V. Lysov
E-mel: science4truth@yandex.ru
Kūkaha ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea e pili ana ma ka pukana hoʻonaʻauao kaiāulu. ʻO nā haʻawina pili i kēia mau pilikia pilikia, 2018; Volume 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "ʻO ka hāʻule a me ka noʻonoʻo o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo" homophobia "i ka ʻepekema a me ka lehulehu..
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Nā ʻike nui

(1) He ʻano koʻikoʻi e pili i ka male i ka pili o ka male i ka hoʻokō i nā kūmole diagnostic o kahi phobia me kahi manaʻo psychopathological. ʻAʻohe manaʻo nosological o ka "homophobia", he huaʻōlelo kā ke kuleana politika.
(2) ʻAʻole pono ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" i ka hana ʻepekema e hōʻike ai i ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻano koʻikoʻi ma ka hana like me ka wahine like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" e lūlū i ka laina ma waena o ka noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka male.
(3) Kuhi ka poʻe noiʻi ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" he hana hoʻomau i ke alakaʻi ʻia i kēlā mau lālā o ka poʻe i manaʻo ʻole i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi ʻano homose kāne ma ka nohona, akā ʻaʻole i hopohopo i ka makaʻu a me ka hopohopo ʻole o ka poʻe pelekue.
(4) Ma ka hoʻohui i nā moʻomeheu a me nā lāhui kuʻuna, ka kumu no ka noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi i ka hana like me ka kāne like, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻōnaehana pale pālahalaha - hopena kūlohelohe huhūulu ia i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka e hōʻoia e pili ana i ka maʻemaʻe maʻemaʻe a me ka hana kūpono.

Huaʻōlelo: moʻolelo, "homophobia", hōʻohu, hoʻoweliweli, ʻōnaehana pale ʻana, hoʻopunipuni

Introduction

Ma waena o kahi ʻāpana nui o ke kaiāulu, aia kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka hana like me ka wahine, ka nui o ka hōʻike i ka nui o nā ʻano.Kohut 2013; 2013 Gray) I loko o ka hoʻolālā o ka neʻe "LGBTKIAP +", kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi nui ʻole, ka manaʻo ʻole o ke ʻano o kona hōʻike a me nā kumu, i koho ʻia ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia. "Homophobia" (Adams xnumx) Wahi a Oxford English Dictionary, ʻo ka neologism "homophobia" no loko mai o nā huaʻōlelo "homosexuality" a me "phobia" (Nā ʻarieslelo Pelekane ʻO Oxford Living). Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" i ka pāpāho a me ka moʻomeheu kaulana: ua ʻōlelo ʻo ka mea noiʻi ʻo Nungessor:

Ua lilo ʻo "Homophobia" i manaʻo nui politika i hoʻohana ʻia e kuhikuhi i kekahi ʻano maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i nā kāne kāne ... "(Nungessor xnumx, ka p. 162).

«Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Homophobia "i loko o ka ʻatikala politika o nā pili interstate hou.EPR 2006). No laila, ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" e wehewehe i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi e pili ana i nā waiwai o ka neʻe ʻana o ka "LGBTQIAP +" ma luna o nā kumumanaʻo nui ʻelua: (1) hana ia i kahi pilina pili i waena o kēlā me kēia ʻano DISPOSITIVE e pili ana i ka homosexuality me kahi maʻi phobic, me psychopathology; (2) hāʻawi ia i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole a stigmatize i kēlā me kēia kanaka e kākoʻo i kahi manaʻo ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa mai ka neʻe LGBTQIAP +.

E like me ke kaukaʻi ʻana i nā ʻekekema kūwaho Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin a me nā mea kākau inoa kākau i kā lākou hana.

"… ʻAneʻane me nā kūkākūkā ʻana me nā mea hoʻolaha o ka moekolohe, ke kūlike ʻole me lākou, i kēia lā e hoʻopili pono i kahi lepili hōʻino" homophobe ", me ka ʻole e noʻonoʻo i ke kumu a me ke ʻano, ke degere o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke kānāwai e pili ana i nā loiloi koʻikoʻi o ka homosexuality. I nā ʻāina he nui, hōʻole ʻia ka poʻe e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka moekolohe ʻana i ke kūʻokoʻa o ka manaʻo a me ke kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole wale i ka wā o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa lehulehu, akā i ka nui, i nā hoʻāʻo ʻana e hōʻike i ko lākou manaʻo i ka pāpāho. Eia kekahi, aia nā piila lehulehu e hoʻokae ʻē i kēlā mau mea: e hōʻole i ke kuleana e komo i nā ʻāina ʻē, e hoʻopaʻa iā lākou i ka hale paʻahao, etc. ʻO kēlā kūkā kūkā a me ka wehewehe ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ke kaulike o nā mea āpau ma mua o ke kānāwai a me ka ʻaha a me ke kumumanaʻo o ke ahonui ʻaʻole wale ia i kūlike ʻole me nā loina a me nā pae demokalaka, akā naʻe, pono lākou e hana koke i ka pane mai ka mokuʻāina, ʻaʻohe ona kuleana e hoʻi i hope mai ka nohona kū kānāwai a me ka politika no ke kūlana politika. ke kumukānāwai kumukānāwai a me nā loina o ke kaulike o nā mea āpau ma mua o ke kānāwai a me ka ʻaha. ʻO nā huaʻōlelo "homophobe", "homophobia" pololei ʻole, hoʻopili ʻia nā cliche-lepona ideologized i kau ʻia ma luna o nā loiloi o ka manaʻo o ka homosexual (me ka nānā ʻole i ke ʻano a me ke ʻano o ka hōʻoia o ia ʻano hoʻopiʻi), a me nā poʻe i kūʻē i ka hoʻokau ʻia ʻana o ka mana i ke kāne a me nā kāne (a me nā minors). Hōʻike kēia mau huaʻōlelo i nā lepili loiloi ideological o ka ʻike maikaʻi ʻole a hoʻohana ʻia e like me kahi polemikā maikaʻi ʻole no ka hana manipulative e hōʻino a hōʻino i ka mea kūʻē (...) ʻO ka mea maoli, ʻo ka poʻe i ʻae ʻole i nā ʻano nohona kāne, nā mea ʻalo a me nā manaʻoʻiʻo e kūʻē i nā hoʻolaha lehulehu o ka moekolohe. ʻaʻohe "phobias", ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻeha, makaʻu nui e hoʻoweliweli i kēia poʻe i nā homosexuals. ʻO ka poʻe kamaʻāina ʻole i ka terminology olakino kūikawā hiki ke hoʻohui i ka manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo "homophobe" me kahi makemake ʻole pathological no ke kāne a me ka poʻe ma ka hapanui (mai ka homo Latina - man). Hoʻolilo kūpono ʻole i nā deviations noʻonoʻo (phobias) i ka poʻe i kaʻana like ʻole i ka manaʻo male a ka wahine ʻaʻole wale ia he ʻano hana pono ʻole, akā e kuhikuhi pū ʻia hoʻi e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka hanohano kanaka o ia poʻe, e hōʻino iā lākou ... "(Ponkin 2011).

Ua wehewehe ʻo Aptly i ke ʻano o nā cliches ma ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ka "homophobia" lehulehu lehulehu ʻo Sergei Khudiev:

"... ʻO kēlā me kēia mea e ʻaʻa e ʻaelike holoʻokoʻa me ka ideology affirmative gay i kū koke i ka lepili ʻana a me nā hōʻino huhū. Inā ʻike ʻoe i ka moekolohe wahine like i kekahi mea pono ʻole e paipai ʻia ma ke kānāwai, e haʻi koke ʻia ʻoe he kanaka ʻino, hoʻomanawanui, hoʻowahāwahā, hoʻi i hope a me ka ʻenemi, racist, fascist, Ku Klux Klan, Taliban, a pēlā aku. ʻO kahi ʻenehana maʻalahi akā maikaʻi no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka naʻau e hoʻohana i nā ʻano hana maopopo. ʻO kahi laʻana, hāʻawi ʻia iā ʻoe i ke koho hewa - a i ʻole hoʻopaʻi koʻikoʻi i ka moekolohe, a i ʻole ke paipai iā ia i kēlā me kēia ʻano. Inā ʻoe e kūʻē i nā hoʻopaʻi huhū no nā pili like like ʻole, a laila no ka ʻike ʻia o nā ʻāpana like ma ka male ʻana. ʻO kekahi ʻenehana ʻē aʻe - "ʻo kekahi mau villain maopopo (e laʻa me nā Nazis) kūʻē i ka moekolohe - kūʻē pū ʻoe iā ia - no laila he Nazi ʻoe. Inā ʻaʻole ʻoe makemake e manaʻo ʻia he Nazi, e ʻae i kā mākou manaʻo. " Ua hōʻike ke kolu i nā hewa i kūʻē ʻia i nā homosexuals - no ka laʻana, kahi kūlana kahi i make ai kahi kanaka ʻōpio i ka moekolohe e kāna mea kūʻai aku - ma ke ʻano he manifestations o "homophobia", ua haʻi ʻia kekahi kue i "homophobia" a no laila hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea kūʻē he hewa. Kēia puʻuwai puʻe hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o kahi hōʻike o nā polemics kaulike ʻole, akā ʻo ka pilikia ke hoʻonui ʻia nei i lalo i ka kaohi aupuni; i loko o kekahi mau ʻāina ʻEulopa, ʻo ka ʻaelike ʻole me nā manaʻo kūkaʻi kāne ke nānā ʻia ma ke ʻano he "hoʻonāukiuki i ka inaina" a me ka hewa e hoʻokolokolo ʻia ana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻike ʻia ka absurdity o kēia ʻano hoʻopiʻi i ka wā a mākou e lawe ai i ka pilikia e noʻonoʻo ai ma kahi o ʻelima mau minuke. Hoʻopaʻi ikaika ʻo Taliban i ka inu ʻona ʻana; ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o kēlā me kēia e ʻae ʻole i ka ʻona ʻo ia ka Taliban a manaʻo e hoʻolauna i ke kānāwai Sharia i loko o ke kaiāulu. ʻO ka poʻe (o nā kāne a ʻelua) e loaʻa kālā ma o ka moekolohe pinepine ʻana i lilo i poʻe hewa. Hiki i kekahi mea hōʻole i ka hoʻohana lāʻau ke hōʻāhewa ʻia no ko lākou inaina nui i nā mea ʻāpiki lāʻau maikaʻi? ... "(Khudiev 2010).

KAEA O HOMOPHOBIA APANUI

ʻAmelika ʻikepili a me ka mea hana "LGBTKIAP +" - neʻe (Ayyar 2002; Kākau o 2017) George Weinberg ua manaʻo ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" a me ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hypothesis o kahi papa psychopathological o kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka male i ka male (Herek 2004; Weinberg xnumx) I ka ninaninau me ka paʻi paʻi ʻōhule, ʻaʻole ʻo Weinberg i pane mai i ke kumu no ka lilo ʻana o ia i mea hoʻoikaika ma ka LGBTKIAP + kumuhana, ʻī mai ʻo ia:

"ʻOiai ʻaʻole wau i palaka, ʻo wau ka manuahi me ka hiki i nā hana heterosexual, a me nā hana ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe i makemake ʻole e kākau e pili ana i ka mea" (Ayyar 2002).

Ua kāhea ʻo Weinberg iā ia iho i ka mea nāna e kau i ka manaʻo no ka lili a me ka weliweli he koʻikoʻi ka male o ka pelekikena ma ka waena o 1960, ʻoiai e hoʻomākaukau ana no ka haʻi ʻana i ka hālāwai East Coast Homophile Organization (Ayyar 2002; Kākau o 2017) Ua haʻi ʻo ia i kona mau manaʻo me nā mea hana "LGBTKIAP +", ka neʻe o Jack Nichols a me Lige Clark, ka mea i hoʻohana mua i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" i kahi puke no ka makasina porno "Screw" (23 ma Mei 1969 o ka makahiki), ka mea i hopohopo i nā makaʻu ʻana i nā kāne ʻole male ʻole. hiki iā lākou ke kuhihewa i nā kāne male - ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo mua loa o ka ʻōlelo i paʻi ʻia (Kākau o 2017; Herek 2004) ʻO kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo i ke poʻo o The Times (Kākau o 2017).

Ma 1971, ua hoʻohana mua ʻo Weinberg i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" i loko o kahi ʻatikala e kapa ʻia ana "He huaʻōlelo no ka moʻomeheu hou" i loko o ka pule he "Gay"Kākau o 2017). Ma hope o ka heluhelu ʻana i kēia ʻatikala, ʻo kā Kenineth T. Smith hoa hana o Weinberg (Weinberg xnumx, pp. 132, 136) i ka hopena o 1971 ua ʻōlelo mua ʻo ia i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" i loko o kahi puke ʻepekema kahi āna i hāpai ai i kahi pālākiō kūikawā no ke ana ʻana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o kēlā me kēia kanaka i hoʻopili ʻia e nā pilina me nā kāne kāne kāne.Smith 1971) ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma 1972, ua hana ʻo Weinberg i ka psychopathological hypothesis o ka "homophobia" i loko o ka puke "Society and Healthy Homosexual" (Weinberg xnumx) I ka makahiki aʻe, lilo ʻo Weinberg i alakaʻi nui o nā hanana lehulehu i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka American LGBTKIAP +, kahi neʻe i alakaʻi ai i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka American Psychiatric Association e kāpae i ka nānā ʻana i ka "homosexuality" mai ka papa inoa o nā hanana kūloko o ka noʻonoʻo ma 1973 (Kākau o 2017) ʻOiai ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" i hoʻohewa ʻia a nā poʻe kākoʻo a me nā hoa kūʻē o ka "LGBTKIAP +" neʻe, ua paʻa mau ʻo Weinberg i kāna mau manaʻo i ke koena o kona ola a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia me ka "homophobia" i ke ʻano o nā maʻi noʻonoʻo.Weinberg xnumx).

PROBLEMA O KE ʻE Imi ANO

I ka manawa mai ka haʻi mua ʻana i nā hana ʻepekema (1971 - 1972), ua ʻano like ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" mai kēlā me kēia ʻano pilikino.Smith 1971) a mālama ka makaʻu pathological (Weinberg xnumx) i kekahi ʻano koʻikoʻi (me ka laʻi no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ʻae ʻana i nā kāne like ʻole i hāpai i nā keiki) (Costa 2013) Ua hoʻohana ʻo George Weinberg i kāna hana me ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" ma ke ʻano o ka makaʻu i ka launa ʻana me ka poʻe pelekane, a inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā kāne like ʻole, a laila, "homophobia" ʻo ia ka mea makaʻu ʻole iā lākou iho (Weinberg xnumx) ʻO kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua wehewehe ʻo Morin lāua ʻo Garfinkle i kapa ʻia "homophobic" ʻo ia kanaka ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole i ke ʻano o kahi ʻano homose kāne e like me ke ola heterosexual (Morin xnumx).

I ka makahiki 1983, ua hōʻike ʻo Nungessor:

Ua lilo ʻo "..." homophobia "i manaʻo nui politika i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i kekahi ʻano maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i nā kāne kāne ..." (Nungessor xnumx, ka p. 162).

Ma ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ʻo Fyfe i hōʻike ʻia e "homophobia" he ʻano maikaʻi a hoʻowahāwahā i nā kāne like ʻole (Fyfe xnumx) Ua hōʻike ʻo Hudson lāua ʻo Ricketts "ua hoʻomaka ka huaʻōlelo" homophobia "e nā poʻe loea a me nā poʻe loea ʻē ʻole e hoʻāpono i kekahi mea hoʻonāukiuki i nā kāne kīʻaha e nalowale loa i ka hapa nui o kāna kumu maoli" (Hudson xnumx, ka p. 357). Ma 1991, ka nui o nā mea noiʻi i wehewehe i ka "homophobia" he "hewa kīwaha a me ka hōʻino".Pihi xnumx; Haaga xnumx), a ua kapa aku ʻo Reiter ma ke ʻano he "prejudice with a socio-cultural implication" (Koho 1991) Elima mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua ʻike ʻo Young-Bruehl "he hopohopo ka homophobia ʻaʻole i kūʻē i kekahi kanaka, akā no nā hana kūikawā" (Kēia-Bruehl 1996, ka p. 143). Ua wehewehe hope ʻo Kranz lāua ʻo Cusick i ka "homophobia" ma ka "makaʻu ʻole i ka poʻe male male"Kranz 2000) Ma ka makahiki 2005, ua ʻike ʻo O'Donohue a me Caselles ma nā makahiki he mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" i kekahi ʻano maikaʻi ʻole, manaʻoʻiʻo a i ʻole e pili ana i nā kāne like ʻole (OʻDonohue i Wright xnumx, ka p. 68).

I ke kumumanaʻo o ka ʻepekema psychiatric kālaiʻike classical, phobia (phobic syndrome) pili i kekahi ʻano o ka neurosis hopohopo, ke kumu nui no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi makaʻu mau ʻole (a i ʻole hopohopo), ka mea i kaohi ʻole a hoʻonāukiuki ʻole ʻole i kekahi mau hanana (Kazakovtsev 2013, ka p. 230). Ke hoʻāʻo nei kekahi kanaka me ka phobia i nā ala āpau e pale aku ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana me kahi mea a i ʻole mea e hōʻeha ai i kahi phobia a kaumaha i kēlā pili me ka pohō nui a me ka hopohopo. Ma ke kākoʻo ʻana o ka manaʻo nui e pili ana i ka hana male i ka hana male, ʻaʻole ʻo Haaga (1991) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me nā phobias, nā ʻano hana i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka pāhaʻi e like me "homophobia" e hoʻokō i nā kūmole no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa (ʻike i ka papa ma lalo) ((Haaga xnumx).

Hoʻohālikelike Papa 1 Hoʻohālikelike a me Phobia e like me ke D.A.F. Haaga [30]

ʻAno	Hōʻailona (ʻōlelo "homophobia")	Kūpono maoli (neurosis)
ʻO kēiaʻano noʻonoʻo	huhū, hoʻomālamalama	hopohopo, makaʻu
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa o nā manaʻo	ka hiki ana o na kumu	nele o ka ho'ākāka, mālama naʻau
Hoʻoikaika	mea hoʻonāukiuki	e pale aku i kekahi ʻano
Hoʻopuka lehulehu	kūʻē kūʻē	nele
ʻO ka mea nui o nā ho'āʻo e hōʻoluʻolu i kahi kūlana kūʻokoʻa ʻole	palehewa	iā mākou iho

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano ho'āʻo like ʻole e nānā i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hewa ʻole i ka male male - me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hōʻike noʻonoʻo (Smith 1971; Hudson xnumx; Pāpili lnpo; Milham 1976; Logan 1996) Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loiloi o Grey a me nā mea ʻumi a me Costa a me nā hoa hana i nā helu he nui o nā kaulike ʻē aʻe i manaʻo ʻia e ana i ke ʻano o ka poʻe heterosexual i ke kanaka e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano male.Costa 2013; 2013 Gray) Loaʻa i nā hana loiloi nā ʻōlelo a pau - he hemahema o ka hui no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka wā o ko lākou hoʻomohala ʻana: ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua i ʻōlelo ʻia ma kahi hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā pūʻulu o nā mea pane i hōʻike mai i nā waiwai palena kiʻekiʻe i pili wale i ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole i ka male i ka male (ʻo ia ka laʻana. haipule, koho balota i nā pāʻina kālaiʻāina kūwaho. Wahi a ʻO O'Donohue a me nā hoa hana, hiki ke hoʻopau ʻia kēia palaka ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me kekahi pūʻulu o nā mea pane i hoʻopiʻi hewa ʻia no nā poʻe e hōʻike ana i ka hana male (OʻDonohue ma Wright xnumx, ka p. 77). No laila, hāʻawi ʻia nā pilikia psychometric lehulehu me kēlā me kēia ʻano loiloi i manaʻo ʻia ʻia, nā ʻike a me nā hopena i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke kumu o kēia mau loiloi loina. Wright xnumx, ka p. 77). Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻole i maopopo inā maopopo ka mea i kapa ʻia. "Homophobia": ka ʻae i ka manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia", ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā, he mea nui loa i kēia mahalo, he ʻano nui o nā manaʻo like ʻole, mai ka laulā nui (no ka laʻana, ka negativism) i mea kikoʻī (OʻDonohue ma Wright xnumx, ka p. 82).

Pono e haʻi ʻia ma ka pono ʻepekema maoli, hoʻohana ʻia ka huaʻōlelo o ka "homophobia" pilikia e like me nā liʻiliʻi he eha cardinal. ʻO ka mea mua, hōʻike ka hōʻike empirical i ka hoʻonāukiuki i ka wahine i loko o ʻokoʻa hiki i nā hihia ke lilo i phobia ma ke ʻano maʻi, e like me claustrophobia a i arachnophobia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā poʻe me ka manaʻo ʻino o ka pilina like o ka wahine like ʻole i ka hopena o ka physiological ʻano.Shields xnumx) ʻO ka neʻe i kēia manawa, 'ākea "LGBTKIAP +" ka neʻe ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aʻe i waena o kēia mau ʻāina ʻelua. ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka hōʻike ʻo Weinberg e hoʻolako nei i kahi kulekele kūʻokoʻa maoli nō kēia, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa nā noiʻi i kēia, akā e hōʻike i kahi hui kuʻuna me ka ʻike honua kuʻuna a me nā pilina pili kaiāulu (Kohut 2013) ʻO ke kolu, ua pili nā phobia i ka noʻonoʻo kulekele i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole a me nā ʻike e wāwahi i ka hana maʻamau o ke kanaka (Table 1), akā he mea pili ʻole ka hoʻopili i ka pelekele i ka hana maʻamau o nā kānaka (Herek 2000, 1990) ʻO ka ʻehā, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka politika politika o ka manaʻo o ka "homophobia" i ka pale aku i ka wahine i ka hanana like me nā mea e like meEPR 2006). Eia nō naʻe, he hoʻokalakupua a kolohe paha kahi mea i kūʻē ʻia i nā mea halihali o nā ʻano biologically i hoʻoholo ʻia e pili ʻole i ka hana a kā lākou poʻe lawe (e laʻa me ka hoʻokae ʻana i ka poʻe Caucasians a i ʻole nā ​​kāne). ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "homophobia" i loko o ke kuhi o ka neʻe LGBTKIAP + he ʻano ʻenemi ʻaʻole pili i nā mea lawe i nā ʻano meaola, akā i nā hana (hana), ʻoi aku ka pololei, i ka hōʻike o ia ʻano hana kahi e hoʻohuli ai i ka hana kāne i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka moekolohe a me / a i ʻole pili kaiaulu. ʻAʻohe manaʻo ʻae a ka manaʻo i manaʻo ʻia he kāne kāne - he kanaka e hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau i nā pilina o ka like kāne a ʻano liʻiliʻi paha; ka mea i koi ʻia e komo i ka pilina kāne like a i ʻole nāna e hana manawaleʻa, nāna e hōʻike iā ia iho he "gay" a ʻaʻole ʻole, a pēlā aku., a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia ʻōlelo - e pili ana i ka lawena, ʻaʻole ke ʻano biological o nā ʻano maikaʻi ʻole - ʻo ia ka homosexual ʻaʻohe kanaka e hōʻike ākea i ka lawehala kāne a pili i ke kaiāulu "LGBTKIAP +" ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi hopena maikaʻi ʻole mai ke kaiāulu, kahi hiki ʻole i ka hanana o ia hanana e like me ka lāhui.

KOMONO NO KA LAHUI NO KA PAHIKI PILIKI

Mai ka huaʻōlelo "phobia" he ʻike kūpaʻa ʻoiaʻiʻo loa a e hōʻike ana i kahi kūlana o ka makaʻu ʻohiʻohiʻi ʻole (ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi lapaʻau), ke ʻano o ke ʻano koʻikoʻi i ka homosexuality e like me ka phobia. No ka laʻana, he ʻano koʻikoʻi i ka hana o nā makahiki hou mai ka manaʻo o nā ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻaʻole hiki ke kapa ʻia ʻo "avant-garde phobia": he ʻano hoʻonaʻauao wale nō kēia hiʻohiʻona. ʻO nā hihia o ka hoʻohālikelike e pili ana i nā hana o ka hana he kuhihewa ʻole i ʻike ʻia, a me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hopena, e hōʻike i nā hana hōʻino pili i ka hewa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka manaʻo maoli o nā hihia like ʻole o ka hōʻino no ka loiloi ʻana i kēia mau hana a, ʻoi aku hoʻi, ʻo nā mea a pau ʻole i kēia mau hana o ke kiʻi, ua like ia me ka ʻole.

ʻO kahi kūlana koʻikoʻi ma nā mea e pili ana i ka LGBTKIAP + nā hana ākea - ka neʻe ʻana, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia kahi hewa ʻole o ka World Health Organization a i ʻole American American Psychiatric Association (ICD 1992; DSM 2013) No nā kumu i hōʻike ʻia ma luna, ua ʻāhewa ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo “homophobia” e pili ana i ka ʻano maikaʻi ʻole i ka homosexuality.Herek 2004, Herek i Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Shields xnumx), a, eia kekahi, ua hāpai ʻia nā huaʻōlelo he nui: Wright xnumx; ʻĀnō 1997).

Akā, ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" ke hoʻomau nei i ka hoʻohana ʻia i ka pālolo, i ka moʻomeheu kaulana, a me nā mea ʻepekema ʻepekema hoʻi e hōʻike i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi no ka male. ʻO Connie Ross, ka mea hoʻoponopono o kekahi o nā nūhou o ka hale ʻōlele, e ʻōlelo ana ʻaʻole ia e haʻalele i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" ma muli o kāna ʻano hana ʻepekema, ʻoiai ke manaʻo nei ʻo ia i ka hana nui he "kaua no nā kuleana o nā kāne male" (Taylor 2002).

ʻO Smithmyer (2011) i hōʻike ʻia:

"… ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka huaʻōlelo" homophobia "kahi hana kipi i kūʻē ʻia i kēlā mau lālā o ke kaiāulu nāna e pale i ka wehewehe kuʻuna o ka male, akā ʻaʻole e inaina i ka poʻe kāne kāne (...) He mea hōʻeha ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia huaʻōlelo (...) a me ka hōʻino (...) ʻO ka huaʻōlelo" homophobe "he hana politika i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kānāwai a me nā ʻaha ..." (ʻO Smithmyer 2011, ka p. 805).

Hōʻike ʻo Holland (2006) i ka:

"... ʻOiai kahi ʻōlelo maʻalahi o ka ʻikepili helu e pili ana i ka hanana o ka maʻi SIDA ma waena o nā kāne kāne homosexual e hāpai ana i nā hoʻopiʻi o 'homophobia' ..." (Hōʻike xnumx, ka p. 397).

Me ka aneane 100% koho, e hōʻike koke ʻia kēia hōʻike e ka "homophobia" e nā poʻe kākoʻo o ka "LGBTKIAP +" neʻe.

I 2009, ua lanakila ke aliʻi o ka poʻomanaʻo poepoe o Kaleponi Kerry Prechan i ka hopena Miss America. Ma hope o kāna pane ʻana i ka nīnau mai kahi poʻe kāne i hana i ka male jose kāne paha i hoʻokō ʻia i kānāwai ma ʻAmelika Huipū ʻia, ua kipaku ʻia ʻo ia mai ka hoʻokūkū a huki ʻia i kāna kuleana Miss California.

ʻO ka pane a Kerry Preghan i huhū ai i ka ukiuki o nā "media politika" kūpono loa, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo ia no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, ua koi iā ia e hoʻihoʻi i kāna mau huaʻōlelo a kapa ʻia iā ia he "ʻano haki ʻole" (Prejean 2009) No ke aha? Ua hoʻolauna ʻo Prezhan e waiho i nā kāne i nā lua i loko o ka hale paʻahao?

ʻAʻole, eia kāna pane veratim:

"… ʻĀ, manaʻo wau he mea maikaʻi loa hiki i nā ʻAmelika ke koho i kekahi a i ʻole ka ʻē aʻe. Noho mākou i kahi ʻāina kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke koho mai ka male male kāne a male kuʻuna paha. A ʻike ʻoe i ka mea, i kā mākou moʻomeheu, i koʻu ʻohana, me he mea lā iaʻu ke manaʻoʻiʻo wau aia ka male ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine. ʻAʻole wau makemake e hōʻino aku i kekahi, akā ʻo kēia ka mea i hānai ʻia ai au ... "(AP 2009).

Ua hāpai ʻo LGBTKIA + nā mea hoʻoikaika, ka Kirk a me nā Madsen, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "homophobia" he mea hoʻomau i ka hoʻolālā politika e hoʻololi i ke kūlana kūloko o ka wahine i ka wahine:

"… I nā hoʻouka kaua a pau e aloha i ka lehulehu, pono e hōʻike ʻia nā kāne kāne e like me nā mea i makemake ʻia e pale ʻia, i mea e lilo ai ka heterosexuals i ka makemake reflex e lawe i nā kuleana o nā mea pale ... pono e hōʻike ʻia nā kāne kāne ma ke ʻano he mea hōʻeha i ke kaiāulu. ka hana keaka o ka nele o ka hana a me ka hale, ka nalowale o ka mālama o nā keiki a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa lehulehu: hele ka papa inoa ... ʻAʻole pono kā mākou huakaʻi i ke kākoʻo pololei no nā hana moekolohe, akā, e hoʻokumu mākou i ka hakakā me ka hoʻokae ʻia ma ke ʻano he hana nui ... "(Kirk 1987).

I loko o kahi puke i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kekahi mau makahiki ma hope aku, ua hoʻoikaika ʻo Kirk lāua ʻo Madsen:

"... ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka huaʻōlelo" homophobia ", ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻo" homophobia "... e ka manaʻo ʻana i kahi ʻano quasi-clinical e pili ana nā manaʻo anti-homosexual me kā lākou ponoʻī kino pono ʻole ponoʻī a me nā insecurities ..." (Kirk 1989, ka p. 221).

HANOHE KUPOHANA

Nā manaʻo hoʻohālike ʻano kumu nui koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano o ka hana like ʻole:Smith 1971), pono (O'Donohue i Wright xnumx) ke ʻano,1991 Gray)Pihi xnumx), he hōʻike hoʻohālike o ka ʻike ʻole a ʻike ʻole (Herek in Gonsiorek xnumx), phobic (MacDonald 1973), moʻomeheu (Koho 1991) Hāʻawi ʻia kahi luhi ʻepekema a me nā kumu ʻike ʻepekema kaulana i nā ʻōnaehana reflex biology.

Mālama ka mana ʻōlelo iā mākou e hana i kahi kuhi e pili ana i nā kaila i lalo o nā ʻano ʻano maikaʻi ʻole i ka hana male. Ua aʻo ʻo Ellis a me nā hoa hana (2003) i nā haumāna 226 o nā loea noʻonoʻo pilikino mai ʻekolu mau kulanui Pelekane, ka mea, e hoʻohana ana i ʻelua paona ʻokoʻa, loiloi i ka ʻano e pili ana i ka poʻe homosex a me ka ʻano e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana pili i ka hana like me ka wahine (ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻae ʻana i ke kākau inoa ʻana o nā paʻahana, ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā keiki, etc. .) ()Ellis 2003) ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka hapa o ka poʻe i pane aku i ko lākou ʻae ʻana me nā ʻōlelo kuʻikahi e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano he ʻano kūlohelohe no kekahi kanaka, he nui ka helu o nā poʻe pane a ʻae me nā ʻōlelo kikoʻī. ka manaʻo o ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka male ", etc.) (Ellis 2003, p. 129). Ua alakaʻi ʻo Steffens (2005) i kahi noiʻi o 203 mau haumāna Kelemania e hoʻohana nei i nā ʻano hana kūikawā e loiloi i ke ʻano hāmama (ʻike ʻole) a hūnā ʻia (unconscious) e pili ana i ka moekolohe (Kahiki xnumx) Ma kēia hana, ua aʻo ʻia kahi ʻano noʻonoʻo e hoʻohana ana i nā nīnau nīnau like ʻole, a ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano ʻike ʻole ʻole e hoʻohana ana i kahi hōʻike no nā pilina huna.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻoiai i ka maikaʻi o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kāne, ua maikaʻi loa ka manaʻo ʻole. Hoʻopaʻa pū kekahi ʻano maikaʻi i ka moʻomeheu me ka hōʻike mua o nā pane i ka pane. ((Kahiki xnumx, p. 50, 55). Inbar a me nā hoa hana (2009) i hōʻike nō i kēlā me kēia poʻe e manaʻo nei iā lākou iho he hui o nā poʻe i makemake i ka hana like like ʻole, ka naʻaupō loa ʻole i ka ʻike i ka honi ʻana i ka poʻe o nā kāne like ʻole (Inbar 2009).  

Eia kekahi, ʻike kekahi poʻe me kahi kaʻa male i ka kūlohelohe kūlohelohe i ka male.

"... ʻO ka makemake ʻole i ka moekolohe ma nā kānaka aia ma ka pae o ka reflex rejection ..." (Mironova 2013).

ʻO ka ʻōlelo hope loa he wehewehe pilikino. He nui nā mea kākau e manaʻo ma ke ʻano o ka ʻōhumu, ka mea i kapa ʻia. ka ʻōnaehana pale - ka hakahaka o ka ʻike ʻole i ka ʻike naʻau, ka mea i hoʻolālā ʻia e pale aku i nā hopena o nā pathogens hou a me nā punu (Schaller in Puki xnumx; Faulkner 2004; Paena 2003; Filip-crawford xnumx).

Hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale kino i ka manaʻo hōʻino o ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻole ʻia: ʻo nā mea pili i nā hui kaiaulu ʻole, a ʻo ka mea hoʻi e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i nā hana kūlohelohe biologically e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka wahine, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makaʻu o ka lawe ʻana i kahi hou (a, no laila, ʻoi loa weliweli) infectious agents. No laila, ma ka launa pū ʻana me kēlā mau kānaka, hoʻonāuki ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale ʻino a me ka inaina instinctive (Filip-crawford xnumx, p. 333, 338; Curtis 2011a, 2011b; Curtis 2001) ʻOiai ʻo ka hana pilikino ma waena o nā kāne like ʻole a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano ʻano ʻuhane like ʻole, a me ka mea e pili ana i nā kino a i ʻole nā ​​mea ʻē aʻe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, etc. ka pili ʻana o ka moe kolohe a pau ke ʻano like me kēlā ʻano. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka pilina o nā ʻinoʻino a me nā ʻino maikaʻi ʻole i ka hua ʻole o ka hānau ʻana, me ka ʻano o ka homosexual, ka hana moekolohe i hōʻike ʻia o nā haʻawina.Mooijman 2016; Bishop xnumx; Terrizzi 2010; Olatunji 2008; Cottrell xnumx;  Herek 2000; Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). He mea hoihoi pū kekahi nā hopena ʻē aʻe - e ulu ana kahi manaʻo hoʻowahāwahā o ka hoʻowahāwahā i kahi pae ʻike ʻole i ke ʻano i nā kiʻi me nā poʻomanaʻo o ka wahine (Dasgupta xnumx).

ʻO Aversion kahi ʻano adaptation i hana ʻia i mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka hana e pale ana i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi o ka maʻi (Schaller ma Puki xnumx; Curtis 2004, 2011b; Oaten xnumx; Tybur 2009; Fessler xnumx) Kēia polokalamu adaptive i hoʻomohala ʻia i loko o nā holoholona e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea a me nā kūlana e pili ana i ka hiki ʻana o ka maʻi maʻi, a, no laila, e hana hou i nā ʻano hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a laila e hōʻemi ai i ka hoʻokaʻaʻike me nā micro-a me nā macro parasites; i ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻololi o ke kaiāulu kanaka i ka ʻano ultrasocial, ʻo kā nā hana heʻino hoʻi i hāpai i kahi ʻano nohona, e hāʻawi ana i ke kumu no ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana i ka hana antisocial a me ka pale ʻana i ka poʻe hoʻokahakinoChapman 2009; Haidt 1997) Manaʻo ʻo Miller (1997) ka mea aneane i nā manawa he mau meaʻino ʻole. Kuhi ʻo ia i nā mea ʻino, ʻinoʻino, nā mea hewa a me nā hana i hoʻowahāwahā ʻia e ka ʻano o ka hewa o ka hewa i loko ʻole, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i kahi kiʻekiʻe aʻe (Curtis 2001) Hoʻololi kekahi ʻano i ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻana e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka ʻike o kekahi kanaka, a me nā moʻomeheu moʻokalaleo kūloko a me nā ʻano hana.Curtis 2011b) Hāʻawi ʻo Curtis (2011) i kahi papa inoa o nā maʻi lēʻeha e hōʻeuʻeu i ka hopena o nā hui i hōʻino ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi o ka AIDS, syphilis, etc. (Curtis 2011a) Kuhi ʻia ʻo Grey a me nā hoa hana i kā lākou loiloi (2013 Gray, p. 347) kahi manaʻo koʻikoʻi i ka male i ka male me ka manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i ka maʻi HIV a me nā poʻe me ka maʻi HIV / AIDS.

Nui nā ʻike o nā pili e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka huhū a me ka maopopo ʻole.Zhong 2006, 2010; Schall xnumx): nā hana a me nā mea e hōʻino ʻole i nā pālule launa ʻole i kumu hū (Curtis 2001), nā hanana kū like o ke kino a me ka hana ʻana o nā ʻuhane o ka lolo i ʻike ʻia me ka hoʻonaninua a me ke ola kino (uia).Chapman 2009; Schaich xnumx) Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻo Olatunji e pili ana kahi ʻano haki maoli i ka ʻae ʻana i ka moekolohe ʻana ma muli o ke ʻano kino o ka physiological, e like me ka lua.Olatunji 2008, ka p. 1367). Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Fessler a me Navarette "he mea kū ka ke kūlohelohe kūlohelohe i kahi hana e pale ai i ke kino mai nā pathogens a me nā meaʻala, a e hoʻopau pū ana i ka hana kolohe e hōʻemi i ka kūleʻa kūlohelohe" ("Fessler xnumx, ka p. 414). Ua kuhikuhi ʻo Haidt a me nā hoa hana ʻoiai ke kūlohelohe kumu he ʻōnaehana e hoʻopau ai i nā meaʻai pōmaikaʻi, pono ke kiʻina kanaka e kāpae i nā mea he nui, e komo pū ana i nā moekolohe a piliona.Haidt 1997).

Pono kekahi mau hana moekolohe a i ʻole kekahi mau kāne kāne make ʻole hoʻi (Tybur 2013; Rozin 2009) Ua kūʻē ʻo Tybur a me nā hoa hana no ka mea pili i ka pilina pili i ka hopena e pili ana i ka maʻi me nā pathogens, ka pilina pili i lawe ʻole i lawe mai i nā pōmaikaʻi o ke a lawe ʻole paha i ka hopena o nā maʻi pilikino (i.e. ka launa pū ʻana me ka poʻe o ka wahine like ʻole, nā keiki, a i ʻole nā ​​kānaka makua, nā ʻohana pili). alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kanaka o ka maʻi ʻeha, i ka manawa like ʻole i loaʻa i kahi manawa e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kāna pono reproduction reproduction (Tybur 2013) ʻO ia kēlā, ʻo ka pili ʻana o ka kāne a me ka wehewehe ʻana ke kāpae i ka hiki o ka huina, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka manaʻo kīʻaha like ʻole e pili ai i ka hana ʻoluʻolu.Filip-crawford xnumx, p. 339; Curtis 2001).

Aia ka ʻano o ke ʻano ʻinoʻino ma ke ʻano o ka male i ka pelekikena pili i ka pilina me ka hoʻoweliweli ʻana o ka haumia hōʻailona, ​​ma kēia ʻano e hoʻōla ʻia ai ke ʻano, me ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana i ka hopena o ka pili kino me nā pathogens a me ka makemake e "hoʻomaʻemaʻe"Golec de zavala xnumx, ka p. 2).

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