⁵e neng e re bafuputsi ba khona ho khetholla litakatso tsa thobalano ho latela li-epigenetic marker ka ho nepahala ha 67% (Ngun et al. 2015). Ho hohela tlhokomelo ea bona haholo mosebetsing oa bona, bangoli ba bile ba hlophisa phatlalatso e kenyeletsang boralitaba (ASHG 2015) Litaba li ile tsa phatlalla hanghang lihloohong tsa likoranta tse kholo, leha ho le joalo ka thuto e sa lumellaneng le mokhoa o belaetsang oa bobuelli (Yong xnumx).

Epigenetics ke mahlale a ithutang liketsahalo tse hlahisoang ke mofuta oa liphatsa tsa lefutso ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea mekhoa e sa amang phetoho ea tatellano ea li-DNA liphatseng tsa lefutso. Ka mantsoe a mang, lits'ebetso tsa epigenetic ke lits'ebetso tseo ho tsona lintlha tse ling li susumetsang tekanyo ea polelo ea gene (ke hore, likarolo tsa 'mele). Kameho ea sepakapaka ea molek'hule ea DNA e ka ama polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, 'me phetoho ena e khethoa ke liprotheine tse ikhethang tsa taolo, li-enzyme tse amanang le DNA. E 'ngoe ea mekhoa ea tšusumetso ke methapo ea methapo ea kutlo. Motsoako oa liprotheine tse tataisang le DNA li bitsoa lets'oao la epigenetic.

Bacha le basebetsi-mmoho ba boletse hore sepheo sa mantlha sa thuto ea bona e ne e le ho hlahloba monyetla oa ho khetholla "maikutlo a ho kopanela liphate" a motho ea nang le matšoao a epigenetic. Ho fihlela sena, ba ithutile disampole tsa DNA tsa lipara tsa 37 tsa mafahla a ts'oanang, ho e 'ngoe le e ngoe ea bana ba motho a le mong e ne e le monna oa bong bo tšoanang,' me bobeli ba bara ba 10, bao e mong le e mong oa bona e neng e le basodoma. Joalokaha ho bontšitsoe ka kakaretso, bafuputsi ba ithutile mefuta e fapaneng ea boits'oaro (heterosexual vs. bosodoma) ba sebelisa algorithm ea FuzzyForest ea lipalo mme qetellong ba khetha mofuta o sebetsang hantle ho kenyeletsoa li-5 epigenetic marker tse khethollang lintho ka nepo ho 67% ea linyeoe. Bangoli ba khothalelitse hore litakatso tsa thobalano li laoloa ke matšoao a 5 epigenetic. Leha ho le joalo, tlhaloso e joalo e ile ea baka, ho e beha ka bonolo, lehloeo le nyatsang le tsoang ho litsebi (Setsi sa Litaba tsa Saense 2015, Ka letsoalo xnumx, Yong xnumx, Gelman 2015, Briggs 2015) Mokhoa oa mokhoa (matla a mohlala a tlase haholo, mokhoa o makatsang oa lipalo o nang le kotsi e kholo ea sephetho se nepahetseng sa bohata, jj.) Mme tlhaloso ea eona e hlahisitse lipelaelo tse kholo. John Grillie oa Setsi sa Epigenomics Univesithing ea Bongaka ea Albert Einstein o hlokometse, ha a bua ka hype e potileng thuto e entsoeng ke Ngun le basebetsi mmoho le yena:

"... Ntle le ho bua ka boeena ka eena kapa basebetsi-'moho le eena, empa haeba re batla ho boloka sebaka sena sa mahlale, ha re sa tla lumella lipatlisiso tse mpe tsa epigenetic hore li tšeptjoe. Ka "hampe," ke bolela ba sa tolokoang. ... "(Ka letsoalo xnumx).

Khabareng, sepheo sa basibui ba ileng ba khetha sena hore ba tlisoe sebokeng se ile sa botsoa, ​​'me taba eo e ne e sa phatlalatsoe kae kapa kae.

Hobaneng ha liphetho tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa limolek'hule li hanyetsana - li fapana ebile li fapana?

Karolo e fokolang ea genetics

Bopaki ba mofuta oa tlhaho ea litšekamelo tsa bosodoma ha bo na bopaki. Saense ha e tsebe "mofuta oa bosodoma." Mathoasong a lekholo lena la lilemo, ho ile ha qalisoa projeke e kholo ea machaba "Morero oa Phutu ea Batho" - Morero oa Batho oa. Ka har'a sebopeho sa eona, ho kopantsoe 'mapa oa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa motho - e leng gene, eo ho eona chromosome e leng ho eona, e leng liprotheine, joalo-joalo. Mang kapa mang a ka hlahloba - ha ho mofuta oa bosodoma o bontšitsoeng moo (Lisebelisoa tsa tlhaho tsa batho ho NCBI).

Sena ke seo Mayer le McHugh ba se ngolang mosebetsing oa bona:

"... Joalokaha ho netefalitsoe khafetsa mabapi le boits'oaro ba motho, tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tloaelo ea litšekamelo tsa bosodoma kapa mekhoa ea boits'oaro e ka khona. Ponahatso ea phenotypic ea liphatsa tsa lefutso hangata e itšetlehile ka maemo a tikoloho - tikoloho e fapaneng e lebisa ho thehoeng hoa phenotypes tse fapaneng esita le tsa mofuta o tšoanang. Ka hona, leha mabaka a mang a liphatsa tsa lefutso a susumetsa litakatso tsa bosodoma, leha ho le joalo, litakatso tsa thobalano le litšekamelo li boetse li susumetsoa ke lintlha tse 'maloa tsa tikoloho, ho kenyelletsa lintlha tse joalo tsa khatello ea maikutlo sechabeng joalo ka tlhekefetso ea kelello le' mele le tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Ho fumana setšoantšo se felletseng sa sebopeho sa litakatso tsa thobalano, litakatso le lits'oants'o, ho bohlokoa ho ela hloko lintlha tsa nts'etsopele, tikoloho, boiphihlelo, sechaba le thato ea hae. (Mohlala, litsebi tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso li tlaleha karolo e sa tobang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso ho lithaka, ho bonts'a hore ponahalo ea motho e ka susumetsa kamohelo kapa ho khesoa sehlopheng se itseng sa sechaba (Ebstein 2010).
Liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa sejoale-joale lia tseba hore liphatsa tsa lefutso li ama mefuta e fapaneng ea lithahasello tsa motho le tšusumetso ea hae mme, ka ho le joalo, li ama boits'oaro ka kotloloho. Leha liphatsa tsa lefutso ka hona li ka qhekella motho mekhoeng e itseng ea boitšoaro, bokhoni ba bona ba ho laola liketso ka kotloloho, ho sa tsotelehe lintlha tse ling tse fapaneng, ho thata haholo. Tshusumetso ya bona boitshwarong e bohlale haholo mme e itshetlehile hodima sekgahla sa mabaka a tikoloho ... "(Mayer 2016).

Lintho tse amanang le tlhaho tse ka amang ho tjeka kahare ho kenyelletsa litšobotsi tsa mofuthu tse kang sebopeho se bonolo le se tlokotsing, maikutlo a eketsehang a maikutlo, lihlong, ho nkeha, jj. Bafuputsi ka bobona, liphetho tsa tsona li sebelisoa ho rhetoric ea LGBT + batseteli - metsamao, ba se ke ba iteta sefuba ho bolela hore bosodoma bo khethoa ke mefuta, hajoale ba lumela hore ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo le bong ho amana le lintlha tsa tlhaho le tikoloho, moo tsa morao li phethang karolo e kholo . Taba ea hore bosodoma ke "kahare", re e utloa ka ho fetisisa lifiliming tsa Hollywood, mananeo a lipuisano tsa litekanyetso, lipina kapa litlhaloso marang-rang a sechaba. Leha ho le joalo, sechabeng sa bo-ramahlale, ha e le hantle, ha ho na mofuputsi a le mong ea nang le letsoalo ea ka reng o fumane mofuta oa lefutso kapa lebaka lefe kapa lefe la tlhaho la ho khahloa ke basodoma.

Boithuto bo reretsoeng ho leka ho fumana hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso (ka ho khetheha, sebakeng sa Xq28) li na le takatso ea botona kapa botšehali. E hlophisitsoe ke V. Lysov (2018)

Mohloli le  sampole	Mokhoa tshekatsheko	Liphetho ho latela sengoloa	Na ho na le bopaki ba kamano pakeng tsa matšoao a Xq28 le bosodoma?	Liphetho tse ling
Dean Hamer et al. Xnumx Malapa a 40, ao e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 'ona e neng e e-na le sebapali sa bosodoma le basodoma ba khethiloeng har'a beng ka eena	lithuto tse amanang tsa lefa	maemong a 33 a tsoang ho malapa a 40, matšoao a liphatsa tsa lefutso a sebakeng sa q28 ea chromosome X e kopane	maemoLeha ho le joalo, mekhoa le toloko li nyatsuoa ke basebetsi mmoho: Baron 1993; Letamo 1993; Fausto-Sterling et al. Xnumx; Sharp 1993; Byne xnumx; McLeod 1994; Norton 1995, Haymer ka boeena o ile a belaelloa ka mashano: Horgan xnumx	-
Jennifer Macke et al. Xnumx  Malapa a 36, ao e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e neng e e-na le sebapali sa bosodoma le beng ka eena, bao har'a bona e neng e le ngoan'abo a le mosodoma	batla mefuta ea khetho - androgen receptor gene (X chromosome)	ha ho likamano tsa bohlokoa ka lipalo tse fumanoeng mohlaleng ona	-	ha ho na kamano e amanang le mofuta oa androgen receptor (X chromosome)
Stella Hu et al. Xnumx (sehlopha sa mahlale Dean Hamer)  Malapa a 33, ao e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e neng e e-na le sebapali sa bosodoma le beng ka eena, bao har'a bona e neng e le ngoan'abo a le mosodoma	lithuto tse amanang tsa lefa	maemong a 22 a tsoang ho malapa a 32, matšoao a liphatsa tsa lefutso a sebakeng sa q28 ea chromosome X e kopane	maemobona Hamer 1993	-
George Rice et al. Xnumx Malapa a 46, ao e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e neng e e-na le sebapali sa bosodoma le beng ka eena, bao har'a bona e neng e le ngoan'abo a le mosodoma	lithuto tse amanang tsa lefa	matšoao a lefutso a sebakeng sa q28 sa chromosome X ha a lumellane	ha ho	-
Michael DuPree et al. Xnumx  (sehlopha sa mahlale Dean Hamer) Malapa a 144, ao e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 'ona e neng e e-na le sebapali sa bosodoma se neng se e-na le bonyane moena a le mong	batla mefuta ea khetho - aromatase gene CYP15 (15 chromosome)	ha ho likamano tsa bohlokoa ka lipalo tse fumanoeng mohlaleng ona	-	ha ho na kamano le aromatase gene CYP15 (15-I chromosome)
Mustanski et al. Xnumx  (sehlopha sa mahlale Dean Hamer) Malapa a 146 (ho kenyeletsoa malapa a tsoang lithutong tsa Hamer 1993 le Hu 1995), e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e ne e e-na le proband ea basodoma e nang le bonyane moena a le mong	boithuto bo akaretsang ba lefa le hokahaneng	kamano e kholo ea lipalo le e tšoaeang chromosome ea 7 e fumanoe sampole, mme, ho latela bangoli, "ho ba haufi le maemo a bohlokoa" bakeng sa matšoao ho li-chromosomes tsa 8 le 10.	ha ho	puisano le matšoao ho chNosX ea 7 ho latela maemo a Lander le Kruglyak (1995) letšoao le letle la LOD* e lekanang xnumx
Sreeram Ramagopalan et al. Xnumx (Sehlopha sa Mahlale sa George Rice) Malapa a 55, ao e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 'ona e neng e e-na le sebapali sa bosodoma se neng se e-na le bonyane moena a le mong	boithuto bo akaretsang ba lefa le hokahaneng	ha ho likamano tsa bohlokoa ka lipalo tse fumanoeng mohlaleng ona	ha ho	ha ho mekhatlo e fumanoeng e nang le matšoao ho chNosX ea 7 ho latela maemo a Lander le Kruglyak (1995)
Binbin Wang et al. Xnumx sehlopha sa banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba Xnumx le sehlopha se laolang sa banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba Xnumx	batla mefuta ea khetho - Sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (7 chromosome)	ha ho likamano tsa bohlokoa ka lipalo tse fumanoeng mohlaleng ona	-	o fumane phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa lipalo maemong a mofuta oa rs9333613, e hlalositsoeng ke bangoli e le "ho ba teng ha khokahano lipakeng tsa liphetoho liphatseng tsa lefutso le ho hohela batho ba bong bo le bong"
Emily Drabant et al. Xnumx Banna ba 7887 le basali ba 5570 (ba sa amaneng le kinship) ba tsejoeng e le ba nang le ts'ebetso ea thobalano le boits'oaro ho latela Klein	patlo e fumanehang ka botlalo	ha ho na liphatlalatso tsa bohlokoa tsa lipalo (5 × 10 - 8) tse fumanoeng moqomong	ha ho	ha ho mekhatlo ea bohlokoa ea lipalo e fumanoeng
Sanders et al. Xnumx Malapa a 384, ao e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea 'ona e neng e e-na le sebapali sa bosodoma se neng se e-na le bonyane moena a le mong	boithuto bo akaretsang ba lefa le hokahaneng	kamano e kholo ea lipalo-palo le letshwao ho chromosome ea 8 le kamano e ka etsahalang le Xq28 li fumanoe sampole	maemo: ho latela maemo a Lander and Kruglyak (1995), matšoao a LOD a matšoao a Xq28 a ne a lekana le 2,99, e tsamaellanang le boleng bo nahanoang ("bohlokoa bo feteletseng")	puisano le matšoao ho chNosX ea 8 chromosome ho latela maemo a Lander le Kruglyak (1995); lintlha tse ntle ka ho fetisisa tsa LOD e ne e le 4,08
Sanders et al. Xnumx sehlopha sa banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba 1077 le banna ba 1231 ba bong bo fapaneng (lithuto tse tšoanang le tsa Sanders et al. 2015)	patlo e fumanehang ka botlalo	ha ho na liphatlalatso tsa bohlokoa tsa lipalo (5 × 10 - 8) tse fumanoeng moqomong	ha ho	ha ho likamano tsa bohlokoa tsa lipalo tse fumanoeng. Bangoli ba hlokometse hore boleng bo atamelang bohlokoa bo fumanoe bakeng sa matšoao ho li-chromosomes tsa 13 le 14

* LOD = logpoint e mengata ea mehopolo e bona Nyholt DR. LOD kaofela ha li bopetsoe li lekana. Ke J Hum Genet. 2000 Aug; 67 (2): 282 - 288. http://doi.org/10.1086/303029. LOD ea bohlokoa lipalo lipatlisisong tsa lefutso ke ≥3,

Joalo ka ha e mong oa li-blogger tsa Amerika a boletse hantle, "... boiteko ba ho hlalosa bosodoma bo tšoana le li-iPhones - e ncha e hlaha selemo se seng le se seng ..." (Allen 2014) Khabareng, mohlomong, ho tloha ponong ea batho ba khothalletsang litakatso tsa botona le botšehali, polelo e reng "Mohlomong e tsoetsoe e le pele"⁶ e na le ts'usumetso e pharalletseng ea leshano.

Ho entsoe boiteko ba ho fumana mofuta oa "joala"Motsana oa ho hlaphoheloa 2017; NIAAA 2012), le "mofuta oa 'molai" (Davis 2016; Parshley xnumx) leha ho le joalo, joalo ka “mofuta oa bosodoma”, ha ho bopaki bo fumanoeng bo lumellanang le polelo ea hore "ba joalo ba tsoetsoe". Motho ea lekaneng a ke ke a ba le mohopolo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho lokafatsa joala le polao ka tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso - kamora tsohle, liketsahalo tsena li khethoa ka khetho, eseng esale pele. Pula-pale ea pale e nang le "mofuta oa bosodoma" Dean Haymer ho hlakile hore o na le talenta e ntle ea thekiso, ea sebetsang ka boiphihlelo molemong oa sechaba. Ha a emetse nakoana kamora ho phatlalatsoa sengoloa sa 1993 ea selemo, Haymer o phatlalatsa buka ea "The Science of Passion: the Search for Hom usho ushoenes and Behavioral Biology", e entseng karohano har'a mokhatlo oa LGBT +Hamer 1994) mme a mo tlisetsa phaello e ngata. Lilemo tse leshome hamorao, Haymer o fana ka maikutlo a macha ka ho fana ka buka e bitsoang "The Gene of God: How Tumelo e Lokisoa Hape ke Ts'oaetso ea Rona" (Hamer 2004), eo ho eona a ileng a hlahisa maikutlo a hae hore balumeli ba batla ba fetoha liphatsa tsa lefutso (V.L.: hoa utloahala ho bona khetho e joalo mabapi le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse latelang: maemo a qositsoeng a tšekamelo ea bosodoma a hlahisoa ka tsela e ntle, joalo ka ha a filoe , mme khokahano e belaelloang ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le bolumeli e fosahetse, joalo ka phetoho.). Ka tlhaho, ha ho netefatso ea li-hypotheses tsa Heimer e fumanoe ho fihlela kajeno, leha ho le joalo, khopolo ea hae e ile ea amoheloa ka mofuthu le ho feta sechabeng sa LGBT +, makasine ea Amerika ea nako e bile e phatlalalitse sekoaelo se khethehileng bakeng sa ketsahalo ena.

Kamora nako, Dean Haymer o ile a tlohela saense mme a tsepamisa maikutlo mesebetsing ea lipolotiki le sechaba: mmoho le "monna" oa hae Joseph Wilson (New York Times 2004) o thehile studio sa "film" QWave ", a ikhethang ka lihlahisoa tse shebileng motsamao" LGBT + "(Huffpost 2017).

Setsebi se tummeng sa baeloji ebile se ratoang ke saense Richard Dawkins ka mokhoa oa filosofi o tsebahatsa tšusumetso ea qeto ea lefutso ea bosodoma:

"… Lintho tse ling tse hlophisitsoeng ke tikoloho li bonolo ho fetoha. Tse ling li thata. Nahana hore na re hokahane hakae le polelo ea bongoana ba rona: mojaki e moholo o bitsoa mojaki bophelo bohle ba hae. Ho na le qeto e thata ho feta ts'ebetsong ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ngata. Ho ka ba monate ho tseba lipalo-palo tsa hore ngoana ea pepeselitsoeng tšusumetso e itseng ea tikoloho, mohlala, thuto ea bolumeli ntlong ea baitlami, o tla khona ho felisa tšusumetso ena. Ho ka ba monate le ka mokhoa o ts'oanang ho tseba monyetla oa lipalo hore monna ea nang le lefutso le itseng ho X chromosome tikolohong ea Xq28 e tla ba mosodoma. Pontšo e bonolo ea hore ho na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse "isang" bosodoma e siea potso ea bohlokoa ba monyetla ona o batla o bulehile ka botlalo. Liphatsa tsa lefutso ha li na boikarabello ho qeto ... "(Dawkins xnumx, leq. 104).

E mong oa lipalo tse tummeng ho tsa bongaka tsa Russia, Moprofesa Georgy Stepanovich Vasilchenko, ha a bua ka mabaka a ho theha litšekamelo tsa bosodoma, o supa tse latelang:

"... Leha ho le joalo, ho senyeha ha phapang ea boko le liphetoho tsa lihormone ha li rere esale pele ho theoa ha khoheli ea basodoma, empa e ba motheo oa khopamiso ea boits'oaro ba boits'oaro le boits'oaro ba karolo ea thobalano, tse eketsang kotsi ea bosodoma. Phepelo ea Neuroendocrine ke karolo ea matla a libido feela. Ho theoa ha bosodoma ho boetse ho nolofalitsoe ke mabaka a amanang le ts'oaetso le mekhoa ea likokoana-hloko e nang le litšila ka kakaretso ... "(Vasilchenko 1990, leq. 430).

Motsoako oa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa banna, o fana ka monyetla oa ho iphetola ha basali

Re lokela ho bua ka tšusumetso e makatsang ea bafuputsi ba Mataliana, bao, ho ea ka bona, "Ha e lumellane le mofuta o teng oa mofuta oa bosodoma". Khopolo ea hore bosodoma e bakiloe ke liphatsa tsa lefutso e khahlanong le molao oa khetho ea tlhaho, ho latela hore na palo ea bakuli ba liphatsa tsa lefutso ba sitisang ts'ebetso ea lits'ebetso tsa bong bo fapaneng bakeng sa tlhahiso ea bana e lokela ho fokotseha ho fihlela e nyamela ka botlalo. Leha ho le joalo, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe lipalo, palo ea batho ba inka e le basodoma e ntse e eketseha le moloko o mong le o mong. Lebaka le hlakile: bosodoma ha bo tsamaisoe ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, empa ba sa batle ho lumellana le Camperio-Ciani ea totobetseng mme basebetsi mmoho le bona ba ile ba fana ka tlhaiso-leseling e neng e lokela ho sebetsana le "pherekano ea Darwin." Khopolo-taba ea bona e supa ho ba teng hoa "X-chromosomal factor", eo ho fetisoang ka mela ea bo-mme e ka eketsang androphilia (ho hohela banna ka thobalano) ho batona le ba batšehali, ho etsa hore basali ba fokotsehe, 'me ba iphelisetse matla a fokotsehileng a tsoalo ea banna (Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Khopolo-taba ena e ne e ka kopa hore motho a ts'eptjoe haeba bo-ramahlale ba fumane matšeliso a loketseng - ka mohlala, haeba mme ea nang le bana ba bong bo fapaneng a ne a e-na le ngoana oa 2, mme ea nang le ngoana oa bong bo fapaneng a ne a na le 4. Ebile, phapang e fetohile e se na letho: ka karolelano, 2,07 ea ngoana ka lekhetlo la pele le 2,73 - ka ea bobeli (ka 34% le ho feta) le sena le ha e le hantle hore maemo a ho hlahisa batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ba bong bo fapaneng a ne a fapana ka makhetlo a 5: 0,12 le 0,58, ka ho latellana (ho 383 % tlase) (Iemmola xnumx). Bafuputsi ba hlalosa monono o tlase ka mokhoa o sa tloaelehang oa batho ba bong bo fapaneng ka taba ea hore e le sehlopha sa taolo ba ne ba lokela ho tšoana ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang le li-proband tsa basodoma, ka hona boholo ba bona ba ne ba sa nyala. Empa leha re nka lintlha tsena tse sa emeleng, hoa etsahala hore ho fihlela matšeliso a lekaneng, bo-mme ba bana ba basodoma ba tla hloka bana ba fetang 7 ... Ntle le moo, ha ho phapang e kholo e fumanoeng ho tsoalo ea moloko o fetileng (bo-nkhono le bo-nkhono), eo hape e sa lumellaneng le sengoloa mabapi le liphatsa tsa lefutso phetiso.

Ha ba leka ho hlalosa lintlha tse fumanoeng, bangoli ba hlokometse hore basodoma ba tloaetse ho fetisa palo ea batho ba sa ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng har'a batho ba amanang, le batho ba bong bo fapaneng, ho fokotseha, ho ka lebisang phapusing ea litholoana. Ba boetse ba re phapang ea tsoalo e ka hlalosoa ke mabaka a mmele kapa boits'oaro, joalo ka litekanyetso tse tlase tsa ho ntša mpa kapa bokhoni bo eketsehileng ba ho fumana balekane. Kamora nako, bangoli hatisae eketsang bokhachane bo hlalosang ka tlase ho 21% ea phapang e teng likamanong tsa botona le botšehali tsa banna mohlaleng oa bona.

"Sena se lumellana le lithuto tsa theoretical le tse susumetsang tse bonts'ang hore boiphihlelo ba motho ka mong ke karolo e matla ea ho khetholla boitšoaro ba motho ba thobalano le boitsebahatso ba hae. Ho ka etsahala hore boemo bo holimo ba bosodoma bo tsoa mekhoeng ea moetlo ho fapana le semelo se futsitsoeng. Litsong tse ngata, tse joalo ka Italy e ka leboea, bo-'mè ba qeta nako e ngata le bana ba bona, haholo-holo lilemong tsa pele, e leng ntho ea bohlokoa molemong oa ho holisa boits'oaro ba botona le botšehali. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore mme le lelapa la hae e ka ba mohloli o ka sehloohong oa mekhoa le maikutlo a ngoana, ho kenyelletsa le mekhoa e amanang le khetho ea hae ea kamoso le boitšoaro ”Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Kamora ho etsa lithuto tsa 3, bangoli ba ile ba qobelloa ho lumela hore data eo ba e fumaneng "Ha li re lumelle ho tseba hore na sesosa sa" X-chromosome "se hohelang kapa se qetelle se rerile hore motho a phele hamonate kapa a le botšehali" (Ciani xnumx) Ka bokhutšoanyane, monehelo oa lithuto tsena ho utloisisa mofuta oa khahloa ea bosodoma ke zero.

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Boithuto bo boholo ka ho fetesisa ba liphatsa tsa lefutso bo phatlalalitsoeng ke 30.08.2019 phatlalatsong e matla ea mahlale Science, e ipapisitse le sampole ea batho ba ka bang likete tse 500, e fumane hore ho feta 99% ea boitšoaro ba bosodoma e hlahisoa ke maemo a sechaba le tikoloho. Ho ea ka David Curtis, moprofesa oa Setsi sa Genetics sa Univesithi ea California, "Phuputso ena e bontša ka ho hlaka hore ha ho na ntho e kang gene." Bophelong ba batho ha ho na motsoako o joalo oa liphatsa tsa lefutso o ka bang le tšusumetso e kholo molemong oa thobalano. Ha e le hantle, ho ke ke ha khoneha ho bolela esale pele boitšoaro ba motho ba botona le botšehali ba mofuta oa hae. ”

Karolo ea Bobeli: Hormone?

Ntle le tšusumetso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, basireletsi ba mokhatlo oa "LGBT +" ba supa ho pepesoa ha intrauterine e le mochini o belaetsang oa mofuta oa tlhaho oa ho khahla batho ba bong bo tšoanang. Ho utloisisoa hore nakong ea bokhachane bo ka popelong ea 'm'a, ntho e bonoang (lihormone kapa boits'ireletso ba mmele) e sebetsa ka popelong, e sitisang ts'ebetso e tloaelehileng ea kholo ea eona, e lebisang tlhabong ea khahloa ea bosodoma.

Ho hlahloba sephetho sa litlamorao tsa li-hormone holima sebopeho sa likamano tsa botona le botšehali, re ithuta kamano lipakeng tsa khatello ea li-hormone tsa intrauterine hodima kholo ea 'mele le sebopeho bongoaneng ba boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng ba bashanyana kapa bo tloaelehileng ba banana. Modelling oa boithuto ba ho leka-lekana ha li-hormonal intrauterine, ho joalo, ka mabaka a boitšoaro le a sebetsang ho batho ha a a etsoa, ​​hobane ho senyeha ha lihormone ho lebisa lits'ebetsong tsa bohlokoa tsa anatomical le 'mele, sena se ka etsahala feela liphoofolong tsa laboratori.⁷. Leha ho le joalo, liperesente tse itseng tsa batho ba tsoetsoe ba e-na le li-pathology tse amanang le li-hormone - mathata a nts'etsopele ea thobalano (NDP), mme ho palo ea bona ea batho ho khona ho ithuta kamano ea ho se leka-lekane ha li-hormone le boitšoaro. Ho qala, re lokela ho thathamisa ka bokhutšoanyane lintlha tsa bohlokoa tsa li-hormone tsa intrauterine.

Ho lumeloa hore linako tsa karabelo e kholo ka ho fetisisa tikolohong ea lihormone li etsahala nakong ea ho fetoloa ha lesea. Mohlala, hoa tsebahala hore phello e phahameng ea testosterone ho fetus ea monna e etsahala ho tloha libekeng tsa 8 ho isa ho tsa 24, ebe e pheta ho tloha ho tsoalo ho isa ho likhoeli tse ka bang tharo (Hines xnumx) Nakong eohle ea nako ea ho emisa, estrogens e tsoa ho placenta le tsamaisong ea mali ea 'm'a (Albrecht 2010) Boithuto ba liphoofolo bo bontša hore ho ka ba le linako tse ngata tsa kutloisiso ea lihormone tse fapaneng, hore boteng ba eona ea lihormone bo le bong bo ka ama liketso tsa hormone e 'ngoe,' me maikutlo a li-receptor tsa lihormone tsena a ka ama liketso tsa bona (Berenbaum Xnumx) Phapang pakeng tsa thobalano ka popelong ka boeona ke sistimi e rarahaneng haholo.

Ho khahlisang haholo lefapheng lena la lipatlisiso ke lihormone tse kang testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (metabolite ea testosterone mme e matla ho feta testosterone), estradiol, progesterone le cortisol. Ho nkoa e le ntho e tloaelehileng haeba phello ea li-hormone holima kholo ea "popelo" ka popelong e hlaha ka methati. Qalong, mahe a emolisitsoeng a fapana feela sebopeng sa 'ona sa chromosome - XX kapa XY - le litšoelesa tsa tsona tsa thobalano (gonads) lia tšoana. Leha ho le joalo, ka potlako, ho latela sebopeho sa chromosomal, ho etsoa ha liteko (testes) ho qala ho bajari ba XY le mae a bomme ka ho bajari ba XX. Hang ha karohano ea li-gonads e felile, ba qala ho hlahisa li-hormone tse amanang le thobalano tse khethollang nts'etsopele le sebopeho sa setho sa kantle sa botšehali: androgens e bolokiloeng ke liteko e kenya letsoho kholisong ea litho tsa ka ntle tsa botona le botšehali, le ho ba sieo ha li-androgen le boteng ba estrogen ho basali ho lebisa kholong ea litho tsa ka ntle tsa setho sa botšehali. (Wilson 1981).

Mokhoa oa phapang ea thobalano. E hlophisitsoe ke V. Lysov Tlolo ea tekano ea androgens le estrogens (ka lebaka la liphetoho liphatsong tsa lefutso le litšusumetso tse ling), hammoho le ho ba teng hoa tsona kapa ho se be teng ka linako tse itseng tsa bohlokoa tsa nts'etsopele ea lesea, ho ka baka pherekano khanong ea thobalano.

E 'ngoe ea mathata a ithutoang ka botlalo a ntlafatso ea thobalano ke congenital hyperplasia ea adrenal cortex (VGKN), e amanang le phetoho ea mofuta oa gene e kenyang enzyme e kenyellelitsoeng ho kenyelletsong ea hormone ea cortisol (Sebui 2003) Psychology ena e lebisa ho ho fetelletseng hoa li-cortisol precursors (cortisol le androgens li arolelana precursor e tloaelehileng), eo ho eona ho thetsoang androgens. Ka lebaka leo, banana ba tsoaloa ba e-na le li-virilization tse fapaneng⁸ liphatsa tsa lefutso - ho latela boholo ba bofokoli ba liphatsa tsa lefutso le boemo ba Androgens bo boholo. Maemo a mangata a virilization le nts'etsopele ea bofokoli bo tebileng ba tšebetso ka linako tse ling li hloka ts'ebetso ea ho buuoa. Bakeng sa ho khelosa litlamorao tsa Androjeni tse ngata, ho fanoa ka phekolo ea li-hormone. Ho ile ha hlokomeloa hore basali ba nang le HCV ba kotsing e kholo ea ho hohela ba khahloang ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang.Sebui 2009), mme ba nang le lefu la HCV ka mokhoa o tebileng haholo ba kotsing ea ho ba basodoma ho feta basali ba nang le lefu lena ka mokhoa o bobebe (Hines xnumx).

Ntle le moo, ho na le nts'etsopele ea thobalano e senyehileng ho banna ba lefutso ba nang le bothata ba ho se utloisise le androgen. Ho banna ba nang le androgen insensitivity syndrome, testes ka tloaelo e hlahisa androgen testosterone, empa li-testosterone receptors ha li sebetse. Ha a hlaha, liphatsa tsa lefutso li shebahala joaloka basali, 'me ngoana o hōlisoa e le ngoanana. Testosterone ea mora oa motho e fetoloa estrogen, hoo e qalang ho ba le litšobotsi tsa basali tsa thobalano (Hughes xnumx) Pathology e fumanoa feela ha motho a kena bonneng kapa boroetsana, ha a qala ho ea matsatsing, ho fapana le ho ea pele, mme, "basali" bao ha ba na thari, joalo ka ho hloka thari le "banna" ba nang le VGKN.

Ho na le mathata a mang a amanang le thobalano a amang banna ba bang ba liphatsa tsa lefutso (i.e., batho ba nang le mofuta oa XY genotype) bao ho haella ha li-androgens e leng sesosa se tobileng sa ho haella ha li-enzyme tse amehang ho kenyelletsong ea dihydrotestosterone ho tsoa testosterone kapa tlhahiso ea testosterone ho tsoa ho li-hormone tsa pele. Batho ba nang le mathata a joalo ba tsoaloa ba e-na le bofokoli ba botšehali ba maemo a fapaneng (Cohen-Kettenis 2005).

Ho hlakile hore mehlaleng ena, ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang le / kapa khetho ea boitšoaro bo ikhethileng bakeng sa batho ba bong bo fapaneng e amahanngoa le ts'ebetso le li-pathologies tsa morphological. Leha ho le joalo, li-pathologies tse joalo ha li fumanoe ho basodoma. Khopolo ea hore ho se leka-lekane ha li-hormone ka tsela efe kapa efe e tla lebisa ho thehoeng ha khetho ea batho ba bong bo tšoanang (ke hore, e ame tšobotsi) mme ha e ame litšobotsi tsa morphological le tšebetsong ha e tšehetsoe ke maikutlo a matla.

Ho entsoe liteko tse fapaneng tsa ho khetholla likarolo tsa tšebetso le tšebetso tse amanang le khetho ea bosodoma. Nahana ka lithuto tse boletsoeng ke batseteli ba LGBT +.

Phuputso e entsoeng ke Simon Levey

Ho entsoe lithuto tse 'maloa mabapi le ho ithuta ka liphapang tsa neurobiological ho latela litšekamelo tsa thobalano. Ea pele e ne e le phatlalatso ea setsebi sa methapo ea kutlo, Simon LeVay ka 1991 (LeVay 1991). LeVay o entse lipatlisiso tsa hae mabapi le liphetho tsa litopo tsa batho ba shoeleng. O arotse lihlooho ka lihlopha tse tharo - basali ba 6 "ba bong bo fapaneng", banna ba "basodoma" ba 19 ba bolailoeng ke AIDS, le banna ba "basodoma" ba 16 (litekanyetso tsena li fanoe ka matšoao a qotsitsoeng hobane litakatso tsa mofu tsa thobalano e ne e le tse inahaneloang haholo).

Sehlopheng se seng le se seng, LeVey e lekantse boholo ba sebaka se ikhethang sa boko se bitsoang interstitial nucleus ea anterior hypothalamus.⁹. Ho hypothalamus, li-nuclei tse joalo tse 'maloa li khetholloa ho 0.05 ho 0.3 mm³ ka boholo (Byne xnumx), tse baloang: 1, 2, 3, 4. Ka tloaelo, boholo ba INAH-3 bo ipapisitse le boemo ba testosterone ea hormone ea banna 'meleng: testosterone e ngata, INAH-3 e kholo. LeVey o boletse hore boholo ba INAH-3 ho basodoma bo ne bo le nyane haholo ho feta banna ba hohelang batho ba bong bo fapaneng, joalo ka basali. Kaha sebopeho sa 'mele oa motho se khethoa ke liphatsa tsa lefutso, LeVey o khothalelitse hore haeba boholo ba INAH-3 bo hokahana le tataiso ea takatso ea thobalano, "" koloi ea thobalano e bakoa ke sebopeho sa boko ... ", ka hona liphatsa tsa lefutso li tsamaisana le takatso ea thobalano.

Re lokela ho hlokomela hore LeVey o inehetse ka botlalo mosebetsing ona mme o ne a hlile a na le tšepo ea ho fumana sephetho se joalo. Kamora hore molekane oa hae oa bosodoma Richard Sherry a bolaoe ke AIDS, LeVey o ile a sithabela maikutlo ka nako e itseng (Newsweek xnumx, leq. 49). O ile a bolella baqolotsi ba litaba kamora hore sengoliloeng sa hae se phatlalatse: "Ke ne ke utloa eka ha ke sa fumane letho, ke tla lahla saense ka botlalo" (Newsweek xnumx, leq. 49).

Boithuto ba LeVey bo ne bo na le liphoso tse ngata tsa mokhoa, tseo eena ka boeena a ileng a tlameha ho li pheta, empa mecha ea litaba e ile ea ba hlokomoloha ka manganga. LeVey o fumane eng kapa a se fumane? Seo a sa kang a se fumana ka ho hlaka ke kamano pakeng tsa boholo ba INAH-3 le litakatso tsa thobalano. Ha hole joalo ka 1994, mofuputsi William Byne oa New York o ile a hlahlobisisoa haholo ke polelo mabapi le sesosa sa lefutso (Byne xnumx): Taba ea pele, ana ke bothata ba ho khetha lintho tse entsoeng lipatlisiso. LeVey o ne a sa tsebe hantle hore na batho bao a neng a ithuta le bona ke litakatso tsa thobalano neng. Hoa tsebahala hore ho bakuli ba nang le AIDS ea lefu le phahameng, litekanyetso tse tlase tsa testosterone li bonoa ka bobeli ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea lefu le ka lebaka la litlamorao tsa kalafo (Gomes 2016) Ho tsoa data ea LeVay, ho thata ka ho felletseng ho tseba hore na INAH-3 e kholo hakae ka nako ea tlhaho mme e sa kenye taba ea hore e ka fokotseha nakong ea bophelo. Lithuto tsohle tse khethiloeng ke LeVay e le "basodoma" li shoele ka lebaka la mathata a AIDS. LeVey ka boeena, sengolong se tšoanang, o beha pehelo:

"... liphetho ha li re lumelle ho fihlela qeto ea hore na boholo ba INAH 3 ke sesosa kapa phello ea boits'oaro ba motho ka mong, kapa hore na boholo ba INAH 3 le maikutlo a thobalano lia fetoha ka ts'usumetso ea mofuta o mong oa boraro o sa tsejoeng ..." (LeVay 1991, leq. 1036).

Taba ea bobeli, ha ho na lebaka la ho bua ka bonnete hore LeVey o fumane letho ho hang. Bafuputsi Ruth Hubbard le Elija Wald bukeng ea bona ea timetsa the Myth of gen: Kamoo Bo-rasaense, Lingaka, Bahiri, Likhamphani tsa Inshorense, Matichere le Babuelli ba Litokelo tsa Botho ba Iketsetsang Tlhahisoleseling ea liphatsa tsa lefutso, ha ba a ka ba botsa feela tlhaloso ea liphetho tsa LeVey, empa hape le taba ea hore na ho na le bohlokoa bofe phapang (Hubbard xnumx, leq. 95). Leha LeVey a bontšitse hore sehlopheng sa batho bao a neng a ba nka e le basodoma, boholo ba boholo ba INAH-3 bo ne bo le nyane ho feta tekanyo e tloaelehileng ea INAH-3 sehlopheng sa batho bao a neng a ba nka e le banna ba bong bo fapaneng, ho latela liphetho tsa hae hore boleng bo phahameng le bo tlase ba boleng bo lekana hantle e tšoanang lihlopheng ka bobeli. Ho na le mohopolo oa lipalo - molao oa kabo e tloaelehileng. E ntlafalitsoe, molao ona o re palo e kholo ea beng ba semelo e na le likarolo tsa boleng bona bohareng, mme ke ba fokolang feela ba nang le parameta ea boleng bo fetisisang. Ke hore, ea batho ba 100, 80 e tla ba le kholo ea 160 - 180, 10 e tlase ho 160, 10 ho feta 180 cm.

Ho latela melao ea lipalo-palo, ho khetholla phapang ea lipalo pakeng tsa lihlopha tse peli tsa lithuto ho ke ke ha khoneha ho bapisa paramente e se nang karohano e tloaelehileng. Mohlala, haeba ho le leng la lihlopha tsa batho ba ka tlase ho 160 cm ho ke ke ha ba le 10%, empa 40% kapa 50%. Phuputsong ea LeVay, INAH-3 e ne e le kholo ka ho fetisisa ho banna ba bong bo fapaneng le ba bong bo fapaneng, 'me e ne e le boholo bo lekanang bakeng sa basodoma le banna ba bangata ba bong bo fapaneng. Ho latela hore ho motho ka mong ho ke ke ha khoneha ho bua letho ka kamano pakeng tsa boholo ba INAH-3 le boitšoaro ba thobalano. Le haeba boteng ba liphapang tsa sebopeho sa boko bo bontšitsoe ka mokhoa o kholisang, bohlokoa ba bona bo tla lumellana le ho sibolloa hore mesifa ea baatlelete e kholo ho feta bathong ba tloaelehileng. Re ka fihlela qeto efe mabapi le 'nete ee? Na motho o ba le mesifa e meholo ha a ntse a bapala lipapali, kapa na ho ba le mesifa e meholo ka hare ho mesifa e kholo ho etsa motho semathi?

Mme ea boraro, LeVey ha a ka a bua letho ka kamano ea boitšoaro ba thobalano le INAH-3 ho basali.

Puisanong ea 1994, LeVey o itse:

“… Ho bohlokoa ho totobatsa hore ha ke so pake hore bosodoma bo tsoaletsoe 'me ha ke so fumane sesosa sa bona sa lefutso. Ha ke so bontshe hore batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang ba "tsoetsoe ba le joalo" - ena ke phoso e atileng haholo eo batho ba e etsang ha ba toloka mosebetsi oa ka. Hape ha ke a ka ka fumana "setsi sa basodoma" bokong ... Ha re tsebe hore na liphapang tseo ke li fumaneng li teng nakong ea tsoalo kapa li hlahile hamorao. Mosebetsi oa ka ha o arabe potso ea hore na thobalano e thehiloe pele ho tsoalo ... "(Nimmons xnumx).

Ho bolokoa hoa LeVey ho bohlokoa haholo, hobane setsebi leha e le sefe sa litsebi lefapheng la methapo ea kutlo se tseba ntho e kang neuroplasticity - bokhoni ba lisele tsa methapo ho fetola ts'ebetso le sebopeho sa hae nakong ea bophelo ba motho tlasa ts'usumetso ea lintlha tse fapaneng tsa boits'oaro.

Ho 2000, sehlopha sa bo-rasaense ba Borithane se phatlalalitse liphetho tsa boithuto ba boko ho bakhanni ba litekesi tsa London (Maguire 2000) Ho ile ha fumaneha hore bakeng sa bakhanni ba litekesi, sebaka sa boko se ikarabellang bakeng sa ho hokahanya libaka tsa sepakapaka se ne se le seholo haholo ho feta ho batho ba tsoang sehlopheng sa taolo ba neng ba sa sebetse joalo ka bakhanni ba tekesi, ho feta moo, boholo ba sebaka sena bo ne bo ipapisitse ka ho toba le palo ea lilemo tse sebelisitsoeng ka tekesi (Maguire 2000) Haeba bafuputsi ba phehella lipheo tsa lipolotiki, ba ka be ba ile ba re ho na le ntho e kang ena: "Bakhanni bana ba tekesi ba hloka ho fanoa ka koloi e letsohong le letona le kae kapa kae moo ba sebetsang teng, ho bohlokoa hore ba fetole drive ea ka letsohong le letšehali ho ea letsohong le letona hobane ba hlahile ka tsela e joalo!"

Ho fihla joale, motheo o kholisang oa bopaki o bokelletsoe molemong oa polasetiki ea litho tsa boko ka bobeli ka kakaretso le hypothalamus ka ho khetheha (O fumana xnumx; Rekisa 2014; Mainardi 2013; Hatton xnumx; Theodosis 1993) Boc morphology e fetoha tlasa ts'usumetso ea lintlha tsa boits'oaro (Kolb 1998) Mefuta ea bopa, ho etsa mohlala, e fetoha kamora boimana (Hoekzema et al. 2016)ho lula sebakeng (van Ombergen et al. Xnumx) le kamora ho ikoetlisa khafetsa (Nokia et al. Xnumx).

Ka hona, ho netefatsa mantsoe a builoeng ke LeVey ka boeena selemong sa 1994, monehelo oa thuto ea hae ea selemo sa 1991 ho khopolo ea tlhaho ea bosodoma ke zero.

Tlhatlhobo e qaqileng haholoanyane ea mosebetsi oa LeVay, hammoho le litlatsetso tse ling tsa neuroanatomical, e fanoa phatlalatsong ea tlhahlobo koranteng ea Science Science (Mbugua 2003).

Bohlokoa ba lipatlisiso tsa Levay

Ha ho motho ea atlehileng ho pheta liphetho tsa LeVey. Phatlalatsong ea 2001 ea selemo, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba tsoang New York ba ile ba etsa phuputso e ts'oanang - likarolo tse tšoanang tsa hypothalamus li bapisoa joalo ka thutong ea LeVay, empa ka tlhaiso-leseling e phethahetseng le tlhaiso e lekaneng ea thutoByne xnumx). Ha baa ka ba fumana ho itšetleha ka boholo ba INAH-3 ho bosodoma. Bangoli ba fihletse qeto ea hore "... maikutlo a tsa thobalano a ke ke a boleloa esale pele ho latela boholo ba INAH 3 feela ..." (Byne xnumx, leq. 91).

Hamorao, ho ile ha etsoa liteko tsa ho bona ho its'epaha ha litakatso tsa thobalano ho likarolo tse ling tsa boko. Ho 2002, setsebi sa kelello Lasko le basebetsi mmoho le bona ba phatlalalitse thuto ea karolo e 'ngoe ea boko - semelo sa kantle (Lasco 2002) Ho ile ha bontšoa hore sebakeng sena ha ho na phapang ea bohlokoa ho latela bong kapa mofuta oa takatso ea thobalano. Lithuto tse ling tse reretsoeng ho theha liphapang tsa sebopeho kapa tšebetso lipakeng tsa boko ba batho ba bong bo fapaneng le boko ba batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng ka lebaka la meeli ea bona ea tlhaho e batla e le ntho e ke keng ea boleloa: ho 2008, liphetho tsa tse ling tsa lithuto tsena li ile tsa akaretsoa ka sengoloeng se phatlalalitsoeng ho Proceedings of the US National Academy of Science (Swaab xnumx) Mohlala, phuputso e 'ngoe e sebelisitse monahano o sebetsang oa matla a khoheli ho lekanya liphetoho tse etsahalang bokong ha lithuto li bontša linepe tsa banna le basali. Ho fumanoe hore ho sheba sefahleho sa basali ho ntlafatsa tšebetso ho thalamus le orbitofrontal cortex ea banna le basali ba bong bo fapaneng, ha banna ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng ba ne ba amohela sefahleho sa monna.Kranz 2006) Taba ea hore likelello tsa basali ba bong bo fapaneng le ba banna ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng e arabela haholo sefahlehong sa banna, ha masapo a banna le basali ba bong bo fapaneng a arabela ka sefahleho sa basali, ho thata ho nahana ka tšibollo e kholo, ha ho fanoa ka maikutlo a tšusumetso ea bosodoma. Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, phuputso e 'ngoe e bua ka phello e fapaneng ea li-pheromones ho banna bao e seng ba bong bo tšoanang le banna ba bong bo tšoanang (Savic 2005).

Bolelele ba menoana

Tekanyo lipakeng tsa bolelele ba monoana oa bobeli (index) le monoana oa bone (mphe), eo hangata e bitsoang ratio "2D: 4D", e fapana ho banna le basali ba bangata. Bopaki bo bong bo supa hore keketseho ena e kanna ea ipapisa le boemo ba testosterone ba intrauterine, bo bakang banna ba nang le boemo bo phahameng ba tlhahlobo ea testosterone, monoana oa index o mokhuts'oane ho feta monoana oa lesale (i.e., tekanyo e tlase ea 2D: 4D) le hoo ho fapana.Hönekopp 2007) Ho latela bafuputsi ba bang, index ea 2D: 4D index e amahanngoa le litšekamelo tsa bosodoma. Maiteko a hore ka tsela e itseng a amanang le karo-karolelano ea 2D: 4D le litakatso tsa thobalano ha li lumellane ebile li ngangisana.

Ho latela polelo e le 'ngoe, basodoma ba ka ba le tekanyo e phahameng ea 2D: 4D (haufi le karolelano ea basali ho feta karo-karolelano ea banna ba bong bo fapaneng), athe hypotase e' ngoe e le ka lehlakoreng le leng, e fana ka maikutlo a hore hypermasculinization ka testosterone ea prenatal e ka lebisa ho palo e tlase. basodoma ho feta banna ba bong bo fapaneng. Hypothesis e boetse e beiloe pele mabapi le litakatso tsa basali ba basodoma ka lebaka la hypermasculinization (tekanyo e tlase, boemo bo holimo ba testosterone).

Lithuto tse 'maloa tse bapisoang tsa mokhoa ona ho basali le banna bao e seng banna le basali li hlahisitse litholoana tse fapaneng. Phuputso e phatlalalitsoeng koranteng ea Nature ho 2000 e bonts'itse hore ka mohlala oa batho ba baholo ba 720 baCalifornians, karo-karolelano ea 2D: 4D letsohong le letona ho basali ba nang le likhetho tsa bong bo le bong e ne e le masculine (ke ka tlase ho mona) ho feta basali bao e seng basodoma. e ne e sa fapana le keketseho ea banna bao e seng ba bong bo fapaneng (Williams 2000) Phuputso ena hape ha ea ka ea senola phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa 2D e tloaelehileng: tekanyo ea 4D lipakeng tsa banna ba basodoma le basodoma. Ka selemo sona seo, phuputso e 'ngoe e sebelisitseng sampole e nyane haholo ea banna ba ratanang le ba sa ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang ba tsoang Brithani e bontsitse boleng bo tlase ba 2D: 4D (i.e., masculine e eketsehileng) har'a basodoma (Robinson 2000) Ka selemo sa 2003, tlhahlobo ea sampole ea Londoners e fumane hore basodoma ba na le boemo bo tlase ba 2D: 4D ha e bapisoa le banna bao e seng basodoma (Rahman xnumx), ha lithuto tse ling tse peli tse tsoang California le Texas li bonts'a litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa 2D: 4D bakeng sa basodoma (Lippa xnumx; McFadden 2002) Ho 2003, ho ile ha etsoa liphuputso tse bapisang basali ba mafahla a supileng a basali ba mafahla a ma-monozygotic, ka bobeli ba basali ba mafahla a nang le likamano tsa botona le botšehali, mme lipara tse hlano tsa basali ba mafahla a monozygotic moo bo-khaitseli ka bobeli ba neng ba rata khetho ea bong bo le bong (Hall 2003) Ka mafahla a mabeli a nang le mefuta e fapaneng ea khahloa ea thobalano, ho batho ba iponahatsang e le basodoma, tekanyo ea 2D: 4D e ne e le tlase haholo ho feta mafahla a bona, athe mafahla a conconant ha a fumane phapang. Bangoli ba phethile ka hore sephetho sena se bonts'a hore "karo-karolelano e tlase ea 2D: 4D ke litholoana tsa phapang ea tikoloho ea batsoetse." Mme qetellong, ka selemo sa 2005, ka lebaka la tlhahlobo ea tekanyo ea 2D: 4D ho sampole ea Austria ea banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba 95 le banna ba 79 bao e seng banna ba bong bo tšoanang, ho fumanoe hore matšoao a 2D: 4D ho banna bao e seng banna ba bong bo fapaneng e ne e sa fapana haholo le ea banna ba bosodoma (Voracek 2005) Kamora ho hlahloba lipatlisiso tse 'maloa tsa tšobotsi ena, bangoli ba phethela ka hore "tlhaiso-leseling e eketsehileng e hlokahala ho khona ho phethela ka kholiseho hore na ho na le kamano pakeng tsa karolelano ea 2D: 4D le mofuta oa takatso ea thobalano ho banna, ho latela liphapang tsa morabe."

Ho fifala ha mahlo

Ho 2003, sehlopha sa bafuputsi ba Manyesemane ba phatlalalitse hore ba fumane "bopaki bo bo kholisang ba hore takatso ea thobalano e bakoa ke litšobotsi tsa boko ba motho" (Rahman xnumx) Katsi Rahman le bangoli ba bang ba re ba fumane phapano lebelo la karabelo - mahlo a lerootho - ho arabela lerata le leholo. Bangoli ba fumane hore basali ba na le tse fokolang tse bitsoang "Pre-pulse inhibition" (PPI) - ho fokotseha ha karabelo ea makoloi ea 'mele ho susumetso, boteng ba ts'usumetso e fokolang ea pele.¹⁰... Ka mantsoe a mang, basali ba ne ba panya kapele ho feta banna, mme basali ba ratang batho ba bong bo tšoanang ba panya butle ho feta basali bao e seng basodoma. Hoa lokela ho hlokomeloa hore, pele, bangoli ba ne ba etsa lipatlisiso sehlopheng se senyenyane sa lithuto, mme la bobeli, ha baa ka ba fumana phapang lipakeng tsa banna ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo, bangoli ba nkile qeto ea hore liphetho tsa bona li paka hore bosodoma ke ketsahalo ea tlhaho. Leha ho le joalo, bafuputsi leha ho le joalo ba ile ba etsa lipelaelo tse 'maloa: ba hlokometse hore potso ea hore na liphapang tse fumanoeng li bakoa ke ho hohela hoa thobalano kapa ke litlamorao tsa boitšoaro bo itseng ba thobalano e sa rarolloe. Ba supile: "... phapang ea neuroanatomical le neurophysiological lipakeng tsa basodoma le basodoma e ka ba ka lebaka la mabaka a tlhaho kapa tšusumetso ea ho ithuta ...". Ngaka Halstead Harrison oa Univesithi ea Washington o ile a sekaseka phuputso mme a hlokomela phoso e bohlokoa joalo ka boholo bo fokolang ba lihlopha tsa liteko (basali ba basodoma ba 14 le basali ba 15 ba bong bo fapaneng, banna ba 15 ba bong bo tšoanang le banna ba 15 ba bong bo fapaneng). Harrison o phethile ka ho re: "Rahman et al. Ha a fana ka bopaki bo tiileng ho tšehetsa qeto ea hore basali ba basodoma ba bonts'a mekhahlelo ea PPI e ts'oanang le ea banna."Harrison xnumx) Harrison o boetse a belaella ho lekana ha lipalo tsa mekhoa eo.

Lithuto tse peli tse tšohliloeng ka holimo li ka fana ka leseli holima tšusumetso ea li-hormone tsa bo-mme, hobane nakong ea nts'etsopele ea intrauterine, mafahla a tšoanang le a tšoanang a bona litlamorao tsa ona ka tsela e tšoanang. Matšoao a fokolang a concordance lithutong tsa mafahla a bontša hore lihormone tsa pelehi e le lintlha tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso ha li nke karolo e tiileng ho theheng takatso ea thobalano. Boiteko bo bong ba ho fumana lintlha tsa lihormone tse amang haholo takatso ea thobalano le bona ha bo e-ba bo sa boleloang, le bohlokoa ba sephetho sa bona ha bo so utloisisoe.

Litlamorao tsa khatello ea maikutlo ea bo-mme

Ho 1983, Gunther Dörner et al o entse thuto ho theha khokahano lipakeng tsa khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea boimana le boitsebahatso ba kamoso ba thobalano ba bana ba bona. Ba buisane le batho ba makholo a mabeli ka liketsahalo tse ka bakang khatello ho bo-mme ba bona nakong ea kemolo - ke hore, nts'etsopele ea ba arabelang ka boyona (Dörner 1983) Bongata ba liketsahalo li ne li amana le koluoa ​​ea Ntoa ea II ea Lefatše. Ho banna ba tlalehileng hore bo-'m'a bona ba bile le khatello e matla nakong ea bokhachane, 65% e ne e le basodoma, 25% e ne e le batho ba bong bo fapaneng, 'me 10% e ne e ratana. Leha ho le joalo, lithutong tsa morao-rao, ho kenyelletsa likhakanyo tse nyane haholo kapa ho ba sieo ha litlhaloso tsa bohlokoa (Ellis 1988) Ho 2002, kamora ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa kameho ea kamano pakeng tsa drive ea thobalano le khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea kotlo ea bobeli le ea boraro, Hines le basebetsi-'moho ba fumane hore khatello ea maikutlo nakong ea boimana e ne e "amana hanyane" le boits'oaro ba banna ba banana ba bona nakong ea likhoeli tsa 42 " 'me ha ho kamano efe kapa efe ”ho boits'oaro bo tloaelehileng ba botšehali ba bara ba bona (Hines xnumx).

Karolo ea Boraro: Bofokoli ba 'Mele?

Phello e Kholo ea Moena

“Matla a mor'abo motho e moholo” (ESB) kapa “phello ea tatellano ea tlhaho ea bara ba motho”¹¹ - lentsoe lena le ile la hlahisoa ke bafuputsi ba Canada le Amerika ba bitsoang Ray Blanchard le Anthony Bogert - ke hore ho latela liphuputso tse ling, ha ho bapisoa le banna ba tloaelehileng ba ratanang le banna ba bong bo tšoanang, basodoma ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang, basodoma le babetelli ba na le banab'eno ba baholo, empa eseng baralib'abo rona ba baholo ho feta (Blanchard 1996; Bogaert 1997; Blanchard 1998; Lalumiere 1998; Blanchard 2000; Cote xnumx; MacCulloch 2004; Blanchard 2018).

Hajoale, ho ntse ho e-na le puisano e bulehileng mabapi le hore na (1) na ehlile ESB e teng, le (2) haeba e teng, ekaba e na le sesosa sa tlhaho kapa sechabeng (Zietsch 2018; Gavrilets 2017; Whitehead 2018).

Leha ho bile le liphetho tse hanyetsanang lebaleng la ESB le lisosa tsa eona, bafuputsi ba bang le batho ba sechaba, ba leka ho fumana mabaka a tlhaho bakeng sa bosodoma, ba ile ba amohela ka ho hlaka tlhaloso ea tlhaho ea ESB hoo ba ileng ba qhelela ka thoko litlhaloso tse ling tse ka khonehang (tšusumetso ea khōliso, jj. .).

.️2023 tlatsetso:
Bo-rasaense ba Lefapha la Psychology Univesithing ea Vienna ba ile ba etsa ts'ebetso ea lipalo ea data mabapi le phello e kholo ea mor'abo rōna. Ba ile ba etsa qeto ea hore, ha ba hlahlobisisoa ka nepo, kamano e tobileng pakeng tsa palo ea baena ba hōlileng le tšekamelo ea bosodoma e nyenyane, e fapane ka boholo, ’me ho bonahala e sa tobane le banna. Ho feta moo, bopaki bo teng ba saense feteletsa ka lebaka la liphello tsa lithuto tse nyenyane.

Vilsmeier JK, Kossmeier M, Voracek M, Tran US. 2023. Phello ea taelo ea tsoalo ea bara ba motho e le setšoantšo sa lipalo-palo: bopaki bo feto-fetohang ho tsoa ho probability calculus, boitsebiso bo etsisitsoeng, le tlhahlobo e fapaneng ea meta. Lithaka J 11:e15623 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15623

Litsotsi tsa hypothesis ea ESB

ESB ha se mokhelo o se nang meeli, taba ea ho ba teng ha eona ke taba ea lipuisano tse tsoelang pele tsa mahlale ka mabaka a mangata.

Pele, phello ena ha e fumanoe lithutong tsohle. Brendan P. Zietsch o hlokometse hore batšehetsi ba thuto ea ESB ba kenyelletsa lipatlisisong tsa bona feela sephetho sa lithuto tse phatlalalitsoeng tse lumellanang le maikutlo a bona, mme ba hlokomoloha lithuto, litaba tsa litaba, liphatlalatso, lipuo lipuisanong tseo ESB e sa fumanoeng ho tsona (Zietsch 2018) Bothata bona bo bohlokoa haholo, kaha ho na le lisampole tse tšeletseng ho tse supileng tse tšoanang hantle, ESB ha ea tiisoa (Bearman 2002; Bogaert 2005, 2010; Francis xnumx; Frisch xnumx; Zietsch 2012) Moemeli oa LGBT +, ea boletsoeng ka holimo, oa mokhatlo oa Simon LeVay, mosebetsing oa hae o fana ka kakaretso ea lithuto tseo ESB e sa fumanoeng ho tsona (LeVay 2016).

Taba ea bobeli ke hore, lithuto tseo ESB li fumanoeng li ipapisitse le mokhoa o makatsang oa ho etsa sampole. Batšehetsi ba ts'ebetso ea ESB ba sebelisa mekhoa e joalo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea baahi e lebisang kenyelletsong ea lisampole tsohle tse fumanehang tsa tlhaiso (ke hore, mehlala eo e khethiloeng ka boomo mabapi le phapang e ikemetseng ea boithuto - ho hohela thobalano ho sena). Sena se bolela hore tlhahlobo ea meta e kenyelletsa feela sampole eo karolo ea basodoma e sa tšoane le karolo ea batho ba ratanang le batho ba bong bo tšoanang ho batho ba bang (mohlala, mehlala e tsoang tlhahlobisong ea Blanchard ea 2018 ea selemo e na le kakaretso ea 51% ea batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang. ho latela mehloli e fapaneng, boholo ke 2 - 3%). Sebakeng sa mehlala e joalo e sa amaneng, menyetla ea ho khetha lihlopha tsa batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo fapaneng e ea eketseha, e fapaneng ka ho fapana feela ka lintho tse boletsoeng esale pele. Lebenkele la Blanchard 1 2018 le bonts'a hore boholo ba mehlala e kenyelelitsoeng tlhahlobisong ea meta e nkuoe bathong ba sa emeloang haholo: linokoane tse amanang le thobalano, batho ba fetisang maikutlo, li-pedophiles, li-psychopaths, joalo-joalo ke taba ea bohlokoa hore ha ho le e 'ngoe ea mathata ana a khetho ea sampole e ileng ea tšohloa sehloohong sena. Ho fapana le moo, litekanyetso tsa ho kenyelletsa Blanchard li ile tsa sebelisoa ka mokhoa o neng o sa qhele lithuto tse kholo le disampuli tsa probabilistic (moo ESB e sa netefatsoang). Herogeneity e kholo ea boholo ba phello lipakeng tsa lithuto tsa motho ka mong tlhahlobong ea meta e bontša hore taba ea hore na lihlopha li khethiloe joang thutong e na le tšusumetso e kholo ho ESB. Sena se eketsa monyetla oa hore likarolo tsa sampling li thehe li-ESB, haholo-holo ha li fuoa hore li-sampuli tse kholo tsa monyetla ha li bonts'e ESB ho hang.

Taba ea boraro, bothata bo bong ba mokhoa ke hore mekhoa ea ho hlahloba li-ESB e bonahala e le leeme ebile e etselitsoe ho bona sephetho se lakatsehang. Mohlala, bafuputsi ba bang ba sebelisitse tlhahlobo ea lipalo-palo ea motho a le mong ho lekola phello (jk., Bogaert 2005; Poasa 2004; Reka 2000) kapa ho fetolela liphetho tsa bafuputsi ba bang ba sa kang ba bona ESB e le bohlokoa, a re ho ile ha sebelisoa liteko tsa tsela e le 'ngoe (Blanchard 2015) - leha ho tsejoa hore liteko tsa tsela e le 'ngoe li ka sebelisoa maemong a sa tloaelehang haholo tse sa lumellaneng le maemo a tlhahlobo ea meta (Lombardi xnumx) Mofuputsi Bartlett o ngola tse latelang:

“… Ka lebaka la khaello e lekanyelitsoeng ea banna ba bong bo tšoanang bathong, ho thata ho fumana lihlopha tse leka-lekaneng tsa basodoma le banna ba bong bo fapaneng bakeng sa thuto. Mohlala oa basodoma le batho ba bong bo fapaneng ho tsoa ho batho ba nang le boholo bo fapaneng ba malapa ho baka bothata ho lekanyeng ESB. Monyetla oa hore thuto e tla ba le phello e fosahetseng ka mefuta eohle ea banab'eno, eseng banab'eno ba baholo feela, oa eketseha haeba basodoma ba tsoang malapeng a maholo ba khethoa sampoleng, ha litlamorao li nyamela haeba banna ba bong bo fapaneng ba tsoang malapeng a maholo ba khethoa sampoleng. ... "(Bartlett xnumx).

La bone, ESB e ipapisitse le liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ea ntlafatso. Ho fumanoa ha likhakanyo tsa 'nete ho ts'oana le ho fumanoa ha sesosa ho theha khokahano ena. Litlatsetso life kapa life li boetse li hloka litlhaloso tsa maiketsetso tsa se sa phethahalang (Gavrilets 2017).

Ea bohlano, ESB ha e hohle. ESB ha e khone ho hlalosa bosodoma ho banna ba se nang baholoane, ebile ha e khone ho hlalosa ho haella ha khahlo ea bosodoma banab'eso ba nang le ngoan'abo moholo ea neng a ratana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang, ha e khone ho hlalosa ho se utloane pakeng tsa likhetho tsa thobalano har'a bara ba mafahla¹². ESB ha e hlahe ho banna ba loanang. Ho khahloa ke batho ba babeli ho ka utloisisoa e le ho hohela ho khahlapetsa batho ba bong bo fapaneng le ba bong bo fapaneng, ka hona, ka har'a sebopeho sa ESB paradigm, banna ba ratanang ba lokela ho ba le ESB e fokolang ho feta banna ba basodoma, empa ba fetang banna ba bong bo fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo thutong Bogaert (2006) ESB e ne e tšoana le ho batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ba basodoma. McConaghy le basebetsi mmoho (2006) o entse thuto ea ESB ho “batho ba ratanang haholo le batho ba bong bo fapaneng” (batho ba nang le maikutlo a fokolang a bong bo tšoanang) ha a bapisoa le sehlopha se laolang batho ba bong bo fapaneng. ESB e hlokometsoe banna le basali. Ntle le moo, litlamorao tsa khaitseli e moholo le tsona li bonoe ho banna, leha e le tse fokolang. Ho latela bangoli, liphetho tsa bona li bonts'a hore lisosa tsa tlhaho tsa ESB ha li na monyetla ho feta sechabeng. Ho hakanngoa hore tekanyetso ea ESB e hlalosa feela 17% ea palo eohle ea linyeoe tsa ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ho banna feela (Cantor xnumx) ESB ha e hlalose likhetho tsa basodoma ho basali. Batšehetsi ba tšibollo ea ESB ba lekile makhetlo a mangata ho fumana phello ena ho basali ba nang le khetho ea bosodoma, empa ntle le litholoana (Blanchard 2004).

Taba ea botšelela, ESB ha e sebetse mehlaleng ea 'nete ea bochaba. Ho nka boteng ba ESB, ho latela paradigm ea eona, motho a ka bolela esale pele (mohlala ho latela Bogaert 2004) hore palo e kholo ea banna ba nang le khetho ea bosodoma e bonoa ho: (a) malapa a bolumeli ao ho nang le monyetla oa hore palo e kholo ea bana e phahameng; (c) Litso tsa Bochabela le tsa Mamoseleme, ka setso li khetholloa ke malapa a maholo; le tšoaetso e tlase - lichabeng tsa Bophirimela tse nang le maemo a phahameng a bophelo, tseo ho tsona tsoalo e tlase haholo ho mekhatlo ea batho ba Bochabela (Caldwell 1997) Tloaelo e tšoanang, ho e beha ka bonolo, ha e tsamaellane le 'nete.

Mehopolo ea ESB

Ho na le likhopolo-taba tse 'maloa tse hlalosang ESB e fumanoeng lithutong tse ling (James xnumx), har'a tsona tse ka sehloohong tse ka khetholloang: (1) tlhahiso ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ea motho e mong le e mong (2) kameho ea kelello ea kamorao ho bophelo ba motho (ho pepesehela maemo a tikoloho). Ka tlase re tla sekaseka maikutlo ana ka bobeli.

Hypothesis ea bakhachane

Blanchard le Bogert, e le motheo oa tlhaho oa ESB, ba beha khopolo-taba ea ntoa ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, eo ho thoeng tsamaiso ea' mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e khona ho hlahisa li-antibodies ho "li-antigen" tse ling tsa lesea le monna, le ho thoeng li-antibodies li ipokella ka moimana ka mong o latelang oa mpa. ho eketsa menyetla ea ho senyeheloa ke masapo a intrauterine ho moshanyana e mong le e mong ea latelang (Blanchard 1996) Hypothesis ea likhohlano tsa 'mele tsa ho itšireletsa mafung a basali e leka ho hlalosa nts'etsopele ea maikutlo a moshemane oa moshemane oa moshemane ka ho bapisoa le ho ima ha Rh.Bogaert 2011).

Boimana ba ntoa ea Rhesus ke boemo ba methapo bo bakoang ke ho ba teng ka popelong ea setho sa botona bo kenyang protheine e itseng liseleng tsa mali le ho se be teng hoa mofuta o joalo ho 'm'a (ke hore,' m'a mohlaleng ona ke Rh-negative mme lesea le sa tsoa emoloa le na le Rh-positive). Nakong ea bokhachane ba pele ba 'm'a Rh-negative ea nang le lesea le nang le tšoaetso ea Rh, lisele tsa "fetus" li kenella maling a mme li baka karabelo ea ho itšireletsa mafung - sebopeho sa li-antibodies ho lisele tsa mali. Boimana bo tlang ho 'm'a bona bo nang le lesea le nang le tšoaetso ea HIV, lithibela-mafu tse tsoang maling a' m'a li tla kena maling a fetana le ho senya lisele tsa hae tse khubelu tsa mali, li etsa hore hemolysis le ho hlaseloa ke tlhaho nakong ea tlhaho. Ke ka lebaka leo lithibela-mafu tsa basali li laolang boemo ba Rh ba mme le ntate oa ngoana.

Blanchard le Bogert hypothesis e thehiloe hodima melaoana e ts'oanang le boimana ba Rh. Maemong ana, ntho e bakang sebopeho sa li-antibodies (Rh positivity mohlaleng o kaholimo) ke boteng ba chromosome ea ho bapala, ke hore, bong ba setho sa botona. Y chromosome e koahela sebopeho sa protheine le li-hormone tse teng ka popelong ea monna (empa eseng ho e tšehali!) Se se ntse se le methating ea pelehi ea embyogenesis. Ho ea ka tšibollo e boletsoeng, likaroloana tsa "li-cell" tsa "fetus" tse kenang maling a mme li etsa hore li-antibodies, tseo ho thoeng, nakong ea boimana ba pelehi ke ngoana e motona, li pharalletse mothong o tsoang bokong ba mali, li kene ka popelong ea bongoana 'me li hlasele lisele tse khethehileng tsa methapo tse nang le “antigen ea monna” ", Ka tšohanyetso e thibela nts'etsopele ea" embryonic brain "ke mofuta oa monna", ka lebaka leo moshanyana a hlahang a e-na le "boko ba basali" mme ho thoe ke monna oa bong bo fapaneng kapa ba transgender. Ho ts'oaroa ha bakhachane ho eketseha ka bokhachane bo bong le bo bong bo etsoang ke ngoana ka hona, menyetla ea ho kheloha ho thoe e eketseha le mor'abo e mong le e mong ea moholo.

Ho ea ka tšibollo ea Blanchard le Bogert, netefatso ea tšenyo ea mmele ea intrauterine ke ho fokotseha ha boima ba 'mele ha o hlaha ho banna ba bong bo tšoanang ba nang le banab'abo ba baholo.

Melemo ea ts'ebetso ea thibelo ea bokhachane

William H. James (2004) o ile a hlahlobisisa ka nepo lintlha tsa mantlha tsa hypothesis ea likhohlano tsa 'mele tsa ho itšireletsa mafung.

Taba ea pele, khopolo ea hore nakong ea bokhachane 'm'a e emisoa feela ka li-antigen tse khethehileng tsa lesea, empa eseng e le mosali - ho li beha ka bonolo, hoa belaela.. Bo-'mè ba ka ba le karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, ka monna le mosali, ke hore, eseng "li-antigen tsa banna", empa ba khethehileng ba bo-ntate ba na le boits'ireletso ba mmele maemong ana, mme li-pathologies tse joalo li ithutile hantle (Dankers xnumx) Lintho tse tharo tse joalo li atile haholo: (a) RCH e boletsoeng kaholimo, moo lisele tsa mali a khubelu tsa "fetus" li amang bophelo ba tsona, tse nang le ntlha e ntle ea Rh holim 'a tsona, khafetsa 10 - 20%; (b) alloimmune thrombocytopenia ea bana ba sa tsoa tsoaloa e amang liplatelete, maqhubu a 4% kapa 12%, haeba mefuta ea asymptomatic le eona e tsotelloa.Turner 2005); neutropenia ea masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa, e ama neutrophils, frequency 4% (Han 2006) Maemong ana kaofela, li-antigen ke bo-ntate ka bomong, eseng banna ba tloaelehileng. Ba ba le bana ba latelang ba bong bofe kapa bofe ho tsoa ho ntate a le mong. Li ama likarolo tsa mali (mme eseng litho le lisele tse ling) nakong ea ho kopana ha mali a fetal (lesapo la mokokotlo, placenta, joalo-joalo) le sesole sa 'mele sa' mele (ka lebaka la ho sithabela litho tsa ka ntle tsa mpa, bokantle ba popelo, joalo-joalo) nakong ea pelehi.

Li-antibodies tsa bo-'m'e li almimune hoo ho thoeng li kenella ka lebese la 'm'a, joalo ka li-antibodies tse ling (Gasparoni xnumx), mohlala, li-antibodies tsa bo-'m'e nakong ea lefu la Rh, tse kenang ka lebese la mme, li ka lebisa ho lefu la hemolytic la lesea le sa tsoa hlaha (Beer 1975) Ka mokhoa o ts'oanang, ho ka nahanoa hore lebese le nang le li-antibodies tse matlafatsang khahlanong le "li-antijeni tsa banna" le ke ke la mamelloa hantle ke baena ba morao-rao, e leng se tla lebisa mathateng a ho anyesa le ho felisoa ha hae pele, hammoho le lefu la ho bola. Leha ho le joalo, ho hlahlojoa ha lingoliloeng tsa bongaka ho fana ka setšoantšo se fapaneng: taelo ea tsoalo ha e amane le nako ea ho anyesa kapa ka kakaretso e lumellana hantle le eona (Martin 2002) Khafetsa ea mofuta o mong le o mong oa colitis ho masea a sa tsoa hlaha e qala ho 0,01% ho 7,5% (Hildebrand xnumx; Pumberger xnumx; Xanthakos 2005), ha bacha ba batona le botšehali ba amehile. Ho kenyelelitsoe lipalo-palo tsena ke lintho tse hlahisoang lebese la khomo.

Re pheta-pheta hore ho ea ka pono ea ho iphetola ha lintho, ho kenella ka hare ho 'm'a ngoana ka botona ho ke ke ha utloahala bakeng sa mme. Phylogenesis ea motho e le phoofolo e anyesang e nka lilemo tse limilione tse ngata. Hobane nako e telele hakana 'meleng oa motho ha e so qale mekhoa e atlehang ea ho thibela litšenyehelo tse theko e boima hakana mabapi le tlhaiso ea likarabo tsa' mele? Likarabo tsa 'mele tsa mosali tse amanang le' mele nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho tse etsahalang 'meleng oa basali tse phetseng hantle joalo ka bokhachane le ngoana e motona, e leng se bolelang hore 50% ea bokhachane bohle e tla lebisa ho se leka-lekaneng ha bong le mathata a ho iphetola ha lintho. Phylogeneis e lula e tataisa le ho boloka mekhoa e metle ka ho fetisisa bakeng sa mefuta. Mohlala, ho na le bopaki ba bohlokoa ba hore khetho ea molekane oa monna e amana le "main histocompatibility tata" (GCS) (Chaix 2008; Millinski 2006; Wedekind xnumx), ke hore, maemong a phylogenetic, mekhoa ea mefuta e etselitsoe haholo ho eketsa phapang motheong oa GCS le ho eketsa ts'ebetso ea bana (Williams 2012; Guleria 2007).

Ha a sireletsa khopolo ea hae, Bogert o fana ka mohlala oa karabelo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung joalo ka moimana oa Rh-ngangisano (RCH) (Bogaert 2011), e lebisang ho lefu la hemolytic la le sa tsoa tsoaloa - ho nahanoang hore ketsahalo ena (e kotsing e ka bang 15% ea baahi (Izetbegovic 2013)) ha ea ka ea nyamela nakong ea ho iphetola ha lintho. Leha ho le joalo, re lokela ho hopola hore khafetsa FC nakong e fetileng ea batho e le mofuta oa liphoofolo e ne e le tlase haholo. Boemong ba hona joale, ntho e iphetohelang e kang pherekano ea batho e bonoa, ka hona, ha ho bonahale e le ntho e makatsang hore mekhoa ea tlhaho ea ho thibela khohlano ea Rhesus ha e so ka e qala. Ka nts'etsopele ea transplantology, moloko oa batho o kopane le ntho e joalo e neng e le sieo joalo ka karabelo ea ho itšireletsa khahlanong le 'mele (hoo e ka bang 100% ea ba amohelang), ha ho makatse hore batho ha ba na mokhoa oa tlhaho oa khatello ea bona. Tabeng ea RCH le karabelo ea ho hana ho motho joalo ka mofuta, ha ho fetile nako e ngata bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea methapo ea meputso¹³. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, tlhokomelo e tsitsitseng ea boits'ireletso ba 'mele ba bo-'mè ba nang le 50% ea bana ba bona e ne e tla ba ntho e makatsang.

Ka kakaretso, ho bonahala eka ha ho na bonnete ba hore ho na le likarolo kapa lintho tse itseng tsa lesea le ka thoko tse nang le thepa ea antigenic e ikhethang ho monna feela. Testosterone ea mahala, e leng globulin e tlamang likobo kapa cell membrane androgen receptor, ha e arabele 'm'ae hobane kaofela le eona e teng' meleng oa mosali.

Taba ea bobeli, khopolo ea hore li-antibodies tse khethehileng tsa bo-mme li senya boko ba lesea ka mokhoa o ikhethileng (li lebisang ho "feminization"), empa ka nako e ts'oanang ha li senye mesebetsi e meng ea boko ebile ha li ame li-testicles (tse nang le lihlahisoa tse ngata tsa mofuta oa Y-chromosome. ) - ke hore, ho e beha ka bonolo, khang.

Ha e le hantle, ts'oaetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung e tsoile khahlanong le "li-antigen" banna, li-antibodies tsa' mele li ne li tla ama liteko tsa mantlha haholo tse nang le "antigen ea banna" ho feta bokong. Mefuta e mengata e ikhethang ea banna e tsejoa (i.e., e fumanehang ho Y chromosome) (Ginalksi xnumx) Polelo ea liphatsa tsena tsa lefutso - ke hore, ho bala tlhahisoleseling le liprotheine le likarolo - ha li hlahe feela bokong, empa haholo lithutong, tseo e lokelang ho ba sepheo sa mantlha sa tlhaselo e ikhethang ea "anti-male", 'me eseng bokong (Ginalksi xnumx) Ho banna ba bong bo tšoanang, ho ata ha testicular pathologies ho tla bonoa: hypospadias, cryptorchidism, testicular cancer, jj, leha ho le joalo, ha ho na kamano ea mathata a testicular le bosodoma kapa ESB a fumanoeng (Pierik xnumx; Flannery xnumx) Ho feta moo, hoa thabisa ho hlokomela hore banna ba nang le hypospadias, leha ba le litekanyetso tse tlase tsa testosterone nakong ea kholo ea bokhachane, ba na le maemo a phahameng haholo a bonohe ba kelello (Sandberg 1995) Hape ho ka lebelloa hore ho batho ba khahloang ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang, ho kena bohlankaneng ho tla ba teng hamorao ka lebaka la liso tsa 'mele tsa ho itšireletsa mafung, leha ho le joalo, lithuto tse kholo ha lia ka tsa senola liphapang lilemong tsa ho kena bohlankaneng ho latela khetho ea thobalano (Savin-Williams 2006).

Ntle le moo, ho kenella ha li-antibodies tsa 'mele ka mpeng ea mali ho fetela bokong ba ngoana ho ka se khonehe ka lebaka la khatello ea mali (BBB), e seng e entsoe bekeng ea 4-th ea bokhachane (Zusman 2004) Li-antibodies tse joalo li ne li tla khona ho hlola BBB feela ka li-pathologies tse tebileng tsa morao-rao ka tlolo ea ts'ebetso ea ts'ireletso, e neng e tla baka tšenyo e kholo ea methapo bokong. Leha ho le joalo, haeba "BBB" ea fetal e maemong a tloaelehileng, leha e le ho tlola ts'oaetso ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung ha ho lebise ho methapo ea methapo ea lesea - BBB e thibela li-antibodies. Phuputsong e kholo e koahelang 'm'a oa 17 283 oa bo-'mè ba nang le bana, ha ho kamano e fumanoeng pakeng tsa ts'oaetso ea bo-mme le boits'oaro ba pelo, ho khutla kelellong, ho tsitsipana, joalo-joalo (Flannery xnumx).

Hape, khopolo-taba ea hore li-antibodies tsa hypothetical li senya boko ka tsela eo li bakang tšebetso ea tsona ea botšehali e ke keng ea etsahala. Boemong ba embyogenesis, phapang pakeng tsa botona le botšehali bokong e hlahisoa ka mokhoa o fokolang, mme sebopeho sa ho qetela sa morphofunctional, ho ea ka thobalano, se etsahala nakong ea ho kena bohlankaneng, ha ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso ba kelello e sa khonehe (Lenroot 2007; Paus xnumx) Mohopolo oa ho ba teng bokong ba setho sa mokhatlo o hlophisitsoeng oa neural oa bong bo itseng o belaela haholo 'me ha o e-so ka o bontšoa ka mokhoa o kholisang (Lauterbach 2001; Nunez 2003) Makala a MRI a bontšitse feela lipalo tse fokolang tsa lipalo ho fapana le dintotomous phapang ea sebopeho sa boko sa masea a sa tsoa tsoaloa, ka lipapatso tsa bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ba batona (Zanin xnumx; Mitter 2015).

Ho ea ka tšibollo, re lokela ho lebella hore basodoma ba nang le banab'eso ba holileng, ba nang le "boloi", e tla ba karolo ea moetlo ka lithahasello le boits'oaro ba basali, hobane ke ntho e inahaneloang ho lumela hore "demaskulinization" ea kelello e tla ama feela litakatso tsa thobalano tsa moshanyana, empa e tla feta tse ling. litšoaneleho tse ikhethang tsa banna. Ho lokela ho hlokomeloe hore lithutong tse ling, ho hohela batho ba bong bo le bong ho batho ba baholo ho ikamahanya le likarolo tse ngata tsa "basali", empa nts'etsopele ea kelello, ka boholo le ts'ebetso, e etsahala haholo kamora ho hlaha, ka hona, ho latela bangoli ka bo bona, ke litholoana tsa kamora ho pepa. boiphihlelo, eseng lintlha tsa bokhachane. Patlisiso ea Bogaert et al. (2003; 2005); Kishida et al. (2015); Semenyna et al. (2017) ha ea ka ea senola kamano pakeng tsa ESB le ho teba ha matšoao a basali ho banna.

Taba ea boraro ke hore, kamano ea pakeng tsa lesapo la 'mele la ho itšireletsa mafung, e re palo ea baena ba baholoanyane, ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang le ho theola boima ba' mele ke tlhaho.

E le bopaki ba tlhaselo e akaretsang ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, batšehetsi ba ESB hypothesis le immune lesion cite e bontša hore banna ba nang le banab'abo ba baholo ba ne ba na le boima bo tlase ba tsoalo (Blanchard 2001). Ho fokotseha ha boima ba 'mele ha o hlaha ho bashanyana ba nang le baholoane, lithutong tsa Blanchard e ne e le ka ligrama tsa 170 (5% ea boima ba' mele) (Blanchard 2001). Ho ea ka tšibollo e ntseng e tsoela pele puisano, ho fokotseha ho ts'oanang ho lokela ho bonoa bakeng sa bashanyana ba nang le khethollo ea bosodoma ba nang le banab'abo ba baholo, 'me ha baa lokela ho bonoa ho banana. Leha ho le joalo, sena ha se joalo - thutong ea Norway e ileng ea hlahloba kamano ea hypothetical ea likarabo tsa boits'ireletso ba mmele le tahlehelo ea boima ba mmele ha motho a hlaha, lithuto tsa tsoalo ea 181 000 li ile tsa ithutoa, mme tahlehelo ea boima ba mmele ha motho a hlaha e ile ea bonoa ho banana le ho bashanyana (Magnus 1985). Ntle le moo, "morethetho o moholo oa hypothetical" o ile oa bonoa bakeng sa bong ka bobeli mme o ne o le tlase haholo - 0,6%, o hlahisitsoe ka phapano ea ligrama tsa 20 ± 4,5 mabapi le boima bo tloaelehileng ba tsoalo ho ligrama tsa 3 500 (Magnus 1985).

Ho ea ka lintlha tsena, karolo ea lintlha tsa boits'ireletso ba mmele ka kakaretso ho fokotseng boima ba 'mele e bonahala e belaela. Hoa hlokomeleha hore Magnus le basebetsi mmoho le bona thutong ea bona le bona ba ithutile ka litlamorao tsa li-antigen tsa bo-ntate ka boima ba masea - ntlheng ena ho ile ha fanoa ka maikutlo a hore haeba ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ho bakoa ke sesole sa' mele ho itšireletsa khahlanong le li-antigen tsa bo-ntate, ho tla hlokomeloa ho bashanyana le banana .. Magnus 'me basebetsi-'moho ba ithutile bongata ba bana ba bong ka bobeli ba pelehi ho bo-'mè ba kene lenyalong le lecha mme ba tsoetse bana ba bacha - haeba boima ba' mele bo bakiloe ke karabelo ea 'mele, boima ba tsoalo baneng ba monna e mong bo tlameha e be ho khutlela matšoao a tloaelehileng a mantlha, kaha ntate e mong ke moqapi oa li-antigen tse ncha mme ts'ebetso ea boits'ireletso e tsoelang pele ea hlokahala bakeng sa ho bokella li-antibodies tsa bokhachane (boimana bo 'maloa) (Magnus 1985). Leha ho le joalo, boima ba 'mele nakong ea tsoalo ea bana ho tsoa ho ntate e mong bo ile ba lula bo fokotsehile, mme bangoli ba fihlela qeto ea hore kamano ea mekhoa efe kapa efe ea boits'ireletso ea mmele le ho fokotseha ha boima ba' mele nakong ea tlhaho ha e tiisoe mohlaleng oa bona (Magnus 1985).

Sesosa sa ho fokotsa boima ba 'mele ka nako ea tlhaho ha e tsoaloa e ka ba: (a) bohloeki; (b) ho haella ha placental; (c) mafu a 'mele a autoimmune, ho etsa mohlala, systemic lupus erythematosus (e kopantsoeng le li-pathologies tse' maloa tsa tsoalo ka nako ea tlhaho); (d) tlhahiso ea li-pathologies tse amanang le mathata a testicular. Ha ho le e 'ngoe ea lintho tse boletsoeng ka holimo e kileng ea tsebahala bakeng sa banna ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang.

Kamano ea ho theola boima ba 'mele nakong ea tlhaho ha e hlaha le likarabo tsa' mele ea mmele ha e so hlakisoe ebile e ntse e le taba e inahaneloang haholo. Ho latela James (2006) Ho theoha hoa boima ba 'mele ha motho a hlaha ho ka etsahala ka lebaka la tšusumetso ea testosterone (Manikkam 2004). Ntle le moo, litekanyetso tse eketsehileng tsa testosterone 'meleng oa mosali li amahanngoa le monyetla oa ho tsoala moshanyana (James xnumx; James 2004b). Blanchard, ha a etsa tlhahiso ea hae ka boleng ba bopaki bo e tšehetsang, o ile a bua ka thuto Gualtieri and Hick (1985)ea boletseng hore karolo ea thobalano ea bana ba tsoaloang e fetoha ea bong ba basali ho latela palo ea bana (ka mantsoe a mang, bana ba bangata ba hlahile ka lelapeng, moshanyana o hlaha hangata. Leha ho le joalo, ho bile le phoso ea tlhaloso thutong ena (bona James xnumx, leq. 52; James xnumx). Ho fapana le hoo, lithuto tse peli tse kholo ka ho fetisisa: tlhahlobo ea tsoalo ea limilione tsa 4 naheng ea Fora (James xnumx) le tsoalo ea likete tse 150 ho la USA (Ben-porath xnumx) e senotse hore monyetla oa ho tsoala moshemane o eketseha ka keketseho ea palo ea baena ba seng ba tsofetse mme o fokotseha ka keketseho ea palo ea bo-khaitseli ba baholo, e hananang le ESB. Biggar et al. (1999) Ho latela lintlha tsena, re entse tlhahlobo ea lipalo ea 1,4 ea bana ba milone mme ra fumana hore menyetla ea ho ba le moshanyana e eketseha ka keketseho ea palo ea baena ba baholo.

Taba ea bone, monahano oa hore moshanyana oa letsibolo lelapeng ha oa lokela ho ratoa ke batho ba bong bo fapaneng 'me, ka hona, menyetla ea kholo ea bona ea eketseha ka keketseho ea palo ea baena ba baholo, ke hore, ho e beha ka bonolo, le khakanyo.

Ha se monna e mong le e mong ea nang le basodoma ea nang le banab'eso ba baholo, ka lehlakoreng le leng, bara ba motho ba seng ba holile kapa ke bashanyana feela ba ka lapeng bao e leng basodoma. Batšehetsi ba khopolo ena ba tiisa taba ea hore bo-'mè ba banna ba joalo ba ile ba ntša mpa ea masea pele e hlaha, e ileng ea qala ts'ebetso ea ho enta. Ho ata ha balekane ba nang le ho ntšoa ha mpa ka boomo ke 1%; hoo e ka bang halofo ea maemo ana, lesea le na le "karyotype" e tloaelehileng, ka mantsoe a mang, ho ka nahanoa hore halofo ea ho ntšoa ha mpa ka boomo e hlahisoa ke ho itšireletsa ha mmele (immune immune).lee 2000). Leha ho le joalo, liphuputso mabapi le karolelano ea thobalano ea mahe a emolisitsoeng a shoa ka lebaka la ho ntšoa ha mpa ka tšohanyetso li bontša hore karolo e fetang halofo e ne e le basali: karolelano ea monna / mosali ke 0,76 (Eiben xnumx), 0,71 (Eiben xnumx), 1,03 (Eba xnumx); 0,77 (Smith 1998), 0,77 (Evdokimova 2000), 0,83 (Morikawa xnumx), 0,35 (Halder 2006), 0,09 (Kano xnumx).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho ea ka tšibollo ea 'mele ea ho itšireletsa mafung, boko ba lesea le leng le le leng ka popelong le lokela ho hlaseloa ka matla nakong e tlang ea bokhachane bohle, ka mantsoe a mang, ho ba joalo ka "feminization", empa ha ho joalo. Ha se banab'eso bohle ba monna ea nyetseng ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang. Ho khahlisang, bana ba motho ba banyenyane ba banna ba nang le tlolo ea boits'oaro ba bong - bao kelello ea bona, ho latela polelo ea Blanchard, e lokelang ho feta "feminization" - e hola ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng (Green xnumx).

Hape, ho ea ka tšibollo ea maikutlo, ho ne ho ka lebelloa hore barab'eso ba hlahileng hamorao ba tla ba le mathata a mangata a 'mele ka lebaka la tlhaselo e matla ea bo-mme ho tsoa ho mme, leha ho le joalo, se fapaneng ke' nete: taelo ea morao ea ho tsoaloa e amana haholo le ntlafatso ho fapana le ho senyeha bophelo bo botle (Juntunen xnumx; Cardwell xnumx; Sorenson 2005; Richiardi xnumx).

Tlhaloso ea Kotsi ea Sechaba e Hlalosang ESB

Bangoli ba thuto ea thibelo ea bokhachane e reng:

“… Ho joalo, ho na le litlhaloso tse ling tse ka bang teng ka matla a moholoane ntle le khopolo-taba ea karabelo ea 'mele ea bo-mme. Khopolo-taba e tummeng ka ho fetisisa ea tlholisano ke hore ho etsa thobalano le banna ba baholo ho eketsa menyetla ea hore moshemane a hoheloe ke khoheli ea bosodoma, le hore menyetla ea moshanyana ea ho kenella likamanong tse joalo e eketseha ho latela palo ea hae, palo ea baholoane ba hae ... "(Ellis 2001).

Wellings le basebetsi-'moho (1994, maq. 204 - 206) ba fumane hore banna ba kenang likolo tsa likonyana tsa bashanyana ba na le monyetla oa ho tlaleha boiphihlelo bofe kapa bofe ba basodoma nakong ea bophelo ba bona ho feta banna ba sa kang ba kena likolo tse joalo, empa ho ne ho sena phapang ka tekanyo batho ba tlalehang liphihlelo tsa bosodoma hamorao bophelong. ” Blanchard (Ellis 2001) e lebisitsoeng ho phatlalatso Wellings le basebetsi-'moho (1994) joalo ka bopaki ba hore tšitiso ea sechaba ha e na thuso. Leha ho le joalo, ba fetoletse tlhahisoleseling ena ka tsela e makatsang. Wellings e leqepheng la 206 e fana ka setšoantšo se bonts'ang hore hoo e ka bang 1,5% ea banna ba 7925 ba sa kenang sekolo sa boarding ba tlaleha ho kopana ho feta ha a le mong lilemong tsa 5, le 2% ea banna ba 412 ba keneng sekolo sekolo sa boarding. Ho hlakile hore, datha tsena (boholo ba lihlopha tsa lihlopha) li bua haholo molemong oa tšibollo ea sechaba. Nahana ka lithuto tse ling tse mabapi le khopolo ea sechaba.

Blanchard ka boeena o bontšitse hore har'a bana ba batona, hoo e ka bang 25% e ne e le basodoma (Blanchard 2000b). Sena ke makhetlo a ka bang leshome ho feta palo ea basodoma har'a banna bao lithahasello tsa bona tsa thobalano li lebisitsoeng ho banna ba baholo. Ho 'nile ha boleloa hore har'a banna, bosodoma le tlhekefetso ea bana li na le sesosa se tloaelehileng,' me sesosa sena ke liphihlelo tsa thobalano (kapa tsa thobalano) a sa le monyane (James 2004). Ho latela mohopolo ona, boiphihlelo ba pele ba bosodoma bo tla hatella sebopeho sa takatso ea thobalano ho batho ba bong bo fapaneng ha ba se ba le baholo. Rimafedi (1992) e fumane hore ho bacha, ho se ts'oanehe ka litakatso tsa bona tsa thobalano ho fokotseha ka lilemo: bangoli bana ba fana ka maikutlo a hore boits'oaro ba thobalano bo hlaha nakong ea bocha mme bo susumetsoa ke boiphihlelo ba thobalano.

Ho feta moo, linyeoe khafetsa tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano bongoaneng li bonoa har'a banna ba basodoma ho feta har'a banna ba bong bo fapaneng (Paul 2001; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984); ho bile le kopano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa tlhaselo ea monna le thobalano (Glasser 2001); tekanyo e phahameng haholo ea batho ba baholo ba banna ba bong bo fapaneng e tlalehiloeng ba khothaletsoa kapa ba qobelloa ho etsa thobalano ho fihlela lilemo tsa 19 (Cunningham 1994); Ha ho bapisoa le sehlopha sa taolo, litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa khethollo ea bosodoma li ile tsa bonoa ho bahlankana ba neng ba hlekefetsoa ka thobalano bongoaneng (Johnson 1987; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984; Wyre ka Tate xnumx; Cunningham xnumx; Glasser 2001; Qeta xnumx; Garcia xnumx; Arreola 2005; Beitchman xnumx; Jinich xnumx; Laumann xnumx; Lenderking 1997; Paul 2001; Tomeo 2001; Freund xnumx) Ho ka phethoa hore lithahasello tsa bosodoma, ho sa tsotelehe lilemo tsa ntho e hohelang, li na le sesosa se tloaelehileng. Lithuto tsa Blanchard li bontšitse hore SBE e boetse e bonoa har'a li-pedophiles tsa basodoma le li-bikexual, ke hore, batho ba joalo ba na le banab'abo ba baholo (Bogaert 1997).

Lee et al. (2002) o lekile ho fumana hore na ho na le mabaka afe a mangata a kotsing - tlhekefetso ea maikutlo ea ngoana, mathata a boitšoaro, le tlhekefetso ea thobalano ea bana - e amanang le tse latelang: pedophilia, ponts'o, tlhekefetso ea thobalano. Tlhekefetso ea bana ka thobalano e ne e le sesosa se ikhethileng sa kotsi ea lefu la ho ruruha. Mabaka a mang a amanang le ona (tlhekefetso ea maikutlo le mathata a boitšoaro) a ne a sa amane haholo le pedophilia. Ntle le moo, kaha ho na le kamano e hlakileng lipakeng tsa ho ba teng ha bana ba motho ba bong bo le bong ka lelapeng le ho robala le setho sa botona kapa botšehali, botona le botšehali bo lokela ho nkuoa e le mokhoa o ka sebelisang litlhaloso tsa tlhaho. Ha mora e mong oabo rona (hangata e moholo) a bontša mekhoa ea bosodoma, bara ba bang babo bona ba kotsing ea ho hoheloa kapa ho betoa, e leng se ka lokisang ts'ebetso ea bona ea bosodoma (Cameron 1995) Ho latela lipalo-palo tsa Borithane, 38% ea linyeoe tsa tlhekefetso ea thobalano ka lelapeng e hlaha ka lehlakoreng la mor'abo (Cawson xnumx) Ho latela mofuputsi Bartlett (2018), lipuisano ho psychology e tsebahalang mabapi le hore na botho ba motho e moholo bo thehiloe ho latela taelo ea tsoalo ea hae ke pale e telele e nang le lingoliloeng tse ngata tse akaretsang tse likete tse phatlalalitsoeng (Damian xnumxa; Paulhus 2008; Salmon xnumx) Lilemong tse mashome a seng makae tse fetileng, lipatlisiso mabapi le taba ena li thehiloe khopolong ea hore tlholisano pakeng tsa bara le barali babo rona molemong oa tlhokomelo ea batsoali e lebisa ntlheng ea hore taelo ea tsoalo ea bana ka lapeng e ama litšoaneleho tsa bana ka bomong. Kaha bana ba tloaela ts'ebeliso ea li-niches tse fapaneng ka lelapeng, e le molao, bana ba seng ba le baholo ba matla le ho feta 'me ba nka karolo ea matla a bona a botsoali, athe bana ba bang ba lula ba hloname ebile ba thabela botsoalle (Sulloway 1996) Re lokela ho hlokomela hore kaha boholo ba malapa bo fapaneng le boemo ba moruo bo kopaneng le disampole tse nyane bo ama haholo liphetho tsa lipalo, lithuto tseo ho tsona ho ka etsahalang ho bapisoa ho lekaneng kapa ka tekano ea ESB ho lokela ho ba le bonyane lipapiso tsa bana ba motho ba likete tsa 30 lithuto tse bapisang disampole tse lekanang ho tsoa ho malapa li nkuoa li lekane ho qala ho tsoa malapeng a 500 (Paulhus 2008) Leha lithuto tse nang le disampole tse nyane li bonts'a data e hanyetsanang ho ESB, lithutong tse kholo (e.g. Rohrer xnumx, n = 20 000; Damian xnumxb, n = 377 000), tšusumetso ea taelo ea tsoalo ho litšoaneleho tse ikhethang (Damian xnumxa) Seo lintlha tsena tsa matla li se bonts'ang ke tšusumetso e ntle eo ho eona matšoao a bohlale a ngoana e mong le e mong ea latelang a oang ka karolo e le 'ngoe ea leshome ea kheloho haeba ngoana a phela ho fihlela a le motho e moholo.Kristensen 2007), e bonts'ang ka ho hlaka hore sesosa sa phello ke ho fokotseha hoa matsete a botsoali, eseng lits'ebetso tsa tlhaho tsa tlhaho. Boithuto bo boholo bo boetse bo senola phello ea tatellano ea tlhaho ea tlhaho ho litšoaneleho tse kang ts'ebetso ea thuto, katleho ea lichelete le kotsi ea ho ipolaea (Bjørngaard 2013; Xnumx e ntšo).

Kahoo, motheo oa tlhaho ea ho khahloa ke batho ba bong bo le bong, o khothalletsoang ke tšusumetso ea taelo ea tsoalo ea baena, ha o na tšehetso e matla, athe ho na le bopaki bo bongata bo khahlanong le bona.

Botebo ba LGBT + Attitude - Blanchard Movement

A re nke hore ESB le thibelo ea bo-mme li etsahala 'me li baka liphetoho mekhoeng ea boits'oaro. Maemong ana, tšibollo ea "Blanchard" e kopanya bosodoma le transsexualism (hammoho le pedophilia ea basodoma) - le mokhatlong oa kajeno oa LGBT, sena ke nyefolo. Mohlala, ho latela American Psychological Association, takatso ea thobalano le boits'oaro ba thobalano ke liketsahalo tse sa amaneng ka botlalo.APA 2011 / 2014) Ho latela hypothesis ea Blanchard, transsexualism ke ts'oaetso e hlahisoang ke (1) ponahatso e fetelletseng ea khahloa ea bosodoma, eo ho buuoa ka "feminization" ea boko hoo hape ho amang boits'oaro ba thobalano; kapa (2) ho kheloha kelellong moo ho hohelang takatso ea thobalano eseng ho motho oa bong bo fapaneng, empa ka boena ka setšoantšo sa bong bo fapaneng (Blanchard o bitsitse boemo ba ho qetela "autogynephilia"¹⁴) ((Blanchard 1989; Bailey 2003) Blanchard ntle ho tikatiko o talima transsexualism e le ntho ea tlhaho. Ho feta moo, puisanong, Blanchard o itse:

"Ke ne ke tla re haeba ho ne ho ka etsahala ho qala ho tloha qalong, ho hlokomoloha nalane eohle ea ho khetholloa ha bosodoma ho DSM, ho kopanela liphate ho tloaelehileng ke hona feela ho amanang le ho hlahisa bana.¹⁵... "(Cameron 2013).

Boemo bo joalo bo sebete bo baka ho se khotsofale har'a baemeli ba "LGBT +" - mokhatlo, haholo-holo karolo ea oona e emelang "T" (Wyndzen xnumx; Troadsmap; Dreger 2008; Serano 2010).

Batšehetsi ba "LGBT +" ba ngola ka Blanchard - mekhatlo:

"… Blanchard o lula a qotsoa ke lihlopha tse khahlanong le LGBT (…) Hobane'ng? Blanchard o hōletse e le Mok'hatholike, o na le maikutlo a tloaelehileng a hore thobalano efe kapa efe e sa amaneng le botona le botšehali e sa tloaelehang (...) Haeba Dr. Blanchard e ne e le linate ntle le boemo le matla, o ne a ka nyatsoa habonolo. Empa ha ho joalo - ho fapana le hoo, o ne a le komiting ea JSM e ikarabellang bakeng sa paraphilias le likotsi tsa thobalano (...) O hanyetsa batho ba LGBT pepeneneng ... "(Tannehill xnumx).

Ka lehlakoreng le leng, netefatso ea thuto ea kelello ea Blanchard e hlahisa lipelaelo ho e 'ngoe ea lithuto tsa mantlha tsa "LGBT +" - motsamao - mohopolo oa tekanyetso ea ho fapana ha maikutlo a ho khahloa ke thobalano ke bong ba ntho. Ho joalo, ntlheng ena, lebaka la khahloa ea bosodoma le tla senoloa - PABALLO karabelo ea mmele. Ntle le moo, batšehetsi ba mokhatlo oa "LGBT +" ba tla hloka ho sotha kutloisiso ea bongaka le biology ka tsela ea ho lekanya karabelo ea boits'ireletso e bakang ho senyeheloa ke mpa, ho theola boima ba 'mele, monyetla o fokotsoang oa ho ikatisa, phetoho maemong a kelello a kelello a hlokang lithethefatsi tsa lihormone le ts'ebetso ea bongaka e kenellang. Likhetho tsa pedophilic le tšekamelo ea pefo ke khetho e tloaelehileng.

Ntle le moo, ho tla ba le menyetla ea thibelo ea litakatso tsa basodoma ho bashanyana ka papiso le tšebeliso ea li-anti-Rhesus immunoglobulins moimaneng oa Rh. Ke karolo efe ea batsoali ba ka moso, esita le ba tšepahalang ho "LGBT +", ba ka hanang monyetla oa ho fokotsa likotsi tsa ho khahloa ke basodoma ho bashanyana ba bona? Ho joalo, mehleng ea kajeno, mosali e mong le e mong o hlalosoa ka hloko mabapi le ho amoheloa ha hae le tloaelo ea ho ntša mpa. Na tokelo ea mosali ea ho susumetsa bophelo ba lesea le eona e tla atoloha ho ea le tokelo ea ho susumetsa boitšoaro ba hae ba thobalano bo tlang, kapa na ho tla ba le thibelo ea likhetho le ho qosoa ke litsebi tse tla fana ka monyetla o joalo?

Ka tsela e fapaneng, ka nako ena, litaba tsena li ka etsahala.

Mathata a ho toloka

Ho na le mefokolo e itseng ea ka hare litlamorao tsa lithuto tse susumetsang, tse tšoanang le tseo ho builoeng ka tsona likarolong tse fetileng. Ho hlokomoloha meeli ena ke e 'ngoe ea mabaka a mantlha a ho hlalosoa hampe ha lipatlisiso sebakeng sa sechaba. Ho hohela ho nahana, joalo ka ha ho bonts'itsoe ke mohlala oa sebopeho sa boko, hore haeba boemo bo itseng ba tlhaho bo amanang le boits'oaro bo itseng ba kelello kapa tšenyo ea maikutlo, joale boemo bo joalo ba tlhaho ke bona bo bakang tšobotsi ena. Ho beha mabaka hona ho thehiloe phosong.

Re bontša ka bokhutšoanyane tse ling tsa mefokolo e teng sebakeng sena sa lipatlisiso re sebelisa mohlala o latelang oa boitšepo. A re re re tlameha ho etsa lipatlisiso tsa papiso ea kelello ea barupelli ba yoga le li-bodybuilders. Haeba u batla ka nako e lekaneng, joale qetellong ho tla ba le phapang e kholo ea lipalo sebakeng se seng le se seng sa morphological kapa tšebetso ea boko lipakeng tsa lihlopha tsena. Empa sena se ne se ke ke sa bolela hore phapang e joalo e khetholla likarolo tsa bophelo ba morupeli oa yoga le mohahi oa 'mele. Litšobotsi tsa Brain e kanna ea ba sephetho ho fapana le sesosa sa mekhoa le lithahasello tse ikhethileng. Boithuto ba neuroplasticity bo bonts'a hore leha ho na le linako tse mahlonoko tsa nts'etsopele nakong eo boko bo fetohang ka lebelo le matla (mohlala, nakong ea kholo ea puo ea bana ba banyenyane), kelello e ntse e tsoela pele ho fetoha bophelo bohle, e arabela mekhahlelo ea boitšoaro (mohlala, juggling kapa ho bapala ho seletsa sa mmino), boiphihlelo ba bophelo, psychotherapy, lithethefatsi, khatello ea maikutlo le likamano. Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e fumanehang ea lithuto tsa neuroplasticity, bona Doidge 2007.

Ho tseba hore na ho na le ntho e nang le lebaka la tlhaho kapa che, ke ntho e rarahaneng haholo, 'me ho tseba sehokelo sa lefutso ke mosebetsi o boima le ho feta. Boithuto bo ferekanyang bo fana ka "bopaki" bo ke keng ba latoloa ba hore basodoma ba "tsoetsoe ka tsela eo" ba sa lumellaneng hantle, 'me liphetho tsa bona li amana hantle le tlhaho ea bona.

Maemong a mang, ho etsa mohlala, lithutong tsa mafahla, bopaki bo fana ka maikutlo a hore lintlha tsa pele tsa tikoloho li na le tšusumetso e kholo ho hlaha hoa litakatso tsa bosodoma. Khokahano pakeng tsa lintlha tsena tse peli ha e bolele ho hang hore ho na le kamano ea ho qhekella pakeng tsa bona. Libapali tsa basketball li telele - ho bapala basketball ka sebele ho hokahana le kholo e phahameng. Leha ho le joalo, ha ho na "mofuta oa basketball". Ho totobetse hore lihokelo tse ling tse khahlisang li hlahisoa e le mabaka a belaelloang a mabaka a lipolotiki le liphatlalatso.

Qetellong, ha re re mohlomong batho ba bang ba tloaetse ho ba le tšekamelo ea ho ratana le batho ba bong bo tšoanang ka lebaka la liphatsa tsa lefutso, prenatal, tšusumetso ea li-hormone, kapa litšobotsi tse ling tsa 'mele kapa tsa boko. Na see se bolela hore bosodoma ke ntho e tsoetsoeng e le teng? Ha ho na kutloisiso ea hore na sena se emeloa joang ke mecha ea litaba le setso se tummeng. Bashemane ba lihlong le ba bonono bao ntate oa bona a neng a sa ele hloko ho holisoa, e ne e se mohlala oa mofuta o nepahetseng oa boits'oaro ba monna, a ka ba kotsing ea ho ba le litšekamelo tsa bosodoma. Sena ha se bakoe ke "mofuta" oa batho ba bong bo tšoanang, empa ka lebaka la ts'ebetso e senyehileng ea kelello ea sebopeho sa boits'oaro ba thobalano. Bashemane ba joalo ba na le tlhoko ea maikutlo ea boithati le tlhokomelo ea banna. Setšoantšo se ts'oanang se bonoa ho banana ba sa lumellaneng le li-profiles tsa thobalano tsa khale. Mathata le litlhoko tsa maikutlo tsa bana ba joalo hangata li bapaloa ke mekhoa ea hona joale ponong ea botona le botšehali.

Mehlala ena e bonts'a e 'ngoe ea mathata a tloaelehileng a hlahisoang ke tlhaloso e atileng ea lithuto tse joalo - khopolo ea hore lintlha tsa methapo ea kutlo li khetholla mohlala o itseng oa boitšoaro.

Haeba tlhaho e etsa hore motho a khahloe ke batho ba bong bo le bong, hobaneng ha e e felle ka litšobotsi tse hlokahalang hore e phethahale? Mohlala, karolo e teteaneng le e nang le likarolo tse ngata tsa mokokotlo oa rectum, e khona ho mamella likhohlano tse tšoarellang nako e telele, ka litšoelesa tse lokollang lubrication e ngata, penis e nyane ea ho kenella ka hare ho rectum, jj. Joale, haeba litšobotsi tsena li ne li le teng har'a batho ba bong bo tšoanang, joale motho a ka bua ka ho tsoaloa hape. Haeba, ka ho ba le sete e tloaelehileng ea li-chromosome le mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa ho ikatisa, ba hoheloa ke ntho eo ho ke keng hoa khoneha ho e sebelisa bakeng sa morero oa eona, joale puo ka boemo ba tlhaho ea ketsahalo ena e bonahala e le ntho e inahaneloang haholo.

Maikutlo a baemeli ba bang ba mokhatlo oa "LGBT +"

American Psychological Association e 2014 e fane ka tataiso ea mafu a kelello le bongaka. Lintlha tse qotsitsoeng ka kotloloho ho eona ke tsena:

"... Hajoale, ha ho liphatsa tsa lefutso tse fumanoeng tse ka amanang le bosodoma ..." (Rosario ho APA 2014, leq. 579)

"... Nete e ke keng ea latoloa ke hore boits'oaro ba motho ba thobalano bo khethoa ke ho kopanya lintho tse ngata: tsa tlhaho, tsa kahisano le ntlha ea khetho ..." (Kleinplatz in APA 2014, leq. 256).

Sengoli sa likhaolo tse 'maloa ho tsoa ho boetapele ba APA ke setho sa komiti ea litsebi ea APA, Moprofesa Lisa Diamond, ea sa pateleng thato ea hae ea basodoma. Diamond e hanana le khopolo ea mofuta oa mofuta oa bosodoma. O na le bonnete ba hore maikutlo a "basodoma a tsoaletsoe ka tsela eo 'me a ke ke a fetoha" a fosahetse. Selemong sa 2013, puong e neng e fumaneha Univesithing ea Cornell, Diamond o itse:

"… Ke lumela hore sechaba se neng se sa ts'oane hantle se lokela ho emisa ho re" re tsoaletsoe ka tsela ena 'me re ke ke ra fetoha "mme re sebelise lepetjo lena ntoeng ea rona… Ke nahana hore ha re sa hloka ngangisano ena ebile e bohloko, hobane kajeno molumo o kholisang o bokelletsoe litaba tsa mahlale tse tsejoang ke "lehlakore le leng" joalo ka rona ... "(Diamond 2013).

Sengoli sa libuka tse ngata tsa bonono le filosofi, tse sa pateleng seo a se ratang ho batho ba bong bo tšoanang, American Camilla Paglia, o bua a sa hlathe koana le koana:

"... Bosodoma ha se ntho e tloaelehileng. Ho fapana le moo, ke phephetso ho tloaelo ... Theorists ba Queer - sehlopha sena se ponneng sa bathetsi ba freeloader - ba lekile ho nka thupelo ea post-structuralist, ba bolela hore ha ho na tloaelo, hobane ntho e ngoe le e ngoe e iketlile ebile e amana. Ena ke pheletso ea bafu ba hlokang kelello moo batho ba ratang mantsoe ba oang ha ba sa utloe litsebeng, ba sa tsebe ho bua ebile ba foufetse lefatše le ba potileng. Tlhaho e teng, ekaba bo-ramahlale ba rata kapa che, empa tlhahong ea tlhaho ke molao o le mong feela o ke keng oa fetoha. Sena ke sona se tloaelehileng. 'Mele ea bong e etselitsoe ho ikatisa. Botoneng bo tšoanela botšehaling, 'me ha ho na mantsoe a makatsang a ka fetolang ntlha ena ea tlhaho ... Ha ho motho ea tsoaloang e le mosodoma. Mohopolo ka booona ke bohlanya ... Bosodoma ke boits'oaro, eseng thepa ea tlhaho ... "(Paglia 1994, maqephe a 70 - 76).

Mohlohlelletsi e mong ea hlahelletseng oa Amerika, Cynthia Nixon, o ile a hlaseloa ke LGBT +, mokhatlo oa ho hlahisa pepeneneng maikutlo a hore ho tsamaisoa ke batho ba bong bo tšoanang ho tsamaisoa ke khetho ea motho, eseng biology (Witchell 2012).

LGBT + Moitseki oa Amerika - moqolotsi oa litaba Brandon Ambrosino le eena o boletse hore ha a hlaha, empa ka letsoalo le letle o ile a khetha mokhoa oa bophelo ba bosodoma (Ambrosino 2014), e ileng ea tsosa khalefo ea ba bang bao a sebetsang le bona sehlopheng sa "LGBT +" (Arana xnumx).

Feminist le LGBT + activist - Karl Mantilla Movement sengoloa sa hae o ngola:

“… Ke khale ke nahana hore leano la LGBT + - mokhatlo oa ho sebelisa ngangisano ka ho hloka tlhaho o holofetse ka mokhoa o makatsang… Ehlile, ena ke khetho - ho ne ho ka ba joalo joang? … Ka nakoana ke ile ka kena sehlopheng sa ts'ehetso bakeng sa basali ba nkileng qeto ea ho ba dilesbiene lenyalong la setso. Ka nako e 'ngoe, ke ile ka botsa potso: "Le utloisisitse joang hore le lilesbiene?" Mosali e mong o ile a araba ka hore ha ho mohla a kileng a ikutloa a le haufi le banna le hore o ne a utloisisoa hamolemo ke basali. E mong hang-hang o ile a re le eena o ne a ikutloa hore a ka phutholoha maikutlong le basali. Ba bang ba lumela ka hlooho. Phoso e ne e le teng boemong boo? Hoo e ka bang basali bohle ba ikutloa ka tsela ena! Mosali e mong le e mong ea ratanang le batho ba bong bo fapaneng eo nkileng ka mo tseba o ne a phutholohile ha a tšepa metsoalle ea hae, a ikutloa a le haufi le bona, a ikutloa a utloisisoa hamolemo hape a bulehetse basali. Haeba ke sona se hlokahalang ho ba lesbiene, basali bohle ke li-lesbiene. Sena ke sa khale joaloka lefats'e ... litletlebo tsa basali tsa hore banna ba bona ha ba bue le bona, ha ba utloisise maikutlo a bona ebile ha ba na taba le seo ba se buang. Tse ling tsa lingoliloeng tse tsebahalang haholo limakasineng tsa basali ke mokhoa oa ho etsa hore monna oa hau a bule maikutlo a hae le uena ... maikutlo a kamano e haufi le motho ha a na motheo oa tlhaho, ke ka lebaka la maikutlo le kelello ea motho ... ha nako e ntse e feta ho ile ha hlaka ho 'na hore basali ba sehlopha sena sa ts'ehetso se ile sa ikutloa se le molato haholo ka ho siea banna ba bona ... Kahoo mohopolo oa hore ba ke ke ba etsa letho ka taba ea hore ke dilesbiene, hore ho na le lebaka la tlhaho, o ba lokolotse molato le boikarabello ba liketso tsa bona ... "(Mantilla xnumx).

Motlatsi oa LGBT +, mokhatlo o thehiloeng California o bitsitsoeng Gail Madwin, o bile a thehile sebaka sohle sa marang-rang se phehang khang ea hore boitšoaro ba batho ba bong bo tšoanang ha se ba kahare empa e le ka lebaka la khetho e hlokolosi (Queer ka khetho). 'Muelli oa mehleng oa LGBT, mokhatlo oa David Benkof le ona o tiisa taba ea hore mokhoa oa bophelo ba bosodoma ha o khethoe ke mabaka afe kapa afe a biolo (Benkof xnumx).

Lintlha

1: Re hlahile joalo
2 Ka kakaretso ha e amanang
3 Ka "tieo" e thata ea litakatso tsa bosodoma: 2 le ho feta ka seo ho thoeng ke Sekala sa Kinsey.
Senyesemane sa 4 GWAS, Lithuto tsa Mokhatlo oa Genome-Wide
5 sechabeng sa bo-ramahlale e amohetse tloaelo ea ho fana ka litlatsetso likopanong - sengoloa se khuts'oane, hangata 150 - mantsoe a 250 ka boholo - e lateloa ke phatlalatso ea sengolo se felletseng koranteng
6 ea Senyesemane: mohlomong o hlahile a e-na le bothata ba bokamoso
7 ntlheng ena, ho abjoa ha sephetho ka seng ho ka fokotsoa
Virilization ea 8 - polelo ea bongaka bakeng sa tlolo eo ho eona litšobotsi tsa basali tsa thobalano li ntlafalang ho ba monna
9 ea Senyesemane: "" interstitial nuclei of anterior hypothalamus (INAH) "
10 ea Senyesemane: "thibelo ea pelehi ea karabo ea motho ea makatsang (PPI)"
11 ea Senyesemane: "sephetho sa tatellano ea tlhaho ea tsoalo (FBO)"
12 Bona Karolo ea Lipatlisiso ea Twin
13 Ntle le moo, li-antigen maemong a PK le karabelo ea ho hanoa ke boteng ke motho a le mong (ntate ka lehlakoreng la PK), empa ke semelo sa monna.
14 ho tsoa ho Greek Autos - "self-", gini - "mosali" le filia - "lerato"; "Ho ithate joalo ka mosali"
15 Ke ne ke tla re haeba motho a ka qala ho tloha qalong, a hlokomoloha nalane eohle ea ho tlosa bosodoma ho DSM, ho kopanela liphate ho tloaelehileng ke eng kapa eng e amanang le ho ikatisa

boitsebiso bo eketsehileng

Tlhahisoleseling le lintlha tse ling li ka fumanoa mehloling e latelang:

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3. Harrub B, Thompson B, Miller D.. “Ena ke Tsela eo Molimo a Nkethileng ka Eona” Tlhahlobo ea Saense ea Bong ba Batho ba Bong bo Tšoanang le ea “Gay Gene”. Lebaka le Tshenolo. August 2004; 24 (8): 73.
5. Sorba r. "Born Gay" Hoax. Setšoantšo se lumellanang le Ryan Sorba Inc. Khatiso ea pele 2007.
6. Whitehead NE. Anti antiboy? Ho hlahlojoa bocha ha 'mele oa' mele ho itšireletsa mafung. Tlaleho ea Science of Biosocial Science 2007.
7. Knight r. O hlahile kapa o hlahe? Mahlale a Ha a Tšehe Nyeoe ea hore Basodoma ke Liphatsa tsa lefutso... Setso le Setsi sa Lelapa. Basali ba Amehileng bakeng sa Amerika. 2004.
8. van den Aardweg G. Bosodoma le Lintho tsa Tikoloho: Bopaki ba 'Nete - Ha bo eo; Litlhaloso tse khelosang: Li ngata. E ngotsoe hape ho tsoa ho NARTH Bulletin, Mariha 2005.
9. Hubbard R, lenaneo la Wald E. Ho Hlaola Khopolo-taba ea Gene: Tsela eo Boitsebiso bo Tsoaloang ka Lona bo Hlahisoa le ho Ngoloa ke Bo-rasaense, Lingaka, Bahiri, Likhamphani tsa Inshorense, Matichere le Baloi ba Molao.... Beacon Press, Boston; 1999.

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