Kālai ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea ma lalo nei i loko o kahi hōʻike hōʻike. "ʻO ka hopohopo o ka neʻe i ka wahine i ka mālamalama o nā ʻike ʻepekema". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9
Nā ʻike nui
1. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka hypothetical "gene for homosexuality", ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia e kekahi.
2. ʻO nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka "innateness of homosexuality" he nui nā ʻano kūpono ʻole a me nā kū'ē, a ʻaʻole e ʻae iā mākou e huki i nā hopena maopopo.
3. ʻOiai nā haʻawina i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā mea hoʻoikaika o ka LGBT + neʻe ʻaʻole e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka homosexual inclinations, akā, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, o kahi hopena paʻakikī i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻoholo i ka predisposition, i hui pū ʻia me nā hopena o ke kaiapuni, ka hānai ʻana, etc.
4. ʻO kekahi poʻe koʻikoʻi o ka neʻe ʻana i ka male kāne, me ka poʻe ʻepekema, ke hoʻohewa nei i nā koi e pili ana i ka hoʻoholo mua ʻana o ka homosexuality a ʻōlelo ʻia ma muli o ke koho ʻike.
5. Nā mea kākau o nā hana hoʻolaha LGBT «After The Ball» ʻōlelo ʻia e wahaheʻe e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka homosexuality:
"ʻO ka mea mua, pono ka lehulehu e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka poʻe male kāne i ka pilikia, a ʻaʻole lākou e koho hou i kā lākou moe kolohe ma mua o ko lākou koho ʻana i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe, ka ʻili o ka ʻili, nā talena a me nā palena. ʻOiai he mea maoli nō naʻe, ʻo ka manaʻo, ʻo ka moʻo ʻana o ka moe kolohe no ka hapanui o ka poʻe ka hua o ka hōʻiliʻili paʻakikī ma waena o kahi predisposition innate a me nā mea e pili ana i ka wā o ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka wā o ka wā ʻōpio, ua ʻōlelo mākou no nā kumu pono āpau, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hānau ʻia nā kaila.
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ʻAʻole koho nā kāne kāne i kekahi mea, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻopunipuni a hoʻopunipuni paha iā lākou.
Hōʻike
ʻO ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e hoʻowalewale i ka wahine i ke kolohe - ka mea i kapa ʻia ka hypothesis o ka mea hoʻopili kūlohelohe o ka hoʻonaninani o ka homosexual tetahi o nā mea nui i ka "LGBT +" ka holo. ʻO ka slogan "Nā Keiki o kēia ala"1, ke hoʻoikaika ʻia nei i ka moʻomeheu kaulana, alakaʻi i nā poʻe ʻaʻole loea e manaʻo nui he mau mea hoʻohālikelike a ka maʻi kūlohelohe o nā mea kūlohelohe. ʻAʻole kūpono kēia.
ʻO nā meaʻoiaʻiʻo hilinaʻi nui e pili ana i ka male male, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i kahi ola koi, akā kahi pilina kumu socio-ecological. ʻO nā hana o nā makahiki i hala iho nei e ʻike i nā ʻikepili e kākoʻo i ka ʻepekema ʻōwili e hoʻomāhuahua i nā kānalua ʻole e loaʻa i kēia mau ʻike.
ʻAʻole kūlike loa ke ʻano ka nānā ʻana o ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka homosexuality - i loko o kāna pānaʻi he ʻelua o nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike e wehewehe ana i ke ʻano o ka "ʻano hana" ʻano like ʻole o nā ʻano a me ke ʻano: i ka DNA kanaka a ua lawe ʻia mai kēlā hanauna a kēia hanauna; (B) kahi hona o ka wahine i manaʻo ʻia e kekahi mau mea kūpono ʻole i ka wā hāpai (hormonal a pale ʻole paha) i manaʻo ʻia i ka ʻōpū ma ka ʻōpū a hopena i makemake ai ka makemake o ka male i ka pēpē.
No laila, ʻo ka kūkākūkā o ka koi determinism hypothesis e māhele ʻia i ʻekolu ʻāpana. ʻO ka ʻāpana mua e nānā loiloi i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka pilina o ka moe a me ke ʻano, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua e nānā mau loa i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hoʻonaninani homosexual ma muli o nā hana maʻi intralterine. I ka hapakolu, kahi ʻike o ka autoimmune he mea hoʻonaninani o ka hoʻonaninani homosexual e hoʻomaʻemaʻe loa ʻia.
Māhele Hoʻokahi: ʻO nā Kēkē Gay?
Aia ka ʻōlelo e pili ana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka moʻolelo e pili ana i ka hōʻike maʻamau o kekahi mau ʻikepili a me ke kāohi ʻana o nā ʻikepili ʻē aʻe ma waena o ka hapa nui o nā poʻe e ʻike ʻole i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka genetics. ʻAʻole ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka "gene o ka male." ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ia ma nā wahi a pau, ʻoiai ua nui nā ho'āʻo.
E noʻonoʻo i nā haʻawina ma ke kumu o LGBT + na mea hana i hoʻokau i kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e wehewehe pōkole me ke ʻano o nā mea aʻoaʻo e hiki ai i nā ʻepekema ke hoʻoholo inā he ʻano ponoʻī kekahi o kekahi kanaka. Aia kēia mau ala i ka noiʻi māhoe a me ka loiloi genetic analect.
Nā māhoe ʻelua
ʻO ka nānā ʻana i nā māhoe like a pololei ke ala noiʻi e nānā ai inā he ʻano genetic kekahi ʻano. E hoʻomaka me - he aha ka manaʻo o "māhoe like"? Hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā mau māhoe mai ka hua like like ʻole, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ma nā ʻāpana, kahi i kolo ai nā hui ʻokoʻa, kahi kope kope o kēlā me kēia. Pili pū kā lākou kūloko ma 100%, hiki iā ʻoe ke kapa iā lākou he mau clones kūlohelohe. ʻO nā māhoe like me nā kāhoe inoa i kapa ʻia ʻia a ʻelua paha (monoozygous) mau māhoe. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā māhoe homosexual mai nā hua like ʻole, ʻoki ʻia e ka sperm like ʻole. Hōʻailona ka mea like me kā 50%, ʻokoʻa ka wahine ʻē aʻe, ke kiʻekiʻe, ka ʻulaʻula, nā lauoho, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā māhoe like ʻole e kapa ʻia kekahi non-like a dizygotic (heterozygous) a i ʻole ʻelua pālua.
Ma ke noi ʻana o nā māhoe, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā concordance (coincidence). ʻO ka ʻano o ke ʻano kuʻuna, ʻo ia ka hiki ʻana o ke hōʻike ʻana i kahi ʻano ʻano hana like ʻole o nā māhoe ʻelua. Inā kiʻekiʻe ke ʻike o kekahi ʻano i nā māhoe like, a laila hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e neʻe i kēia ʻano no ke ʻano o nā ʻano genetite. Inā ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka hopena o ka ʻae i nā māhoe like me ka nui o nā māhoe like.Yarygin 2003).
Pono e wehewehe pono i ka mea e hōʻike ʻia ai nā concordance. ʻAʻole ia i hōʻike i ka hele ʻana o kekahi mau gen. ʻO ka hoʻokūkū o kekahi haki i nā māhoe hōʻike i hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻoilina o kēia ʻano. Maanei ʻo ia kahi waiwai e noho ma luna o ke ʻano o ka huaʻōlelo "hoʻoili" ma nā noi ʻelua. He mea nui ke ʻano o ka nui o kekahi ʻano i kekahi kanaka (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻokoʻa ka ʻike o kēia ʻano mai ke kanaka hoʻokahi) a pili ia i ke ʻano nui o nā ʻano genes i ka heluna kanaka i hāʻawi ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ma nā noi ʻelua, ʻo ka mana he mea ʻaʻole ia o ka nui o ka determinism genetic o kekahi ʻano.
Hiki i ke ʻano ke hoʻohiki nei i nā ʻenemi a me ke ʻano he mana hoʻohiwahiwa. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nui o nā manamana lima ʻelima ma kēlā me kēia wāwae - i ke kanaka he kokoke loa i maopopo genetically. Akā ke ʻano o ka nui o nā manamana lima ma ke kanaka me ka liʻiliʻi haʻahaʻa, a me ka ʻike ʻia i ka hapanui o nā hihia he nui e wehewehe ʻia e nā ʻano kīnā ʻole e like me nā mea hala ʻole, e hopena i ka mana haʻahaʻa o ka mana o ka moʻomeheu. ʻO ia, inā loaʻa iā ʻoe he kanakolukumamālua o nā māhoe i kahi o kekahi o lākou ʻaʻole ʻelima mau manamana lima ma kona lima, a laila e ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā manamana lima a kēlā me kēia helu huakaʻi liʻiliʻi, inā loaʻa.
Eia kekahi, ʻo kekahi ʻano moʻomeheu i mea nui loa. No ka laʻana, inā mākou i manaʻo e hana i nā pepeiao i loko o ʻAmelika i ka waena o ka iwakāluakūmālua, ʻike mākou i kēlā me ke ʻano o ka nui o ka mana, ʻoiai, ua hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka wahine, a, ʻo ia hoʻi, pili pū me ka wā o nā ʻaina o XX a me XY chromosome, no laila ka hūnā ʻana o nā ʻōlima i nā pepeiao he pili i nā ʻano genetic, ʻoiai ka mea ʻoi aku ka moʻomeheu kēia ma mua o kahi ʻōlohelohe. No ka laʻana, inā e nānā ʻoe i kanakolukumamālua o nā kaikamāhine māhoe i kahi a kekahi o nā kaikuahine e ulana ai i nā pepeiao, a laila ma ka 100% o nā hihia ka mea e loaʻa ai ka lua. I kēia lā, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka loaʻa i ke aniani me ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o ʻAmelika i ka waena o nā kenekulia iwakālua, ʻaʻole no ka mea aia nā loli i loko o ka loko wai o ʻAmelika, akā no ka mea ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o nā kāne e kau nei i nā pepeiao.Kālā xnumx).
ʻO kekahi o nā paionia o nā ʻano loea i kahi kanaka ʻalaniʻAmelika i puka mai i ke ʻano Kelemania, ʻo Franz Joseph Kallmann. I loko o kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma 1952, ʻōlelo ʻo ia i loko o 37 pālua like like (monozygous) mau māhoe i aʻo ʻia, inā ʻo kekahi o nā māhoe i ka wahine he male, a laila ʻo ka lua kekahi o ka moʻolelo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke ʻano o ka concordance he a hōʻeuʻeu 100% (Kallmann xnumx) ʻAʻole i hōʻike iki ʻo Kallmann i ke ʻano o kona hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka monozygosity o nā mea i komo i kāna aʻo ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i kuhikuhi ka mea kākau pehea i kona hōʻuluʻulu ʻana i nā mea komo no ke aʻo ʻana, ʻoiai ua haʻi ʻia ka mea: "ʻO ka ʻimi i nā poʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia ʻaʻole wale nō me ke kōkua o nā psychiatric, correctional a me nā mea kōkua, akā, ma nā kikoʻī pololei me ka hui o ka honua homosexual" ()Kallmann xnumx) No laila, ua hōʻino nui ʻia ke noi ʻana a Kallmann (Taylor 1992): Rosenthal i hōʻike i ka nui o nā poʻe me nā pilikia psychiatric ma waena o nā mea pane a Kallmann (Rosenthal xnumx), Mea nānā ʻo Likken i ka nui o nā māhoe monozygotic i loko o ka kāhea Callamanne i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka lehulehu lehulehu: (Lykken 1987).
Ua haʻi ʻo Profesor Edward Stein ua hōʻike ʻia ka mākaukau ʻo Kallmann "ʻaʻole i koho ʻia ka heluna kanaka pelekane" (Stein xnumx) Eia kekahi, manaʻo ʻo Kallmann iā ia e noʻonoʻo ana i kāna mau hopena i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka "artistic artifact" (Kauka 1960) I loko o nā helu, nā mea like like me nā mea hoʻohālike i ka papa noiʻi Kallmann ua kapa ʻia "nā hua maʻalahi" - ke komo nei lākou i ke koho ʻana i nā mea e like me nā kuleana e kūpono i ka mea noiʻi. Ke hoʻohana nei i ia ʻano hoʻohālike, ʻaʻole hiki i kekahi ʻepekema ke hoʻomohala nui, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā waiwai o ka heluna kanaka o nā ʻano like ʻole.
ʻO kahi laʻana, inā e hoʻokele ʻia ka hoʻokele i loko o ke kikowaena i ke kakahiaka nui no ka lā hoʻokahi wale nō, a laila ʻaʻole pono nā hopena i hōʻike i nā manaʻo o nā lālā ʻē aʻe o ke kaiāulu, e like nō me ke ʻano o ka hōʻike ʻana i nā manawa like ʻole o ke ao a i mau manawa i hoʻokahi pule. A i ʻole e nīnau aku i nā mea kūʻai aku ma ka hale kūʻai paha e kūʻai iā lākou i ka waiʻona, a laila ma ka Pōʻalima, ʻaʻole e pili pū ka hopena me ka hopena o ka Lāpule.
Ma 1968, ʻike nā loiloi ʻAmelika ʻo Heston a me Shields i ka hoʻokūkū o ka male male i ka 7 pālua like pālua. Loaʻa nā poʻe ʻikepili o ka noiʻi ʻana ma ka Madsley Twin Register (Heston xnumx) ʻO nā mea pane a pau he mau maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi. Ua hōʻike aku nā mea kākau i ke kuikahi ma nā māhoe like ma 43%. Ua hoʻowahāwahā ʻia kēia noiʻi ʻana, pū kekahi me nā mea kākau iā lākou iho, no ka mea e pili ana i nā maʻi ʻeha o ka poʻe hui i ka maʻi ʻokoʻa a me ka nui lahilahi.Taylor 1992; Heston xnumx).
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Bailey lāua ʻo Pillard
ʻO ke aʻo hou ʻana e pili ana i ka moekolohe i waena o nā māhoe i hana ʻia ma 1991 e Michael Bailey mai University of Northwestern a me Richard Pillard mai ke Kulanui o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Bailey 1991) Ua nānā lākou i ke kuʻikahi o ka moe ʻana i nā kaikunāne nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole o ka pilina. ʻO nā pālua 56 o nā māhoe like, 54 ʻelua o nā māhoe like, 142 kaikaina a me 57 mau wāwae hele wāwae i hōʻike ʻia.2. ^ E Ha yM. Hōʻike ka papa ma lalo nei i nā hopena o kā lākou hōʻike ʻana.
Palapala Pelekane
ma muli o ke ʻano o ka pilina (Bailey 1991)
| ʻAno pilina | ʻO ka pākēneka o nā huahelu | ʻĀina |
| ʻO nā māhoe ʻelua | 100% | 52% |
| He mau māhoe like ʻole | 50% | 22% |
| ʻO nā hoahānau māhoe | 50% | 9,2% |
| ʻAno hana | ʻAʻohe mea like ʻole | 11% |
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Bailey lāua ʻo Pillard mai ka manawa o 52% o nā hihia o ke kaikaina ʻelua o nā māhoe like pū kekahi me nā makemake kāne a me nā kāne, a laila "... pili nā kāne kāne ma muli o ka hopena genetical ...".
ʻO ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Bailey lāua ʻo Pillard, e like me ka ma mua o nā haʻina ma mua. ʻO ka mea mua, inā ua hoʻoholo like ʻia ka male male, ʻo ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā māhoe like a ʻo 100% ka mea, ʻaʻole ka 52%, no ka mea, ua like kā lākou genes ma 100%, ʻaʻole ma 52%. I loko o ka ʻatikala e pili ana iā Bailey lāua ʻo Pylard, ua hōʻike ʻo Riesch i ka nui o ka noho ʻana i waena o nā kānaka ʻē a me nā hapalua hoʻi - he mau kaikunāne - he ʻoi aku ka ʻoi ma mua o nā kaikunāne ʻelua ʻelua o ka maʻi ʻelua, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o nā manaʻo o ke kaiāulu. ((Kūmau 1993) Wahi a nā loiloi o ka genetics, i ka 100% kaomi o ka makemake pilikino i nā māhoe like, ʻoi paha ka nui o ka hui ʻana i nā māhoe like a me nā kaikunane o māhoe ʻelua ma mua o kēlā me kēia, 22% a me 9,2% (e ʻike i ka papa ma lalo).
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻike o nā māhoe like (100% o nā mea like genetic) ʻokoʻa aku i ka ʻike o nā māhoe like (50% o nā ʻano genetic) e nā 2.36 mau manawa, akā inā mākou e hoʻohālikelike i ka ʻike o nā māhoe like me ka concordance o nā māhoe māhoe (50%) ʻO ka ʻokoʻa: 2.39 mau manawa, kahi, e hōʻike ana i kahi mana o ka ʻiwa ma mua o nā genetics (e ʻike i ka papa ma lalo).
Hoʻohālikelike o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o nā māhele (Bailey 1991)
| Hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻāpana | ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale i nā mea hoʻonaninani genetic | ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā concordances |
| He mau māhoe a me nā māhoe ʻokoʻa | ʻElua mau manawa he mau maʻi maʻamau |
2.36
|
| ʻO nā māhoe māhoe a me nā kaikunālua māhoe | ʻAʻoheʻokoʻa o kahi hapa o nā huahelu āpau |
2.39
|
ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻole i koho ʻo Bailey lāua ʻo Pillard i kahi hōʻike hoʻohālikelike o nā kāne male. ʻO ia, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻokomo i ka poʻe i aʻo ʻia e like me nā kūlana o ka noiʻi ʻona e like ʻole: ʻaʻole makemake i nā hopena, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kekahi me kekahi. E like me ka mea kākau noiʻi ʻo Baron:
"... Ma hope, ua lawe ʻia ka poʻe komo ma ka hoʻopio ʻana i nā hoʻolaha ma nā nūpepa palaka. Kēia kanalua kēia koho ʻana o ka poʻe komo, no ka mea e hilinaʻi ana i ka heluhelu ʻana o ia mau nūpepa a ma ke kumu o ka poʻe i ʻae e komo ai. Kūpono ka mea like ʻole i ke kuapohele o nā hopena, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o nā māhoe male. No ke aha la hoi? No ka mea ua pili nā poʻe komo i ka pili i nā keiki o kā lāua māhoe ma mua o ko lākou ʻae ʻana e komo. A kanalua kēia kānana me ka nīhai o ka ʻokoʻa. No nā hōʻike ʻepekema, pono e like me ke kumukūʻai ka mea, ʻo ia hoʻi, pono e hoʻopili i nā māhoe āpau i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana, a laila e hana i kahi ʻano o ka moe kolohe ... "(Baron 1993).
ʻO ke kolu, ʻoiai nā mea noiʻi ʻo Hubbard lāua ʻo Wald e kākau ai i kā lākou loiloi:
"... ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka loiloi ma waena o nā māhoe māhoe - 22% - ʻoi aku i ka kānalua o ka concordance ma waena o nā kaikuaʻana maʻalahi - 9,2% - e hōʻike ana i ke kumu o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka male i ka male male, ʻaʻole ia he genetics, akā ke kaiapuni. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua like ka like o nā moena heterogeneous i ka like o nā kaikuaʻana maʻamau. A inā he mana nui o nā mea kūlohelohe a me ka hānai ʻana i ka nui o nā māhoe heterogeneous, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha i waena o nā māhoe like, ʻoi aʻe ka mana o ke kaiāulu. Ma hope loa, ʻo ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka manaʻo o ka mea nona kahi hoahānau pālua i pili pū me kēia māhoe ... "(Hubbard xnumx).
Ua kākau nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo Billings a me Beckwirs i kā lākou loiloi, "... ʻoiai ua unuhi nā mea kākau i nā hopena ma ke ʻano he hōʻike o ke kumu kumu o ka moekolohe, manaʻo mākou ʻo nā hopena, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻike i nā mea o ka hānai ʻana a me ka nohona e hoʻohuli i ka ulu ʻana o ka homosexuality" (Pākuʻi xnumx, ka p. 60).
Ua ʻōlelo hou ʻia anei nā hopena o Bailey lāua ʻo Pillard.
Ua hiki i kekahi ke hoʻoponopono e hoʻohuli (e hoʻopihapiha) i nā hopena o Bailey lāua ʻo Pillard - e ʻike i ka ʻae ʻana ma waena o nā māhoe like ma 52%? Ma 2000, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Michael Bailey e hoʻomaʻi i kāna noiʻi ʻana i kekahi pūʻulu nui o kā māhoe ma Australia. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o nā moʻa male ʻole i liʻiliʻi loa ma mua o kāna hoʻopaʻa mua ʻana. I waena o nā māhoe like, ʻo 20% no nā kāne, a ʻo 24% no nā wahine, a me nā māhoe like - 0% no nā kāne, a ʻo 10% no nā wahine3 (Bailey 2000).
Kumuhana: Sally Ryan no ka New York Times
Ma 2010, ua hana ʻo Suwstrologist ka maʻi epidemiologist Langström i kahi noi nui nui ʻana o ka male ʻana i ka male ma nā māhoe, ʻo ke ʻano o ka ʻike ʻana i nā helu o hoʻokahi mau pūʻulu like o ka wahine like ʻole a me ka wahine heterosexual (Långström 2010) Ua hōʻike nā mea noiʻi i nā neʻe i ka wahine i ka ʻōlelo i ke ola o nā kāne like ʻole o ka moekolohe i ke ola holoʻokoʻa. Ua koho lākou i ka loiloi e ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ma ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hapa mea ʻoi aku ka male male male i ka manawa o ke ola, a me ka huina o ka huina o nā hoapili kāne i ka wā o ke ola. ʻO nā hōʻailona hoʻohālikelike i ka pōpoki haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā mea i loaʻa i nā haʻawina ʻelua e Bailey et al. ((1991) a (2000) I ka hui o nā poʻe i loaʻa i hoʻokahi hoa like o ka wahine like, ʻo ka hui ʻana i nā kāne he 18% no nā mea like a me 11% no nā māhoe like; i nā wahine, 22% a me 17%, ʻokoʻa.
Pūnaewele: Karolinska Institut
No ka huina o nā huina pilikino, nā mākaukau o nā concordance i loko o nā kāne ka nui o 5% no nā mea like a me 0% no nā māhoe like; i nā wahine, 11% a me 7%, ʻokoʻa. Ma nā kāne, ua wehewehe ʻia ka 61% a me 66% o ka ʻano ʻōiwi e ka mea i hoʻopilikia ʻia hoʻokahi wale nō o ka pālua, ʻoiai, ʻoiai ke ʻano like ʻole nā ʻano like ʻole ma nā māhoe. ʻO nā hiʻona kūlohelohe kahi i kuhi ʻia no ka 64% a me 66% ka laha ʻana, kēlā me kēia, ʻoiai nā ʻōiwi kūlohelohe e pili ana i ka 17% a me 16%, kēlā me kēia (Långström 2010).
Ma 2002, ua noi ʻia nā mea noiʻi ʻo Peter Birmen o ke Kulanui o Columbia a me Hana Bruckner o ke Kulanui o Yale ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me nā haumāna he nui a hui pū kekahiBearman 2002).
Punawai: hannahbrueckner.com
Loaʻa iā lākou nā haʻalulu hou loa o ka concordance o nā moʻoʻōlelo o ka kāne male: 6,7% ma nā kapena like ʻole, 7,2% ma nā māhoe like, a me 5,5% i nā kaikunāne maʻamau. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Birmen a me Bruckner ua loaʻa iā lākou.
"... ʻoi nui hōʻike i ka manaʻo ʻo ke kumu hoʻohalike me ke ʻano o ka pākahi kanaka ..., ke hōʻike nei ko mākou mau hopena i ka hānai ʻana o nā keiki i ke kumu o ka waiwai kūlohelohe o ka wahine, me ka hoʻokumu ʻole ʻana i ka male o ke keiki, he hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā manaʻo homosexual ..." (Bearman 2002).
ʻAʻole i like nā hana i loiloi 'ia, ua hana ʻo ka ʻatikala ʻo Kenneth Kendler a me kāna mau hoa hana i ka noiʻi pālua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probabilistic tauira e like me nā pālua 794 o nā māhoe a me nā kaikuaʻana maʻamau 1380 (Kendler xnumx) Ua pane ko kēia poʻe kākau ʻōlelo "kā lākou ʻike" hiki i nā mea genetic ke loaʻa i ka hopena ikaika i ka pilikino moeʻuhane. " ʻO ke aʻo ʻana, ʻaʻole lawa i lawa e hāpai i kēlā manaʻo koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka nui o ka mana o nā ʻano a me nā kāne: kaikuaana); ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ka hapanui me kahi pāʻaneʻaneʻane wahine e ʻike ʻia ma 19 o nā kāne 324 o nā māhoe like ʻole, ʻoiai 6 o nā kāne 19 e hui pū ʻia. ʻO ka hana ma ka 15 wale nō o nā pūʻulu māhoe 240 i hana i ka hoʻopōlohelohe i ka homoseksuale (2%) i hoʻopaʻa i ka hiki ke hoʻohana i kēia mau hopena no ka hoʻohālikelike koʻikoʻi o nā māhoe like a me nā like ʻole.
Pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ua hoʻopuni ʻia nā ʻehā like ʻole e like me ke kaona like ʻole - aloha aloha, ka pilina a me nā keiki ʻē aʻe, a me. - ke hoʻohālikelike me nā māhoe like ʻole a me nā kaikunāne maʻamau a me nā kaikunāne maʻamau. ʻOiai he like ʻole nā kūlohelohe like ʻole i ka helehelena a me ke ʻano, ʻoi aku ka ʻano like me lākou ma mua o ka like ʻole o nā māhoe like a me nā kaikunāne maʻamau. No laila, i kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kahi ʻoihana concordance kiʻekiʻe e ke kaiapuni ma mua o nā ʻano genetic.
ʻ Professorlelo Pelekane Kenneth Kendler.
Pūnaewele: ʻO Ke Kulanui ʻo Commonwealth Virginia.
Wahi a psychiatrist Jeffrey Satinover (Satinover xnumx) nā mea i hoʻopili piha i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ke ʻano ʻano hana kanaka i hiki i ka ʻokaʻelima i nā ʻelima:
ʻO 1) nā hopena intrauterine (prenatal), e like me ka luhi o nā hormones;
2) extrauterine (postnatal) i nā hopena kino pilikino e like me ka trauma a me nā maʻi maʻi viral;
ʻO 3) nā ʻike kiʻi aku, no ka pili ʻana i ka ʻohana, ka hoʻonaʻauao;
4) kaʻike prenatal, no ka laʻana, ka hopena hoʻoikaika o ka ʻano hana ʻano stereotypical;
Koho 5).
Punawai: ihrc.ch
ʻO ka make ʻana o ka 100% aelike i waena o nā māhoe like a hōʻike wale nō ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia wale ʻia ke ʻano o nā ʻano genetic, akā hiki pū nā mea kīnā ʻole genetic wale nō intrauterine. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, inā pēlā, a laila pili ke kokoke i ka 100%, no ka mea e hoʻopilikia ʻia ana nā māhoe like me nā mea like o ka keehi o ka keehi o ka intrauterine "((Satinover xnumx, ka p. 97).
Inā hoʻokūkū ka ʻenehana i ka hana ʻana i ka predisposition o ka poʻe i kekahi mau moekolohe a me nā ʻano, a laila ʻo kēia mau haʻawina a pau e ʻae me ka hilinaʻi ʻaʻole i pau kēia kumuhana e nā manaʻo o nā mea genetic. Ke hōʻuluʻulu nei i ka noiʻi ʻana o nā māhoe, hiki iā mākou ke hopena palekana inā ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻepekema i ka manaʻo kūlohelohe i ka makemake o ka moeʻuhane a me nā ʻano o nā kāne.
Nā haʻawina genetic molecular
Ke nānā nei i ka nīnau o ke komo ʻana o nā ʻano genetics i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano homosexual a, inā hiki, ke ʻano o ke komo ʻana i kēia komo ʻana, ua ʻike nui mākou i nā haʻawina ma kahi o ka hoʻoilina genetic o ke kuʻikuʻu (ma ka hihia kūikawā o ka hoihoi homose) e hoʻoholo ʻia e nā ʻano moʻomeheu, akā, ʻaʻole lākou i hoʻonohonoho i ka hana o ka hoʻoholo kuleana kūmole kekahi no kēia kuʻuna. Ma ka manawa like, hiki ke aʻo ʻia nā genetics me ke kōkua o nā mea i kapa ʻia. molekumu ʻenehana e hiki ai ke hoʻoholo i nā ʻano ʻano genetic ʻano ʻē aʻe e pili ana me nā ʻano pilikino a i ʻole kekahi.
Pili ʻo Dean Haymer
ʻO kekahi o nā hana mua e hana i ka loiloi genetic molekepeke o nā ʻano kuhi kāne i hana ʻia e Dean Haymer a me kāna mau hoa hana ma ka National Institute of Health in Maryland, i ʻAmelika (ʻErlelo Hamer 1993) Ua ʻimi ʻo Haymer i nā ʻohana me nā māhoe kāne like, ma kahi o ka māhoe i loaʻa hoʻokahi wahine. Mawaena o ka huina o nā ʻohana, ua ʻike ʻo Haymer iā 40, kahi ona hoahānau ʻē aʻe i ka kāne like ʻole me ka wahine like ʻole, ka ʻike ʻana i kā lākou DNA no nā pūnaewele like. Ua kapa ʻia kahi ʻano like like ʻole "ka hoʻopili hoʻoilina hoʻoilina" - ma ka ʻōlelo Pelekane "ʻenehana pili genetic".
Ma ka hana pili ʻana i ka hoʻoilina e pili ana, eia kēia: ua hui ʻia i loko o kahi hui kumuhana i ʻike ʻia i kahi ʻano maʻamau, ʻike ʻia ka hana noiʻi no ka hele ʻana o nā ʻāpana like DNA - ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau hōʻailona. Ka mea, i loko o ka hui o nā kumuhana ka helu nui o nā māka ma ka māhele DNA like, a laila hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i hoʻoilina ʻia kēia mau kānaka āpau "hui pū" - hui pū ʻia - ʻo ia nō paha kekahi o nā gā.Hihihi 1999).
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Haymer, ma 33 mau pualikoa mai 40, like nā kāne male wahine i ka ʻāina like ma ka chromosome X, kahi ia i kapa ʻia "Xq28." Ua hopena ʻo Heimer, aia ka mokuahi Xq28 i loaʻa i nā ʻano kāne no nā haʻahaʻa.
nā mea kākau o nā manaʻo hoʻopaʻapaʻa -
i kahi hālāwai e pili ana i ka genetics a me ka moekolohe,
Mei 1995 (Finn 1996)
ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia he hopena pinepine o ke kuhi hewa ʻo Haymer. Manaʻo ka nui o ka poʻe i loaʻa ʻo Haymer i kahi like DNA like - Xq28 - i nā hui āpau 33, nā kāne 66 a pau, akā he maoli nō ka loaʻa ʻana o nā nīnu a me ke ʻano o ka ʻāina Xq28 ma nā huina like ʻole - ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Haymer i ka "Gay gay" kaulana.
Ua loaʻa i kēia noiʻi kekahi helu drawback koʻikoʻi. ʻAʻole i nānā ʻo Haymer i ka pili ʻana o Xq28 ma nā māhoe māhoe me ka manaʻo heterosexual, akā aia wale nō i waena o nā kāne like ʻole (Byne xnumx) Inā ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻo ia i kēia pūnaewele ma waena o nā hoahānau heterosexual, akā ma waena o nā mea pelekane, e ʻōlelo kēia i kahi hopena o ka hopena i kona hopena. Eia nō naʻe, inā ua loaʻa iā ia ʻo Xq28 ma waena o kona mau hoahānau heterosexual, e loaʻa ʻole iā ia nā hopena hope (Horton xnumx) Eia nō kekahi, e like me ka poʻe noiʻi ʻo Fausto-Sterling a me Balaban, ʻo ka Heimer sample he koikoi ʻole o ka ʻike ʻana: i nā koina 40 e koe, ua kākuhi ʻole ʻia ka ʻikepili (Fausto-Sterling 1993) Ma 38 wale nō nā hihia i hoʻoponopono nui ʻia ʻo Heimer et al i ka pae o ka heterozygosity o ka chromosome maternal X, a ma 62% helu wale lākou i ka helu ʻana i nā waihona i loaʻa.
Pono e hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka moʻolelo e pili ana i ka paʻi ʻana o Haymer 1993 o ka makahiki. Ma 1995, ua hoʻopuka ka nupepa Nūhou ma New York i kahi ʻatikala nona ka ʻōlelo noiʻi "Ka noiʻi i nā" gen "o ka male.ʻO Chicago Tribune 1995) Hōʻike ka ʻatikala e hōʻike ʻeha loa ka hana a Haymer e kekahi mau loea no ka manaʻo ʻole o Haymer i hoʻokō i kahi hōʻoia no ka hele ʻana o Xq28 ma waena o nā hoahānau heterosexual. Hoʻokomo ka poʻe pili me nā mea ʻolika kaulana a me Richard Genontin a me Ruth Hubbard o ke Kulanui ʻo Harvard (ʻO Chicago Tribune 1995) Eia hou kekahi, ʻo ka ʻatikala e hōʻike nei, ke aʻo nei ka Federal Bureau of Ethics of National Institute of Health i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o kekahi o nā limahana ʻōpio o ka limahana ʻo Heimer, nona ka inoa i ʻike ʻole ʻia, ka mea nāna i hōʻike i ka hana o nā hopena a Heimer i kāna hoʻopaʻa ʻana: e like me ka ʻōlelo a kēia luna, ua ʻimi maikaʻi ʻia ʻo Heimer. ʻaʻole i haʻalele ʻia i ka hopena nā hōʻike e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻole o ka poʻomanaʻo o ka ʻano ʻōnaehana o ka geneticxual inclinations (ʻO Chicago Tribune 1995) Ma hope o kekahi mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻatikala ma ka nūhou New York Native, ʻĀpana ʻAmelika Pūnaewele i kiʻi i kekahi ʻatikala e hōʻoia ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a me ke kumu no ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana o ka Federal Ethics Bureau kūʻē iā Heimer (Horgan xnumx, ka p. 26). ʻAʻole i hōʻike ka National Institute of Health i nā hopena o ka hoʻokolokolo, akā ua hoʻoneʻe hou ʻia ʻo Haymer i kahi keʻena ʻē aʻe. Pono e ʻike ʻia ua hana ʻo Haymer i kāna noiʻi e pili ana i ka "homosexuality gene" me ka hāʻawi ʻana, a ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo ia e hoʻopaʻa i ka sarcoma o Kaposi, he maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi maʻi e pili pinepine ana i ka poʻe maʻi homosexual me AIDS (Mukherjee xnumx, ka p. 375). Loaʻa ka mana ʻia o ka hoʻopuka ʻana a Haymer inā hiki i kahi hui kūʻokoʻa o nā noiʻi ke loaʻa nā hopena like. ʻAʻole naʻe i hana ʻia kēia.
Ka hopena o nā hopena Haymer
Ma 1999, ka hui o nā mea noiʻi mai ke University of Western Ontario, i alakaʻi ʻia e ka ʻepekema kanaka ʻo Rice ʻo ka inoa ʻo Rice, i hana i kahi like (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano o ka "genetic linkage" ʻano) ma waena o nā kāne gay 52 (ʻOice xnumx) ʻAʻole i hiki i nā mea kākau ke hoʻopiʻi i ka hopena i loaʻa iā Haymer a i pau: "ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o kā mākou noi ʻana i kekahi hōʻike e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka kāne male a me nā mau kāne."
A laila, i 2005, ua hana ʻia kahi noiʻi hou me Dean Haymer (Mustanski Xnumx) ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia nā mea kākau i kahi pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o Xq28 a me nā hemahema o ka male, akā ua ʻōlelo lākou ua loaʻa i kahi "hōʻaiho hoihoi" no nā pūnaewele ʻē aʻe (ma ka 7, 8 a me 10 chromosomes).
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke pane ʻia kēia mau hualoaʻa ma kekahi haʻawina ma 2009, i ka manawa i hana ʻia ai kahi hui o ka poʻe noiʻi mai Oxford ma ʻEnelani a me ke Kulanui o Ontario ma Kanada e aʻo ana i nā ʻohana 55 kahi i loaʻa ai nā kāne hanahana: ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā hana genetic mai nā hui 112 a loaʻa kahi huli genome no ka hui. me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā hōʻailona gen 6000 (Ramagopalan 2010) ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi kahi pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā mea hōʻailona genetic a me ka male.
Ma 2015, kahi hui o nā mea kākau mai nā kikowaena ʻepekema ʻē aʻe ma ʻAmelika, e like me ka huli ʻana o ka genome-wide no nā hui, i ʻōlelo lākou ua loaʻa ka pilina koʻikoʻi no ka pūnaewele ma ka chromosome 8 a me ka waiwai nui no Xq28 (Kapena xnumx) I loko o nā manaʻo i loko o kā lākou moʻolelo, ua hōʻoia ka mea kākau "ʻo ka hopena genetic e pili ana i ka uluʻana i ka lehele i ka mamao ma mua o ka hoʻoholoʻana ... ʻoiaʻiʻo loa ʻo kēia hopena he hapa o kahi kumu multifactorial."
Ma 2017, ʻo ka hui like o nā mea kākau e noi ana i kahi ala hou a ʻenehana hou i kapa ʻia ka huli ʻana gomeome for the associations4. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka huli ʻana i nā ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa genome no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana ʻōnaehana genome (heluhelu i ka ʻike mai ka DNA) e hoʻoholo i nā ʻano kikoʻī o DNA e pili ana i ka ʻano kuʻuna ma lalo o ka hoʻokolokolo. Ke ʻimi nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i mau miliona o nā ʻano like ʻole ma ka nui o nā poʻe me kahi ʻano maʻamau, a me nā mea like ʻole i kēia ʻano, a hoʻohālikelike i nā mea like o nā ʻano genetic i waena o nā hui ʻelua. Ua kuhi ʻia ana kēlā mau ʻano genetic ʻē aʻe i waena o ka poʻe nona ka trait ma mua o ka poʻe ʻole i waho me kēlā ʻano pili o kēia ʻano. I kēia manawa, loaʻa nā pilina koʻikoʻi ma nā wahi ma nā 13 a me 14 chromosomes (Kapena xnumx).
ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina e Sanders a me nā hoa hana (2017) he ʻano no ka hanana homoseksual, a ʻaʻole ia i hōʻoia i kā lākou genetic kūlana (ʻo ka poʻe kākau nā mea i hōʻole ʻole ʻia), ʻaʻole ia i hōʻoia i ka hopena o Haymer 1993 o kēia makahiki, kahi i kau ai i ke kumu no ka ʻaʻa lōʻihi me ka mau male male. ʻO kekahi o nā manaʻo a pau kēia nūpepa ka manaʻo no ka pili ʻana o nā ʻano genetic a pau i luna predisposition kahakahaKapena xnumx, ka p. 3).
ʻO Francis Collins, luna hoʻomohala no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana i ka ʻano kanaka, kākau i kēia:
"ʻO ka palena like loa o 20% kahi kīlohelohe like o ke kāne neʻaneʻa kekahi kāne he kanaka hoʻohālikelike ʻia (hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 2 - 4% ma ka nui o ka lehulehu) e hōʻike ana i ka pili ʻana o ka moe kolohe e ke ʻano hanana, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka DNA, a me nā ʻano āpau i komo i loko o DNA. Hōʻike i kahi predisposition akā ʻaʻole he hopena mua ... "(Collins 2006).
Kahi kūkākūkā nui i ke ʻano o ka huli ʻana o ka genome ākea no nā hui, kahi e manaʻo ai i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻano ʻano genetic pili i nā ʻano homoseks, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka hālāwai kūkā makahiki o ka American Society of Human Genetics ma 2012 (Hoʻokomo ʻo 2012) Ma muli o kahi huli nui o ka genome ākea, ʻaʻohe pilina nui i ʻike ʻia no nā ʻano kihi like ʻole i nā kāne like ʻole. Ma ka manawa like, ua nui ka mau tausani o nā kānaka mai ka hui ʻana o ka ʻoihana 23andMe
Nā mea kākau o nā mea hou loa a nui loa noiʻi ma nā genetics o ka moekolohe haʻi ʻia e pili ana i kona hopena:
"He mea hiki ʻole ke wānana i ke ʻano moe kolohe o ke kanaka ma muli o ko lākou genome,"
wahi a Ben Neal, he polopeka ma ka Division of Analytical and Translational Genetics ma Massachusetts General Hospital, nāna i hana i ke aʻo ʻana.
Wahi a ke kaukaʻi o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi Genetics Institute ʻo David Curtis,
"ʻAʻohe hui o nā genes i loko o ka heluna kanaka i loaʻa ka hopena koʻikoʻi i ka moe kolohe. ʻAʻole hiki ke wānana i ke ʻano moe kolohe o ke kanaka e pili ana i kā lākou genome. "
Nā Epigenetics
Ma 2015, kahi hui o nā mea noiʻi mai ke University of California, Los Angeles i hōʻike i kahi hōʻaha i kahi hālāwai kūkā o ka American Society of Human Genetics5i ka poʻe e noi ana nā mea noiʻi i hiki ke ʻike i nā makemake pilikino e pili ana i nā māka epigenetic me ka pololei o 67% (Ngun et al. 2015). No ka hoʻowalewale ʻana i kā lākou hana, ua hoʻonohonoho pono nā mea kākau i kahi nūpepa pepa e pili ana i ka poʻe paʻi (ASHG 2015) Ua hoʻolaha koke ʻia nā lono ma luna o nā poʻomanaʻo o nā nūpepa nui, ʻoiai nā ʻano kūlike ʻole o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ke ʻano hana pālua o ka mediation (Yong xnumx).
ʻO Epigenetics kahi ʻepekema e noiʻi nei i nā mea i hoʻohuli ʻia ai ka hoʻohalike o nā huaʻōlelo ma muli o ke ʻano o ka hopena o nā hana kīnā ʻaʻole i pili i ka loli ma ke ʻano o ka DNA DNA i nā pilena. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā kaʻina epigenetic nā kaʻina hana e hoʻohālike i nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke ʻano o ka hōʻike o ka Gene (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ia nā hiʻohiʻona o ke kino o ke kino). Hiki i ka hoʻonohonoho kikoʻī o ka pauna o ka molekena DNA ke hoʻohuli i ka hōʻike o ka hanana (hōʻike), a ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia hoʻoholo ʻana e nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoponopono kūikawā, nā ʻaina pili me ka DNA. ʻO kekahi o nā hana o ka mana o ka methylation DNA. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o nā protein hoʻoponopono a me ka DNA ka mea i kapa ʻia he māka epigenetic.
ʻO ka poʻe ʻōpio a me nā hoa hana i ʻōlelo ʻo ka kumu nui o kā lākou aʻo ʻana ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻoholo i ka "orientation sex" o kahi kanaka e nā hōʻailona epigenetic. I kēia hopena, ua aʻo ʻia lākou i nā lālā like ʻole o 37 o nā hoahānau pālua, ma kēlā me kēia o kēia mau pākahi ke kāne male, a he pālua o 10 mau hoahānau pālua, ma kēlā me kēia. E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka hōʻuluʻulu, aʻo nā mea noiʻi i kekahi ʻano helu like ʻole (heterosexual vs. homosexual) e hoʻohana ana i ka algorithm FuzzyForest computer statistic algorithm a ua koho hope i ka hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa e komo pū ana me 5 epigenetic markers e hoʻopili pololei ana i nā mea ma 67% o nā hihia. Manaʻo nā mea kākau e makemake ʻia nā makemake makemake i ka moekolohe e nā 5 epigenetic markers. Akā, ua kumu kēia ʻano ho'ākāka, e kau me ka maʻalahi, ke ʻano o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana mai nā loea (Pūnaehana Pūnaewele ʻepekema 2015, Hono xnumx, Yong xnumx, Gelman 2015, Briggs 2015) Ke ʻano (nā mana hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻokūkū statub dubious me ka nui o ka hopena o nā hopena kūpono wahaheʻe, a me nā mea) a me kāna ʻano wehewehe i nā mea kānalua nui. ʻO John Grillie o ka Center no Epigenomics ma Albert Einstein College of Medicine ua hōʻike, e haʻi ana i ka hype e hoʻopuni ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana e Ngun a me nā hoa hana:
"... Me ka ʻole o ke kamaʻilio pilikino ʻana e pili ana iā ia a i ʻole kāna mau hoapili, akā inā makemake mākou e mālama i kēia ʻepekema, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻae hou e hilinaʻi i ka noiʻi epigenetic maikaʻi ʻole. Na "ʻino" manaʻo wau ʻaʻole unuhi. ... "(Hono xnumx).
I ka hopena hope loa, ua nīnau ʻia ka nīnau a me ka nūhou o ka poʻe loiloi i kēia mana no ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hālāwai kūkā.
No ke aha he kūlike ʻole ai nā hualoaʻa o nā noi genetic molekino - ʻano nui a ʻano like ʻole?
ʻO ka palena waiwai o ka genetics
ʻAʻohe ʻike i ka hōʻikeʻike kūlohelohe o nā ʻano like o nā kāne like ʻole. ʻAʻole ʻike ka ʻepekema i ka "ʻano male." I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kēia kenekulia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi papahana pākahi honua ākea nui "Human Genome Project" - Human Genome Project. I loko o kona papa hana, ua lawe ʻia ka ʻike ʻana o nā palapala ʻano genetite - ke ʻano he gen, kahi i loaʻa ai nā chromosome, aia nā protes i hoʻopoʻi ʻia, etc. Hiki i kekahi ke nānā aku - ʻaʻohe hōʻike homosexuality i hōʻike ʻia ma laila (Nā kumuwaiwai kanaka ma NCBI).
Eia ke kākau o Mayer lāua ʻo McHugh i kā lākou hana.
"... E like me ke hōʻoia pinepine ʻia e pili ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o kahi kanaka, ka hopena o kahi ʻano genetic i ka makemake o nā ʻano kuhi kāne a i ʻole nā hiʻohiʻona kūpono. Hōʻike pinepine ka hōʻike phenotypic o nā ʻano gen me kahi ʻano o ka kaiapuni - kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa āpau e alakaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā tipotipe like ʻole no nā ʻano like. No laila, ʻoiai inā kekahi mau mea genetic e hoʻopiʻi i nā makemake o ka kāne, ʻoiai hoʻi, ua pili ʻia nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā makemake a ke ʻano o nā mea kūlohelohe, me nā mea e pili ana i ka nohona pili kino a me ka hōʻino kino a me ka hōʻino. E kiʻi i kahi kiʻi aʻe i ka ulu ʻana o nā makemake pilikino, nā makemake a me nā kaʻa, pono e noʻonoʻo i nā mea e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana, ka ʻāina, ka ʻike, ke kaiāulu a me nā makemake. (Ma ka hōʻike, ua hoʻopaʻa ka poʻe geneticist i kahi kuleana kū like ʻole o nā hua a me nā hoa, e hōʻike ana he hiki ke kūleʻa o ke kanaka ke hoʻokae a hōʻole ʻia i kahi hui kaiaulu (Ebstein 2010).
ʻIke nā genetics o kēia au i nā genes e hoʻohuli i ka laulā o nā makemake o kekahi kanaka a me kāna kumu hoʻoikaika a, ʻOiai hiki i nā genes ke hoʻopunipuni i kekahi kanaka i kekahi mau ʻano, ko lākou hiki ke kāohi pololei i nā hana, me ka nānā ʻole i ka laulā o nā kumu ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole loa ia. ʻO kā lākou hopena i ka lawena ʻoi aku ka lahilahi a pili i ka hopena o nā ʻano kaiapuni ... "(Mayer 2016).
Nā mea waiwai e hiki ai ke hoʻopilikia i ka orientation e pili i nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ʻano hoʻohālike e like me ke ʻano ʻoluʻolu a me ke kahakaha, ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka naʻau naʻauao, ka hilahila, ka puʻuwai, etc. ʻO nā mea noiʻi iho iā lākou iho, ʻo nā hopena o ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka rhetoric o LGBT + na mea hana - neʻe, ʻaʻole wiwo ʻole i ka ʻōlelo ʻana e hoʻoholo ʻia ka male ʻana o ka male i ka male, ma ka mea maikaʻi ke manaʻoʻiʻo lākou ua pili ka wahine like ʻole me ka hui pū ʻana o nā kai kūlohelohe a me ke kaiāulu, kahi e pāʻani ai ka hopena o ka hope. . ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka "pilikino" ka home. ʻO mākou e hoʻolohe iā mākou i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma Hollywood, nā hōʻike kūkā kamaʻilio, nā mele a i ʻole nā ʻōlelo ma ka pūnaewele ʻoihana. Eia nō naʻe, ma ka kaiāulu ʻepekema, ʻoiai, ʻaʻohe kanaka ʻimi noiʻi hoʻokahi e ʻōlelo ai ua loaʻa he ʻano genetic ʻole a me kekahi kumu ʻē aʻe o ke ʻano o ka hoihoi ʻana i ka ʻōniene.
Ke makemake nei nā haʻawina e hoʻāʻo e hoʻoholo inā he mau gen (ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka pūnaewele Xq28) i pili me nā makemake wahine like ʻole. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia e V. Lysov (2018)
| Punawai a laila |
Palapala hoʻokolokolo ʻana |
Nā hopena e like me ka hoʻopuka | Aia nō kahi hōʻailona ma ka pilina ma waena o nā hōʻailona ʻo Xq28 a me ka male? | ʻO nā hopena ʻē aʻe |
| Dean Hamer et al. Xnumx Nā ʻohana 40, ʻo kēlā me kēia me kēia hana homose kāne a me nā pelekane i koho ʻia mai waena o kona mau hoahānau |
nā hoʻoilina hoʻoili pili | i nā hihia 33 mai nā ʻohana 40, nā māliʻani genetic e noho ana ma ka pūnaewele q28 o chromosome X i hui pū ʻia. | ma keʻanoEia naʻe, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e nā ʻano hana a me ka wehewehe ʻana e nā hoa hana: Baron 1993; Pool 1993; Fausto-Sterling et al. Xnumx; Sharp 1993; Byne xnumx; McLeod 1994; Norton 1995, Ua manaʻoʻa ʻo Haymer iā ia iho e kala ʻia: Horgan xnumx | - |
| Jennifer Macke et al. Xnumx ʻO nā ʻohana 36, ʻo kēlā me kēia me kēia hānai kāne a me nā hoahānau ona, aia ma kahi o ke kaikunane ʻo hoʻokahi kāne |
huli iā genus koho - androgen receptor gen (X chromosome) | ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka hoʻohālike | - | ʻaʻohe pilina me ka androgen receptor gene (X chromosome) |
| Stella Hu et al. Xnumx (hui ʻepekema ʻo Dean Hamer) ʻO nā ʻohana 33, ʻo kēlā me kēia me kēia hānai kāne a me nā hoahānau nona, aia ma kahi o ke kaikunane ʻo hoʻokahi kāne |
nā hoʻoilina hoʻoili pili | i nā hihia 22 mai nā ʻohana 32, nā māliʻani genetic e noho ana ma ka pūnaewele q28 o chromosome X i hui pū ʻia. | ma keʻanosee Hamer 1993 | - |
| ʻO George Rice et al. Xnumx ʻO nā ʻohana 46, ʻo kēlā me kēia me kēia hānai kāne a me nā hoahānau ona, aia ma kahi o ke kaikunane ʻo hoʻokahi kāne |
nā hoʻoilina hoʻoili pili | ʻaʻole i kūpono nā māka genetic ma ke wahi o ka mokuahi x28 o chromosome X | aole | - |
| Michael DuPree et al. Xnumx (hui ʻepekema ʻo Dean Hamer) Nā ʻohana 144, kēlā me kēia nūlū o ka probose wahine i loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi i kekahi o nā kaikaina kāne homosexual |
huli i nā genus koho - aromatase gene CYP15 (15 chromosome) | ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka hoʻohālike | - | ʻaʻohe pilina me ka gen aromatase CYP15 (15-I chromosome) |
| Mustanski et al. Xnumx (ʻĀpekema ʻo Dean Hamer) ʻO nā ʻohana 146 (me nā ʻohana mai nā haʻawina ʻo Hamer 1993 a me Hu 1995), kēlā me kēia ʻano he kūlana homosexual kahi i loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi |
ka genome-wide study pili pili hoʻoili | kahi hui i pili nui i ka helu a me kahi hōʻailona ma ka chromosome 7 i loaʻa i ka laʻana, a, e like me nā mea kākau, "e pili ana i nā kikoʻī o ke koʻikoʻi nui" no nā māka ma 8 a me 10 chromosome. | aole | ka kamaʻilio ʻana me nā mea hōʻailona ma ka chromosome 7 e like me nā kūlana o Lander a me Kruglyak (1995) ka hōʻailona maikaʻi loa o LOD* kaulike xnumx |
| Sreeram Ramagopalan et al. Xnumx (ʻ Rlelo Pūnaewele Pūnaewele ʻo George Rice) Nā ʻohana 55, kēlā me kēia nūlū o ka probose wahine i loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi i kekahi o nā kaikaina kāne homosexual |
ka genome-wide study pili pili hoʻoili | ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka hoʻohālike | aole | ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike ʻia me nā māka ma ka chromosome 7 e like me nā kuleana o Lander a me Kruglyak (1995) |
| Binbin Wang et al. Xnumx he hui o nā kāne male iā Xnumx a me kahi pūʻali mana o Xnumx heterosexual kāne |
ʻimi i nā genus koho - sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (7 chromosome) | ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā pilina koʻikoʻi ma waena o ka hoʻohālike | - | Loaʻa ka ʻokoʻa i waena o nā hui like ʻole a kahi kūlana i loaʻa i ka pāʻina mutations ma ke kūlana o ka huaʻāina rs9333613, ka mea i unuhi ʻia e ka poʻe kākau ʻōlelo "ʻo ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pilina hiki ma waena o nā mutations ma ka gen a me ka ʻano like ʻano like" |
| Emily Drabant et al. Xnumx ʻO 7887 kāne a me nā wahine o 5570 (ʻaʻohe pili i ka pili pili) i hōʻike ʻia i ke ʻano o ka moe kolohe a pilikino pono e like me ka nīnau ʻana o Klein. |
hulina piha kikowaena manu | ʻaʻohe mau hui pū kekahi (5 × 10 - 8) i loaʻa i nā pilina ma ka ʻatikala | aole | ʻaʻole i loaʻa i nā hui pili kālā nui |
| Sanders et al. Xnumx Nā ʻohana 384, kēlā me kēia nūlū o ka probose wahine i loaʻa ka liʻiliʻi i kekahi o nā kaikaina kāne homosexual |
ka genome-wide study pili pili hoʻoili | kahi hui puʻuwai koʻikoʻi me kahi hōʻailona ma ka 8 chromosome a me kahi hui hiki pū me Xq28 i loaʻa i ka ʻike | o ke kumu: e like me nā loina o Lander a me Kruglyak (1995), nā māka maikaʻi loa LOD no nā māka Xq28 i like me 2,99, kahi e pili ana i ka waiwai i manaʻo ʻia ("manaʻo koʻikoʻi") | ka kamaʻilio ʻana me nā mea hōʻailona ma ka chromosome 8 e like me nā kūlana o Lander a me Kruglyak (1995); ʻo ka helu LOD maikaʻi loa ʻo 4,08 |
| Sanders et al. Xnumx he hui o 1077 kāne Pelekane a me 1231 heterosexual kāne (nā kumuhana like pū me Sanders et al. 2015) |
hulina piha kikowaena manu | ʻaʻohe mau hui pū kekahi (5 × 10 - 8) i loaʻa i nā pilina ma ka ʻatikala | aole | ʻaʻole i loaʻa kahi pili i waena o nā statistically. Ua kākau nā mea kākau e ʻike nā waiwai pono e loaʻa ana no ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi ma nā chromosom 13 a me 14 |
* LOD = whakahiahi logarithm o nā ʻōkaka ʻike maka ʻo Nyholt DR. ʻAʻole Loaʻa nā LOD a pau pono. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Aug; 67 (2): 282 - 288. http://doi.org/10.1086/303029. Ka LOD statistically nui i ka noiʻi genetic ʻo is3,
E like me ka hoʻokomo pono ʻana o kekahi o nā nūpepa ʻAmelika, "... hoʻāʻo e wehewehe biologically i ka moekolohe like me iPhones - kahi mea hou e ʻike ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki ..." (Allen 2014) I ka hopena, inā paha, mai ka manawa o ka manaʻo o nā mea hoʻolaha o ka hoʻohālike i ka male ʻana o ka pelekane, ka slogan "" Probible born predisposed "6 he hopena pānaʻi ʻē aʻe ʻokoʻa.
Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kāhea.ʻO 2017 ka hoʻihoʻi hoʻihoʻi; NIAAA 2012), a me ka "gen mea pepehi" (ʻO Davis 2016; ʻO Powersley xnumx) nō naʻe, e like me ka ke ʻano o ka "homosexuality gene", ʻaʻohe hōʻike i loaʻa i ke aloha i ka manaʻo hoʻopio "ua hānau ʻia nā mea like." ʻAʻole makemake ka mea ʻona i ka manaʻo, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, e hoʻākono i ka waiʻona a me ka pepehi kanaka e ka mana o nā ʻano genes - ma hope o kēia mau mea, ua hoʻoholo ʻia kēia mau mea e ka koho ʻana, ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia i mua aʻe. ʻO ka mea pionie o ka moʻolelo me ka "ʻano homosexuality" ʻo Dean Haymer ka mea, he maopopo, he talena kālepa maikaʻi loa, hoʻomaʻamaʻa maikaʻi ʻia i loko o ke ʻano o ka hana o ka lehulehu. Ua kali ka manawa pōkole ma hope o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o kāna ʻatikala 1993 o ka makahiki, hoʻopuka ʻo Haymer i ka puke "The Science of Passion: the Search for Homosexuality Genes and Behavioral Biology", kahi i kālai ʻia ai ka hanana LGBT +ʻErlelo Hamer 1994) a lawe mai iā ia i kāna waiwai maikaʻi. I hoʻokahi ʻumi makahiki ma hope iho, hana ʻo Haymer i kahi manaʻo hou ma ka hoʻopuka ʻana i kahi puke e kapa ʻia ana "The Gene of God: How How Premected by We Gen."ʻErlelo Hamer 2004), i loko o kāna mea i hōʻike ai i kona manaʻo he aneane hoʻohālikelike ka poʻe manaʻoʻiʻo (V.L.: he ʻaneʻane ka nānā ʻana i kēlā ʻano koho me ka mahalo ʻia i ʻelua mauʻano hypotheses: ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia he ʻano ʻano ponoʻane o nā moʻolelo kūlohelohe i hōʻike ʻia i kahi mālamalama maikaʻi, e like me ka mea i hāʻawi ʻia , a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā huaʻōlelo a me nā hoʻomana he maikaʻi, e like me ka mutation.) No ka mea maoli, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā hypotheses Heimer a hiki i kēia lā, akā naʻe, ʻoluʻolu ʻia kona kālai ʻia i ke kaiāulu LGBT +, ua hoʻopuka ʻo ka makasina ʻAmelika i kahi uhi kūikawā no kēia manawa.
Ma hope iho, haʻalele ʻo Dean Haymer i ka ʻepekema a kālele ana i nā hana socio-politika: e hui pū me kāna "kāne" ʻo Joseph Wilson (ʻO ka New York Times 2004) ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ka hana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni "QWaves", i mea hoʻolaha i nā huahana i manaʻo ʻia i ka neʻe "LGBT +" (Huffpost 2017).
Ka mea olakino kaulana a me popularizer o ʻepekema Richard Dawkins hoʻopiʻi i ka hoʻākāka o ka hoʻohuʻina o ka genetic determinism o ka male.
“… ʻO kekahi mau mea i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e ka nohona e maʻalahi e hoʻololi. He paʻakikī nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. E noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ka hohonu o kā mākou pili ʻana i ka leo o kā mākou wā kamaliʻi: kapa ʻia kahi malihini makua he haole i kona ola a pau. Aia kekahi mea determinism ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o ka hana o ka hapa nui o nā ʻiʻo. He mea hoihoi ia e ʻike i ka helu helu helu kūpono e hiki i kahi keiki i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi mana o ke kaiapuni, no ka laʻana, kahi hānai hoʻomana i kahi mōneka, a laila hiki ke kāpae i kēia mana. He mea like ia e hoihoi i ka ʻike i ka helu helu helu kanaka he kāne me kekahi ʻāpana ma ka X chromosome ma ka Xq28 e homosexual. ʻO ka hōʻike maʻalahi aia kekahi ʻāpana i "alakaʻi" i ka homosexuality e waiho ana i ka nīnau no ke ʻano o kēia likelike kokoke loa e wehe. ʻAʻohe o ka monopoli a Genes ma ka determinism ... "(Dawkins xnumx, ka p. 104).
ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa i ka sexology Lūkini, ʻo Profesor Georgy Stepanovich Vasilchenko, e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā kumu kumu no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻano homose male, e kuhikuhi ana i kēia:
"… Eia nō naʻe, nā haunaele i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka lolo a me nā loli hormonal i mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hoʻokipa homosexual, akā lilo ia i kumu no nā distortions o ka moekolohe a me ka hana a ka wahine, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka makaʻi o ka moekolohe. ʻO ka hoʻolako Neuroendocrine kahi mea ikehu o ka libido wale nō. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia ke kūkulu ʻia o ka homosexual e nā mea etiological a me nā ʻano pathogenetic i kū i nā perversions i ka nui ... "(Vasilchenko 1990, ka p. 430).
ʻO ka hypothesis o ka hoʻopili genetic o ka male male malex, e hoʻolako ana i kahi pono evolutionary i ka wahine
He mea kūpono ke haʻi ʻia ʻana o ka hypothesis kūlohelohe o nā mea noiʻi Italia, i ʻōlelo ai iā lākou, "ʻAʻole ia i kūpono i kekahi ʻano hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka male". ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka manaʻo nui e pili ʻia ka male ʻana o ka male me nā genes ka mea i kū i ke kānāwai o ke koho kūlohelohe, e like me ke ʻano o ka nui o nā mea lawe gen e hōʻole i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā hana heterosexual i pono no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i nā hua e pono e emi iho a hiki i ka nalo ʻana ʻole. Eia naʻe, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana heluʻikepili, ke hoʻonui nei ka nui o ka poʻe i manaʻo iā lākou iho i kēlā me kēia kāne i kēlā me kēia hanauna. ʻO ke kumu ke maopopo ʻole: ʻaʻole ke alakaʻi ʻia ka homosexuality, akā makemake ʻole e hoʻomau i ka mea ʻike pū ʻia me Camperio-Ciani a me nā hoa mea i hoʻokumu ʻia me ka ʻōlelo hoʻopukapuka e noʻonoʻo nei i nā pahuhopu ʻo Darwin. " Hōʻike ko lākou hypothesis i ke ʻano o kekahi "X-chromosomal factor", i hoʻoili ʻia ma o ka lāina makua, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka androphilia (ka mea pili i nā kāne) i nā kāne ʻelua, a laila e pili ana i ka hoʻonui nui ʻana o ka wahine, e uku ana i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui o nā kāne (Camperio-Ciani 2004).
Hiki i kēia hypotesa ke loaʻa i kekahi pae o ka hōʻoia inā loaʻa nā ʻepekema i nā pae kūpono o ka uku - no ka laʻana, inā he makuahine me ka hua heterosexual i loaʻa he 2 keiki, a he makuahine kekahi o nā keiki hapanō he 4. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hewa ka ʻokoʻa i ka ʻokoʻa: ma ka awelika, ʻo 2,07 o ke keiki ma ka mua a me 2,73 - ma ka lua (e 34% keu) a me kēia ke ʻano o nā pae hoʻohālikelike o nā kāne male a me nā heterosexual i like me 5 manawa: 0,12 a me 0,58, ʻokoʻa (ma 383 % emi iho) (Iemmola xnumx). Wehewehe nā kānaka noiʻi i ka momona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o nā heterosexual e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ke ʻano he hui hoʻomalu ua manaʻo ʻia lākou e like like me ka hiki ke loaʻa i ka wahine keu, a no laila ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou i male ʻole. Akā inā mākou e lawe i kēia ʻikepili unrepresentative, ua hoʻololi ʻia i mea e loaʻa ai ka uku kūpono, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keiki a ka wahine male ma mua o 7 mau keiki ... Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe mea ʻokoʻa i loaʻa i ka momona o ka hanauna i hala (kūpuna), ʻaʻole ʻae pū me ka thesis e pili ana i ka moʻomeheu. hoʻoili.
Ke hoʻāʻo nei e wehewehe i ka ʻikepili i loaʻa, ua kākau nā mea kākau e makemake like nā kāne o nā kāne i ka nui o ka nui o ka heterosexual ma waena o nā hoahānau, a me nā heterosexual, ma ke ʻano, hoʻemi, hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi hopena. ʻLelo hou lākou ʻo ka ʻokoʻa i ka lahilahi e hiki ke wehewehe ʻia e nā kumu physiological a i ʻole nā ʻano hanana, e like me nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a i ʻole ka nui e hiki ke loaʻa nā hoa. ʻO ka hope, nā mea kākau hoʻokūkūka mea i hoʻonui nui ʻia e hoʻohālikelike i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma mua o 21% o nā ʻokoʻa i loko o ka moeʻuhane o nā kāne ma kā lākou hoʻohālike.
“Kūlike kēia i nā haʻawina kula a me ka empirical e hōʻike ana i ko līʻike pilikino kahi hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kahi ʻano moeʻuhane a kekahi kanaka. Hiki ke kiʻekiʻe i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka moʻomeheu o nā kāne e ulu mai kahi moʻomeheu ma mua o nā ʻano hoʻoilina genetically. I loko o nā kaiāulu he nui, e like me ka ʻĀtia o Italia, nui ka manawa i ka poʻe me kā lākou poʻe keiki, ʻoiai hoʻi i nā makahiki mua, he mea koʻikoʻi ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka moekolohe a me ka noʻonoʻo. Hōʻike kēia i ka makuahine a me kona ʻohana ke kumu nui o kekahi mau ʻano hoʻohālike a me ke ʻano o ke keiki, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ʻano e pili ana i ka makemake a me ke ʻano.Camperio-Ciani 2004).
Ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā haʻawina 3, ua koi ʻia nā mea kākau e hōʻike aku i ka ʻikepili i loaʻa "ʻAʻole lākou e ʻae iā mākou e hoʻokū i ka nui o ka pihi X-chromosome kumu e alakaʻi ai a hoʻomaka wale paha i kekahi kanaka i kahi kanaka homona a ʻoiai" (Ciani xnumx) I ka pōkole, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēia mau noiʻi e hoʻomaopopo ai i ke ʻano o ka mea hoʻonaninani i ka homosexual.
ʻO ka noiʻi genetic nui nui loa e hoʻopuka ʻia e 30.08.2019 i kahi puke ʻepekema hanohano Science, e pili ana i ka hoʻohālike e pili ana i ka 500 tausani mau kānaka, i ʻike he ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 99% o ka hana male i hoʻoholo ʻia e nā mea pili kaiaulu a me ke kaiapuni. Wahi a ʻO David Curtis, ke kaukaʻi ma ke Kulanui o ke Kulanui o Genetics ma Kaleponi, "Ke hōʻike nei kēia haʻawina ʻaʻole ʻaʻohe mea e like me ke ʻano he kāne." I ka nohona kanaka aia ʻaʻohe hui like ʻole o nā ʻano gen i loaʻa i ka hopena koʻikoʻi o ka hana kolohe. ʻO kaʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki ʻole ke wānana i ka ʻano o ke ʻano o ke kanaka i kona moʻomeheu. "
Mahele ʻElua: Nā Hormones?
Ma kahi o ka hopena o ka hoʻopili genetics, ka mea a nā mea hana o ka "LGBT +" e kuhikuhi i ka ʻae e komo nei i ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻano hoʻohālike o nā ʻano hemo o ke ʻano o ka hano. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia aia i ka manawa o ka pūpū i loko o ka ʻōpū o ka makuahine, he ʻano (nā hormone a i ʻole ke nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pale ʻana) i ka pūpū, ka mea hoʻohālikelike i ke kaʻina maʻamau o kona hoʻomohala ʻana, kahi e alakaʻi hou ai i ka hoʻomohala o ka homosexual.
No ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hypothesis o nā hopena o ka hormonal i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka makemake pilikino, e aʻo mākou i ka pilina ma waena o ka neʻe ʻana o ka holomua o ka intrauterine e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala kino a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke ʻano liʻiliʻi o ka ʻano maʻamau i nā keiki kāne a i ʻole nā maʻamau o nā kaikamahine. Ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hoʻohālike hoʻokolohua o ka kahuʻi ʻole o ka intrauterine hormonal, ʻo ia hoʻi, no nā kumu kūpono a me nā kumu kūpono ʻole i loko o ke kanaka ke lawe ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai pili ʻole ka maʻi hormonal e pili ana i ka nui o ka abnormalities anatomical a me ka physiological, hiki i kēia ke hiki i nā holoholona laboratorium wale nō.7. ^ E Ha yM. Eia nō naʻe, kahi hānau maoli kekahi hapa o ka poʻe me ka pathology pili e pili ana i ka maʻi - a me nā hanana holomua o ka maʻi (NDP), a ma ko lākou heluna he hiki ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka pili ʻana o ka pilikino hormonal me ka ʻano. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, pono mākou e kākau pōkole i nā kumu nui o nā hopena hormonal intrauterine.
Manaʻo ia ua hiki i nā manawa o ka hoʻonā nui loa i ka wili o ka hormonal i ka wā o ka wā o ka hānau ʻana. No ka laʻana, ʻike ʻia ka hopena loa loa o ka testosterone ma ka male male, hele mai mai 8 a hiki i 24 mau wiki, a laila e hana hou mai ka hānau mai a hiki i ʻekolu mau mahina (Nā kuiines xnumx) I ka wā o ka make piha ʻana, hele mai ka estrogens mai ka plasenta a me ka ʻōnaehana uila o ka makuahine (Albrecht 2010) Hōʻike nā haʻawina holoholona i nā manawa he nui nā mākaʻikaʻi no ka like ʻana o nā hormone like, ʻo ka hiki ʻana i kekahi hāmeʻe hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā hana o kekahi ʻona, a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea hou o kēia mau hormon e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i kā lākou mau hana (Berenbaum Xnumx) ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka wahine a me nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī loa.
ʻO ke ʻano nui o kēia ʻimi noiʻi he mau hormones e like me testosterone, dihydrotest testosterone (kahi metabolite o ka testosterone a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka naʻau ma mua o ka testosterone), estradiol, progesterone a me cortisol. Ua manaʻo ʻia he mea maʻamau inā ka hopena o ka hormonal i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pūpū i loko o ka pūpū i hana i nā hana i hana. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana, ʻokoʻa nā embryo i kā lākou pūmeni chromosome - XX a XY a he mea like like nā haʻalulu wahine (gonads). Eia naʻe, wikiwiki koke, e pili ana i ka hui pūʻai chromosomal, hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā testes (testes) i nā mea lawe moku ʻo XY a me nā ovaries i nā mea lawe o XX. I ka hiki koke ʻana o ka hoʻāla ʻana o nā gonads, hoʻomaka lākou e hana i nā hormone pili i ka wahine e hoʻoholo ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano ʻano o nā ʻano o nā kāne; ((Wilson 1981).
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka moekolohe. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia e V. Lysov ʻO ka hōʻeha ʻana i ka pae kaulike o nā androgens a me nā estrogens (ma muli o nā ʻano hanana genetic a me nā mana ʻē aʻe), me ko lākou noho ʻana a i ʻole a haʻalele i kekahi mau manawa koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka pūpū, e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ulu ʻana i ka moekolohe.
ʻO kekahi o nā hana like ʻole e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana i ka wahine, ʻo ka hyperplasia congenital o ka adrenal cortex (VGKN), i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi ʻano o kahi ʻōiwi e hoʻopili ana i kahi enzyme e pili ana i ka synthesis o ka hormone cortisol (Mahele ʻolelo 2003) Ke alakaʻi nei kēia kulekele i ka luhi nui o nā mea mua cortisol (cortisol a me nā androgens e kaʻana like me nā mea maʻamau), kahi i hana ʻia ai nā androgens. A ke hopena, hānau ʻia nā kaikamahine me nā ʻokoʻa like o nā virilization8 nā maʻi ʻōnaehana - kūlike i ka nui o ka hoʻoweliweli genetic a me ke kiʻekiʻe o nā mea he nui o ka androgens. ʻO nā hihia koʻikoʻi o ka virilization me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā hemahema hana hohonu i kekahi manawa ke koi ʻana i ka ʻoki hōʻoki. I mea e hoʻonaninani i nā hopena o ke koena o ka androgens, ua kau ʻia ka lāʻau hormone. Ua hōʻike ʻia he nui loa nā pilikia o ka wahine me HCV i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mea hoʻohālikelike male.Mahele ʻolelo 2009), a me nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia mai HCV i kahi keu i ʻoi aku ka makemake e lilo i ka heterosexual ma mua o nā wahine i loaʻa ka maʻi i kahi ʻano ʻoluʻolu (Nā kuiines xnumx).
Eia kekahi, aia kahi pono hoʻomohala kūlohelohe i ka poʻe genetic e loaʻa ana i ka nele o ka hoʻouluʻana i ka androgen. I nā kāne me ka androgen insensitivity syndrome, e hana pinepine nā hōʻike i ka testosterone androgen, akā ʻaʻole hana nā testosterone receptors. I ka hānau hānau ʻana, ua like nā ʻano o nā kāne me ke ʻano o ke kaikamahine. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ka testosterone endogenous o ke keiki i ka estrogen, no laila hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hoʻomōhala i nā hiʻohiʻona wahine ʻoihana sekona (Hughes xnumx) ʻIke ʻia ka pathology i ka wā i hiki aku ai i ka wā palalulu, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā menstruation, a ʻoiaʻiʻo hoʻi, ʻo nā "wahine" like ʻole, e like me ka maʻi kīnā ʻole a me nā kāne "me VGKN.
Aia kekahi mau hana kolohe hewa e pili ana i kekahi mau kāne genetic (i.e., nā poʻe me ka XY genotype) nona ka hōʻemi o ka androgens he hopena pololei o ka nele o nā enzymes e pili ana i ka synthesis o dihydrotest testosterone mai testosterone a i ka hana ʻana o testosterone mai ka hormone precursor. Hānau ʻia nā poʻe me nā maʻi like me ka deformities ʻano kāne ma ke ʻano like ʻole (Cohen-Kettenis 2005).
ʻOiaʻiʻo, i loko o kēia mau hiʻohiʻona, ka hoihoi homosexual a / a i ʻole ke koho i ke ʻano o ka lawehala e pili ana i ka wahine e pili ana i ka pili me nā hana pili a me ka morphological. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia nā mea i aʻo ʻia i nā kāne male. ʻO ka manaʻo kuhihewa ka nānā ʻana o ka hormonal i kekahi ʻano kūpono i ke ʻano o kahi makemake homosexual (ʻo ia hoʻi, e pili ana i kahi ʻano hana) a ʻaʻohe mea e hoʻopilikia i ka hana morphological a me ka hana i kākoʻo ʻia e nā ʻike empirical.
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā ʻano ʻē aʻe e ʻike ai i nā hiʻohiʻona anatomical a me nā hana i pili i ka makemake homosexual. E noʻonoʻo i nā haʻawina i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea hoʻomake LGBT +.
He ʻikepili ʻana o Simon Levey
Ua mālama ʻia kekahi mau noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻano neʻene ka neʻe ʻana ma muli o nā ʻano kolohe wahine. ʻO ka mea mua, ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka neuroscientist Simon LeVay ma 1991 (LeVay 1991). Ua alakaʻi ʻo LeVay i kāna noiʻi ʻana i nā hopena o nā autopsies o nā poʻe i make. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻo ia i nā kumuhana i ʻekolu pūʻulu - 6 wahine "heterosexual", 19 mau kāne "homosexual" i make i ka maʻi AIDS, a me 16 mau kāne "heterosexual" (ua hāʻawi ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana ma nā kaha puʻupuʻu no ka mea ʻo ka makemake nui o ka mea i make.
Ma kēlā me kēia hui, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo LeVey i ka nui o kahi ʻāpana kūikawā i ka lolo i kapa ʻia ka interstitial nucleus o ka anoth hypothalamus.9. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ka hypothalamus, ua ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o kēia mau nuclei mai 0.05 a 0.3 mm³ i ka nui (Byne xnumx), i helu ʻia e nā helu: 1, 2, 3, 4. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka nui o INAH-3 kaukaʻi ʻia i ka pae o ka testosterone kāne kāne i ke kino: ʻo ka nui o ka testosterone, ʻo ka nui o ka INAH-3. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo LeVey ʻo ka nui o ka INAH-3 i nā homosexual i ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o nā kāne me ka ʻumeʻume i ka wahine ʻē aʻe, e like me nā wahine. ʻOiai ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano o ke kino o ke kanaka e nā gen, ua ʻōlelo ʻo LeVey inā pili ka nui o INAH-3 me ke kuhikuhi o ka makemake moekolohe, a laila "... pili ka libido i ke ʻano o ka lolo ..." a no laila pili nā genes me ka sex drive.
Pono e hoʻomanaʻo pono iā LeVey i hoʻokaʻawale iā ia iho i kēia hana a makemake nui ia e loaʻa mai kahi hopena like ʻole. Ma hope o ka makeʻana o kāna kāne pelekane ʻo Richard Sherry i ka maʻi AIDS, ua kaumaha ʻo LeVey no kekahi manawa (Newsweek xnumx, ka p. 49). Ua haʻi ʻo ia i nā mea hoʻolaha ma hope o kāna hana ʻana i hana kuʻimaka: "Ua manaʻo wau inā ʻaʻole i loaʻa iaʻu kekahi mea, e haʻalele loa wau i nā ʻepekema" (Newsweek xnumx, ka p. 49).
He nui nā hiʻohiʻona o LeVey i loaʻa iā ia, akā ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻohiki pinepine ai, akā, pāpā ʻole ka pāpā ʻana iā lākou. ʻO nā mea a LeVey i ʻike maoli ai ʻaʻole paha? ʻO ka mea āna i ʻike ʻole ai ma ka like ʻole o ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o INAH-3 a me nā moekolohe pilikino. E like me ka 1994, ka mea noiʻi William Byne mai New York i kākau ʻia i ka loiloi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka ʻōlelo e pili ana i ke kumu kumu o ka hoʻōlo o nā kāne.Byne xnumx): mua, ʻo ia ka pilikia o ke koho ʻana i nā mea noiʻi. ʻAʻole maopopo ʻo LeVey i nā mea i makemake ʻia i ka lehulehu i aʻo ʻia i ka wā o kona ola ʻana. Ua kaulana ʻia aia i nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi AIDS, hōʻemi nā haʻahaʻa o ka testosterone ma muli o ka hopena o ka maʻi a ma muli o nā hopena kūpono o ka mālama maʻi (Loaʻa 2016) Mai nā hōʻike a LeVay, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻokoʻa i ka nui o ka INAH-3 i ka wā hānau a haʻalele ʻole i ka mea hiki ke emi i ka wā o ke ola. ʻO nā kumuhana āpau i ʻike ʻia e LeVay he "mau mea pelekane" i make i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o ka maʻi AIDS. ʻO LeVey ʻo ia iho, ma ka ʻatikala like ʻole, e hoʻopaʻa ʻia:
"... ʻaʻole ʻae nā hopena iā mākou e hoʻoholo inā ʻo ka nui o INAH 3 kahi kumu a hopena paha o ka moe kolohe o kēlā me kēia kanaka, a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka INAH 3 a me ka moekolohe e hoʻololi like ma lalo o ka mana o kekahi kolu o ka mea ʻike ʻole ʻia ..." (LeVay 1991, ka p. 1036).
ʻO ka lua, ʻaʻohe kumu e haʻi me ka maopopo me ka loaʻa ʻole o LeVey i kekahi mea. Ua noiʻi nā kānaka noiʻi ʻo Ruth Hubbard lāua ʻo Elijah Wald i kā lākou puke Hoʻopuka i ka ʻoihana o Gen: Pehea e nā kānaka ʻepekema, nā kaukaʻi, nā limahana, nā ʻoihana ʻona, nā kumu hoʻonaʻauao a me nā kuleana kanaka e hoʻopukapukaʻi i nā ʻike genetic, i nīnau ʻia ʻaʻole wale i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena o LeVey, akā ʻo ka mea maoli kekahi mea nui. ʻokoʻa ka ʻokoʻaHubbard xnumx, ka p. 95). ʻOiai ʻo LeVey i kuhikuhi aku i loko o ka hui o nā poʻe i manaʻo ʻia he mau kāne like ʻole, ʻoi ka nui o ka nui o INAH-3 ma mua o ka nui o ka helu INAH-3 i ka pūʻulu o nā kānaka i manaʻo ʻia he mau kāne heterosexual, e pili ana ia mai kāna mau hopena i ka pālahalaha loa a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka pālahalaha ʻana o nā waiwai nui like ma nā hui ʻelua. Aia kekahi manaʻo statistical - ke kānāwai o ka hoʻoili maʻamau. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kēia kānāwai, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea ʻona o ka hiʻona ka nui o nā ʻano o kēia ʻano i ka waena waena, a he liʻiliʻi wale nō paha o nā mea nona ka ʻāpana o ka waiwai kūlike. ʻO ia hoʻi, e ka poʻe 100, 80 e loaʻa iā 160 - 180 ulu ʻana, 10 ʻokoʻa ma 160, 10 nui aʻe ma mua o 180 cm.
Ma muli o nā lula o ka helu helu helu, e ʻike ai i kahi ʻokoʻa statistically nui ma waena o nā pūʻulu ʻelua o nā kumuhana he hiki ʻole ke hoʻohālikelike i kahi kāʻei ʻole i hoʻoili maʻamau. Eia kahi, inā i loko o kahi o nā pūʻulu o nā kānaka ma lalo o 160 cm ʻaʻole e loaʻa ka 10%, akā 40% a i ʻole 50%. I loko o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo LeVay, ʻo INAH-3 ka nui o ka liʻiliʻi no kekahi mau kāne heterosexual a me ka hapa nui o nā kāne, a ʻo ka nui o ka nui o kekahi mau kāne makua kāne a me nā kāne heterosexual. Ua hahai i kēlā me kēia kanaka pākahi ke kūlike ʻole e haʻi iki i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o INAH-3 a me ka hoʻonaninani. ʻOiai inā i ʻike ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mana ʻē aʻe i ke kaila o ka lolo, e ʻike ʻia ko lākou manaʻo ma luna o kahi manaʻo me ka ʻike ʻike ʻoi loa ka ʻiʻo o nā ʻōpio ma mua o nā kānaka maʻamau. He aha nā hopena e hiki ai iā mākou ke kiʻi i ke kumu o kēia ʻike? Ke kūkulu nei paha kahi kanaka i nā ʻikepili nui aʻe i ka wā e pāʻani ana i ka haʻuki, a i ʻole he mea hoʻokipa mua paha i ka ʻāʻī nui loa e hana i kahi kanaka i mea pāliki?
A ʻo ke kolu, ʻaʻole i ʻōlelo ʻo LeVey i ka mea e pili ana i ka pilina o ka moe kolohe a me INAH-3 i nā wahine.
I ka hālāwai ninaninau 1994, i ʻōlelo ʻo LeVey:
"… He mea nui e hoʻokalakala ʻole ʻaʻole wau i hōʻoia i ka homosexualite kūlohelohe a loaʻa ʻole kāna kumu kumu. ʻAʻole wau i hōʻike e "hānau ʻia pēlā" nā kāne kāne - eia ka kuhi hewa maʻamau a ka poʻe e wehewehe nei i kaʻu hana. ʻAʻole nō i loaʻa iaʻu kahi "kikowaena gay" i ka lolo ... ʻAʻole mākou i ʻike inā aia nā ʻokoʻa aʻu i ʻike ai ma ka wā hānau a i hōʻike ʻia ma hope. ʻAʻole pili kaʻu hana i ka nīnau inā ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka moe kolohe ma mua o ka hānau ʻana ... "(Nimmons xnumx).
He mea koʻikoʻi ke neʻe ʻo LeVey, ʻo ka mea ʻike i kekahi ʻano loea i ke ʻano o ka neuroscience ʻano like ʻole e like me ka neuroplasticity - hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i ka iwi kuʻuna e hoʻololi i kāna hana a me ke ʻano i ka wā o ke ola o kahi kanaka ma lalo o ka manaʻo o nā ʻanoʻano like ʻole.
Ma 2000, hoʻopuka kahi hui o nā kānaka ʻepekema Pelekānia i nā hopena o kahi noiʻi ma ka hana kaʻa kaʻa ma London (Maguire 2000) Ka mea, no ka mea hana kaʻa kaʻa, ka ʻona i kuleana no ka koʻikoʻi spatial i ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o nā kānaka mai ka hui hoʻokele a ʻaʻole i hana i nā mea hoʻokele taxi, ʻo ka pūnaʻi, ʻo ka nui o kēia ʻāpana i hilinaʻi nui i ka nui o nā makahiki e hana ana ma kahi kaʻa.Maguire 2000) Inā ʻimi ka poʻe noiʻi i nā pahuhopu kālaiu, ua hiki iā lākou ke ʻōlelo i kahi mea like: "Pono kēia mau kaʻa kaʻa e hoʻokuʻu ʻia me ka lima pololei a me nā wahi a lākou e hana ai, pono ia e hoʻololi i ka ʻaoʻao hema ma ka ʻaoʻao hema - no ka mea i hānau ʻia kēlā."
I kēia lā, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kahi waihona hōʻike hōʻoia i ka manaʻo ʻana o ka palalike o nā ʻili ʻelua o nā palekona o ka nui a me ka hypothalamus i ka maʻi (Nā luaʻai xnumx; Kuai 2014; Mainardi 2013; Hatton xnumx; Theodosis 1993) Hoʻololi nā morphology palupalu ma lalo o ke ʻano o nā mea pili.Kolb 1998) Hoʻokumu ka hana o nā pala, no ka laʻana hapai (Hoekzema et al. 2016)ka noho ʻana i ka lumi (van Ombergen et al. Xnumx) a ma hope o ka hana kino pilikino (Nokia e al. Xnumx).
No laila, i ka hōʻoia ʻana o nā ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo ʻia e LeVey iā ia iho i ka makahiki 1994, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o kāna aʻo ʻana i ka makahiki 1991 i ke ʻano o ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka male male.
ʻO ka ʻōlelo hoʻopiʻi e pili ana i ka hana a LeVay, a me nā hypotheses neuroanatomical ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi ʻia i loko o kahi loiloi loiloi ma ka puke pai Science Science (Mbugua 2003).
ʻO ka pane hou o ka noiʻi Levay
ʻAʻohe mea i hoʻoponopono i ka hopena o LeVey. Ma ka hoʻolaha ʻo 2001 o kēia makahiki, ua hana kahi pūʻulu noiʻi mai New York i kahi noiʻi like ʻole - ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā māhele like o ka hypothalamus e like me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ʻo LeVay, akā me ka ʻike nui aʻe a me ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi kūpono o ke aʻo ʻia (Byne xnumx). ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā lākou kahi kaukaʻi o ka nui o INAH-3 ma ka moekolohe. Ua hoʻoholo nā mea kākau e "... ʻaʻole hiki ke hilinaʻi ʻia ke ʻano o ka moekolohe ma muli o ka nui o INAH 3 wale nō ..." (Byne xnumx, ka p. 91).
Ma hope mai ua loaʻa kekahi mau ho'āʻo e ʻike i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o nā pono male ʻana ma nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka lolo. Ma 2002, ua paʻi ka mea kākau kuʻuna o Lasko a me nā hoa hana i kahi haʻawina o kekahi ʻāpana o ka lolo - ka mua o ka commissure (ʻO Lasco 2002) Ua hōʻike ʻia ma kēia wahi ʻaʻole like ʻole o nā ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe i hilinaʻi i ka wahine a i ʻole ke ʻano o ka makemake moekolohe. ʻO nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā hoʻokaʻawale a hana paha ma waena o ka lolo o ka heterosexuals a me ka lolo o nā kāne o ka pelekane ma muli o ko lākou ʻano palena ʻole he aneane loa: ma 2008, ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā hopena o kekahi o kēia mau haʻawina i loko o kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka puke hana Nā Hana Hou o ka US National Academy of Science. ((Swaab xnumx) No ka laʻana, hoʻohana kekahi i noi i ka magnetic resonance imaging no ke ana ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hana ma ka lolo i ka wā e hōʻike ana nā kumuhana i nā kiʻi o nā kāne a me nā wahine. ʻIke ʻia ka nānā ʻana o ka maka wahine i hoʻonui i ka hana ma ka thalamus a me nā orbitofrontal cortex o nā kāne heterosexual wahine a me nā wahine he mau kāne, ʻoiai nā kāne pelekane a me nā wahine heterosexual nui kēia mau pane i ka maka o ke kāne.Kranz 2006) ʻO ka manaʻo like o nā palupalu o nā wahine heterosexual a me nā kāne o ka wahine like ʻole i ka nānā aku i nā maka kāne, ʻoiai ʻo nā maka o nā kāne heterosexual a me nā wahine pelekane e kūlike aku i ka helehelena wahine, ʻaʻole hiki ke loaʻa ka ʻike nui, i hāʻawi ʻia ka etiology o nā ʻano male. Pēlā nō, hōʻike kekahi haʻawina hou i nā ʻano like ʻole i nā pheromones i nā kāne ʻole i nā kāne ʻole i nā kāne a me nā kāne like ʻole (Nauka 2005).
ʻO ka lōʻihi
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike ma waena o ka lōʻihi o ka manamana lima (aʻae) a me ka manamana lima ʻehā (ke apo) o nā lima, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mana "2D: 4D", ʻokoʻa no ka hapanui o nā kāne a me nā wahine. Hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike e pili ana kēia hāpana ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka testosterone intrauterine, ka hopena i nā kāne me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike testosterone, ʻoi aku ka pōkole o ka haki kikoʻī ma mua o ke manamana lima (i.e., ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 2D: 4D) a me nā ʻokoʻa (Hönekopp 2007) Wahi a kekahi mau noiʻi, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka 2D: Ka ʻōlelo 4D e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka homosexual inclinations. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka ratio 2D: 4D a me nā moekolohe hana pilikino a me ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa.
Wahi a kekahi hypothesis, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka male o ka wahine ma 2D: 4D (kokoke loa i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka wahine ma mua o nā kāne heterosexual), ʻoiai kekahi hypothesis kekahi, ke ʻae nei, e hōʻike ana ka hypermasculinization me ka prenatal testosterone e alakaʻi i kahi pae haʻahaʻa kāne i nā wahine he kāne aku ma mua o nā kāne heterosexual. Ua hoʻolauna pū ʻia kahi hypothesis e pili ana i nā makeneka wahine i ka hopena o ka hypermasculinization (haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, pae kiʻekiʻe o ka testosterone).
He nui nā manaʻo hoʻohālikelike o kēia ʻano i ka wahine me nā wahine a me nā wahine ʻole i hoʻohālike i ka hopena. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi haʻawina i paʻi ʻia ma ka nūpepa Nature ma 2000 ma loko o kahi hoʻohālike o ka 720 makua Kaleponi, kahi pākuʻi 2D: 4D ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau i ka wahine me nā makemake wahine like me ka wahine i makemake ʻia me ka wahine like ʻole. ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa i ka ratio i nā kāne ʻole ʻole (Williams 2000) ʻAʻole i hōʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi i kahi hoʻololi nui ma waena o ka pālua 2D: He hoʻohālikelike o 4D ma waena o nā kāne male a me nā kāne. Ma ka makahiki hoʻokahi, kahi noiʻi ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana i kahi hua liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi o ka pilikino kāne a me ka poʻe homosolo mai Pelekane i hōʻike i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 2D: 4D (i.e., ʻoi aku ka oiʻana).Robinson 2000) Ma kahi makahiki 2003, kahi noiʻi o kahi hoʻohālike o Lādana i ʻike he mau haʻahaʻa kanaka haʻahaʻa o 2D: 4D hoʻohālikelike i nā kāne kī ʻole ʻole (ʻOi xnumx), aʻo nā haʻawina ʻelua ʻē aʻe mai Kaleponi a me Texas i hōʻike i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o 2D: 4D no nā kāne male (Lippa xnumx; McFadden 2002) Ma 2003, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi haʻawina hoʻohālikelike i ʻehiku mau kime like o ka wahine māhoe monozygotic, ma nā pōkole āpau kekahi o nā māhoe kime i makemake ʻia i ka wahine, a ʻelima pālua o ka wahine māhoe monozygotic i loaʻa ai nā kaikuahine like ʻole a me ka wahine like.Hale 2003) Ma nā ʻaina ʻelua o nā ʻano kolohe like ʻole, i ka poʻe i ʻike i ko lākou iho he ʻano pelekane, ʻoi loa ka māhele 2D: 4D i ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o kā lāua mau māhoe, aʻo nā māhoe concordant ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kahiʻokoʻa. Ua pane nā mea kākau e hōʻike nei kēia hopena "ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 2D: 4D ka hopena o nāʻokoʻa i ka ʻenehana prenatal." A i ka hope loa, i ka makahiki 2005, ma muli o kahi noiʻi o ka ratio 2D: 4D i kahi hiʻohiʻona kāne o 95 kāne male kāne a me 79 mau kāne ʻole, ʻaʻole i ʻike like nā mau kuhikuhi 2D: 4D i ka poʻe male ʻole i like ʻole i ka poʻe i ka mau kāne male.Voracek 2005) Ma hope o ka loiloi ʻana i kekahi mau haʻawina o kēia ʻano, ʻae nā mea kākau e "ʻike hou ʻia ka ʻikepili hou aʻe e hiki ai ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka hilinaʻi inā he pilina ma waena o ka pāʻana 2D: 4D a me ke ʻano o ka makemake kuko i ke kāne, ʻae i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe."
Ka maka a nā maka
Ma 2003, ua hōʻike ka hui o nā mea noiʻi Pelekania ua loaʻa iā lākou "nā hōʻike hōʻoia hou e pili ana i ka makemake o ka moekolohe no ka ʻano o ka ʻōpū o ke kanaka" (ʻOi xnumx) ʻ saidlelo ʻo Katsi Rahman a me nā mea kākau moʻolelo ua ʻike lākou i ka ʻokoʻa i ka wikiwiki o ka hopena - e ʻā ana nā maka - e pane ana i nā leo nui. Ua ʻike i nā mea kākau ua liʻiliʻi nā wahine i kapa ʻia "ʻO ka pale mua Pre-pulse" (PPI) - ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka pane ʻana o ka pahu i ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka mea hoʻonāukiuki hoʻomaikaʻi nāwaliwali.10... ʻO ia hoʻi, ua ʻālohilohi ka wikiwiki o nā wahine ma mua o nā kāne, a ʻo nā wahine me ka makemake o ka moekolohe like e ʻūlū mālie ma mua o nā wahine kāne ʻole. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia, ʻo ka mea mua, ua alakaʻi nā mea kākau i kahi noiʻi i loko o kahi hui liʻiliʻi o nā kumuhana, a ʻo ka lua, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā lākou nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā kāne homosexual a me nā kāne ʻole homosexual. No ka mea ʻole, ua hoʻoholo nā mea kākau i kā lākou hopena e hōʻike ai he homestxual kahi hanana kūlohelohe. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻokau nā mea noiʻi: mālama lākou i ka nīnau no nā ʻokoʻa i loaʻa ma muli o ka kikoʻī o ka moekolohe a i ʻole nā hopena o kekahi ʻano moekolohe i paʻa ʻole. Ua kuhikuhi lākou: "... ʻo nā neuroanatomical a me nā neurophysiological ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā heterosexuals a me nā homosexual hiki i nā kumu biological a i ʻole ka hopena o ke aʻo ʻana ...". Ua kālailai ʻo Kauka Halstead Harrison o ke Kulanui o Wakinekona i ke aʻo ʻana a hoʻomaopopo ʻia i kahi hemahema nui e like me ka liʻiliʻi o nā pūʻulu hoʻāʻo (14 wahine moekolohe a me 15 wahine heterosexual, 15 kāne kāne kāne a 15 kāne kāne heterosexual). Ua hoʻopau ʻo Harrison: "Rahman et al. ʻAʻole i hāʻawi i nā hōʻike kūʻē e kākoʻo i ka hopena e hōʻike ana nā wahine moe kolohe i nā palena PPI e like me nā kāne."Harrison xnumx) Ua nīnau hou aku ʻo Harrison i ka ʻokoʻa o ka helu ʻana o nā hana.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā māhoe loea e ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna o ka hiki ke hoʻomālamalama i ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hiki ʻana o nā hormone hoʻomohala, ʻoiai i ka wā holomua o ka intrauterine, nā māhoe like a me nā mea like. Kuhi nā mākaukau o ka concordance i loko o nā māhoe papa ʻōlelo hōʻike ʻo nā hormone prenatal he ʻano genetic ʻaʻole i hana koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka makemake moekolohe. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo ʻē aʻe e ʻike i nā mea hormonal e pili nui ana i ka makemake moekolohe a i ʻole kuhihewa ʻia, a ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka nui o kā lākou hopena.
ʻO ka hopena o ke kaumaha o ka maʻa
Ma 1983, ua hanaʻo Gunther Dörner et al i kahi noi e hoʻokū ai i kahi pilina ma waena o ka luhi ʻana i ka wā ma ka hāpai ʻana a me ka ʻike wahine o kā lākou keiki. Ua ninaninau lākou i ʻelua mau kānaka e pili ana i nā hanana e hiki ke hōʻeha i ko lākou mau makuahine i ka wā hāpai - ʻo ia hoʻi, ke komo ʻana o ka holomua o ka poʻe pane.Dörner 1983) Nui nā hanana i pili ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II. O nā kāne i hōʻike e ʻike ko lākou mau māmā i ke kaumaha ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka wā hāpai, 65% he mau kāne male, ʻo 25% ka bisexual, a ʻo 10% heterosexual. Eia nō naʻe, i nā noiʻi ma hope aku, ua ʻike ʻia nā laha liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a i ʻole ke nānā ʻana i nā hoʻoponopono koʻikoʻi (Ellis 1988) Ma 2002, ma hope o ka hoʻokau ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka pilina o ka pilina ma waena o ka moena a me ke kaumaha o ka prenatal i ka wā o ka lua a me ke kolu o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, ua ʻike ʻo Hines a me nā hoa hana i ke kaumaha ma ka wā o ka hapai "pili wale" i ka hana maʻamau o kā lākou mau kaikamahine i ka mau makahiki 42 " a ʻaʻole pili e pili ana i kekahi mea "i ka ʻano maʻamau o kā lākou mau keiki (Nā kuiines xnumx).
ʻEkolu ʻokoʻa: nā Hōʻailona pale?
Na Puka Kauoha Nui
"ʻO ka hopena o ka kaikuaʻana" (ESB) a i ʻole "ka hopena o ka ʻōmaikaʻi o nā hoahānau"11 - ua noi ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo e nā kānaka noiʻi Kanada-ʻAmelika e kapa ʻia ʻo Ray Blanchard lāua ʻo Anthony Bogert - ʻo ia ka mea e like me kekahi mau mea i ʻike ʻia, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāne heterosexual maʻamau, nā kāne male kāne, nā kāne a me nā mea hoʻomake wale nō he mau kaikuaʻana ka nui, akā ʻaʻole nā kaikuahine.Blanchard 1996; Bogaert 1997; Blanchard 1998; Lalumiere 1998; Blanchard 2000; Cote xnumx; MacCulloch 2004; Blanchard 2018).
I kēia manawa, loaʻa kahi kūkākūkā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka mea (1) inā i loaʻa kahi ESB, a (2) inā loaʻa, inā he kumu olakino a he kumu nui paha (Zietsch 2018; Gavrilets 2017; Keokeo 2018).
ʻOiai nā hopena kū'ē i ke kahua o ESB a me kāna mau kumu, ʻo kekahi mau mea noiʻi a me nā helu lehulehu, e hoʻāʻo ana e ʻimi i nā kumu kūpono no ka homosexuality, no laila ua ʻae maopopo lākou i ka wehewehe ʻana o ka ESB a ua kāpae loa lākou i nā wehewehe ʻē aʻe (ka hopena o ka hānai ʻana, etc. .).
️2023 hou:
Vilsmeier JK, Kossmeier M, Voracek M, Tran US. 2023. ʻO ka hopena o ka hānau ʻana o ka hoahānau ma ke ʻano he ʻano helu helu: nā hōʻike convergent mai ka helu kuhi hewa, ka ʻikepili i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, a me nā ʻano ʻano meta-analysis. Hoa J 11:e15623 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15623
Ua hana nā kānaka ʻepekema mai ke Keʻena Psychology ma ke Kulanui o Vienna i ka hana makemakika o ka ʻikepili i ka hopena o ke kaikuaʻana. Ua hoʻoholo lākou, i ka wā e nānā pono ʻia ai, ʻo ka hui kikoʻī ma waena o ka helu o nā kaikuaʻana a me ka homosexual orientation he liʻiliʻi, heterogeneous i ka nui, a ʻike ʻole i nā kāne. Eia kekahi, nā hōʻike ʻepekema e kū nei hoonui ma muli o nā hopena o nā haʻawina liʻiliʻi.
Loaʻa i nā hemahema o ka hypBhesis ESB
ʻAʻole kahi ESB i kahi axiom kīnā ʻole, ʻo ka mea i loaʻa i ke kumuhana o ka kūkā kūkākūkā mau ʻana no nā kumu he nui.
ʻO ka mea mua, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kēia hopena i nā noiʻi āpau. Ua hōʻike ʻo Brendan P. Zietsch, ua komo nā mea kākoʻo o ka haaheo ESB i kā lākou mau loiloi wale nō nā hopena o nā noi i paʻi ʻia e kū like me ko lākou mau manaʻo, a ke hōʻole ʻole nei i nā haʻawina, nūpepa, dissertations, nā hōʻike i nā hālāwai kūkā i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka ESB (Zietsch 2018) He mea koʻikoʻi loa kēia pilikia, ma ka helu ʻana o nā hoʻohālike like like ʻole ehiku, ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia ka ESB (Bearman 2002; Bogaert 2005, 2010; Francis xnumx; Frisch xnumx; Zietsch 2012) ʻO ka mea hoʻonā LGBT +, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna aʻe o ka neʻe o ka Simon LeVay, ma kāna hana he mea hōʻike pū kekahi o nā haʻawina i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka ESB (LeVay 2016).
ʻO ka lua, ua ʻike ʻia kēlā mau noiʻi i ʻike ʻia ai ʻo ESB. Ke kākoʻo nei nā mea kākoʻo o ka haʻi ESB i kēlā mau loiloi no ka noiʻi ʻana o ka lehulehu e alakaʻi i ka haʻalele ʻana i nā mea probabilistic i loaʻa (i.e., kēlā mau tauira i koho pono ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻohālikelike kūlohelohe ʻia - ka hoʻoweliweli pili ʻana i kēia hihia). ʻO kēia ka manaʻo o ka loiloi meta-kaomi wale nō i kēlā me kēia mau hoʻohālike i ka hapaʻikahi o nā kāne like ʻole i like me ka kaʻana o nā kāne like ʻole i ka nui o ka lehulehu (i ka laʻana, nā hoʻohālike mai ka loiloi Blanchard ʻo 2018 o ka makahiki i loaʻa ma ka helu 51% o nā kāne male, ʻoiai ka lehulehu o lākou. mamuli o na kumuwaiwai, nui loa 2 - 3%). Ma ka hihia o kēlā me kēia mau kīnā ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, hoʻonui ʻia ke kaʻe o ke koho ʻana i nā pūʻulu kāne like a me nā heterosexual, i ʻokoʻa ʻole wale nō i nā palahalaha hoʻohālikelike. Hōʻike ka papaʻa Blanchard 1 2018 i ka hapa nui o nā panana i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka meta-analysis lawe ʻia mai nā lehulehu lehulehu ʻole i ka haʻi aku: nā lawehala lawehala, kanaka transgender, pedophiles, psychopaths, etc. I nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā koina waiwai o Blanchard i ke ʻano o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā noiʻi nui me nā tauira probabilia (a i ʻole i hōʻoia ʻia ka ESB). ʻO ka heterogeneity nui o ka nui o ka hopena ma waena o nā haumāna pilikino i ka meta-analysis e hōʻike ana i ka mea i koho ʻia ai nā pūʻulu no ka noiʻi he mana nui o ka ESB. Hoʻonui kēia i ka ʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hōʻike i ka ESB, inā no ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana i nā hōʻike nui like ʻole i hōʻike i ka ESB ma ka āpau.
ʻO ke kolu, ʻo kahi pilikia nīnaehana hou ka mea ʻoi loa nā hana loiloi no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ESB me ka nānā a nānā i ka nānā ʻana i ka hopena i makemake ʻia. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana kekahi o nā mea noiʻi i kahi hōʻike statistik hoʻokahi ala e ana i ka hopena (e.g., Bogaert 2005; Poasa 2004; Purcell 2000) a i ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena o nā mea noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻole ʻia ka ESB he mea koʻikoʻi, e ʻōlelo ana he pono e lilo nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokahi ala (Blanchard 2015) - ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia he hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā hoʻokolohua hoʻokahi ala i nā hanana koʻikoʻi loa ʻaʻole ia i kūpono i nā kūlana o ka meta-analysis (Lombardi xnumx) Ua kākau ʻo ka mea noiʻi Bartlett i kēia:
"… Hāʻawi ʻia i ka liʻiliʻi o nā kāne kāne homosexual i ka heluna kanaka, paʻakikī e loaʻa nā pūʻulu kaulike o nā kāne kāne a heterosexual hoʻi no ke aʻo. ʻO ka laʻana ʻana o nā homosexuals a me nā heterosexuals mai nā heluna kanaka me nā nui ʻohana ʻokoʻa kahi pilikia i ke ana ʻana iā ESB. ʻIke paha ka noiʻi ʻana i kahi hopena hewa me nā ʻano kaikaina, ʻaʻole nā kaikaina, e hoʻonui inā koho ʻia nā homosexual mai nā ʻohana nui aʻe i ka laʻana, ʻoiai e nalo ka hopena inā koho ʻia nā kāne heterosexual mai nā ʻohana nui aʻe i ka laʻana. ... "(Bartlett xnumx).
ʻO ka ʻehā, ua hoʻokumu wale ʻia ka ESB ma nā hualoaʻa o ka loiloi correlation. Kuhi like ka ʻike pololei ʻana i ka kumu ʻike i ka hana ʻana i kēia hoʻoponopono. Pono kekahi ʻōlelo hoʻoponopono i ka wehewehe o ka mea hoʻokōGavrilets 2017).
ʻO ka Pōʻalima, ʻaʻole nui nā ESB. ʻAʻole hiki i ka ESB ke wehewehe i ka male i loko o nā kāne ʻaʻole ʻole o lākou mau kaikuaʻana, a ʻaʻole hoʻi e hiki ke wehewehe i ka nele o ka hoʻonaninani i ka moeʻuhane i nā kaikaina ʻōpio he kaikaina kāne ʻoi aku ka maʻi male, ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe i ka hemahema o nā makemake pilikino ma waena o nā kaikuaʻana12. ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole kū ka ESB i nā kāne bisexual. Hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka hoihoi Bisexual i kahi ʻano hoʻoweliweli a i ka wahine ʻē aʻe, no laila, i loko o ka hoʻolālā o ka ESB paradigm, ʻoi aku ka poʻe bisexual i emi iho i ka ESB ma mua o nā kāne male, akā heʻoi aku ma mua o nā kāne heterosexual. Akā, i ke aʻoʻana Bogaert (2006) ʻO like ʻo ESB no ka pākōneʻi a me nā kāne like ʻole. McConaghy a me nā hoa hana (2006) ua hana i kahi haʻawina ESB i "ka wahine heterosexual nui" (kēlā me kēia ʻano hoʻonaninani ʻano liʻiliʻi) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me kahi pūʻulu mana o nā heterosexual keu. Ua nānā ʻia ka ESB no nā kāne a me ka wahine. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hopena o ke kaikuahine, ua mālama ʻia nō hoʻi i nā kāne, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka ikaika. Wahi a nā mea kākau, ua hōʻike kā lākou hopena i nā kumu ola koi o ke ESB ua liʻiliʻi loa i mua o ka nohona. Kuhi ʻia ka wehewehe ʻo ESB hypothesis i ka 17% wale nō o ka nui o nā hihia o ka hoʻonaninani o ka homosexual a aia wale nō i nā kāne (Cantor xnumx) ʻAʻole i wehewehe ʻo ESB i nā makemake pilikino i ka wahine. Ua hoʻāʻo nā mea kākoʻo o ka haʻi ESB i nā manawa he nui i ʻike i kēia hopena i nā wahine me nā makemake homosexual, akā ʻaʻohe mau hopena (Blanchard 2004).
ʻEono, ʻaʻole hana ʻo ESB i nā kumu ʻike moʻomeheu maoli. Ke manaʻo nei i ke ola o kahi ESB, e like me kona paradigm, hiki i kekahi ke wānana (ka hoʻohālike e like Bogaert 2004) e nānā ʻia ka nui o nā kāne me nā makemake like ʻole: (a) ʻohana hoʻomana, i ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā keiki; (c) nā moʻomeheu hikina a me ka Mahina, ke ʻano e ʻike ʻia e nā ʻohana nui; a me ka laulā haʻahaʻa - ma nā kaiāulu Komohana me kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ke ola, kahi nui ka nui o ka hānau hānau i nā kaiāulu i East (Caldwell 1997) ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona like, e kau me ka mālie, ʻaʻole ia e kūlike me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo.
Nā hypotheses ESB
Nui nā manaʻo kuhi e wehewehe i ka ESB i loaʻa i kekahi mau noiʻi (James xnumx), i waena o lākou i ʻelua mau mea nui hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale: (1) hōʻikeʻike ola prenatal (hypunization hypothesis maternal) a me (2) pāpahina postnatal psychological (ʻike i nā kūlana kūlohelohe). Ma lalo nei e hoʻokolokolo mākou i nā kuhi ʻelua.
He maʻi hypo e mare ʻia
ʻO Blanchard lāua ʻo Bogert, ma ke kumu kūlohelohe o ESB, e hoʻokau i ka hypothesis o ka hakakā kūloko o ka ʻāina, ʻo ia ka mea i hiki i ke ʻano maʻi o ka wahine ke hāpai i nā antibodies i kekahi "antigens male" o nā kāne male, a me nā mea like a like me nā huʻu e like pū ai me kēlā me kēia hapahā. ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pilikia o ka hōʻino kino o ka intrauterine no kēlā me kēia keiki e kū mai ana (Blanchard 1996) ʻO ka hypothesis o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa māmā ʻo ka moʻo ʻana e hoʻākāka i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke ʻano o ka makemake o ke kāne a ke kāne like ʻole ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka hāpai ʻo Rh-conflict (Bogaert 2011).
ʻO ke kuʻuna Rhesus-conflict ka maʻi pathological i hoʻomohala ʻia ma ka hanana ʻana o ka pūpū o kahi hanana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi protein nui i nā pili koko a me ka waiho ʻole ʻana o ia ʻano ira i ka makuahine (ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka makuahine i kēia hoʻohālike he Rh-ka maikaʻi a ʻo ka hapalua i Rh-maikaʻi). I ka wā mua o ka hānau ʻana o ka makuahine Rh-negatif me ka pūpū o Rh-positous, komo nā kolo i ka puna wahine ma ke kahe o ke tinina a hoʻoulu ʻia kahi hopena o ke ʻano - ʻo ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā antibodies i nā loko o ke koko. I nā hāpai ʻia ma hope o kēia makuahine me ka hua kō a Rh-positio, nā antibodies mai ka kahe koko o ka makuahine e komo i ke koko o ka wahine a me ka luku ʻana i kāna mau kelepona ʻulaʻula, ma muli o ka hemolysis a me ka ʻōneke i ka wā hānau. ʻO ia ke kumu i kaohi ʻia ʻana o ka pale-gynecologists i ke kūlana Rh o ka makuahine hāpai a me ka makua kāne o ke keiki.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka pale Blanchard a me Bogert kumu i mau kumumea i ka wā o ka hānai Rh-conflict. Ma kēia hihia, ʻo ke kumu o ke kumu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā antibodies (Rh positivity i ka hoʻohālikelike i luna) ʻo ka hele ʻana o kahi chromosome pāʻani, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ia ka wahine kāne o ka pēpē. Hoʻopili ka Y chromosome i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā protein a me nā hormones i loaʻa i loko o ke kāne male (akā ʻaʻole naʻe i loko o ka wahine!) Aia i nā manawa mua o ka embryogenesis. Wahi a ka hypothesis ua kūkākūkā, ua komo nā mea pili o ka iwi fetal e lawe i ka "antigen kāne" ma ke kahe koko o ka makuahine a kumu i ke ʻano o nā antibodies, ka mea, i ka wā i hāpai ʻia e ka male fetus, hele i ke kahe o ka lolo-lolo, ke komo ʻana i ka lolo fetal a hōʻeha i nā pūpū o nā mea pili i nā "antigen male" "," Allegedly pale i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻōpū embryonic "e ke ʻano kāne", ma muli o ke ʻano e hānau ʻia ai ke keiki me ka "wahine wahine" a manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea pelekaha a he transgender paha. Hoʻonui ka immunoreactivity Maternal i kēlā me kēia ʻōpiopio hou e ke kāne male, no laila, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana aʻe o nā mea e kuhi ʻia ʻana me ka hoʻopiʻi.
Wahi a ke kuhi o Blanchard a me Bogert, ʻo ka hōʻoia o ka hōʻino ʻana o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka intrauterine ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ke kino ma ka hānau ʻana i nā kāne o ka mau ʻanō nā kaikuaʻana.
Loaʻa i nā hemahema o ka hypunization a me nā maʻi o ka maʻi
William H. James (2004) ka loiloi ikaika ʻana i nā ʻāpana maʻamau o ka hypothesis o ka hakakā kūloko.
ʻO ka mea mua, ke manaʻo i ka wā hāpai a mālama ʻia ka maʻi māmā me ka antigens kikoʻī o ke keiki kāne, akā ʻaʻole ka wahine - e kau mālie, kānalua. ^ E Ha yM. Hiki i nā makuahine ke kūkulu i ka hopena kūlohelohe i ka wā hāpai, ʻo ke kāne a me ka wahine, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe "antigens kāne", akā he mau maʻi āpau āpau kekahi ʻano mea hou o kēia mau hihia, a ua aʻo ʻia nā mea like ʻole.Puhi xnumx) ʻEkolu mau ʻano like o ka maʻamau: (a) i ka RCH i ʻōlelo ʻia, i pili i nā selika ke koko fetal, a loaʻa ke ʻano maikaʻi o ko lākou papa, ʻike ʻUmi 10 - 20%; (b) alloimmune thrombocytopenia o nā pēpē hou e hoʻopili ana i nā platelets, he xNUMX% a i ʻole 4%, inā e ʻike pū ʻia nā ʻano asymptomatic (Turner 2005); nā neutropenia o nā keiki hou, e hoʻopilikia i nā neutrophils, frequency 4% (Han 2006) I kēia mau hihia a pau, nā hui antigens i pili i ka paternal, ʻaʻole male kāne maʻamau. Ke kūkulu nei lākou i nā keiki ma hope mai o nā ʻano makua like ʻole. Hoʻopilikia lākou i nā ʻōnaehana koko (a ʻaʻole i kekahi mau kino a me nā ʻōpio) i ka wā o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke koko fetal (umbilical cord, placenta, etc.) me ka ʻōnaehana pale o ka makuahine (ma muli o ka trauma i nā kino o waho o ke kino, ka ʻaoʻao o loko o ka ʻōpū, a me nā mea a pau.) I ka wā hānau.
ʻO nā antibodies alloimmune Maternal i manaʻo ʻia i loko o ka waiū o ka makuahine, e like me kekahi mau mea ʻē aʻe (Gasparoni xnumx), no ka laʻana, alloimmune antibodern māmā i ka Rh Rh factor, e komo ana i ka waiū o ka makuahine, hiki ke alakaʻi i ka maʻi hemolytic o ka wahine hou (Pololei 1975) Pēlā nō, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia i ka waiū e loaʻa ana nā antibodies hypothetical e kūʻē i ka "antigens male" e hōʻemi ʻia e nā kaikuaʻana ma hope, e alakaʻi ana i nā pilikia me ka wā o ka umauma a me ka pau ʻana o ka manawa, me ka allergic colitis. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka loiloi ʻana o ka palapala lapaʻau e hāʻawi i kahi kiʻi kue loa: ʻaʻole pili i ke kauoha hānau i ka lōʻihi o ka umauma a i ʻole e hoʻopale pololei ʻia me ia (Martin 2002) ʻO ka pinepine o ka colitis allergic i loko o nā keiki hou e pili ana mai 0,01% a 7,5% (Hildebrand xnumx; Pumberger xnumx; Xanthakos 2005), ʻoi aku ka loaʻa o nā pēpē o nā kāne a pau. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia i loko o kēia mau helu helu ʻana i ka waiū o nā pipi.
Hoʻomaopopo mākou mai kahi mana o ka ʻōhumu, ʻo ka immunogenine intrauterine o ka male male i mea pale ʻole no ka makuahine. ʻO ke phylogenesis kanaka e like me ka mammal e lōʻihi i mau miliona mau makahiki. No ke aha i lōʻihi loa ai i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka i hoʻomohala ʻole i nā ala kūpono e pale ai i nā kumu kūʻai nui mai ke ʻano o ke kuhi ʻana o ke ʻano o ka pane ʻana mai? Hypothetical immune reaction o ka wahine wahine i ka wā o ka evolutionless no ka hana maʻamau a me ka hopena ʻole aʻe no ke kino wahine maikaʻi i ka wā e hāpai ana me ka kāne hānau, ʻo ia ka 50% o nā māla a pau, e alakaʻi i ka hana hōʻemi koʻikoʻi a me nā pilikia e pili ana. Alakaʻi alakaʻi ʻo Phylogenesis i ke koho a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano kūpono loa i nā ʻano. No ka laʻana, aia kahi hōʻike nui e pili ana ke koho ʻana o kahi hoa kāne i pili i kahi pūnāwai histocompatibility koʻikoʻi (GCS) (Chaix 2008; Millinski 2006; Wedekind xnumx), ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ka pae phylogenetic, ʻano nui nā kaʻina o nā mea kanu e hoʻonui i ka ʻokoʻa ma ke kumu o GCS a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka hiki ʻana o nā keiki (Williams 2012; Guleria 2007).
I ka pale o kāna mau kumuhana, hāʻawi ʻo Bogert i kahi hoʻohālike e like me ke paneʻana o ka paleʻana i ka pathological e like me ka hoʻokūkū o Rh-conflict (RCH) (Bogaert 2011), ke alakaʻi nei i ka maʻi hemolytic o ka pēpē - manaʻo ʻia kēia hanana (i ka hopena me ka 15% o ka heluna o ka lehulehu (Izetbegovic 2013)) ʻaʻole i nalowale i ka wā o ka evolution. Eia nō naʻe, pono e hoʻomanaʻo ʻia i ka nui o ke kau ʻana o FC i ka wā ma mua o ke kanaka he ʻano ʻano nui kēia. I kēia manawa, kahi ʻano hōʻike e like me ka hilahila o ke kanaka ʻike ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole ia e like me ka manaʻo o nā ʻano kūlohelohe o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka hakakā ʻo Rhesus. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka transplantology, ua ʻike ka poʻe i kahi mea i ʻike ʻia ma mua o ka haʻalele ʻana o ka pale ʻana (ma ka kokoke o 100% o nā mea loaʻa), ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha ka loaʻa ʻole o ka hana kanaka no ka hoʻokūkū. I ka hihia o RCH a me ka hōʻole hou i nā hopena no kahi kanaka e like me kēia ʻano ʻano, ʻaʻole nui ka manawa i hala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hoʻokolohua.13. ^ E Ha yM. Ma ke ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka mālama pono ʻana o ka pale ʻole o ka pale ʻana o ka māmā me 50% o kā lākou hua keiki e hoʻohālikelike ʻia.
Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, he mea kānalua paha aia kekahi mau kumuhana a me nā mea pono o ka wahine kāne e loaʻa nā waiwai antigenic i pili pono i ke kāne wale nō. ʻO ka testosterone Free, he sex hormone-binding globulin a cell membrane androgen receptor, ʻaʻole ia ke immact-reactive o ka makuahine no ka mea ua loaʻa kēia mau mea āpau i ka kino wahine.
ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka manaʻo i ka antibodies kūlohelohe pili maoli i ka palaki o ka male male (ke alakaʻi i kāna "feminization"), akā i ka manawa like ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopilikia i nā hana ʻē aʻe o ka palu a ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia i nā testicle (i loaʻa nā huahana he nui o nā huaʻina o Y-chromosome. ) -, ʻo ia hoʻi e kau me ka mālie, hoʻopaʻapaʻa.
Inā, he hopena kūlohelohe i kū mai i nā “antigens kāne”, a laila hypothetical hypodhetical matodal e hoʻomaʻamaʻa pinepine a i ʻole a loli paha ka hopena i nā hōʻike, he nui ka "antigen kāne" ma mua o ka lolo. Nui nā kāne kāne i ʻike ʻia nā manamana kāne (i.e., aia ma ka Y chromosome) ((Ginalksi xnumx) ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana o kēia mau genes - ʻo ia ka heluhelu ʻana o ka ʻike a me ke ʻano o ka protein a me ke kūkulu ʻana - ʻaʻole wale nō i nui a nui wale i ka lolo, akā ʻo ka hapanui, ʻo ia hoʻi ka pahuhopu kumu nui o ka hōʻiliʻili pālua "anti-male", ʻaʻole i ka neʻe. ((Ginalksi xnumx) I nā kāne i ka wahine, e ʻike ʻia ka nui o ka nui o nā pathologies testicular: hypospadias, cryptorchidism, testicular cancer, a pēlā aku, ʻaʻohe mea i pili i ka pilikia o testicular me homosexuality a ESB i loaʻa (Pierik xnumx; Flannery xnumx) Eia kekahi, he mea kupaianaha ia e ʻike ai i nā kāne me nā maʻi hypospadias, ʻoiai me ka pae o ka testosterone haʻahaʻa i ka wā o ka hoʻomōlapa ʻana i ka prenatal, ua loaʻa i ko lākou kiʻekiʻe ka manaʻo o ka ʻuhane hoʻokūkū (Sandberg 1995) Eia kekahi i manaʻo ʻia aia i loko o ka poʻe me ka mea hoʻohiwahi o ka wahine, e hiki mai ana ʻo puberty ma hope o ke ʻano loiloi testicular, akā, ʻaʻole i hōʻike nā haʻawina nui i nā ʻokoʻa o ka wā o ka wā puberty e pili ana i nā mea hoʻonaninani (Savin-Williams 2006).
Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole e hiki ʻole ke komo ʻana o ka hypodhetical matodal antibodies ma o ke kahe koko i loko o ka lolo fetal ma muli o ka puʻukui koko-otak (BBB), i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka 4-th pule o ka hapai (Zusman 2004) Kēia mea hikiʻole ke pale i ka BBB wale nō me nā pathologies koʻikoʻi o ka hopena - me ke kaʻe ʻana o nā hana pale, e alakaʻi ʻia ai ka maʻi neurological nui i ka lolo. Eia nō naʻe, inā ma kahi kūlana maʻamau ka BBB o ka fetal, a laila hiki i nā hōʻino i ka pale ʻana o ka pale aku o ka makuahine ke alakaʻi i nā ala no nā neʻe o nā keiki hou - ke pale aku ka BBB i nā antibodies. Ma nā haʻawina nui e uhi ana i ka pālua o ka 17 283 o nā makuahine me nā keiki, ʻaʻohe pilina i loaʻa ma waena o ka nui o ka immunoreactivity māmā a me ka cerebral palsy, retardation noʻonoʻo, hoʻopiʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.Flannery xnumx).
Eia kekahi, ka hypothesis a me nā hypodhetical antibodies e hōʻino i ka lolo i kahi mea e hoʻomoʻa ai i kona ʻano. I ka hoʻoweliweli o ka embryogenesis, hōʻike maoli ka hoʻonaninani a ka anatomical i loko o ka lolo, a me ka pae hope o ka morphofunctional pae o ka lolo, e like me ke ʻano o ka moʻo ʻana, i ka wā o ka wā puberty, ke hiki ʻole ka hopena hypothetical immune.ʻO Lenroot 2007; Paus xnumx) ʻO ka manaʻo nui o ke kūpaʻa ʻana ma ka lolo o kahi ʻōpū o kahi hui neural pili ʻano o kekahi ʻano wahine i mea kānalua loa a ʻaʻole hoʻi i hoʻohālikelike ʻia.Lauterbach 2001; Nunez 2003) Ua hōʻike wale nā manamana MRI i nā helu helu waiwai ʻole ma mua o nā hoʻonaninani dichotomous ma ke ʻano o ka lolo o nā keiki hou, me nā pāʻani koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā kāne (Zanin xnumx; ʻItterlelo 2015).
Wahi a ka hypothesis, hoʻomaka mākou e manaʻo i ka pili o nā kāne i nā kāne a pau, he ʻōpala "wahine", ʻaʻole e pili ke ʻano o ka wahine a me ka makemake a me ka ʻano. ʻano hiʻohiʻona kāne. Pono e hōʻike ʻia ma kekahi mau haʻawina, ka hoʻohālikelike o ka wahine like ʻole i ka pākeke me ka hoʻopili ʻo "wahine", akā ʻo ka ulu ʻana o ka lolo, i ka nui o ka nui a me ka hana i ulu ʻia ma hope o ka hānau ʻana, a no laila ʻo ia mau ʻano, e like me ka mea kākau, ʻo lākou ka hopena o ka postnatal ʻike, ʻaʻole prenatal mea. Ke noiʻi ʻia e Bogaert et al. (2003; 2005); Kishida et al. ((2015); Semenyna et al. ((2017) ʻaʻole i hōʻike i nā hoʻoponopono ma waena o ka ESB a me ka paʻakikī o nā hōʻailona wahine ma nā kāne.
ʻO ke kolu, ka pilina ma waena o ka maʻi hōʻeuʻeu intrauterine hypothetical, ka helu o nā kaikuaʻana, kahi hoihoi homosexual a me ka hoʻoluhi kaumaha ma ka hānau ʻana, ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo liʻiliʻi loa, dubious.
A ʻo ka hōʻike ʻana o ka hoʻouka ʻana i ka maʻi ākea nui, loaʻa i nā mea kākoʻo o ka ESB hypothesis a me ka hoʻopilikia kino ʻana i nā ʻikepili i loaʻa i nā kāne me nā kaikuaʻana ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hānau hānau.Blanchard 2001) ʻO ka emi ʻana o ke kaumaha o ke kino i ka hānau ʻana i nā keikikāne i mau kaikuaʻana, ma nā haʻawina a Blanchard e pili ana i ka 170 gram (5% o ke kaumaha o ke kino) (Blanchard 2001) Wahi a ka hypothesis ma lalo o ke kūkākūkā ʻana, pono e ʻike ʻia kahi emi like ʻana no nā keikikāne me kahi punahele homo wahine i loaʻa i nā kaikuaʻana, a ʻaʻole pono e mālama ʻia i nā kaikamahine. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole pēlā - ma ka noiʻi o Noremania i nānā i ka pilina hypothetical o nā pane kūlohelohe a me ka pohō nui ʻana i ka wā hānau, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia hānau hānau pā ʻo 181 000, a ua ʻike ʻia ka pohō nui o ka wā hānau i nā kaikamahine a me nā keikikāne (Magnus 1985) Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka "hopena kaikaina a nui" hypothetical no nā kāne male a ua haʻahaʻa loa - 0,6%, i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻokoʻa o 20 ± 4,5 gram me ka mahalo i ka paona hānau maʻamau ma 3 500 gram (Magnus 1985).
Wahi a kēia mau ʻike, hiki i ke ʻano o ke kumu o ka pale ʻana i ka nui o ka hoʻemi ʻana i ke kaupaona kino. He mea pono ia i aʻo ʻia hoʻi ʻo Magnus a me nā hoahana i kā lākou aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o nā antigens paternal ma luna o ka paona o nā pēpē - ma kēia hana, ua manaʻo ʻia he mea na ke alakaʻi i kau ʻia ma muli o ka maʻi antigens o ka paternal, e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i nā keiki kāne a me nā kaikamahine .. Magnus a aʻo nā hoa pili i ke kino kino o nā keiki o nā kāne ʻelua ma ka hānau ʻana i nā makuahine i komo i ka mare hou a hānau i nā keiki hou - inā nā kaupaona momona ma muli o nā pane kūlohelohe, ʻo ke kaumaha o nā keiki i kekahi kanaka ʻē aʻe paha e hoʻi i nā mākau ʻōmua mua, ʻoiai ʻo ka makuakāne kekahi mea lawe i nā antigens hou a he mea nui ka holomua o ka ʻōnaehana palekana no ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana o nā ʻaumua (a me nā hapaha).Magnus 1985) Eia naʻe, ua emi ka nui o ke kino i ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki mai kekahi makuakāne ʻē aʻe, a ua hoʻoholo nā mea kākau e pili ana i ka pilina o kekahi mau keʻena palekana me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ke kaumaha o ke kino ma ka hānau ʻana ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kā lākou kiʻi (Magnus 1985).
ʻO ke kumu o ke kaupaona ʻana ma ka hānau ʻana paha: (a) ʻano mua; (b) kīnā paʻa ʻole; (c) nā maʻi maʻi autoimmune mālaʻi, no ka laʻana, systemus lupus erythematosus (i hui pū ʻia me kekahi nui o nā papa o nā kongenital i ka hānau ʻana); (d) kahi paʻakikī o nā pathologies e pili ana i ka pilikia testicular. ʻAʻole i nānā ʻia kekahi o nā mea i luna no ke kauā male kolohe nā kaikaina.
ʻAʻole i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka pili o kaʻili o ke kaupaona ʻana me ka pane ʻana i ka pale me ke kūpaʻa loa. Wahi a James (2006) kahi hōʻailona i hōʻemi ʻia i ke kaumaha o ke kino i ka wā hānau ma muli o ka manaʻo o ka testosterone (Manikkam 2004) Eia kekahi, ʻoi ka nui o nā testosterone i ke kino wahine i pili i ka nui o ka hiki ke hānau ʻana i kahi keikikāne (James xnumx; James 2004b) ʻO Blanchard, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kona hypothesis i ka ʻano o nā hōʻike i kākoʻo ʻia, i ʻōlelo ʻia i kahi noiʻi Gualtieri lāua ʻo Hicks (1985)ka mea i hai e ʻoi i ka moekolohe o nā keiki i hānau ʻia ke neʻe nei i ka wahine ma muli o ka nui o nā keiki (i nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, nui ka hānau ʻana o nā keiki i loko o ka ʻohana, ʻo ka liʻiliʻi ka hānau ʻana o ke keiki). Akā, aia kekahi hewa hewa o ka wehewehe ʻana i kēia noiʻi (ʻike James xnumx, p. 52; James xnumx) Ke hoʻohālikelike nei, ʻelua mau haʻawina nui loa: kahi loiloi o 4 miliona mau hānau hānau ma Farani (James xnumx) a me 150 kaukani hānau ma USA.Ben-porath xnumx) hōʻike i ka hiki o ka hānau ʻana i kahi keikikāne e hoʻonui me ka hoʻonui o ka nui o nā kaikuaʻana a ua hōʻemi me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o nā kaikuahine, nā mea e kū'ē ʻole ai i ka ESB. Biggar et al. (1999) Ma muli o kēia mau kikoʻī, ua hana mākou i kahi helu helu helu 1,4 o hoʻokahi miliona mau hānau a ʻike pono i ka hiki ʻana o ke keikikāne e hoʻonui me ka hoʻonui o ka nui o nā kaikuaʻana.
ʻO ka ʻehā, ʻo ke kuhi ʻia o ka pēpē hānau mua i ka ʻohana, ʻaʻole pono ka makemake o nā kāne like ʻole, a, no laila, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o kā lākou ulu ʻana me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka helu o nā kaikuaʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, e kau mālie, manaʻo.
ʻAʻole nā mākua ʻōpō a pau nā ʻōpua kāne, ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, he mau kaikuaʻana a he mau keiki kāne wale nō ma ka ʻohana. Kākoʻo nā poʻe kākoʻo o ka maʻi i kahi counterargument i ʻōlelo ʻia i nā makuahine o ia mau kāne ka lawehala o nā kāne male ma mua o kā lākou hānau ʻia, ka mea i hōʻeha ai i ke kaʻina o ka maʻi. ʻO ka nui o ka male ʻana me nā hōʻoki ʻana i ka lawelima, ʻo 1%; i loko o ka hapalua o kēia mau hihia, ka maʻi maʻamau he karyotype maʻamau, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he hapalua o nā hoʻomaʻamaʻa spontan no ka huakaʻi maʻi (Lee 2000) Eia naʻe, nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka male ʻana o nā keiki kāne e like me ka hopena o ka maleʻe ʻana o ka wahine i hōʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hapa o ka wahine: ʻo ke kāne male wahine ka 0,76 (Eiben xnumx), 0,71 (Eiben xnumx), 1,03 (Be xnumx); 0,77 (Smith 1998), 0,77 (Evdokimova 2000), 0,83 (Morikawa xnumx), 0,35 (Halder 2006), 0,09 (Kano xnumx).
Ma ka lima ʻē aʻe, e like me ke ʻano o ka paleā ʻana o ka maʻi o ka wahine āpau i loko o ka ʻōpū e pono e hoʻouka ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻoi i ka hāpai ʻana o nā wā o hope, ʻo ia hoʻi ka māhuahua o ka "feminization", akā ʻaʻole kēia. ʻAʻole nā kaikaina kaikaina āpau o kahi kāne male i makemake i ka male. ʻO ka mea mahalo, ʻo nā kaʻi ʻōpio o nā kāne me ka hala ʻole o ka ʻike kāne - ka ʻōpio, e like me ke ʻano o Blanchard, he ʻano hana i ka "male".Kaona xnumx).
Source: Michael Ochs Archives, Nā Kiʻi Loa ʻia
Eia kekahi, e like me ka hypothesis, hoʻomaka ʻia e hoʻopilikia ʻia nā kaikunāne i hānau ʻia ma hope o nā pilikia kino ma muli o ka hōʻemi nui ʻana o ka hōʻeha ʻana mai ka maʻi makuahine, eia naʻe kēlā ʻoiaʻiʻo: olakino (Juntunen xnumx; Kahui xnumx; Sorenson 2005; Richiardi xnumx).
Hōʻailona ʻĀpana Hoʻoikaika Pūnaewele Nānā ESB
Ua kākau iho nei nā mea kākau o ka hypunization immunization makuahine.
"… Aia nō, he mau wehewehe hou aʻe no ka hopena o ke kaikaina ma mua o ke kuhiakau o ka pane pale pale makuahine. ʻO ke kuhiakau hoʻokūkū makemake nui ʻia ʻo ka moekolohe a me nā kāne makua e hoʻonui i ka likelike o ke keikikāne e ulu ana i ka moekolohe, a ʻo ka manawa o ke keikikāne e hana i nā pilina e hoʻonui i ka helu o kāna helu a me ka helu o kona mau kaikuaʻana ...Ellis 2001).
ʻO nā punahele a me nā hoa hana (1994, pp. 204 - 206) ʻike i nā kāne e hele ana i nā kula papa kauā keiki e ʻoi aku paha e hōʻike i kekahi hanana pilikino i ko lākou ola ʻana ma mua o nā kāne i hele ʻole i kēlā mau kula, akā ʻaʻohe ʻano o ka pākuʻi ka poʻe e hōʻike ana i nā ʻike pilikino i hope ma ke ola. " Kahiki (Ellis 2001) i hoʻopili ʻia Nā punahele a me nā hoaaloha (1994) i ka hōʻike me ka hakakā ʻole o ka pōʻaiapili. Akā, ua unuhi lākou i kēia ʻike ma kahi ala kupaianaha. ʻO nā kumuhana ma ka ʻaoʻao 206 e hāʻawi nei i kahi kiʻina e hōʻike ana e pili ana iā 1,5% o nā kāne 7925 i hele ʻole i ke kula hele kula hōʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilina o nā kāne ma nā makahiki 5 hope loa, a ʻo 2% o nā kāne 412 i hele i ke kula. ee kula. E akaka, ua ʻike kēia mau ʻikepili (disproportional nui o nā pūʻulu) e makemake ʻia e ʻae ʻia i loko o ka ʻĀpana pae. E noʻonoʻo i nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe e pili ana me ka ʻepekema.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Blanchard iā ia iho ma waena o nā pedophile kāne, ma kahi o 25% nā pedophile homosexual (Blanchard 2000b). ʻO kēia ma kahi o ʻumi mau manawa ka nui o ka moekolohe ma waena o nā kāne e pili ana ka hoihoi wahine i nā kāne makua. Ua manaʻo ʻia ma waena o nā kāne, he kumu maʻamau ka homosexuality a me ka pedophilia, a ʻo kēia kumu ke ʻano o ka moekolohe (a i ʻole ke ʻano moekolohe) i ka wā ʻōpio (James 2004). Wahi a kēia manaʻo, kaohi i ka moekolohe homosexual e kāpae i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka hoihoi wahine i ka wahine ʻē aʻe i ka wā makua. ʻO Rimafedi (ʻO Remafedi 1992) ʻike ʻia i ka poʻe ʻōpio, ʻike ʻole ka maopopo ʻole e pili ana i kā lākou mau makemake moekolohe ponoʻī me ka makahiki: hōʻike kēia mau mea kākau e ulu ka ʻike moekolohe i ka wā ʻōpio a hoʻohuli ʻia e ka ʻike moekolohe.
Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hihia o ka moekolohe i ka wā kamaliʻi e ʻike ʻia i waena o nā kāne kāne i ka poʻe heterosexual (Paul 2001; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984); aia kahi hui nui ma waena o kahi hōʻino kāne a me ka hewa kolohe (Kinamea 2001); ka ʻoi aku i ka pae kiʻekiʻe o nā kāne makua kāne makua i hōʻike ʻia a hoʻoikaika ʻia i ka moe kolohe ʻana a hiki i 19 mau makahiki (Kaila 1994); Kūlike ia i ka hui hoʻokele, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā helu male like ʻole i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻōpio kāne i hōʻeha i ka moekolohe i ka wā kamaliʻi (Johnson 1987; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984; Wyre i Tate xnumx; Kukui xnumx; Kinamea 2001; Rind xnumx; Garcia xnumx; Arreola 2005; Beitchman xnumx; Jinich xnumx; Laumann xnumx; LNE L XKUMX; Paul 2001; Tomeo 2001; Freund xnumx) Hiki iā ia ke hopena i ka makemake o ka kāne like ʻole, me ka ʻokoʻa o ka makahiki o ka mea i hoʻohuihui ʻia, he kumu maʻamau. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina a Blanchard e ʻike pū ʻia ka SBE i waena o nā pelophiles homosexual a me bisexual, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ia mau kānaka pākeke i nā kāne kahiko (Bogaert 1997).
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Lee et al. (2002) i kahi o nā mea i pilikia - ka hōʻino ʻana i ka manaʻo ʻōpiopio, nā pilikia hoʻoweliweli, a me ka hoʻomake ʻana o ka moekolohe - ua pili pū me kēia: pedophilia, exhibitionism, sexual sex. ʻO ka hana hōʻino o ke keiki he pilikia koʻikoʻi no ka pedophilia. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana (ka hōʻino hōʻino a me nā pilikia hoʻonaninani) ʻaʻole i pili pili i ka pedophilia. Eia kekahi, i hāʻawi ʻia i ka pilina ma waena o ka noho ʻana o kekahi mau hoahānau kāne i ka wahine i loko o ka ʻohana a me ka hana, mea pono hoʻi ke nānā ʻia he mea kūpono loa no nā wehewehe olakino. I ka manawa e hōʻike ai kekahi kaikaina (ʻoi aku ka mua o ka hakahaka) nā ʻōnaehana Pelekane, holo nā hoahānau ʻē i ka hopena o ka ʻāpono ʻia a hoʻopaʻi ʻia paha, i hiki ke hoʻoponopono i kā lākou hana pelekane.ʻO Cameron 1995) Wahi a nā helu Pelekane, ʻo 38% o nā hihia o ka moekolohe i ka ʻohana ma ka hanana o ke kaikuaʻana (Cawson xnumx) Wahi a ka mea noiʻi Bartlett (2018), ka mea kūkākūkā i loko o ka psychology kaulana e pili ana i kahi hoʻokumu ʻia o ka mea makua ma muli o ke ʻano o kona hānau ʻia he moʻolelo lōʻihi me ka nui o nā palapala ʻepekema ʻikepili e uhi ana i nā tausani o nā hana i paʻi ʻia (Damian xnumxa; Paulhus 2008; Salmon xnumx) I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kūkulu ʻia ka noiʻi i kēia pilikia ma ka manaʻo no ka hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū ma waena o nā kaikunāne a me nā kaikuahine no ka mālama kumu makua. No ka hana ʻana o nā keiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā niches like ʻole i ka ʻohana, ma ke ʻano he kānāwai, ua hoʻomāhuahua nui aku nā keiki kahiko a lawe aku i kekahi hapa o kā lākou mana makua, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka wā o nā keiki ma hope aku aʻO Sulloway 1996) Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻohana a me nā kūlana socio-economic i hui pū ʻia me nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi e pili nui ana i nā hopena o nā helu helu helu, nā haʻawina i ʻike ʻia ai a ʻoi paha ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka ESB e loaʻa ai ma ka liʻiliʻi 30 mau tausani hoʻohālikelike, a ʻoiai paha. pehea e ʻike ai nā haʻawina e hoʻohālikelike i nā ʻokoʻa kikoʻī o nā ʻohana mai ka ʻohana 500 (Paulhus 2008) ʻOiai ʻo nā haʻawina me nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi e hōʻike ana i nā kiʻi hakakā ma ESB, ma nā noiʻi nui (e.g. Rohrer xnumx, n = 20 000; Damian xnumxb, n = 377 000), ka mana o ka papa hānau ma luna o nā ʻano pono pilikino (Damian xnumxa) He aha kēia mau huaʻōlelo hoʻonaninani i kahi hopena maikaʻi ma kahi o nā huaʻōlelo o kēlā me kēia keiki e hala i hala ma kahi o ka hapaʻumi o ke kūlohelohe maʻamau inā ola ke keiki i ka wā ʻelemakule.Kristensen 2007), e hōʻike pono ana i ke kumu o ka hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka hoʻopukapuka ʻo nā mākua, ʻaʻole ia nā kaʻina loiloi intrauterine. Ua hōʻike pū ʻia nā haʻawina nui i ka hopena o ka ʻōpiopio hānau i nā ʻano like e like me ka hana haʻawina, ke kūleʻa o ke kālā, a me ka makeʻe ʻana o ka pepehi kanaka (Bjørngaard 2013; ʻEleʻele xnumx).
No laila, ʻo ke kumu pilikino o ke ʻano like ʻole o ka kāne, i hāpai ʻia e ka hypothesis o ke ʻano o ka hānau ʻana o nā kaikuaʻana, ʻaʻohe ona kākoʻo empirical, ʻoiai ua nui nā hōʻike empirical e kūʻē iā ia.
Kāhea o LGBT + Hōʻailona - Blanchard Movement
Ke manaʻo nei ua loaʻa ka ESB a me ka pale kino o ka ʻāina a hana i nā loli i ka hana. I kēia hihia, ua hoʻohui like ʻia ka hoʻonaninani a Blanchard i ka pelekane a me ka transsexualism (a me ke ʻano homophilima pedophilia) - a i loko o kēia au LGBT + o kēia ʻano, he hoʻomāinoino kēia. No ka laʻana, e like me ka American Psychological Association, ʻoihana makemake a me ka hōʻiliʻili pilikino i piha ʻole i nā mea e pili ʻole ana.APA 2011 / 2014) Wahi a Blanchard's hypothesis, transsexualism kahi ʻano i hiki iā ia ma ke (1) kahi ʻano hōʻike ʻano hoʻonaninani loa, kahi i ʻōlelo ʻia ai ka "male wahine" o ka puʻuwai a ua pili pū kekahi i ke ʻano o ka moekolohe; a i ʻole (2) ka hoʻowahāwahā noʻonoʻo i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka wahine ʻē aʻe, akā ʻo ia iho i ke kiʻi o ka wahine ʻē aʻe (ua kapa ʻia ʻo Blanchard i ke ʻano hope o ka "autogynephilia"14) ((Blanchard 1989; Bailey 2003) Manaʻo Blanchard unequivocally i ka transsexualism kekahi hanana pathological maʻi. Eia kekahi, i kahi hālāwai ninaninau, ua ʻike ʻo Blanchard:
"... E ʻōlelo wau he mea inā hiki ke hoʻomaka, mai ka nānā ʻana i ka mōʻaukala holoʻokoʻa o ka wehe ʻana i ka pelekane mai DSM, ʻo ka heleʻana o ka moekolohe a pau nā mea pili me ka hana hou.15... "(ʻO Cameron 2013).
ʻO kēlā kūlana kūʻokoʻa e hoʻonāukiuki ai i waena o nā ʻelele o "LGBT +" - ka neʻe o ka neʻe, a ma ka ʻāpana e hōʻike i ke ʻano o "T" (Wyndzen xnumx; ʻIkeʻenehana; Dreger 2008; Serano 2010).
Hoʻokomo nā mea hoʻouluulu o "LGBT +" e pili ana iā Blanchard - neʻe:
"… Ua ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia ʻo Blanchard e nā hui anti-LGBT (…) A no ke aha? Ua ulu ʻo Blanchard he Katolika, he kuanaʻike kuʻuna kāna i nā moe kolohe ʻaʻole pili i ka peni a me ka ʻāpena he mea maʻamau (...) Inā he nutty ʻo Dr. Blanchard me ka ʻole o ke kūlana a me ka mana, hiki iā ia ke hōʻino wale ʻia. Akā ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia - ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia ʻo ia ma ke kōmike JSM nona ke kuleana no nā paraphilias a me nā hana kolohe (...) Kūʻē ʻo ia i ka poʻe LGBT ... "(Tannehill xnumx).
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ka hōʻoia o ka pōkole o Blanchard e hoʻopiʻi nei i kahi kānalua o ke ʻano nui o "LGBT +" - neʻe - ka manaʻo o ka maʻamau maoli o ka hoʻohanohano ʻana o ka hoʻonaninani ʻana i ka wahine o kahi mea. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēia hihia, e hōʻike ʻia ke kumu o ke kono hoʻohālikelike - KAHIKALAI kūlohelohe. Inā ʻaʻole, pono nā mea hou o ka "LGBT +" e hoʻowalewale i ka ʻike ʻana i ka lāʻau a me ka biology ma ke ʻano e hiki ai ke helu i ka pane ʻana mai e pale ai i nā hemahema, ke kaumaha ʻana, hōʻemi nui ana ka mana hana, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka kūlana psycho-intellectual e koi ai i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻōla manuahi, a me ke ʻano no. ʻO nā koho pedophilic ka makemake a me ka lohi i ka hana ʻino i ke koho maʻamau.
Eia kekahi, aia nā makana no ka pale ʻana i ka makemake o ka hoʻonaninani o nā kāne i nā keikikāne e ka analogi me ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā immunoglobulins anti-Rhesus i loko o ka wahine ʻo Rh-conflict. He aha kahi hapa o nā mākua e hiki mai ana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka poʻe i kūpaʻa i ka hoʻāla i "LGBT +", e hōʻole ʻole i ka manawa e hōʻemi i nā hopena o ka hoʻonaninani kāne i kā lākou mau keikikāne? ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēia manawa, wehewehe pono nā wahine a pau e pili ana i ka ʻae a me ke ʻano o ka hōʻino. E hoʻolako i ka pono o ka wahine ke ʻano i ke ola o ka ʻoi i ka mana e hoʻopili ai i kāna ʻano moe kolohe, a i ʻole he koho balota a hoʻokauwā paha o kēlā mau ʻoihana e hoʻolako i kēlā manawa?
Hoʻokahi ʻia a i ʻole kekahi, i kēia manawa, he probabilistic kēia mau pilikia.
ʻO nā pilikia wehewehe
Aia i kekahi mau palena palena ʻokoʻa i nā hopena o nā haʻawina empirical, e like me ka mea i kūkākūkā ʻia ma nā māhele i hala. ʻO ka ʻimi ʻana i kēia mau palena, ʻo ia ke kumu nui no ka kuhi hewa ʻana o ka noiʻi ma ka lehulehu. He mea hoʻowalewaleʻo ia e manaʻo ai, e like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ke ʻano hoʻohālike o ke ʻano o ka uka, inā inā pili kekahi loiloi pili i kekahi ʻano pilikino a i ʻole kaʻona, a laila ʻo ia ka pākuʻuna ola maoli ke kumu o kēia ʻano. Kūkākūkā kēia kumu.
Hōʻike pōkole mākou i kekahi o nā palena i loaʻa mai ma kēia ʻina noiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia hoʻohālike hypothetical e like me kēia. Ke manaʻo nei mākou e hana i kahi hōʻike hoʻohālikelike o ka lolo o nā kumu aʻo yoga a me nā mea hana bodybuilders. Inā ʻimi āu i lōʻihi, a laila ma ka hopena, e nui ka ʻokoʻa i loko o kahi o ka pae morphological a i ʻole ka hana lima ma waena o kēia mau hui. Akā ʻaʻole kēia manaʻo e hoʻoholo i kēlā mau ʻokoʻa i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea moʻomeheu o ke kumu aʻo yoga a me kahi mea hana kino. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona pōpilikia ka hopena ma mua o ke kumu o nā hiʻohiʻonaʻokoʻa o ka ʻano a me nā makemake. Hōʻike nā haʻawina o ka neuroplasticity ʻoiai ka hiki ʻana o nā manawa koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka manawa e loli ai ka lolo a ʻoi aku ka ikaika (me ka laʻana, i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka linguistic o nā keiki ʻōpio), e loli ana ka lolo i ke ola holoʻokoʻa, e pane ana i nā hiʻohiʻona hana (ma ka laʻana, juggling a pāʻani paha ma ke ʻano. mea kani mele), ke ola ola, psychotherapy, lāʻau lapaʻau, trauma psychological a me nā pilina. No ka ʻike maikaʻi a hoʻokipa ʻia o nā noi neuroplasticity, e ʻike iā Doidge 2007.
ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā he kumu kūlohelohe ia he mea paʻakikī loa, a ka ʻike ʻana i kahi pili genetic ʻoi aku ka hana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. Aʻo nā haʻawina e hāʻawi aku i nā "hōʻike" ʻaʻole kūpono loa e hōʻike ʻia "ua hānau ʻo ia ka hānau ʻana o kēlā mau kāne" i kēlā me kēia maikaʻi, a ʻo ka hopena o ka hopena he nui loa.
I kekahi mau hihia, no ka laʻana, ma nā haʻahaʻa māhoe, hōʻike ʻia nā hōʻike hōʻike i ka hopena o ke kaiāulu nui i ka hopena nui i ka ulu ʻia ʻana o nā moʻo like homose. ʻAʻole maopopo i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana ma waena o nā mea ʻelua i ke ʻano he kumu kumu ma waena o lākou. He kiʻekiʻe ka poʻe pāʻani pīpī - ke pāʻani nei i ka pāʻani pīkī ʻokoʻa me ka ulu kiʻekiʻe. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe "ʻōlapa kolepa". Hōʻike iki, hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau mea hoʻonaninani i hōʻike ʻia nā kumu kumu no ka pono politika a me nā manaʻo hoʻokele.
ʻO ka mea hope loa, manaʻo paha i kekahi poʻe e predisposed i ka homosexual tendencies ma muli o ka genetic, prenatal, ka hopena o ka hormonal, a me nā hiʻohiʻona kino a i ʻole ka lolo. No ke ʻano he congenital ka manaʻo? ʻAʻole naʻe i ka māka i ka pehea e hōʻike ʻia ai ʻo ia e ka pālima a me ka moʻomeheu kaulana. ʻO nā keikikāne huhū a me nā mea aloha ʻole i nānā ʻole kona makuakāne i ka hānai ʻana, ʻaʻole ia he kumu o ka ʻano kūpono o ka ʻano kāne. ʻAʻole kēia ma muli o ke ʻano o ka "ira", akā no ka hana o ka noʻonoʻo i ka noʻonoʻo kino o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka ʻike pilikino. Pono kēlā mau keikikāne i mea e pono ai no ka hōʻoia a me ka nānā kāne. ʻIke ʻia kekahi kiʻi like like i nā kaikamāhine ʻaʻole i kūlike me nā kiʻi moekolohe a papa. ʻO nā pilikia a me nā manaʻo e pili ana i nā keiki like ʻole e hoʻokani ʻia e nā ʻenehana i kēia manawa i loko o ka moekolohe a me ka noʻonoʻo.
Hōʻike kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i kekahi o nā pilikia maʻamau e kū mai me ka wehewehe nui o ia mau haʻawina - ʻo ka manaʻo kuhi nā kumu neurobiological e hoʻoholo i kahi hiʻohiʻona pilikino.
Inā hoʻomaikaʻi ke ʻano maoli i kekahi me ka hoʻohuihui like o ka kāne, a no ke aha lā ʻaʻole ia e hāʻawi ai me ia i nā hiʻohiʻona kino e pono ai no kona maopopo? No ka laʻana, he kīpī a me ka multilayered epithelial membrane o ka momi, hiki ke pale aku i ka wā lōʻihi, me nā kīpē e hoʻokuʻu ai i ka lubrication copious, he koʻikoʻi peni no ka komo ʻana i loko o ke ʻāpana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa, inā aia kēia mau hiʻohiʻona i waena o nā kāne, a laila hiki i kekahi ke ʻōlelo i ka congenitality. Inā, aia kahi maʻamau o nā chromosome a me kahi ʻōnaehana maʻamau, ua huki ʻia lākou i kahi mea me kahi hiki ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻia no kāna kumu i manaʻo ʻia, a laila ua kūkākūkā ka kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke ʻano nohona o kēia ʻano.
ʻO ka manaʻo o kekahi mau ʻelele o ka "LGBT +" neʻe ʻia
ʻO ka American Psychological Association ma 2014 i hoʻokuʻu i kahi alakaʻi i nā maʻi noʻonoʻo a me nā kiʻi moe wahine. Eia nā huaʻōlelo pololei mai ia:
"... I kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe gen i ʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia me ka moekolohe ..." (Rosario i APA 2014, ka p. 579)
"... ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻole e hōʻole ʻia ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka moekolohe kāne e ka hui ʻana o nā kumu he nui: meaola, pilikanaka a me ke kumu o ke koho ..." (Kleinplatz in APA 2014, ka p. 256).
ʻO ka mea kākau o kekahi mau puke mai ke alakaʻi APA he lālā o ke kōmike hoʻomaʻomaʻo APA, ʻo Propesio Lisa Diamond, ʻaʻole ia e hūnā i kāna makemake homosxual. Kūʻē aku ʻo Diamond i ke kumumanaʻo o ke ʻano mea i hiki ke hoʻomohala. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo ia ʻo ka tesis "hānau ʻia nā kāne like ʻole like ʻole a hiki ʻole ke loli" he hewa ʻole. I ka makahiki 2013, i loko o ke kūkā ma ke Kulanui ʻo Cornell, Diamond i ʻōlelo:
"... Manaʻo wau e pono ke kaiaulu kuʻi e ʻōlelo" "ua hānau ʻia mākou i kēia ala a ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke loli" a hoʻohana i kēia huaʻōlelo i kā mākou paio ... Manaʻo wau ʻaʻole pono mākou i kēia hoʻopaʻapaʻa a hōʻeha hoʻi, no ka mea i kēia lā ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kahi leo ʻike ʻikepili ʻepekema i ka "ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe" a iā mākou hoʻi ... "(2013 XNXX).
ʻO ka mea kākau o nā puke he nui e pili ana i ka hana a me ke kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻole ia e hūnā i nā makemake like ʻole o kāna kāne, ʻo American Camilla Paglia, i ʻōlelo bluntly:
"... ʻAʻole ʻo ka male kāne ka mea maʻamau. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he pilikia ia i ka maʻamau ... Nā Queor theorists - kēia puʻupuʻu o nā cheaters freeloader - ua hoʻāʻo e lawe i kahi papa post-strukturalist, e ʻōlelo ana ʻaʻohe mea maʻamau, ʻoiai he mea kaulike a pili ʻole nā mea āpau. ʻO kēia ka hopena make naʻaupō kahi e puni ai ka poʻe i ka huaʻōlelo ke kuli, naʻaupō a makapō hoʻi i ka honua a puni lākou. Aia ke kūlohelohe, inā makemake nā ʻepekema iā ia ʻaʻole paha, akā i ke kūlohelohe, ʻo ka hānau wale nō ka lula a implacable. ʻO kēia ka maʻamau. Hana ʻia nā kino o nā kāne a kolohe no ka hana hou. Kūpono ka peni i ka ʻōpala, a ʻaʻohe mea ʻano ʻē me ka huaʻōlelo e hiki ke hoʻololi i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ... ʻAʻohe mea i hānau ʻia he male kāne ʻole. He mea hoʻomakeʻaka ka manaʻo iho ... ʻo ka homosexualite kahi mea hoʻololi, ʻaʻole kahi waiwai maoli ... "(Paglia 1994, nā ʻaoʻao 70 - 76).
ʻO kekahi mea hou aku kaulana ʻo ʻAmelika, ʻo Cynthia Nixon, i lele ʻia e LGBT +, he ʻano e hōʻike me ka wehe ʻana i ka manaʻo e holo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea like ʻole o ka wahine i ka wahine iho, ʻaʻole i ka ʻola.Witchell 2012).
Mea ʻakeha LGBT + ʻAmelika - ua haʻi aku hoʻi ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Brandon Ambrosino, ʻaʻole ia i hānau ʻia, akā ua koho maikaʻi ʻo ia i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o nā kāne.Ambrosino 2014), kahi i hoʻonāukiuki ai i ka huhū o kekahi o kāna mau hoa hana i ka ʻālana "LGBT +" (Arana xnumx).
Pūnaewele: Frazer Harrison / WireImage
Feminist a me LGBT + Aktist - ʻO Karl Mantilla Movement ma kāna moʻolelo i kākau ai:
"... Ua noʻonoʻo lōʻihi wau ʻo ka hoʻolālā LGBT + - ʻo ka neʻe ʻana e hoʻohana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka innateness he ʻoʻopa loa ia ... ʻOiaʻiʻo, he koho kēia - pehea e hiki ai? … No kekahi manawa ua hele au i kahi hui kākoʻo no nā wahine i hoʻoholo e lilo i poʻe wahine i ka male kuʻuna. I kekahi manawa, ua nīnau wau i ka nīnau: "Pehea ʻoe i maopopo ai he lesbians ʻoe?" Ua pane aku kekahi wahine ʻaʻole ʻo ia i pili i ka naʻau i nā kāne a ʻoi aku ka maopopo iā ia e nā wahine. ʻ Anotherlelo koke kahi mea ʻē aʻe, ua manaʻo ʻo ia hiki iā ia ke wehe i ka naʻau me nā wahine. ʻAe akula nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka ʻae. He aha ka hewa i kēlā kūlana? ʻAneʻane like nā wahine āpau me kēia! ʻO kēlā me kēia wahine heterosexual aʻu i ʻike ai ua ʻoluʻolu loa i ka hilinaʻi ʻana i kāna mau hoaaloha, pili kokoke iā lākou, ʻike maikaʻi a me ka hāmama i nā wahine. Inā ʻo ia ka mea e lilo i wahine wahine, a laila he wahine wahine nā wahine āpau. He kahiko kēia e like me ka honua ... nā hoʻopiʻi a nā wahine i ʻōlelo ʻole ai kā lākou kāne iā lākou, ʻaʻole maopopo i ko lākou mau manaʻo a hoihoi ʻole i kā lākou mea e ʻōlelo ai. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻatikala maʻamau i nā makasina wahine pehea e wehe ai kāu kāne a kamaʻilio pū me ʻoe ... ʻo ka manaʻo o ka pili aloha ʻole i ke kanaka ʻaʻohe kumu olaola, no ka ʻano o ka naʻau a me ka noʻonoʻo o ke kanaka ... i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa ua maopopo iaʻu nā wahine i Ua manaʻo wale kēia hui kākoʻo i ka hewa nui no ka haʻalele ʻana i kā lākou kāne ... No laila ʻo ka manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana i kekahi mea e pili ana i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he lesbians lākou, aia kekahi kumu olaola, hoʻokuʻu iā lākou mai ka hewa a me ke kuleana no kā lākou hana ... "(Mantilla xnumx).
ʻO LGBT + ka mea hana, kahi neʻe i Kaleponi i kapa ʻia ʻo Gail Madwin, ua hana pū i kahi pūnaewele holoʻokoʻa e manaʻo ana he mea ʻole leʻa i ke ʻano he wahine akā ma muli o kahi koho maopopo (Queer ma ke koho). ʻO ka mea hoʻoikaika LGBT +, ʻo David Benkof ka mea i hoʻomohala i ka mea i kū ʻole ʻia ka manaʻo e pili ana i ka nohona male.Benkof xnumx).
Nā memo
1: ua hānau ʻia kēlā iā mākou
ʻAʻole pili i 2 pili i kekahi
ʻO 3 Ma o ka "hoʻopaʻapaʻa" koʻikoʻi "ka paʻohi o ka maleʻenekele: 2 a ʻoi aʻe e nā mea i kapa ʻia. ʻĀina Kinsey.
4 English Hōʻikeʻike ʻo GWAS, Genome-Wide Association Studies
Ua hana ʻo 5 i ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i kahi hana o ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā hoʻomau i nā ʻaha kūkā - kahi huaʻōlelo pōkole, maʻamau 150 - mau huaʻōlelo 250 - i ukali ʻia e ka paʻi ʻana o ka ʻatikala piha ma kahi nūpepa.
6 English: hānau ʻia me kahi predisposition
7 I kēia hana, hiki i ka mea ke hoʻopuka i nā hopena i kēlā me kēia kanaka
8 virilization - kahi kauka lapaʻau no ka hōʻino ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻano wahine i ke kāne
9 English: "interstitial nuclei o ke anoth hypothalamus (INAH)"
10 English: "prepulse inhibition of the humanle response (PPI)"
11 English: "Hoʻomu i ka hopena hānau hānau makua (FBO)"
12 E ʻike i ka Pauku Mākū ʻālua
ʻO 13 Hoʻohui kekahi, ʻo nā antigens i ka hihia o ka PK a me ka hoʻowahāwahā graft i kūlohelohe kekahi kanaka (paternal i ka hihia o PK), akā he ʻano o ke kāne.
14 mai ka Helene autos - "pilikino", gini - "wahine" a me filia - "aloha"; "Aloha no ke kanaka iho me he wahine"
ʻO 15 e ʻōlelo wau inā hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomaka, mai ka nānā aku i ka mōʻaukala a pau e ka wehe ʻana i ka male mai ka DSM, ʻo ka moeʻuhane maoli ʻo ia ka mea pili i ka hana hou.
hou ike
Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike a me nā kikoʻī hou aku i nā kumuwaiwai aʻe:
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ʻOiai e ʻae ana i nā māhoe like, hoʻoponopono ʻia ka male kāne 1:1. A laila pono e hoʻolako i nā mākua me ka maʻi maʻi, nā pilikia hoʻokele waiwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ke olakino a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i kēia mau pilina like, nā pilikia ʻohana, nā pilikia hewa, a pēlā aku, kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai kā lākou keiki, e pili ana i ka hauʻoli o nā mea a pau. , kono iā ia e koho kūʻokoʻa (?) Ke hoʻāʻo nei au e hana i kēia, akā ua hoʻomaka lākou e kāohi iaʻu.
ʻO kahi kanaka kūpono, ke manaʻo nei au, hoʻomaopopo ʻo ia ka makemake ʻoihana. e waiho malie. Ma ke ʻano he loea i ka lawelawe federal no ka pono o ke kanaka, ʻaʻole wau e ʻōlelo ʻoluʻolu i kēlā hauʻoli, ʻaʻole "ʻala" ʻaʻole wale ka hauʻoli, akā he ʻano hoʻonui ʻia o ka maikaʻi. ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo e hiki i kekahi ke hoʻomohala i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo palekana maʻemaʻe no kēia ʻano wahine (he ʻakaʻaka me ka waimaka ...). Ma ke ala, e ho'āʻo wau e ʻimi.