Sengoloa se senola bothata ba ho sireletsa boleng ba setso sa lelapa lefats'eng la sejoale-joale. Litekanyetso tsa lelapa le tsa lelapa ke motheo oo sechaba se hahiloeng holim'a ona. Ho sa le joalo, ho qala ka halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo, litloaelo tse reretsoeng ho senya lelapa la setso li hasane ka boomo linaheng tse ling tsa Bophirimela. Le pele ho hoholo ha Patriotic War, ntoa e ncha e ile ea qala - e leng palo ea batho. Tlas'a tšusumetso ea sengoloa mabapi le ho ata ha baahi ba Lefatše, mekhoa ea ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo se hlahisitsoeng ke litsebi tsa palo ea batho e ile ea qala ho hlahisoa. Ka 1994, Seboka sa Machaba sa Machaba a Kopaneng sa Baahi le Nts'etsopele se ile sa ts'oaroa, moo mehato e nkuoeng lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng ho rarolla "mathata a palo ea batho" e ileng ea lekoa. Har'a tsona e ne e le "thuto ea thobalano", ho ntša mpa le ho nyopa, "tekano ea bong". Leano la ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo se nahannoeng sengolong, ts'ehetso e mafolofolo ea ho hloka bana le mefuta e sa tloaelehang ea likamano e hanana le lithahasello tsa leano la Russian Federation, eo baahi ba eona ba seng ba fokotseha ka potlako. Russia, ho bonahala e tlameha ho hanela mekhoa e bonts'itsoeng, ho sireletsa lelapa la setso le ho hlahisa mehato ea ho e tšehetsa maemong a molao. Sengoloa se fana ka maikutlo a liqeto tse 'maloa tse lokelang ho etsoa ka leano le kantle la kahare la leano la sechaba ho sireletsa litekanyetso tsa setso tsa malapa. Ka ho kenya tšebetsong lenaneo lena, Russia e na le monyetla o mong le o mong oa ho ba moetapele oa mokhatlo o tšehetsang malapa lefatšeng.
Mantsoe a bohlokoa: makgabane, borena, ho ata ha batho, tsoalo, leano la kantle ho naha, lelapa.
Litekanyetso tsa moea le boits'oaro, tse seng li lebetsoe linaheng tse 'maloa, ho fapana le hoo, li re matlafalitse. Mme re tla lula re sireletsa le ho sireletsa litekanyetso tsena.
Mopresidente Vladimir Putin
Aterese ho Lekhotla la Kopanelo la Russian Federation, 21.04.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX
Mekhoa ea setso ea lelapa le boiketlo ba sechaba
Litekanyetso tsa lelapa le tsa lelapa ke motheo oo sechaba se hahiloeng holim'a sona. Litloaelong tsohle tsa setso, ho sa tsotelehe mofuta oa mokhatlo oa sechaba, tsoalo le khōliso ea bana e ne e le motheo oa semantic oo ho ona melaoana, litekanyetso le likamano tsa litho tsa sechaba li hahiloeng.
Ka lesakaneng la lelapa, boiketlo ba mantlha le thuto ea motho ka mong lia etsahala, sebopeho sa boits'oaro ba hae ba boipolelo ba naha. Roba selikalikoe sena - batho ba tla nyamela, ba oele ho batho ba ikemetseng ba laoloang ba sa hlokeng ho nahana ka bokamoso ba bana ba bona. Ke lelapa le hokahanyang meloko e meraro kapa e mene, eo ka ho fapana e hlokomelanang. Ka hona, ka ho sireletsa lelapa le ho ba le bana, sechaba sea itšireletsa, nala, borena le bots'epehi ba sebaka - bokamoso.
Ka nako e ts'oanang, ho tloha halofo ea bobeli ea lekholo la mashome a mabeli la lilemo, litloaelo tse reretsoeng ho senya lelapa la setso li ntse li hasana ka boomo lefats'eng la Bophirimela. Mosebetsi o nang le morero o ile oa qala ho nyenyefatsa Bokreste le litumelo tse ling tsa setso tse matlafatsang litekanyetso tsa lelapa. Sebakeng sa metheo ea nako e telele e lekiloeng e netefatsang boiketlo ba motho eseng motho ka mong feela, empa le sechaba ka kakaretso, likhopolo tsa boithati li ile tsa hlahisoa tse felisang likhopolo tsa botho le ho beha boiketlo ba motho kaholimo ho kakaretso. Ha e se e lahliloe ke Cold War, Russia e ile ea lahla Iron Curtain, ka lebaka leo litšusumetso tse "tsoelang pele" tsa Bophirimela tsa kenella sebakeng sa kamora Soviet. Litholoana tsa tsona tse babang - ka mokhoa oa ho ferekana maikutlong, phokotso ea sekhahla sa tsoalo, ho aha bocha tataiso ea moea le boits'oaro le ho itšireletsa sechabeng - re ntse re li kotula ho fihlela kajeno.
Maemong a ntoa ea palo ea baahi khahlanong le baahi ba lefats'e, e etsoang ke libapali tsa lefatše, litekanyetso tsa lelapa li fetoha sesebelisoa sa lipolotiki le matla a lipolotiki a hohelang batho ba batlang toka.
Lipehelo tsa nalane ea nalane ea timetso ea litekanyetso tsa setso
Le pele ho hoholo ha Patriotic War, ntoa e ncha e ile ea qala - ea palo ea batho. Ka 1944, Hugh Everett Moore, molulasetulo oa komiti e kholo ea United States League of Nations Association, o ile a theha letlole la ho tšehetsa mekhatlo e laolang baahi.
Ka 1948, ho ile ha phatlalatsoa libuka tse ileng tsa hlohlelletsa ngangisano ea Malthusian ka seo ho thoeng se na le baahi ba bangata le timetso ea Lefatše: Our Plundered Planet ea Fairfield Osborne le The Road to Survival ea William Vogt. Hammoho le Bomb ea Population ea Hugh Moore Foundation (1954), e ileng ea baka tšokelo ea baahi ba bangata mme ea phatlalatsa tlhoko ea ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo, libuka tsena li ile tsa baka tšabo. Bothata ba palo ea batho bo ile ba nkuoa ke litsebi tsa palo ea batho, bo-ralipolotiki le UN [1].
Ka 1959, Lefapha la Naha la United States le ile la fana ka tlaleho ka mekhoa ea baahi ba lefats'e, e ileng ea etsa qeto ea hore kholo ea baahi e potlakileng e sokela botsitso ba machabeng. Tlaleho e bontšitse tlhoko e potlakileng ea ho laola kholo ea baahi. Mehopolo ea Neo-Malthusian e nkile mekhatlo ea mmuso ea US hoo e ileng ea qala ho tšehetsa taba ea hore botho bo fetoha "mofets'e oa lefatše." "Lilemong tsa bo-70 lefats'e le tla ts'oaroa ke tlala - batho ba limillione ba tla bolaoa ke tlala, leha ho na le mananeo a potlakileng a seng a sebelisoa," ho ngotse Paul le Anne Ehrlich bukeng ea bona e khahlisang "Overpopulation Bomb" mme ba kopa ho "khaola" hanghang ho tsoa hlahala ea kholo ea sechaba "[2] ...
Ka 1968, 'muelli oa molao oa Amerika Albert Blaustein o bontšitse hore molemong oa ho fokotsa kholo ea baahi, ho ne ho hlokahala hore ho ntlafatsoe melao e mengata, ho kenyelletsa le ea lenyalo, tšehetso ea malapa, lilemo tsa tumello le bosodoma [3].
Kingsley Davis, e mong oa batho ba ka sehloohong ho nts'etsopele ea melaoana ea thibelo ea bokhachane, o ile a nyatsa ba rerang malapa ka ho lahla mekhoa "ea boithatelo" ea thibelo ea bokhachane joalo ka ho ngolisa ka molao le ho khothaletsa nyopa le ho ntša mpa, hammoho le "mefuta e meng ea thobalano" [4]. Kamora moo, o ile a lemoha thero ea malapa e hlokahala, empa e sa lekana, a supa, har'a tse ling, mekhoa e joalo ea thibelo ea bokhachane joaloka thobalano e fetang ea botona le botšehali, ho ikopanya le basodoma le ho bolaea masea [5].
Ka 1969, puong ea hae ho Congress, Mopresidente Nixon o ile a bitsa keketseho ea baahi "e leng e 'ngoe ea liqholotso tse kholo ho fetisisa pheletsong ea moloko oa batho" mme a kopa mohato o potlakileng. Hona selemong seo, Motlatsi oa Mopresidente oa International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) Frederic Jaffe o ile a ntša memorandamo o hlalosang mekhoa ea thibelo ea bokhachane, e neng e kenyelletsa nyopa, ho ntša mpa, lithibela-pelehi, ho fokotsa tšehetso ea sechaba bakeng sa bo-mme le ho khothaletsa kholo ea bosodoma.
Ke nakong ena moo merusu ea Stonewall e ileng ea qhoma, moo basodoma ba phatlalalitseng mafu a kelello e le sera sa bona sa pele 'me, ka ho theha mokhatlo "Homosexual Liberation Front", ba etsa merusu, ho chesa le ho senya. Khatello e matla ea lilemo tse tharo ho American Psychiatric Association (APA) e qalile, e tsamaea le liketso tse tšosang le ho hlorisa litsebi, mme ea fela ka ho tlosa bosodoma [1]. Ntle le moo, ke ka ho qhelela thoko bosodoma lenaneng la mafu a kelello, ho neng ho ka khonahala ho qala ho khothaletsa bophelo ba bosodoma e le boitšoaro bo tloaelehileng bo phetseng hantle bo khothalletsoang ke litsebi tsa demokrasi ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo.
Ka 1970, mongoli oa khopolo ea phetoho ea palo ea batho, Frank Knowstein, a bua ho National War College ka pela liofisiri tse kholo, o hlokometse hore "bosodoma bo sirelelitsoe motheong oa hore bo thusa ho fokotsa kholo ea baahi" [6]. Litsebi tse ling li ile tsa beha molato ka kotloloho bosodoma ka lebaka la bothata ba baahi ba bangata ba lefatše [7].
Ka 1972, tlaleho ea The Limits to Growth e ile ea phatlalatsoa bakeng sa Club ea Roma, moo maemo ohle a matle a palo ea batho a hlokang phetoho ea sechaba le lipolotiki, a bonts'itsoeng ka taolo e thata ea bokhachane boemong ba ho putlama ha tlhaho.
Ho tloha lilemong tse mashome a tšeletseng a motso o fetileng, phokotso ea baahi ba lefats'e e 'nile ea qobelloa le ho tšehetsoa ka lichelete ka mekhoa e kenyeletsang khothaletso ea bosodoma, ho hloka bana le ho ntša mpa. Tlaleho ea Lekhotla la Naha la Ts'ireletso NSSM-200, e tlalehileng ka tlhoko ea ho fokotsa tsoalo, e khothaletsa "thuto" ea moloko o monyane ka takatso ea lelapa le lenyane. Ka 1975, taelo ea Mopresidente Ford "NSSM-200" e ile ea fetoha tataiso ho khato ea leano la kantle ho naha la US.
Mekhoa ea ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo se hlahisitsoeng ke litsebi tsa palo ea batho e ile ea hlahisoa khafetsa tlasa mapetjo a ikhethang a ho sireletsa litokelo tsa botho: litokelo tsa bana, litokelo tsa basali tsa ho ikatisa le ho sireletsa basali khahlanong le tlhekefetso ea malapeng (Kopano ea Istanbul).
Ka 1994, Seboka sa Machaba sa Machaba a Kopaneng sa Baahi le Nts'etsopele se ile sa ts'oaroa, moo mehato e nkuoeng lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng ho rarolla "mathata a palo ea batho" e ileng ea lekoa. Har'a mehato e ne e nkuoa e le "thuto ea thobalano", ho ntša mpa le ho nyopa, tekano ea "bong". Khatelo-pele e hlokometsoe linaheng tse ngata tse fihletseng ho theoha ha sekhahla sa tsoalo [8].
Ka 2000, Mokhatlo oa Lefatše oa Bophelo (WHO) le UNFPA (mokhatlo oa Machaba a Kopaneng o sebetsanang le "mathata a palo ea batho") ba ile ba tšehetsa tumellano ea IPPF mme ba kopa litšebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle ho lekola melao, haholoholo mabapi le ho ntša mpa le bosodoma [9].
Ho 2010, litekanyetso tsa WHO tsa thuto ea thobalano Europe li ile tsa ntlafatsoa, tse hatisang khothaletso ea likamano tsa bong bo le bong bakeng sa bana le thobalano ea pele ea bana [10].
Ka Mots'eanong 2011, Kopano ea Lekhotla la Europe ea Thibelo le ho Loants'a Pefo Khahlano le Basali le Pefo ea Malapeng (Kopano ea Istanbul) e ile ea buloa hore e saennoe Istanbul. Turkey e bile naha ea pele ho tiisa Tumellano. Leha ho le joalo, lilemo tse 10 hamorao, ka Hlakubele 2021, ho ile ha fanoa ka taelo ea ho e tlohela. "Kopano, eo qalong e neng e reretsoe ho sireletsa litokelo tsa basali, e ne e abetsoe sehlopha sa batho ba lekang ho tloaetsa bosodoma, e leng ntho e sa lumellaneng le litekanyetso tsa sechaba le tsa malapa tsa Turkey," ho boletse polelo eo. [11]
Ho joalo, tlaleho ea Sweden mabapi le ts'ebetsong ea Tumellano ea Istanbul e bonts'a hore ho thata ho lekola sekhahla sa mehato ea mmuso ho basali le bana ba kotsing ea pefo. Palo ea litlolo tsa molao khahlanong le basali e eketsehile ho tloha ka 2013 ho isa ho 2018. Mehato e nkuoeng e amanang le ho senngoa ha litumelo tsa moetlo le "thuto ea thobalano" e bonts'itsoe: "sekolo se tlameha ho hanela mehlala ea bong ba setso"; "Thuto ea thobalano e kenyelelitsoe mananeong a mangata a lithuto le lithuto tsa likolo tse qobelloang le tse phahameng, hammoho le thuto ea batho ba baholo"; "Ho latela likharikhulamo tsa naha tsa sekolo se qobelloang le se holimo sekolong se phahameng, mosuoe le eena o na le boikarabello bo ikhethang ba ho netefatsa hore baithuti ba fumana tsebo ka thobalano le likamano tse haufi" [12]. Moprofesa G.S. Kocharian tlalehong ea hae bakeng sa Lekhotla la Sechaba la Russian Federation o senotse sepheo sa lithuto tse joalo tsa "thuto ea thobalano" - qobello ea bosodoma "[13].
Ka la 29 Pulungoana 2019, Lekhotla la Federation le phatlalalitse bakeng sa puisano ea sechaba molao o hlophisitsoeng "O thibelang pefo ea malapeng ho la Russia." Khomishene ea Patriarchal mabapi le Ts'ireletso ea Lelapa, Bo-mme le Ts'ireletso ea bana e hlokometse: "Ho fapana le semelo sena, ha ho makatse hore ebe bili e reriloeng e ts'ehetsoa ka mafolofolo ke mekhatlo e amanang le likhopolo tse khahlano le malapa (likhopolo tsa LGBT, botšehali), hammoho le palo e kholo ea mekhatlo, e fumanang lichelete tsa kantle ho naha. Mecha e meng ea litaba le mekhatlo ea machabeng le eona e mo tšehetsa ka mafolofolo, ha e pate mofuta o khahlano le Russia oa mesebetsi ea bona "[14].
Boemo ba linaha tsa naha le lipolotiki
Mehato e nkuoeng boemong ba machabeng e tlisitse liphetoho tse e-s'o ka li e-ba teng sechabeng, boitšoarong le lipalo. Haeba re nka boiteko ba ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo ea mohanyetsi oa lipolotiki e le mohato oa sesole, ho tla ba pepenene hore ntoa e phatlalalitsoe ho rona khale.
Ka 2011, ka taelo ea Barack Obama, ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa "batho ba fokolang ka thobalano" e bile ntho ea mantlha ho melaoana ea kantle ho naha ea Amerika [15]. Lilemo tse leshome hamorao, ka 2021, Mopresidente Joe Biden o ile a saena taelo "ea ho sireletsa le ho ntšetsa pele litokelo tsa sechaba sa LGBT lefats'eng ka bophara" [16]. Kamora moo, Mmuso oa Koporasi oa Jeremane o ile oa amohela mohopolo oa ho kenyelletsa "Lesbiene, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender le Intersex" ("LGBTI") leanong la eona la kantle ho naha.
Makasine e tsebahalang "Lancet" e phatlalalitse mosebetsi oa sehlopha sa litsebi tse tsoang Univesithing ea Washington, moo ho neng ho nahanoa ka maemo a tsoalo, lefu, ho falla le palo ea baahi ba linaha tse 195 ho tloha ka 2017 ho isa ho 2100. Mosebetsi o ne o tšehelitsoe ka lichelete ke Bill le Motheo oa Melinda Gates. Thuto ea basali le phihlello ea lithibela-pelehi li tsejoa e le lisosa tsa mantlha tsa ho fokotseha ha tsoalo morerong ona. Ka 2100, linaha tse 23 li reretsoe ho fokotsa palo ea tsona ka tse fetang 50%. Chaena ka 48%. Ka 2098, United States e tla boela e be moruo o moholo ka ho fetisisa. Liphetho li bonts'a hore linaha tse nang le matla a tlase a ho nona li tla boloka palo ea batho ba sebetsang ka ho falla, 'me ke tsona feela tse tla phela hantle. Sekhahla sa peo e ka tlasa maemo a phetoho linaheng tse ngata, ho kenyeletsoa China le India, se tla ba le litlamorao tsa moruo, sechaba, tikoloho le tikoloho. Mekhoa ea botsofaling ea baahi le keketseho ea karolo ea batho ba pensheneng li tla lebisa ho putlheng ha sistimi ea penshene, inshorense ea bophelo bo botle le ts'ireletso ea sechaba, ho fokotseha hoa kholo ea moruo le matsete [17].
Bakeng sa botle bohle ba mosebetsi ona, ho na le ho se lumellane ho totobetseng ho ona: bangoli ba ne ba sa nahane ka kholo e hlakileng ea palo ea "LGBT" le "ea se nang bana" molokong o monyane, ba holileng "thuto ea thobalano" le mashano a ho hloka bana. Baahi ba LGBT ba khetholloa ka tloaelo e eketsehileng ea ho ipolaea le ketsahalo ea mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano, a atisang ho baka ho hloka thari.
Ka lebaka la liphatlalatso tse ntseng li hola selemo se seng le se seng, baahi ba "LGBT" le ho ata ha litloaelo tsa thobalano tse seng tsa tlhaho lia eketseha. Lipolelo tsa hore liperesente tsa "LGBT" ka har'a sechaba li lula li sa fetohe le hore ba "tlohetse ho pata mokhoa oa bona" ha li na taba. Keketseho ea lipalo ea "LGBT" e ke ke ea hlalosoa feela ke ho buleha ha ba arabelitsoeng lipatlisisong: e tsamaellana le keketseho ea ketsahalo ea mafu a likobo a teng bathong bana [18]. Ho latela tlaleho ea morao-rao e tsoang Gallup Institute of Public Opinion, 5,6% ea batho ba baholo United States ba itsebahatsa e le "LGBT" [19]. Le ha karolelano ena e bonahala e se bohlokoa, ho latela lilemo e fumana litekanyetso tse sokelang. Haeba molokong oa "bo-ralistiki" ba hlahileng pele ho 1946 ke 1,3% feela ba inka e le "LGBT", joale molokong oa Z (ba tsoetsoeng kamora 1999) ho se ho ntse ho na le 15,9% ea bona - hoo e ka bang botšelela bo bong le bo bong! Ho tla etsahalang ka moloko o monyane, o fetileng liphatlalatsong tse matla le ho feta tsa "LGBT", ha o fihla lilemong tsa ho ba le bana?
Ho tšoenyang haholo ke taba ea hore bongata bo boholo ba Generation Z, ba ipitsang "LGBT" (72%), ba phatlalatsa hore ba "bong bo fapaneng" [19]. "Bisexuals" ba angoa habonolo ke mathata a bophelo bo botle ba 'mele le kelello, leha ba bapisoa le basodoma le basodoma [21]. Ba fetisetsa tšoaetso ho tsoa sehlopheng sa likotsi (basodoma) ho batho ka kakaretso, ho tlatsetsa ho hasaneng ha mafu a likobo, ho kenyeletsoa a sa phekoleheng le a bakang nyopa [22]. Ka nako e ts'oanang, keketseho ea mafu le boits'oaro bo kotsi e boletsoe esale pele har'a "ba bong bo fapaneng" [23].
Moloko o mocha o hola ka pel'a mahlo a rona, o tloaetse ho ipolaea le mafu; transsexualism (ho holofatsa "ho fuoa matla a tekano") le baitseki ba itšilafatsang ba ntse ba khothaletsoa. Ho ka nahanoa hore mathata a boletsoeng esale pele a palo ea batho a tla tla pejana haholo, a ts'osa sechaba sa machabeng.
Letšoao le hlalosang palo ea batho ke kakaretso ea sekhahla sa kemolo (TFR) - ka karolelano mosali a le mong ea belehang nakong ea pelehi. Ho boloka baahi boemong ba phetoho e bonolo, TFR = 2,1 ea hlokahala. Russia, joalo ka linaheng tse ngata tse tsoetseng pele, sesupo sena se ka tlase ho boemo ba ho ikatisa le lintlha tse ling tse amang ho hana kapa ho se khonehe ho beleha bana ke basali, se atametsa letsatsi la ho nyamela ha batho ho tloha pheletsong ea nalane. Ho se ho bontšitsoe hore molokong oa Z Maamerika a le mong ho ba ts'eletseng a inka e le LGBT, empa haeba re ka nahana ka bong, hoa hlaka hore basali ba kotsing e kholo ea maikutlo a senyang. Har'a banana ba lilemong tsa bocha United States ka 2017, 19,6% ba ne ba sa inke e le batho ba bong bo fapaneng [19]. Ha ho nahanoa ka mekhoa, bonyane mosali a le mong ho ba bahlano ba kenang lilemong tsa ho ba le bana ha a inke e le batho ba bong bo fapaneng!
Ho tla nka mantsoe a mangata ho hlalosa ho hlepha ha boitšoaro sechabeng sa Bophirimela, empa lipalo li ipuella hantle. Ts'oaetso ea mafu a likobo a kang chlamydia, gonorrhea le syphilis e eketsehile lilemong tsa morao tjena United States le Europe.
Jeremane, lipakeng tsa 2010 le 2017, ketsahalo ea syphilis e eketsehile ka 83% - ho isa ho linyeoe tsa 9,1 ho baahi ba 100 [000].
Har'a basodoma Engelane, ho tloha ka 2015 ho isa ho 2019, palo ea litlhahlobo tsa chlamydia e eketsehile haholo - ka 83%; qhoshola - ka 51%; mokaola - ka 40%. Ts'oaetso ea mafu a likobo le eona ea eketseha sechabeng. Ho 2019, ho bile le syphilis ea 10% ho feta le gonorrhea e fetang 26% ho feta ka 2018 [25]
Netherlands le eona e bone keketseho e tsitsitseng ea mafu a likobo [26].
Finland e na le sekhahla se phahameng ka ho fetisisa sa selemo se seng le se seng se tlalehiloeng ho Ngoliso ea Naha ea Maloetse a Infectious. Ho ata ha tšoaetso ho etsahala haholo har'a bacha: hoo e ka bang 80% ea ba fumanoeng ba le pakeng tsa lilemo tse 15-29. Ketsahalo ea gonorrhea le syphilis le eona e eketsehile [27].
United States, sekhahla sa mafu a likobo se eketsehile selemong sa botšelela se latellanang mme se fihlile maemong a rekoto [28].
Ho nkeloa sebaka ha matsoalloa a sebakeng seo ha ho hlokomelehe. Balaoli ba tlohetseng mosebetsi, lengolong le phatlalalitsoeng ke Valeurs actuelles, ba lemositse Mopresidente Emmanuel Macron hore Fora e tobane le "kotsi e bolaeang" e amanang le bofalli le ho putlama ha naha. [29]
Ho rarolla bothata ba palo ea batho ka litšenyehelo tsa linaha tse ling ho lebisa khohlano ea tikoloho lipakeng tsa linaha tse holang ka litšenyehelo tsa bajaki le ba lekang ho boloka matsoalloa a bona.
Batho ba Yuropa le United States ba tla kutloisisong ea phetoho e ntseng e tsoela pele ke bajaki ba sa kenyelletseng sechabeng mme ba qala ho ts'ehetsa bo-ralipolotiki ba ikemiselitseng ho hanyetsa timetso ea batho ba bona pitseng ena e qhibilihang. Russia, ka lehlakoreng le leng, e bonts'a ts'ehetso ea sekhahla sa tsoalo mme e qala ho sireletsa litekanyetso tsa eona tsa setso, e phatlalatsa pepeneneng hore ha e lumellane ho fokotsa palo ea baahi ba eona, hape e hana mehato ea ho fokotsa palo ea batho e khothalletsoang ke litsebi tsa palo ea batho.
Bokhoni ba Chaena bo theohetse boemong ba bona bo tlase ho tloha ha ho theoa Rephabliki ea People of China. People's Bank of China e khothalelitse hore Beijing e tlohele ka botlalo leano la ho thibela sekhahla sa tsoalo e le hore se se ke sa lahleheloa ke monyetla oa sona oa moruo ho feta United States le linaha tse ling tsa Bophirimela [30]. Ntlheng ena, lihlopha tsa basali tse batlang ho qoba likamano le banna li koetsoe liwebosaeteng tsa China. [31]
Hlooho ea bohlale ba kantle ho naha ba Borithane MI6, Richard Moore, o bolelletse Sunday Times hore puso ea Russia e tlas'a khatello hobane Russia joalo ka naha e ea fokola: "Russia ke matla a fokolisang sepheo, moruong le palo ea batho... "[32].
Liketsahalo tsa hajoale, hammoho le polelo ea baetapele ba lipolotiki, li tlameha ho bonoa ho ipapisitsoe le khohlano e hlalositsoeng ea palo ea batho le tikoloho, moo palo e lekantsoeng ea baahi ba naha e itseng le lilemo tsa bona li tla bapala karolo ea bohlokoa ho boloka batho le botsitso moruong. Tekanyetso e ts'oanang e lokela ho sebelisoa ho boralipolotiki ba Russia, ho kenyeletsoa le mekhatlo e ikemetseng. Joalokaha re bona, mesebetsi ea bona mehatong ea bohlokoa ea ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo ("thuto ea thobalano", ho kengoa tšebetsong ha Tumellano ea Istanbul (RLS), ts'ehetso ea "LGBT" le botšehali) lia lumellana.
Boemo ba Federation ea Russia
Leha e le taba ea hore mekhatlo e meng ea mmuso, joalo ka Rospotrebnadzor, e phatlalatsa [33] tlhoko ea "thuto ea thobalano", Russia e qala ho lahla mekhoa ea ho senya sechaba, e tiisa mehopolo ea moetlo molaong le Molaotheong. Ho referendum, Marussia a netefalitse 'nete e tloaelehileng ea hore lenyalo ke kopano ea monna le mosali. Ho na le bo-ralipolotiki ba phatlalatsang pepeneneng tlhoko ea ho lahla maikutlo le ts'ebelisano 'moho le WHO. Ts'ehetso ea lelapa, bo-mme, litekanyetso tsa setso li holimo le ho feta puong ea lipolotiki. Bo-ralipolotiki ba utloisisa hore Russia ke naha ea machabeng, mme ho hlahisoa ha "thuto ea thobalano" le melao e khahlano le malapa ka boikaketsi ba "ho loants'a tlhekefetso ea malapeng" ho ka kenya letsoho ho se tšepe ba boholong.
Ho nka karolo litumellanong tsa machabeng tse sebelisoang ke baitseki ba "LGBT" ho buella mesebetsi ea bona ha ho lumellane le litabatabelo tsa leano la Russia. Referendum e fetotse mokhoa oa ho e kenya tšebetsong mme e nolofalletsa ho qoba litlhoko tsa bohlanya. Mohlala, Komiti ea UN mabapi le ho felisa khethollo khahlano le basali (CEDAW) e hloka hore Russian Federation e senye maikutlo a setso mabapi le karolo ea banna le basali, ho kenyeletsoa le baetapele ba bolumeli, ho hlahisa "thuto ea thobalano", ho felisa thibelo ea ho ntša mpa. le ho tiisa botekatse ka molao [34].
Russia Federation, ho na le melao e sirelletsang bana ho khothaletso ea bosodoma (Article 6.21 ea Khoutu ea Litlolo tsa Tsamaiso ea Russian Federation) le tlhaiso-leseling e kotsi e kotsi ho bophelo ba bona le nts'etsopele (436-FZ). Lingoliloeng tsena li etselitsoe ho sireletsa bana ho "thuto ea thobalano", lipuisano tsa litsebi tsa kelello le lingaka tsa thobalano tse sebelisang mokhoa o lumellanang le bosodoma, hape le ho phahamisa likamano tsa thobalano tse "sa tloaelehang" ho Internet.
Leha e le hore mekhatlo ea machabeng, ho kenyeletsoa le baemeli ba kantle ho naha, e batla hore ho tlosoe melao e sirelletsang bana, melao ena ha e sebetse. Roskomnadzor ha e khetholle ka bo eona lisebelisoa tse tlolang molao. Bakeng sa ho tšoaneleha tlhaiso-leseling joalo ka ha ho hlokahala, boiphihlelo bo lefelletsoeng boa hlokahala, 'me hangata likopo tsa batsoali tsa ho thibela li a hlokomolohuoa. Lihlopha tse thibetsoeng le libaka tsa marang-rang li qala ts'ebetso ea tsona hanghang.
Sechaba sa Russia se halefisitsoe ke mashano a ntseng a hola khafetsa a mohopolo o khahlano le lelapa le "LGBT", mesebetsi ea li-blogger tse senyang, baetsi ba litšoantšo le bophatlalatsi. Ho na le pokello ea mekhatlo ea setso le ea malapa.
Libakeng tse fapaneng le litafoleng tse potolohileng, bo-ralipolotiki le batho ba tummeng ba batla ho thibela mashano a eseng feela bosodoma, empa le transsexualism, ho ntša mpa, ho hloka bana le boits'oaro bo bong bo fokotsang bokhoni ba sechaba ba ho ikatisa.
Kaha ts'ehetso ea likamano tse sa lumellaneng le ts'ebetso e ncha ea bong e ke ke ea qala ntle le tumello ea mahlale le bongaka ea liketsahalo tsena joalo ka tloaelo, mafapha a mang a bophelo bo botle ba Russia a tšehetse boipiletso ba sehlopha sa Science for Truth ho boramahlale, batho ba sechaba le bo-ralipolotiki [35]. Boipiletso bona, bo saennoeng ke mashome a likete a Marussia, bo sisinya mehato e mengata e reretsoeng ho sireletsa bana boitsebisong bo kotsi le ho lahla mehopolo ea Bophirimela mabapi le tloaelo ea bong bo fapaneng.
Ha ho na motho ea belaelang hore mehato e latelang ea baetsi ba molao ba Russia e tla tsamaea le lingoliloeng tse sa khotsofalang tsa baitseki ba litokelo tsa botho tsa Bophirimela le Russia.
Litekanyetso tsa setso e le sesebelisoa sa leano la kantle ho naha
Motsamaisi oa saense oa Seboka sa Jeremane-Russia, Alexander Rahr, ha a bua ka lenaneo la "Right to Know" seteisheneng sa TVC, o ile a fetisa mantsoe a ralipolotiki ea phahameng oa Europe ea ileng a araba potso e mabapi le sesosa sa ntoa pakeng tsa Bophirimela. le Russia: "Bophirima bo loana le Putin hobane o loana le basodoma." Ha e le hantle, Russia ha e loantše batho ba basodoma, e fokotsa mashano a likamano tse seng tsa setso ho bana.
Bo-ralipolotiki ba Bophirimela ba tseba ka ho hana ha Russia ho kenya tšebetsong mekhoa ea ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo se hlahisitsoeng ke litsebi tsa palo ea batho, tse sebelisoang linaheng tsa bona. Maemong a lits'ebetso tsa nako e telele tsa ho fokotseha ha baahi, liketsahalo tsa bofalli le ntoa ea palo ea batho, ba boholong hona joale ba Europe, ka ts'usumetso ea United States, ba ke ke ba khona ho tlohela ntoa le Russia. Haele hantle, re ts'ehetsa sekhahla sa tsoalo naheng ea rona, re thibela ho hlahisoa le ho hasoa ha mekhoa e fokotsang sekhahla sa tsoalo, re ipeha boemong bo botle ba palo ea batho. Motho a ka nahana feela ka liteko tse ntseng li eketseha tsa ho nyenyefatsa boemo, ho fetola mmuso le ho ntšetsa pele tlhekefetso ea bana le ho senngoa ha moetlo o qalileng lilemong tsa mashome a robong.
Sergei Naryshkin, Motsamaisi oa Lefapha la Bohlale ba Kantle ho Naha (SVR), o buile sena kopanong ea machaba e mabapi le litaba tsa ts'ireletso: sechaba sa LGBT, se hasanya mehopolo ea botšehali bo fetelletseng ... ha e le hantle, ntlha ke ho etsa batho ba ikarotseng, ba nang le mathata a methapo ea kutlo, batho ba nang le boemo ba phetoho bo sa fetoheng. Ho hlakile hore batho ba joalo ke lintho tse loketseng ho qhekelloa, haholo haeba ba tšoere iPhone e hokahantsoeng le marang-rang ”[36].
Karabelo liphephetsong tsa ho ikopanya ha lichaba tsa lefatše e bile ho phethahatsoa ha sehlooho sa litekanyetso tsa setso bophelong ba sechaba ba Europe Bophirima. Ha se mabotho feela a tloaetseng ho itšireletsa, empa le ba lokolohileng ba kenyelletsa ts'ireletso ea malapa lipolelong tsa bona, mme koluoa ea phallo ke sesosa sa liphetoho tse joalo [37].
Leha ho na le ho theoha hoa bohlokoa ba tumelo le tumelo har'a MaEuropa, karolo e kholo ea bona e ntse e iponahatsa e le Bakreste. Ho latela phuputso e entsoeng ke Pew Research Center, 64% ea Mafora, 71% ea Majeremane, 75% ea Maswiss le 80% ea MaAustria ba arabile ka hore ba itsebahatsa e le Bakreste. [38] Likereke tsa Bokreste, ntle le Maprostanta, ha li tšehetse melaoana eo e seng ea setso (lenyalo la batho ba bong bo tšoanang, tumello ea ho ntša mpa). Mak'hatholike, ho fapana le Maprostanta a Jeremane, a arohane, empa ka kakaretso a boloka mekhoa. Leha ho le joalo, likereke tsohle li ikhanyetsa ho ba-radical ba mapheo a nepahetseng ba hlahisang lipolelo tsa xenophobic, khethollo ea morabe le anti-Semite, tse hlohlellelitsoeng ke leano la phallo [37]. Ntle le moo, motho o lokela ho nahanela kholo e ntseng e hola ea ummah ea Europe, e sa mamelleng le phatlalatso ea phatlalatso ea batho.
Lilemong tse mashome a morao tjena, Europe Bohareng le Bochabela esale e ntse e nahana ka ho bopa boitsebahatso ba eona, 'me taba ea bojaki ke sesosa sa lits'ebetso tsena. Sebaka sa Europe Bochabela se theha boits'oaro ba sona ka ho ikarola ho bajaki ba nang le setso sa bojaki esita le sechabeng sa Europe Bophirimela [39].
Kua Hungary, molao o qalile ho sebetsa o thibelang khothaletso ea likamano tsa botona le botšehali tseo e seng tsa setso le batho ba iphetotseng bong har'a bana. [40] Hungary e hanyetsa ka matla ho netefatsoa ha Kopano ea Istanbul. Ha a arabela nyatso, Viktor Orban o bitsitse boemo ba bokoloniale ba European Union [40].
Lekhotla la Bulgaria le boletse hore Tumellano ea Istanbul ha e lumellane le Molao oa Motheo oa Bulgaria. Polelo ea lekhotla la Bulgaria ha e siee khoao ea hore "LGBT" le Tumellano ea Istanbul li hokahantsoe ke khoele e matla. [41]
Poland e ikhula tumellanong ena. Letona la Toka la Poland le itse Tumellano ea Istanbul e kotsi kaha e hloka hore likolo li rute bana ka litaba tsa bong. [42] Ke habohlokoa ho hlokomela hore Lekhotla le busang la Molao le Toka le amana le Kereke e K'hatholike mme le ikemiselitse ho phahamisa litekanyetso tsa setso tsa lelapa. Karolo ea boraro ea Poland e phatlalalitsoe e le sebaka se se nang LGBT, moo litoropo tse tšeletseng li tla lahleheloa ke tšehetso ea lichelete ho tsoa ho European Union.
Sena hape se tiisa tšenolo e boletsoeng ke Alexander Rahr mme se bonts'a maikutlo a European Union mabapi le linaha tse lekang ho boloka litloaelo tsa bona, borena le boits'oaro, li ikemiselitse litšusumetso tsa lichelete le lipolotiki mabapi le tsona. Litekanyetso tsa setso ke sesebelisoa sa maano a kantle ho naha, empa se sehang ka n doublea tse peli.
Ts'ebeliso e bulehileng ea mekhoa ea ho loana ntoa ea palo ea batho e reretsoeng ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo ea mohanyetsi oa lipolotiki, hammoho le ho kenyelletsa "litekanyetso tse sa lumellaneng" leanong la kantle ho naha la United States le linaheng tse ling, ho hloka bohanyetsi ka boomo.
Ho hlakile hore lefats'eng la sejoale-joale, batho ba lahlehetsoeng ke borena, empa ba tseba liteko tse sehlōhō tsa sechaba tse etsoang ho bona, ba tla batla ntlha ea ts'ehetso ea boits'oaro le mohlala. Fensetere ea monyetla e ntse e etsoa moo motho a ka khonang ho theha mohlala o motle oa sebopeho sa sechaba se ipapisitseng le melao ea boitšoaro, mme, ho bonahala, China e se e qalile ho theha mohlala o joalo, o ts'ehetsang lineano.
Methati ea sebopeho sa setšoantšo sa bokamoso ba Russia
Bakeng sa hore Russia e be mohlala bakeng sa linaha tse ling, ho hlokahala hore ho nkoe mehato e mengata ho mekhahlelo ea kantle le ea kahare ea leano la naha. Ho na le motheo oa mohopolo bakeng sa mehato ena, mme e kenyelelitsoe ho Molao oa Motheo: Molimo, lelapa, bana le litloaelo. Tsena ha se likhopolo feela, empa ke motheo oa paballo ea sechaba. Russia e tlameha ho li hasa ka ntle ka linako tsohle le ho li kenya tšebetsong kahare ho naha.
Boemong ba machabeng re hloka ho sekaseka lilekane le litokomane tsa UN le WHO, eo ts'ebetsong ea eona e reretsoeng ho fokotsa baahi le ho fokotsa sekhahla sa tsoalo. Lekola ho nka karolo le ho nyatsa lingoloa tse sa lumellaneng le Molao oa Motheo oa Russia le Leano la Naha la Ts'ireletso la Russian Federation.
Qalisa litumellano le likopano tsa machabeng tse khethollang "tharollo ea mathata a palo ea batho" ka mekhoa ea ho senya malapa le boits'oaro, ho sireletsa bophelo ba motho ho tloha nakong ea kemolo, ho netefatsa thuto e lumellanang le nts'etsopele ea batho e ipapisitse le melaoana ea boitšoaro. Mohlala, Tumellano ea Ts'ireletso ea Lelapa boemong ba Russia-Belarus Union State ka monyetla oa hore linaha tse ling li kenelle. Theha liforomo tsa ho buisana ka mekhoa ea ho kenya tšebetsong litumellano tsena le ts'ebelisano 'moho le machabeng.
Ho itokolla pusong ea Lekhotla la Europe la Litokelo tsa Botho (ECHR). Jwalo ka Moporesidente wa Russia V.V. Putin, ho "sebetsa" mohopolo oa ho theha analogue ea Russia ea lekhotla lena [43].
Ho amohela mekhatlo ea machabeng le ea Russia e sebetsanang le liphatlalatso tse mabifi tse khahlano le palo ea batho e le tse sa rateheng. Ho theha mekhoa ea ho khetholla le ho lekanyetsa mosebetsi oa mekhatlo e joalo.
Boemong ba mmuso hoa hlokahala ho fana ka ts'ehetso e phahameng ho malapa a nang le bana, ho fihlela tharollo e felletseng ea bothata ba matlo.
Amohela molao mabapi le boemo bo tšoanang ba malapa a maholo le mehato ea ho a tšehetsa.
Fana ka kalafo ea mahala e hlokahalang bakeng sa bana ba nang le mafu a matla a tsoalo Fana ka bacha thuto e phahameng ea mahala.
Eketsa lithuto tsa sekolo ka lithuto tsa moetlo le ho theha maikutlo a nepahetseng ho ba lelapa.
Amohela molao "On Bioethics and Biosafety", e thehang boleng ba mantlha ba ho sireletsa bophelo ba motho le bophelo bo botle methating eohle, ho tloha kemolong ho isa lefung.
Theha "Setsi sa Lelapa" - setsi sa mahlale se kopaneng ka har'a Academy ea Saense bakeng sa ho theha metheo e ts'ehetsang boleng ba lelapa le bophelo bo botle, bo tla nts'etsapele mekhoa ea khōliso, thuto le nts'etsopele ea botho bo lumellanang.
Fana ka bo-rasaense ba Russia monyetla oa ho phatlalatsa lingoliloeng tse hlahlojoang ke lithaka ntle le ho tšaba mesebetsi le meputso. Karolo ea bonase ea moputso oa bo-rasaense e latela lingoliloeng tse joalo. Maemong a "nepahalo ea lipolotiki" le thibelo, lingoliloeng tsa Bophirimela le tsa Russia tse nang le tšusumetso e kholo li qoba ho hatisa lingoloa tse hananang le mohopolo oa ho khothaletsa bosodoma, transsexualism le likhetho tse ling tsa bong bo fapaneng, tse fanang ka khatello pontsong ea mahala ea boemo ba mahlale.
Tsebisa lithibelo tse kholo phetisong ea litaba tse senyang ka marang-rang a sechaba, mmino le merero ea media, le cinema. Theha mokhoa o atlehang oa ho thibela tlhaiso-leseling e tlolang Molao N 436-FZ "Ts'ireletso ea Bana ho tsoa Boitsebiso bo Kotsi ho Bophelo le Nts'etsopele ea Bona." Ho tlama Roskomnadzor ho laola ho tlosoa ka bohona ha tlhahisoleseling e kotsi ho bana pele ho nyeoe.
Ho thatafatsa kotlo ea ho tlola molao "Ho sireletsa bana ho tsoa boitsebisong bo ka bang kotsi ho bophelo ba bona le kholo ea bona." Lemoha ho nka karolo tseleng ea bophelo ea bosodoma le "ho fuoa matla a bong bo fapaneng" joalo ka ha e baka kotsi e itekanetseng tlasa Article 112 ea Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Ho thatafatsa kotlo ea ho khothaletsa bosodoma, transsexualism, ho ntša mpa, ho hloka bana le mefuta e meng ea boits'oaro ba batho ho latela maemo a hona joale a palo ea batho.
Ho tsebahatsa litekanyetso tsa lelapa ka ho hlahisa tatellano ea mmuso bakeng sa litaba tse hahang le tse ntle.
Sireletsa lelapa ho kenella ho se nang mabaka, beha litšitiso tse matla ts'ebetsong ea Tumellano ea Istanbul kapa melao e ts'oanang.
Ha ho nahanoa ts'ebetsong ea litlhahiso tsena, ho tla theoa motheo o tiileng oa ts'ehetso ea mmuso bakeng sa litekanyetso tsa lelapa le setso sa lelapa, moo Russia e nang le monyetla o mong le o mong oa ho ba moetapele oa lefats'e oa mokhatlo o tšehetsang malapa, ts'ehetso le ts'ehetso bakeng sa tse bolelang hore li ikemiselitse ho sireletsa bobusi ba bona le tokelo ea bona ea ho ikemela ho khetha vector ea maikutlo le motheo oa boleng ba nts'etsopele e tsoelang pele.
TLHOKOMELISO
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[15] Obama o phatlalalitse ts'ireletso ea litokelo tsa batho ba fokolang ka thobalano e le ntho ea mantlha ho melaoana ea kantle ho naha ea US. - Url: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/220625 (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[16] Biden o saenetse litaelo tsa "ho khutlisa karolo ea United States sechabeng sa lefats'e." - Url: https://www.golosameriki.com/a/biden-signs-executive-orders-thursday/5766277.html (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[17] Vollset SE ea ho Nona, ho shoa, ho falla, le maemo a baahi bakeng sa linaha le libaka tsa 195 ho tloha ka 2017 ho isa ho 2100: tlhahlobo ea ponelopele ea Global Burden of Disease Study // The Lancet. - 2020. - T. 396. - No. 10258. - S. 1285-1306.
[18] Mohau CH ea Keketseho e atileng ea tšebelisano 'moho le litloaelo tsa bosodoma Borithane 1990-2000: bopaki bo tsoang lipatlisisong tsa monyetla oa naha // Aids. - 2004. - T. 18. - Tjhe. 10. - S. 1453-1458.
[19] Boitsebiso ba LGBT bo nyolohela ho 5.6% ho Likhakanyo tsa morao-rao tsa Amerika. - Url: https://news.gallup.com/poll/329708/lgbt-identification-rises-latest-estimate.aspx (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[20] Perales F. Bophelo le boiketlo ba batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang le ba bona, ba bong bo fapaneng le ba bong bo fapaneng: tlhahlobo e hlophisehileng e sebelisang sampole ea naha e telele // Australia le New Zealand koranta ea bophelo bo botle ba sechaba. - 2019. - T. 43. - No. 3. - P. 281-287.
[21] Yeung H. ea Tlhokomelo ea dermatologic bakeng sa batho ba ratanang le ba bong bo tšoanang, ba bong bo fapaneng le ba transgender: lefu la seoa, ho hlahloba le ho thibela mafu // Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. - 2019. - T. 80. - Che. 3. - S. 591-602.
[22] Fairley CK ea 2020, mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano le HIV ho banna ba bong bo fapaneng, ba bong bo fapaneng le ba bang ba etsang thobalano le banna // Bophelo bo Botle ba Botona le Botšehali. - 2017. - Hlakola; 14 (1).
[23] Raifman J. ea Tloaelo ea thobalano le boiteko ba ho ipolaea har'a bacha ba Amerika: 2009-2017 // Pediatrics. - 2020. - T. 145. - Che. 3.
[24] Buder S. ea Likokoana-hloko tse tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano // Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft. - 2019. - T. 17. - Che. 3. - S. 287-315.
[25] Lipalopalo tsa semmuso Mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano (li-STI): litafole tsa data tsa selemo le selemo - Url: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/sexually-transmitted-infections-stis-annual-data-tables (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021 .XNUMX).
[26] Mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano Netherlands ka 2019. - Url: https://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/2020-0052.html (e fumanoe ka la 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[27] Mafu a tšoaetsanoang Finland: Mafu a tšoaetsanoang ka thobalano le mafu a amanang le maeto a eketsehile selemong se fetileng. - Url: https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/infectious-diseases-in-finland-sexually-transmitted-diseases-and-travel-related-infections-increased-last-year- ( letsatsi la phihlello: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[28] Li-STD tse tlalehiloeng li fihla holimo ka linako tsohle bakeng sa selemo sa botšelela se latellanang. - Url: https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/6/2021-STD-surveillance-report.html (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 2019).
[29] Balaoli ba Mafora ba ile ba lemosa Macron ka kotsi ea ho putlama ha naha. - Url: https://ria.ru/20210427/razval-1730169223.html (letsatsi la phihlello: 13.07.2021).
[30] Banka e Kgolo ea China e kopile ho lahla thibelo ea bokhachane ka lebaka la kotsi ea ho oela kamora United States. - Url: https://www.forbes.ru/newsroom/obshchestvo/426589-centrobank-kitaya-prizval-otkazatsya-ot-kontrolya-rozhdaemosti-iz-za (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 13.07.2021).
[31] Ho koaloa ha lihlopha tsa basali tse fumanehang marang-rang Chaena litlhase li bitsa basali hore ba 'khomarelane'. - Url: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/closure-online-feminist-groups-china-spark-call-women-stick-together-2021-04-14/ (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 13.07.2021 ).
[32] MI6's 'C': Re lemositse Putin se tla etsahala ha a ka hlasela Ukraine. - Url: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mi6s-c-we-warned-putin-what-would-happen-if-he-invaded-ukraine-wkc0m96qn (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX / XNUMX) ...
[33] Rospotrebnadzor o boletse bohlokoa ba thuto ea thobalano likolong. - Url: https://lenta.ru/news/2020/12/04/sekposvett/ (letsatsi la phihlello: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[34] Ho phethela lipono tse tlalehiloeng tlalehong ea borobeli ea linako tsa Russia. - Url: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsnINnqKYBbHCTOaqVs8CBP2%2fEJgS2uWhk7nuL
22CY5Q6EygEUW%2bboviXGrJ6B4KEJtSx4d5PifNptTh34zFc91S93Ta8rrMSy%2fH7ozZ373Jv (дата обращения: 18.05.2021).
[35] Boipiletso: Sireletsa borena ba mahlale le polokeho ea palo ea batho ba Russia. - Url: https://pro-lgbt.ru/6590/ (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[36] Puo ka Motsamaisi oa Ts'ebeletso ea Bohlale ea Kantle ho Naha ea Russian Federation S.E. Naryshkin. - Url: https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/regprla/-/asset_publisher/YCxLFJnKuD1W/content/id/3704728 (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[37] Burmistrova E.S. Lefatše la Khale - Melao-motheo e Mecha: Mohopolo oa Litekanyetso tsa Setso Lipuong tsa Lipolotiki le tsa Bolumeli tsa Europe Bophirima (ho Mohlala oa Fora le Jeremane / ESBurmistrova // Litekanyetso tsa Setso. - 2020. - No. 3. - P. 297-302.
[38] Boholo ba Yuropa Bophirima bo supa e le ba Bokreste. - Url: https://www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/pf_05-29-18
_religion-western-europe-00-01 / (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[39] Timofeeva O.V. Ho Bokella Sechaba, Ho Sireletsa Sechaba: Europe Bohareng le Bochabela ho Batla Boitsebiso ba Naha / OV Timofeeva // Europe Bohareng le Bochabela - 2020. - No. 3. - P. 288-296.
[40] Molao o thibelang mashano a LGBT har'a bana o qalile ho sebetsa Hungary. - Url: https://rg.ru/2021/07/08/vengriia-priniala-zakon-o-zaprete-propagandy-lgbt-sredi-nesovershennoletnih.html (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 13.07.2021).
[41] Qeto ea 13. - Url: http://www.constcourt.bg/bg/Acts/GetHtmlContent/f278a156-9d25-412d-a064-6ffd6f997310 (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021).
[42] Kopano ea Istanbul: Poland e tla tlohela tumellano ea Europe mabapi le tlhekefetso khahlanong le basali. - Url: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53538205 (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[43] Putin o ile a tšehetsa mohopolo oa ho theha analogue ea Russia ea ECHR. - Url: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/740745 (letsatsi le fihletsoeng: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
Yumasheva Inga Albertovna,
Motlatsi oa State Duma oa Kopano ea Federale ea Russian Federation, setho sa Komiti ea Lelapa, Basali le Bana (Moscow), setho sa Lekhotla la Russia la Litaba tsa Machabeng (RIAC) le Lekhotla la Leano la Kantle ho Naha le Ts'ireletso (SVOP) , setho sa boto ea IPO "Union of Orthodox Women".