A na-ebipụta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe dị n'okpuru na akụkọ nyocha. "Nkwupụta nke otu nwoke idina ụdị onwe na-eji eziokwu nke sayensị.". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Nchọta Isi

1. Гипотетический «ген гомосексуализма» не известен, он никем не открыт.
2. Исследования, лежащие в основе заявления о «врожденности гомосексуализма» имеют ряд методологических неточностей и противоречий, и не позволяют сделать однозначных выводов.
3. Даже имеющиеся исследования, цитируемые активистами движения «ЛГБТ+», говорят не о генетической детерминированности гомосексуальных наклонностей, а в лучшем случае о комплексном влиянии, в котором генетический фактор предположительно обусловливает предрасположенность, в сочетании с влиянием окружающей среды, воспитанием и др.
4. Некоторые известные личности среди гомосексуального движения, в том числе учёные, критикуют заявления о биологической предопределенности гомосексуализма и говорят, что он обусловлен сознательным выбором.
5. Авторы методики ЛГБТ-пропаганды «After The Ball» рекомендовали лгать о врождённости гомосексуализма:

«Во-первых, необходимо убедить широкую общественность, что геи являются жертвами обстоятельств, и что они выбирают свою сексуальную ориентацию не более, чем они выбирают свой рост, цвет кожи, таланты или ограничения. N'agbanyeghi eziokwu na, dika ihe doro anya, nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi maka otutu mmadu bu ihe nke mmekorita di omimi n'etiti ihe amuputara ya na ihe ndi gbara gburugburu na nwata, anyi na ekwusi ike na ebumnuche niile bara uru, ekwesiri ilebara ya anya na amuru umu nwoke.

<..>
Гомосексуалисты ничего не выбирали, никто никогда их не одурачивал и не соблазнял».

Okwu Mmalite

Arụmụka ahụ maka na nwoke nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke bụ nwanyị ebighi ebi - nke akpọrọ echiche nke mmadụ ịmara ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke bụ otu n'ime ihe dị mkpa na "LGBT +". Isiokwu a "Amụrụ Nke A"¹, gbasaara n'ọdịnala a ma ama, mere ka ọtụtụ ndị na - abụghị ndị ọkachamara chee na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwoke na nwanyị bụ ihe a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha ma gosipụta. Nke a abụghị eziokwu.

Eziokwu ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ya banyere nwoke idina nwoke adịghị egosi ndu, kama ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmekọrịta na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbalị ndị a na-eme n'ime iri afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya iji chọta data ga-akwado tiori banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eme ka e nwekwuo obi abụọ na data dị.

Nkọwa nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwoke na nwanyị abụghị ihe niile kpọmkwem - n'ime usoro ya, enwere echiche abụọ opekata mpe na-akọwa usoro “ịmụ mmadụ ọzọ” nke mmasị nwoke na nwanyị inwe mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị: (A) ndọtị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke bụ ihe “mkpụrụ ndụ pụrụ iche” ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na n ’ụzọ ndị ọzọ, nwoke na nwoke bụ nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. na DNA mmadụ ma na-ebunye ya n’ọgbọ rue n’ọgbọ; (B) Mmekorita nwoke na nwoke bu ihe ojoo n’abia n’afọ ime (homonụ ma ọ bụ n ’mgbochi) nke ekwesịrị na-emetụta nwa ebu n’afọ ma na-ebute mmasị nwoke na nwanyị n’ime nwa.

Yabụ, mkparịta ụka nke hypinhesis biology ga-ekewa ụzọ atọ. Akụkụ nke mbụ ga-eji nlezianya nyochaa arụmụka banyere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, akụkụ nke abụọ ga-eji nlezianya nyochaa arụmụka banyere mmepe nke nwoke idina ụdị onwe n'ihi nsogbu hormonal intrauterine. Na akụkụ nke atọ, a ga-enyocha echiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe omimi nke nwoke na nwoke idina ụdị onwe.

Nkebi nke mbụ: Ndị na-agba agba nwoke?

Nkwupụta banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwoke idina nwoke na-adabere na ngosipụta nke ụfọdụ data na mmebi nke data ndị ọzọ n'etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-enweghị ihe ọmụma banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Sayensị amabeghị "mkpụrụ ndụ nwoke na nwoke", a chọpụtaghị ya ebe ọ bụla, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ọtụtụ mbọ.

Tulee ihe omumu a na ntinye aka nke ndi LGBT + n’oru n’iru okwu a. Nke mbu, o di nkenke ịkọwa uzo uzo ndi sayensi nwere ike isi kpebie ma ihe mmadu n’eme bu nke oma. Thesezọ ndị a gụnyere nyocha ejima na nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Ihe omumu ejima

Nyochaa ihe ejikọtara ejima bụ usoro nyocha zuru oke iji chọpụta ma àgwà ọ bụla nwere usoro ndabere. Iji bido - gịnị ka okwu a bụ “ejima mara” pụtara? Twdị ejima ndị a na - esite na otu akwa akpịrị, nke na - ekewa n'ime akụkụ, ebe akụkụ dị iche iche na - etolite, nke bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ibe ha. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha kwekọrọ na 100%, can nwere ike ịkpọ ha clones eke. A na-akpọkwa ejima ejikọtara ọnụ. Emebere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke site na akwa dị iche iche, nke spam nwoke dị iche na-akpakọ. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ha jikọtara ọnụ na ọkara site na 50%, enwere ike inwe mmekọahụ, ịdị elu, agba nke anya, ntutu, wdg. A na - akpọkwa ejima ndị na - abụghị otu ma ọ bụ dizygotic (heterozygous) ma ọ bụ ejima.

N'ime omumu nke ejima, a na-achota nmekorita (ihe odide). Nkwekorita nke otu udiri bu ihe puru ime ka ekpughe aputa nke ejima ejima. Ọ bụrụ na njirimara nke njiri mara nke ejima yiri ya dị elu, mgbe ahụ anyị ga - ekwubi na ọ nwere ike bụrụ na ebumpụta ụwa sitere n'ọmụmụ. Ọ bụrụ na njiri mara nke otu àgwà ejikọtara ejighi gafere nke ejima ejikọtara ọnụ, nke a na-egosi na maka iwulite akparamagwa a na ọnọdụ izugbe nwere ike ịbụ ihe dị mkpa karịa ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ na-eme (Yarygin 2003).

Ọ dị mkpa ịkọwapụta ihe nkwekọ na-egosi. Ọ dịghị ụzọ na-egosi ọnụnọ nke usoro onyinye ọ bụla. Nkwekorita nke njiri mara nke ejima na-egosi ogo ihe nketa a. N'ebe a ọ bara uru ịtụgharị uche n'okwu nke "heritability" na ọmụmụ ejima. Ihe nketa bu nha nke mgbanwe nke otu agwa di iche na onu ogugu (ya bu, otu odi iche di iche a nwere ike isi di iche na ndi mmadu) na nmekorita nke nkpuru ndu n’onodu enyere. Agbanyeghị, n'ọmụmụ ejima, heritability abụghị ihe omimi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke àgwà.

Omume ndị a na-ekpebiri kpamkpam na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike ịnwe ụkpụrụ dị oke ala, ebe àgwà na-enweghị usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike igosipụta ụkpụrụ omume dị elu. Iji maa atụ, ọnụọgụ mkpịsị aka ise - na aka ekpe ọ bụla - n’ime ụmụ mmadụ ka akpachapụrụ anya na -ekpebi oke. Mana ọnụọgụ mkpịsị aka mmadụ nwere bụ mgbanwe mgbanwe dị ala, mgbanwe dị iche iche a na-ahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe na-akọwapụta site na ihe ndị na-abụghị usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe dịka ihe ọghọm, nke na-ebute enweghị mkpụkọ nke àgwà. Nke a bụ, ọ bụrụ na ịchọta iri na abụọ ejima, nke na otu n'ime ha agaghị enwe mkpịsị aka ise n'aka ya, ọ ga-ahụ otu mkpịsị aka nke nwanne nke ọzọ n'otu obere ụdị ụzọ abụọ, ma ọ bụrụ.

N'ụzọ dị iche, ụfọdụ àgwà ọdịnala nwere ike ịbụ nke ukwuu na-akọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na anyị tụlere iyi ọla ntị na America na etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, anyị ga-ahụ na njiri mara ya dị elu, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dabere na okike, nke, n'aka nke ya, jikọtara ya na ọnụnọ abụọ nke XX ma ọ bụ XY chromosomes. mgbanwe dị iche na imechi ọla ntị na-akpakọrịta na iche ọdịnala, n'agbanyeghị eziokwu na nke a bụ ihe ọdịbendị kama ịbụ ihe gbasara ndu. Iji maa atụ, ọ bụrụ n’inyocha ụzọ iri atọ ụmụ ejima ebe nke n’ime otu n’ime ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị na - etinye ọla ntị, mgbe ahụ n’ime 100% nke abụọ nke abụọ ga - eyi ọla ntị. Taa, ọnụọgụ nke ikpuchi ọla ntị ga-adị ala karịa na America n'etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ọ bụghị n'ihi na enwere mgbanwe na usoro ọmụmụ nke ndị America, mana n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwoke na-etinye ọla ntị amụbawo (Gbochie xnumx).

Otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ gbasara akparamagwa gbasara akparamagwa bụ onye ụbụrụ dibịa America nke si na agbụrụ German, Franz Joseph Kallmann. N’edemede edepụtara na 1952, o kwuru na na 37 ụzọ abụọ nke yiri (monozygous) ejima ọ gụrụ, ọ bụrụ na otu n’ime ụmụ ejima ahụ bụ nwoke idina nwoke, mgbe ahụ onye nke abụọ bụ nwoke idina nwoke, nke ahụ, ogo nke nkwekọrịta bụ ihe na-atụ 100% (Kallmann xnumx) Kallmann egosighi otu o siri nwalee monozygosity nke ndị sonyere n'ọmụmụ ihe ya. Ọzọkwa, onye edemede ahụ egosighi kpọmkwem otu o si na-akpọkọta ndị sonyere n'ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, ebe akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru, sị: “a haziri ọchụchọ maka ndị sonyere n'ọ bụghị nanị site na enyemaka nke psychiatric, mgbazi na òtù ọrụ ebere, kamakwa site na kọntaktị kpọmkwem na ụwa idina ụdị onwe".Kallmann xnumx) Ya mere, a katọrọ ihe omumu Kallmann nke oma (Taylor 1992): Rosenthal gosipụtara oke nke ndị nwere nsogbu mmụọ na-ekwu n'etiti ndị zara Kallmann (Rosenthal xnumx), Likken kwuru na ejima ụmụ nwanyị monozygotic na -elere n'omume Callamanne ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị mmadụ niile: (Lykken 1987).

Prọfesọ Edward Stein kwubiri na ihe atụ nke Kallmann “abụghị n'ụzọ nnọchite anya nke ndị idina ụdị onwe ahụ” (Stein xnumx) Ọzọkwa, Kallmann n'onwe ya kwetara na ya na-elele nsonaazụ ya anya dị ka ihe ọ bụla.Mmiri 1960) Na onodu onu ogugu, ihe nlere dika ihe nlere na ihe omumu ihe omumu nke Kallmann bu “ihe nlere nke oma” - ha gunyere nhọrọ nke ihe dika odika odi nma nye onye nyocha. Site na iji ụdị nlele a, mmadụ enweghị ike ịkọpụta sayensị, n'ihi na njirimara nke sọwasị dị otú ahụ anaghị egosipụta njirimara nke ọha mmadụ n'ozuzu ha.

Iji maa atụ, ọ bụrụ n’inyocha ụlọ nyocha ahụ n'isi ụtụtụ maka otu ụbọchị, yabụ nsonaazụ ya anaghị egosipụta echiche nke ndị otu ndị ọzọ, dịka ọ ga-adị ma ọ bụrụ na emee nyocha ahụ n'oge dị iche iche nke ụbọchị yana ọtụtụ oge n'izu. Ma ọ bụ, ọ bụrụ na ị jụọ ndị ahịa n ’ụlọ ahịa ahụ ka ha ga-azụta mmanya, yabụ n’abalị Fraịde, nsonaazụ ya agaghị adaba na nsonaazụ ya na Sọnde.

Na 1968, ndị ọkà mmụta America bụ Heston na Shi Shield nyochachara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na 7 ejikọtara ọnụ abụọ. Achọtara ndị sonyere na ọmụmụ ihe na Madsley Twin Register (Heston xnumx) Ndị niile zara ajụjụ ha bụ ndị ọrịa mmụọ. Ndị ode akwụkwọ kpughere nkwekọrịta na ejima yiri ibe ha na 43%. A katọkwara ọmụmụ ihe a, gụnyere ndị dere ya n’onwe ha, n’ihi ọrịa uche nke ndị sonyere na nha pere mpe nke ukwuu (Taylor 1992; Heston xnumx).

Ọmụmụ nke Bailey na Pillard

Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ na-esote nke mmasị mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ ejima ka emere ha na 1991 nke Michael Bailey si Mahadum Northwwest na Richard Pillard nke Mahadum Boston na America (Bailey 1991) Ha nyochara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke n'etiti nwanne na nwanne. A nyochara ụdị ejima 56, ejima 54 nke ejima yiri ibe ha, 142 ụmụnne na 57 ụmụ ejima.². Tebụl dị n'okpuru na-egosi nsonaazụ nyocha ha.

Mmekorita nwoke na nwoke
dabere na ogo mmekọrịta (Bailey 1991)

Hipdị mmekọrịta	Onu ogugu nke onu ogugu	Okwu
Insmụ ejima	100%	52%
Twmụ ejima ndị na-abụghị otu	50%	22%
Umu ejima	50%	9,2%
Nwanyị nne na nna (abụghị ndị ikwu)	Enweghị myiri myiri	11%

Bailey na Pillard kwuru na ebe ọ bụ na na 52% nke nwanne nke abụọ n'otu ụzọ ejima nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwekwara mmasị nwoke idina ụdị onwe, mgbe ahụ "... ọchịchọ idina ụdị onwe bụ n'ihi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ...".

Ọmụmụ Bailey na Pillard, dịka n'ọmụmụ ejima ndị bu ụzọ, nwere nsogbu ndị bụ isi. Nke mbu, oburu na nkpuru nwoke na nwoke n’emekorita nwoke na nwanyi, agam n’ihu umu ejima ha ga-abu 100%, obughi 52%, nihi na nkpuru aka ha di na 100%, obughi na 52%. N'ime nkọwa na edemede Bailey na Pylard, Riesch kwukwara na ọkwa nke ukem n'etiti ndị ọbịa sitere na mba - ọkara ụmụnne - dị elu karịa nke ụmụnne ejima, nke na-egosi uru mmetụta gburugburu. (Risch 1993) Dabere na ụkpụrụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na mgbakwunye na 100% nke agụụ mmekọahụ na ejima ejikọtara ọnụ, pasent nke ihe ejikọtara ọnụ na ejima ya na nwanne na-abụghị ejima kwesịrị ịdị elu karịa, n'otu n'otu, 22% na 9,2% (lee okpokoro n'okpuru).

Na mgbakwunye, njirimara nke ejima yiri (100% nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa) dị iche na njirimara nke ejima ndị na-abụghị (50% nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa) site na oge 2.36, mana ọ bụrụ na anyị atule njirimara nke ejima yiri ya na nkwekọrịta nke ụmụnne ejima (50%) ihe dị iche bụ: Oge 2.39, nke, ọzọ, na-egosi mmetụta akpọsara nke gburugburu karịa karịa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (lee okpokoro n'okpuru).

Tụnyere nke kwekọrọ n’etiti edemede (klas)Bailey 1991)

Tụlee edemede	Ọdịiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa	Ihe di iche na nmekorita
Twmụ ejima na-anọghị n'otu	Ugboro abụọ dị ka ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eme	2.36
Umu ejima na umu ejima	Onweghị ihe dị iche na pasent nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa niile	2.39

Nke abuo, Bailey na Pillard ahọputaghi ihe nlere nke ndi edina ụdị onwe. Nke ahụ bụ, ha etinyeghị ndị mmadụ n'ọmụmụ ihe ahụ dịka ụkpụrụ nke nyocha agụmakwụkwọ na-enweghị isi: enweghị mmasị na nsonaazụ ahụ, amaghị ndị ọzọ, wdg. Dika onye nyocha Baron dere:

"... Kama nke ahụ, ndị sonyere ha n'ọrụ wee biputere mgbasa ozi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị na-edina ụdị onwe. Suchdị ndị sonyere na-enwe obi abụọ, n'ihi na ọ dabere n'ịgụ akwụkwọ ndị dị otú a na ihe mkpali ndị kwetara isonye. Eziokwu dị otú ahụ na-eduga ná nsachapụ nke nsonaazụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ejima nwoke ga-edina ibe ha. N'ihi gịnị? N'ihi na ndị bịaranụ lebara anya na mmekọahụ nke ejima ha tupu ha ekwenye isonye. Ihe nkedo a na enwe obi abụọ banyere enweghi ihe nlele. Maka ihe ndị sayensị chọpụtara, ihe nlere ahụ kwesịrị ịbụ nke enweghị ike dịka o kwere mee, ya bụ, ọ dị mkpa ka etinye ụmụ ejima ahụ niile nyocha, wee nyochaa nyocha gbasara omume mmekọahụ ... "Baron 1993).

Nke ato, dika ndi nyocha Hubbard na Wald dere na nyocha ha:

"... eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ejima ejima - 22% - karịa karịa okpukpu abụọ n'etiti ụmụnne ndị nwoke dị mfe - 9,2% - na-egosi na ihe kpatara mmepe nke mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị abụghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, mana gburugburu ebe obibi. N’ezie, ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ejikọtara ọnụ nke ejima dị iche iche yiri na ụmụnne nwoke nkịtị. Ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na otú e si zụlitere nwere nnukwu mmetụta dị otú ahụ n'ihe ejima ndị na-aga gburugburu, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na n'etiti ejima ndị yiri ibe ha, mmetụta nke gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu ọbụna karị. E kwuwerị, echiche nke onye nwere nwanne yiri ibe ya na ejikọ ejikọ ejima ya ... "(Hubbard xnumx).

Ndị nchọpụta Billings na Beckwiers dere na nyocha ha "... ọ bụ ezie na ndị dere kọwara nsụgharị ahụ dị ka ihe akaebe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ndina ụdị onwe, anyị kwenyere na nsonaazụ ya, n'ụzọ megidere, na-egosi na ihe nzụlite na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta mmepe nke nwoke idina nwoke" ()Billings xnumx, p. 60).

A rụghachilarị nsonaazụ Bailey na Pillard?

Onwere onye jisiri ike ikwughachi (emeputa) ihe Bailey na Pillard - ichota nkwekorita n’etiti ejima ohuru dicha obere na 52%? Na 2000, Michael Bailey n'onwe ya nwara ikwugharị nyocha ya na nnukwu ejima na Australia. Nkwekorita nke nwoke na nwoke na nwoke na nwanyi inwe mmekorita di obere karie na ihe omumu izizi ya. N'ime ụmụ ejima ahụ, ọ bụ 20% maka ụmụ nwoke, yana 24% maka ụmụ nwanyị, yana n'etiti ụmụ ejima - 0% maka ụmụ nwoke, na 10% maka ụmụ nwanyị³ (Bailey 2000).

Na 2010, onye omumu ihe omumu nke Sweden bu Langström mere omumu ihe omimi di omimi banyere nmekorita nwoke na nwoke na ibe ya, na-enyocha data nke otutu puku abuo nke ejima nwoke na nwoke ma obu nwoke na nwanyi.Långström 2010) Ndi oru nyocha achoputala udiri nwoke na nwoke na nwanyi na ndu ndi mmadu. Ha ji usoro abụọ gbakọọ nkwekọrịta: site na ọnụnọ nke nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị idina nwanyị n'oge ndụ ya, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na ndụ. Ndị na-egosi ntụgharị uche dị n'omume ahụ pere mpe karịa nke enwetara na ọmụmụ abụọ nke Bailey et al. (1991) na (2000) N'ime otu ndị sonyere na -enwe ọ dịkarịa ala otu mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, nkwekọrịta n'etiti ụmụ nwoke bụ 18% maka otu na 11% maka ejima yiri ya; n'ime ụmụ nwanyị, 22% na 17%, n'otu n'otu.

Maka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ndị na-egosi ntụkọ aka nke ụmụ nwoke dị 5% maka otu na 0% maka ejima ha abụọ; n'ime ụmụ nwanyị, 11% na 7%, n'otu n'otu. N’ime ụmụ nwoke, a kọwara 61% na 66% nke ihe dị iche iche site na gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta naanị otu ejima nke abụọ, n’otu n’otu, ebe a akọpụtaghị ọdịiche ma ọlị site n’ihe metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nke ejima. Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi gbara ajụjụ maka mgbasa 64% na 66%, otu, ebe ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na-aza maka 17% na 16%, otu (Långström 2010).

Na 2002, ndị ọrụ nyocha Peter Birmen nke Mahadum Columbia na Hannah Bruckner nke Mahadum Yale nke America duziri ọmụmụ ihe buru ibu na ndị nnọchi anya ya na ọtụtụ ndị sonyere (Bearman 2002).

Ha nwetara ọkwa dị ala karịa nke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke: 6,7% n'ime ejima yiri ibe ha, 7,2% n'ime ejima yiri ibe ha, na 5,5% n'ime ụmụnne nkịtị. Birmen na Bruckner kwubiri na achọtara ha:

"... ihe akaebe dị ukwuu maka ịkwado ụdị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'otu ọkwa ..., nsonaazụ anyị na-egosi na ịzụlite ụmụ na ụkpụrụ nke nnọpụiche nwoke na nwanyị, na-enweghị idobe okike nwoke n'ụzọ doro anya, na-enwe mmetụta na ịmalite nke nwoke idina ụdị onwe ..." (Bearman 2002).

N'adịghị ka ọrụ ndị a tụlere ugbu a, onye dibịa na ụbụrụ Kenneth Kendler na ndị ọrụ ibe ya duziri ọmụmụ ihe ejima sitere na ntinye ihe atụ nke mejupụtara ejima na 794 ejima na ụmụnna nwoke na ụmụnna nwanyị 1380.Kendler xnumx) Ndị dere kwubiri na ihe ha chọpụtara "na-egosi na ihe kpatara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike inwe mmetụta siri ike na ntụgharị uche mmekọahụ." Ihe omumu a, ezughi oke oke iji nweta nkpebi ndi di nkpa banyere onodu nke ihe ndi mmadu n’emekorita nwoke na nwanyi: n’ime ihe nile, na 19 nke 324 abuo nke yiri ibe ya, amataputara mmadu na nwoke nwere nmekorita nwoke na nwoke, ebe enwere na 6 nke abuo 19, nwoke nwere nmekorita nwoke na ibe ya bu nnabata. nwanne nke abụọ); ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye nwere ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ka achọpụtara na 15 nke 240 di na nwunye nke nwoke na nwanyị, ebe 2 nke 15 di na nwunye kwekọrịtara ọnụ. Eziokwu ahụ bụ na na 8 nke 564 ejima ejikọtara ọnụ na-agakọ (1,4%) na-amachi ohere nke iji nsonaazụ ndị a maka nnukwu ntụnyere nke ejikọtara na nke na-abụghị otu.

Okwesiri iburu n’uche na ejima abuo nke gbara otu ebe gburugburu - ihu mbido, mmekorita ya na umuaka ndi ozo, wdg. - ma e jiri ya tụnyere ejima na-abụghị nwanne na ụmụnne. Ebe ọ bụ na ejima ha na ibe ha yiri ibe ha n'ọdịdị na n'omume, otu echiche e nwere na ha yikarịrị ka ọ bụ ụmụ ejima na nwanne. Yabụ, na ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịkọwa ihe dị na nkwekọrịta dị elu site na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.

Dabere na onye isi mgbaka Jeffrey Satinover (Satinover xnumxIhe ndi mmadu na eme bu ka enwee ike itu udi ndu nwoke ma obu nwunye.
1) intrauterine (prenatal) mmetụta, dịka ntinye nke homonụ;
2) extrauterine (postnatal) mmetụta anụ ahụ dịka trauma na ọrịa nje;
Ahụmịhe extrauterine, dịka njikọta ezinụlọ, agụmakwụkwọ;
Ahụmịke nke 4) dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmetụta na-ewusi ike nke omume ikwugharị azụ;
5) nhọrọ.

Enweghi nkwekorita nke 100% na ejikọtara ọnụ na-egosi na ọ bụghị naanị na mmetụta nke ihe ndị sitere n'ọmụmụ bụ nke a na-eleghara anya, kamakwa na ihe ndị na-abụghị mkpụrụ ndụ enweghị ike ịbụ naanị intrauterine. A sị ka e kwuwe, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị otu a, yabụ na mmekọrịta ga-adị nso na 100%, ebe ọ bụ na otu ihe metụtara ọnọdụ gburugburu intrauterine na-emetụta ejima.Satinover xnumx, p. 97).

Ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ekere òkè n'ịkpụzigharị ọdịiche nke ndị mmadụ na agụụ mmekọahụ na omume ụfọdụ, ọmụmụ ndị a niile na-enye anyị ohere iji obi ike kwuo na isiokwu a anaghị ebelata ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. N'ịchịkọta nyocha nke ejima ahụ, anyị nwere ike ikwubi n'enweghị nsogbu na sayensị egosipụtabeghị na agụụ mmekọahụ n'ozuzu ya na agụụ mmekọahụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem site n'ọbara nke mmadụ.

Ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọmụmụ

N'ịmụta ajụjụ nke òkè nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ebumnuche nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume, ogo nke nsonye a, anyị enyochaala ihe ọmụmụ nke njiri agbụrụ nke otu omume (ọkachasị nke mmasị nwoke idina nwoke) site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa oge ochie, mana ha edozighi ọrụ nke ikpebi nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa a kapịrị ọnụ bụ maka njimara a. N'otu oge ahụ, a pụrụ ịmụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site n'enyemaka nke ndị a na-akpọ. zọ mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche nke na-eme ka o kwe omume ịchọpụta ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị iche iche nwere njikọta nke anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omume.

Ọmụmụ Dean Haymer

Dein Haymer na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na Mahadum Ahụike na Maryland, na America gbara otu n'ime nyocha mbụ nke ịmara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gbasara mmadụ.Hamer 1993) Haymer nyochara ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ ejima ha abụọ, nke ọ dịkarịa ala otu n'ime ejima nwere ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke. N'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ezinụlọ, Haymer mere ka a mata 40, ebe nwanne nwoke idina nwoke nwere nwanne dị iche nke bụ onye na-edina ụdị onwe, wee nyochaa DNA ha maka saịtị ndị yiri ya. A na - akpọ ọmụmụ ihe a “nyocha ihe nketa ejikọtara” - na Bekee “ọmụmụ ọmụmụ njikọ ọmụmụ”.

N'ime ọmụmụ nke ihe nketa ejikọtara, a na-eme ihe ndị a: n'ime otu isiokwu nwere àgwà a maara nke ọma, a na-eme nyocha maka ọnụnọ nke akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke DNA - a na-akpọ ha akara. Ọ bụrụ n ’ọ pụta n’otu ihe ọmụmụ ọnụọgụ dị n’ akara dị n’otu mpaghara DNA, mgbe enwere ike iche na a ga-enweta ihe nrịbama ndị a “n’otu” - jikọtara - ya bụ, ha nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ ụfọdụ sitere n’ọmụmụ (Pulst 1999).

Haymer kwuru na n'ụdị 33 sitere na 40, homosexualmụnne nwoke idina nwoke nwere otu nwoke na nwanyị na X chromosome, nke ọ kpọrọ "Xq28." Heimer kwubiri na mpaghara Xq28 nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa maka ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke.

Nke mbu, ekwesiri iburu n’uche na ihe a rụpụtara Haymer bụ nke a na-akọkarịkarị. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eche na Haymer chọtara otu mpaghara DNA - Xq28 - na 33 abụọ, ụmụ nwoke 66 niile, mana n'eziokwu, a hụrụ usoro nucleotide nke mpaghara Xq28 dị ka nwanne na ibe ejima, na usoro Xq28 na ibe abụọ abụghị otu. - Haymer ahụghị ihe ama ama gbasara "nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke."

Ihe omumu a nwere otutu ihe di egwu. Haymer enyochaghị ohere nke Xq28 na di na nwunye na ọ nwere mmasị nwoke, ma ọ bụ naanị n'etiti ndị na-edina ụdị onwe (Byne xnumx) Ọ bụrụ na ọ chọtaghị saịtị a n'etiti ụmụnne nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe, mana naanị n'etiti ndị na-edina ụdị onwe, nke a ga-ekwu maka nsonaazụ nke nkwubi okwu ya. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na ọ chọpụtala Xq28 n'etiti ụmụnne ya nwoke na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, nkwubi okwu ya gaara enweta uru efu (Horton xnumx) Ọzọkwa, dị ka ndị nyocha Fausto-Sterling na Balaban kwuru, ihe nlele Heimer nwere oke data ezughị ezu: nke ikpe 40, naanị na njirimara heterozygosity nke 15 DNA ka a tụrụ kpọmkwem; N'okwu 25 ndị ọzọ, agbakọtara data na-enweghị uche (Fausto-Sterling 1993) Naanị na 38% nke ikpe ka Heimer et al tụtara ọkwa nke heterozygosity nke nne chromosome X, na 62% ha gbakọrọ ya dabere na ọdụ data dị.

Ekwesịrị ịkọwa okwu banyere ihe omume a na-esote mbipụta nke Haymer 1993 nke afọ. Na 1995, akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Native bipụtara otu isiokwu isiokwu ya bụ "Nchọpụta gbasara 'mkpụrụ ndụ nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke, enwetaghị nnwale ahụ: odeakụkọ John Krudson nke Chicago Tribune kpughere ọgwụ ọjọọ sayensị nke onye nyocha mere."Chicago Tribune 1995) Isiokwu ahụ na-egosi na ndị ọkà mmụta dị iche iche katọrọ ọrụ nke Haymer maka eziokwu ahụ bụ na Haymer arụpụtaghị nyocha nkwenye maka ọnụnọ nke Xq28 n'etiti ụmụnna nwoke na-abụghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị. Ndị nkatọ gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ na ndị ọkachamara n'ọmụmụ, Richard Levontin na Ruth Hubbard nke Mahadum Harvard (Chicago Tribune 1995) Ọzọkwa, otu edemede ahụ na-ekwupụta na Federal Bureau of Ethics of the National Institute of Health na-enyocha mkpesa nke otu n'ime ndị ọrụ na-eto eto nke ụlọ nyocha Heimer, onye a na-amaghị aha ya, onye kọrọ akụkọ banyere nsonaazụ nke Heimer mere n'ọmụmụ ihe ya: dị ka nkwupụta nke onye isi a, Heimer kpachapụrụ anya. ewepụtara na nsonaazụ nsonaazụ ndị na-egosi enweghị ezi uche nke echiche nke ịkọ ọdịnala mkpụrụ ndụ ebumnuche nwoke na nwanyị.Chicago Tribune 1995) Ọnwa ole na ole mgbe e bipụtachara akụkọ ahụ na New York Native, akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị Scientific American bipụtara edemede ọzọ na-akwado eziokwu na ihe kpatara nyocha nke Federal Ethics Bureau megide Heimer (Horgan xnumx, p. 26). Institutelọ Ọrụ Ahụike Mba ekwuputaghị nsonaazụ nyocha ahụ, mana e mechara zigara Haymer na ngalaba ọzọ. Okwesiri iburu n'uche na Haymer mere nyocha ya na "onyinye nwoke na nwoke na nwoke idina nwanyị" site na iji onyinye, nke ekenyero n'ezie ka ọ mụọ Kaposi's sarcoma, ọrịa kansa na-emetụtakarị ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ya na ọrịa AIDS (Mukherjee xnumx, p. 375). Nsonaazụ akwụkwọ Haymer dabere ma ndị otu nọọrọ onwe ha nke ndị ọrụ nyocha ga-enweta otu esi arụpụta. Nke a emeghị.

Mmechi Haymer rụpụtara

Na 1999, otu ndị nyocha si Mahadum Western Western nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị aha ya bụ Rice na-eduzi, duziri ihe yiri (na-eji “usoro njikọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa”) n'etiti ụmụ nwoke 52 (nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke)Osikapa xnumx) Ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ enweghị ike ikwugharị nsonaazụ ahụ Haymer nwetara wee kwubie: "nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ anyị egosighi ihe akaebe ọ bụla nke njikọ dị n'etiti nwoke idina nwoke na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa."

Mgbe ahụ, na 2005, e duziri ọmụmụ ihe ọhụrụ na Dean Haymer (Mustanski Xnumx) Ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụghị mmekọrịta dị omimi dị n'etiti Xq28 na agụụ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, mana ha kwuru na ha achọtala "mmekọrịta dị mma" maka saịtị ndị ọzọ (na 7, 8 na 10 chromosomes).

Agbanyeghị, enweghi ike ikwughachi nsonaazụ ndị a na ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ na 2009, mgbe otu ìgwè ndị nyocha si Oxford na England na Mahadum nke Ontario na Canada duziri ọmụmụ banyere ezinụlọ 55 ebe enwere ụmụ nwoke ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke: anakọtara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa site n'aka ndị sonyere 112 na nchọta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe njikọ maka mkpakọrịta. na ntinye nke ihe nrịba ama nke 6000 (Ramagopalan 2010) Nnyocha ahụ ekpugheghị mmekọrịta dị ịrịba ama n'etiti ndekọ mkpụrụ ndụ na nwoke idina nwoke.

Na 2015, otu ndị ode akwụkwọ sitere na ebe sayensị dị iche iche dị na America, dị ka nchọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche si chọọ maka mkpakọrịta, kwuru na ha hụrụ mmekọrịta dị oke mkpa maka saịtị ahụ na chromosome 8 na nke na-adịghị mkpa maka Xq28 (Sanders xnumx) Na mmechi na edemede ha, ndị edemede kwetara na "mmetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eduga n'inwe mmekọ nwoke na nwoke abụghị mkpebi siri ike ... o yikarịrị ka mmetụta a so n'ọ kpatara ọtụtụ ihe."

Na 2017, otu otu ndị edemede dere usoro dị ọhụụ na nke ziri ezi akpọrọ nchọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe jikọrọ ndị otu⁴. Ọchịchọ a na-achọ njikọ ndị jikọtara ọnụ na-eji teknụzụ usoro nke mkpụrụ ndụ (na-agụ ozi sitere na DNA) iji chọpụta atụmatụ dị iche iche nke DNA nwere ike jikọta ya na àgwà a na-eme nyocha. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-enyocha ọtụtụ nde mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke nwere njikọ, yana ndị na-enweghị njirimara a, ma tulee ugboro ole mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị n'etiti otu abụọ a. A na-eche na ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a na-ahụkarị n'etiti ndị nwere otu àgwà karịa nke ndị na-enweghị ya na-emetụta omume a. N'oge a, achọtara mmekọrịta dị ịrịba ama ọnụ ọgụgụ maka mpaghara na kọlụm XromX na 13 (Sanders xnumx).

Ọmụmụ nke Sanders na ndị ọrụ ibe (2017) ahụghị otu mkpụrụ maka agbụrụ na-edina ụdị onwe, na egosighi ọnọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ha (ndị edemede n'onwe ha gọnarịrị ya), ma ọ bụ gosipụta nsonaazụ Haymer 1993 nke afọ, nke gosipụtara mmalite nke ogologo ịgba na mkpụrụ ndụ nwoke idina nwoke. Otu n’ime nkwubi okwu a bu oke echiche na ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe niile dị n’elu ahụ nwere ike imetụta osisa nwoke idina nwokeSanders xnumx, p. 3).

Francis Collins, onye njikwa ọrụ maka idozi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe mmadụ, dere ndị a:

“O yiri ka ọ bụrụ na ejima nwoke nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke ga - edina ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị (ma ọ bụrụ na e jiri ya tụnyere 20 - 2%), na - egosi na usoro metụtara mmekọahụ na - emetụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, mana etinyeghị ya na DNA, yana mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọ bụla metụtara na-anọchi anya ihe ga - eme gị ma obughi ọdịnihu gị… ”()Collins 2006).

Emere omumu buru ibu banyere uzo ihe eji acho ihe ndi mmadu na acho imekorita, bu ndi choro ikpesa ihe di iche n’etiti ndi mmadu na ndi mmadu nwere mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi na ndi 2012.2012 na-adọrọ adọrọ) N'ihi nchọta nke juputara n'ọbara, enwetaghị mmekọrịta dị mkpa maka agụụ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị. N'otu oge ahụ, ọtụtụ puku ndị mmadụ sitere na nchekwa data ụlọ ọrụ 23andMe.

Ndị edemede nke kachasị ọhụrụ na kachasị nnyocha na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke idina ụdị onwe gwara о его результатах:

«Фактически невозможно предсказать сексуальное поведение человека по его геному»,

— говорит Бен Нил, профессор отдела аналитической и трансляционной генетики в Массачусетской больнице, который работал над исследованием.

По словам профессора Института генетики Калифорнийского университета Дэвида Кертиса,

«В человеческой популяции нет такого сочетания генов, который бы оказывал существенное влияние на сексуальную ориентацию. Фактически невозможно предсказать сексуальное поведение человека по его геному».

Epigenetics

Na 2015, otu ndị nyocha si Mahadum California, Los Angeles gosipụtara nchịkọta na ogbako nke American Society of Human Genetics.⁵nke kwuru na ndị nyocha nwere ike ịchọpụta nhọrọ mmekọahụ dabere na ihe nnọchianya epigenetic nwere izizi nke 67% (Ngun et al. 2015). Iji dọta uche kachasị na ọrụ ha, ndị ode akwụkwọ haziri ahaziri akụkọ banyere ndị nta akụkọ (ASHG 2015) Ozi ahụ gbasaa ozugbo n’isi akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ bụkarị, n’agbanyeghi ụzọ dị iche iche na-emegide ihe ọmụmụ a na ụzọ aghụghọ nke esemokwu (Yong xnumx).

Epigenetics bụ sayensị nke na-enyocha ihe ịtụnanya nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa gbanwere site na nsonaazụ nke ihe na-emetụtaghị mgbanwe mgbanwe usoro DNA na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. N’aka ozo, usoro nke epigenetic bu usoro ndi ahu nke ihe ndi ozo na emetuta ogo ngosiputa ihe (ya bu, ihe ndi ahu n’ahu ahu). Nhazi oghere nke mkpụrụ ndụ DNA nwere ike imetụta nkwụpụta mkpụrụ ndụ (nkwupụta), a na-ekpebikwa nhazi a site na protein pụrụ iche, enzymes metụtara DNA. Otu n'ime usoro nke mmetụta bụ DNA methylation. A na-akpọ njikọta nke protein na-achịkwa na DNA.

Ndị na-eto eto na ndị ọrụ ibe kwuru na ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ ha bụ nwalee ohere nke ikpebi “ntụgharị uche nke mmadụ” site na akara ngosipụta ụmụ nwoke. Iji mezuo nke a, ha mụrụ nlele DNA nke ejima ejikọtara ọnụ nke 37, na nke ọ bụla n'ime otu a otu nwanne nwoke bụ nwoke idina nwoke, na 10 abụọ nke ejima ejikọtara ọnụ, na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụmụnne abụọ ahụ nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke. Dịka ekwuputara na nchịkọta ahụ, ndị nyocha ahụ nyochara ọtụtụ usoro nhazi ọkwa (heterosexual vs. nwoke idina ụdị onwe) site na iji usoro nchekwa kọmputa kọmpịnị FuzzyForest wee họrọ ihe ngosi kachasị mma, gụnyere akara ngosi 5, nke gosipụtara ihe ziri ezi na 67% nke ikpe. Ndị edemede tụụrụ aka na akara 5 akara akara mmadụ na-achịkwa agụụ mmekọahụ. Agbanyeghị, nkọwa dị otú ahụ kpatara ya, iji mee nwayọ, ntakịrị nkatọ ndị ọkachamara (Sayensị Media Center 2015, Greally xnumx, Yong xnumx, Gelman 2015, Briggs 2015) Uzo a (ike pere mpe nke ike, uzo ihe nlere anya di omimi nke nwere ezi ihe ojoo ghaara agha, wdg) na nkowa ya mere ka enwe obi abua. John Grillie nke Center for Epigenomics na Albert Einstein College of Medicine kwuru, na-ekwupụta banyere oke ọmụmụ ihe a site na Ngun na ndị ọrụ ibe:

“… N’ebughị ụzọ kwuo banyere ya ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya, ma ọ bụrụ na anyị chọrọ ichebe akụkụ sayensị a, anyị enweghịzi ike ikwe ka ihe ọmụmụ epigenetic na-adịghị mma tụkwasị obi. Site na "ọjọọ" m na-ekwu bụ onye a na-akọwaghị. ... "(Greally xnumx).

Na njedebe, a jụrụ ajụjụ banyere ebumnuche nke ndị nyocha nke juputara mmalite a maka igosi na nnọkọ a, a jụghị isiokwu ahụ ebe ọ bụla.

Gini mere ihe omumu ihe omumu banyere ihe omumu jiri di ndu na - emegide - agbanwe na mgbanwe?

Ọrụ amachaghị banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa

Ihe akaebe banyere ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwoke idina nwoke. Sayensị amabeghị "onyinye mmekọ nwoke na nwoke." Na mbido narị afọ a, emebere nnukwu atụmatụ mba ofesi “Human Genome Project” - Ihe Ngosipụta nke Human Genome. N'ime ụkpụrụ ya, e mepụtara nchịkọta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa - nke mkpụrụ ndụ, nke kromosome dị, nke na-edozi ya na-agbado, wdg. Onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịlele - enweghị mkpụrụ ndụ nwoke idina nwoke na-egosi ebe ahụ (Ihe ndi mmadu di na NCBI).

Nke a bụ ihe Mayer na McHugh dere n’ọrụ ha:

“… Dika ekwuputala ya ugboro ugboro na akparamagwa nke mmadu, mmetuta nke ihe banyere ndu mmadu n’onwe ya ma obu omume mmadu. Ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe atụ na-adaberekarị n'ihe metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi - mpaghara dị iche na-eduga na ịmepụta otu ọnọdụ dị iche iche ọbụlagodi otu mkpụrụ ndụ. Yabụ, ọbụlagodi na ụfọdụ ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-emetụta agụụ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, agụụ ihe na agụụ mmekọahụ na-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere ihe ndị na-akpata nchekasị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ka akparamàgwà na ime ihe ike na iyi egwu mmekọahụ. Iji nweta nkọwa zuru oke banyere mmebe nke agụụ mmekọahụ, agụụ na draịva, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ihe nke mmepe, gburugburu, ahụmịhe, ọha mmadụ na uche. (Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-ahụ maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa edekọtara ọrụ na-apụtaghị ìhè na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na akparamagwa n'etiti ndị ọgbọ, na-egosi na ọdịdị mmadụ nwere ike ime ka nnabata ma ọ bụ ịjụ n'otu ndị otu (Ebstein 2010).
Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke oge a maara na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-emetụta ọtụtụ ọdịmma nke mmadụ na ihe na-akpali ya, n'ihi ya kwa, ọ na-emetụta omume. Ọ bụ ezie na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nwere ike si otú ahụ duhie mmadụ n’omume ụfọdụ, ikike ha nwere ịchịkwa omume kpọmkwem, n’agbanyeghi ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ, dị nnọọ, ọ yighị nnọọ. Mmetụta ha nwere n'omume dị aghụghọ karịa nke ọma dabere na mmetụta nke ihe gburugburu ebe obibi ... "(Mayer 2016).

Ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike imetụta nghazi ngwangwa gụnyere àgwà nke iwe dị ka agwa dị nro na enweghị nhịahụ, mmetụ mmetụta uche dị ukwuu, ihere, isi ike, wdg. Ndị ọrụ nyocha n'onwe ha, nsonaazụ ndị e ji mee ihe na nkọwasị nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri LGBT + - mmegharị, anaghị anwa ịzọrọ na nwoke idina nwoke kpebiri site na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ọkachasị na ha kwenyere na mmasị nwoke na nwanyị nwere njikọ na njikọta nke ihe ọmụmụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe nke ikpeazụ na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu. . Eziokwu ahụ bụ na nwoke idina nwoke bụ "ebum pụta ụwa", anyị na-anụkarị na fim Hollywood, ọkwa egosi, abụ ma ọ bụ ihe ndị kwuru na netwọkụ mmekọrịta. Agbanyeghị, na mpaghara sayensị, n'eziokwu, ọ nweghị otu onye nyocha maara nke ga - ekwu na ọ chọtala ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ kpatara okike idina ụdị onwe.

Mmụta emere iji nwalee ịchọpụta ma mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (ọkachasị, na saịtị Xq28) nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị. Nke V. Lysov (2018) dere

Isi mmalite na  nlele	.Zọ nyocha	Nsonaazụ dabere na mbipụta	Enwere ihe akaebe nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nrịbama Xq28 na nwoke idina nwoke?	Nsonaazụ ndị ọzọ
Dean Hamer et al. Xnumx Ezinaụlọ 40, nke ọ bụla nwere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina ụdị onwe ha na-ahọrọ n'etiti ndị ikwu ya	ọmụmụ ihe nketa metụtara	n'ihe banyere 33 sitere na ezinụlọ 40, akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị na saịtị q28 nke chromosome X jikọtara	keonoduAgbanyeghị, ụzọ na nkọwa ya bụ ndị ọrụ ibe katọrọ: Baron 1993; Ọdọ mmiri 1993; Fausto-Sterling et al. Xnumx; Sharp 1993; Byne xnumx; McLeod 1994; Norton 1995, A na-enyocha Haymer n'onwe ya maka ịwa aru: Horgan xnumx	-
Jennifer Macke et al. Xnumx  Ezinaụlọ 36, nke ọ bụla nwere nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ndị ikwu ya, n'etiti ha dịkarịa ala otu nwanne nwoke idina nwoke	Chọọ maka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa - mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nnabata androgen (X chromosome)	ahụghị mmekọrịta dị mkpa ndekọ aha na nke nlele ahụ	-	enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na mkpụrụ ndụ androgen receptor gene (X chromosome)
Stella Hu et al. Xnumx (ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Dean Hamer)  Ezinaụlọ 33, nke ọ bụla nwere nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ndị ikwu ya, n'etiti ha dịkarịa ala otu nwanne nwoke idina nwoke	ọmụmụ ihe nketa metụtara	n'ihe banyere 22 sitere na ezinụlọ 32, akara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị na saịtị q28 nke chromosome X jikọtara	keonodulee Hamer 1993	-
George Rice et al. Xnumx Ezinaụlọ 46, nke ọ bụla nwere nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ndị ikwu ya, n'etiti ha dịkarịa ala otu nwanne nwoke idina nwoke	ọmụmụ ihe nketa metụtara	Ngosipụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị na mpaghara q28 nke chromosome X emetaghị	ọ dịghị	-
Michael DuPree et al. Xnumx  (ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị Dean Hamer) Ezinaụlọ 144, nke ọ bụla nwere nke nwoke proband nke nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nwanne nwoke idina nwoke	chọọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa - aromatase gene CYP15 (chromosome 15)	ahụghị mmekọrịta dị mkpa ndekọ aha na nke nlele ahụ	-	enweghị njikọ na mkpụrụ ndụ aromatase CYP15 (15-I chromosome)
Mustanski et al. Xnumx  (otu ndi sayensi bu Dean Hamer) Ezinaụlọ 146 (gụnyere ezinụlọ sitere na ọmụmụ nke Hamer 1993 na Hu 1995), nke ọ bụla nwere nke nwoke proband nke nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nwanne nwoke idina nwoke.	omumu ihe banyere ihe banyere ihe nketa	a choputara nzukota onu di egwu na akara aka na 7 chromosome n’omume a, ma, dika ndi dere ya si kwuo, “idi nso nke ihe puru iche” maka ihe nrịbama n’elu akuko nke 8 na 10.	ọ dịghị	nkwurita okwu na ihe nrịbama na chromosome 7 dabere na njirisi nke Lander na Kruglyak (1995) onye ngosi kacha mma nke LOD* dochie anya xnumx
Sreeram Ramagopalan et al. Xnumx (George Rice Science Team) Ezinaụlọ 55, nke ọ bụla nwere nke nwoke proband nke nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nwanne nwoke idina nwoke	omumu ihe banyere ihe banyere ihe nketa	ahụghị mmekọrịta dị mkpa ndekọ aha na nke nlele ahụ	ọ dịghị	achọtaghị njikọ ọ bụla na ihe nrịbama na chromosome 7 dịka njiri nke Lander na Kruglyak (1995)
Binbin Wang et al. Xnumx otu nwoke nke nwoke Xnumx nwoke na nwoke ibe ya na otu nwoke ndi nwoke ejikotara nwoke na nwoke Xnumx	ịchọrọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa - sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (chromosome 7)	ahụghị mmekọrịta dị mkpa ndekọ aha na nke nlele ahụ	-	achọtara ihe dị iche na njikọ n'etiti ihe ọmụmụ mmụkọ n'ọkwa nke nnweta nke rs9333613, nke ndị dere kọwapụtara dị ka "ọnụnọ nke njikọ kwere omume n'etiti mmụkọ na mkpụrụedemede nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị”
Emily Drabant et al. Xnumx Menmụ nwoke 7887 na ụmụ nwanyị 5570 (ejikọghị ya na njikọta) bụ ndị achọpụtala dị ka ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ na njirimara onwe ha dị ka ajụjụ Klein si dị.	nchọta genome zuru ezu	ahutaghi ihe onu ogugu di egwu (5 × 10 - 8) n'omume a	ọ dịghị	ahụghị ndị otu dị mkpa ndekọ siri pụta
Sanders et al. Xnumx Ezinaụlọ 384, nke ọ bụla nwere nke nwoke proband nke nwere ọ dịkarịa ala otu nwanne nwoke idina nwoke	omumu ihe banyere ihe banyere ihe nketa	achọtara nzukota di nkenke na akara eji akara chromosome 8 na puru omume enwere na Xq28	na ọnọdụ: dị ka njirisi nke Lander na Kruglyak (1995), njirimara LOD kachasị mma maka akara Xq28 bụ nha anya 2,99, nke kwekọrọ na ọnụ ahịa echere ("ihe dị mkpa na-atụ aro")	nkwurita okwu na ihe nrịbama na chromosome 8 dabere na njirisi Lander na Kruglyak (1995); akara LOD kacha mma bụ 4,08
Sanders et al. Xnumx otu nwoke na nwoke 1077 nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị 1231 nwoke (otu ihe dika Sanders et al. 2015)	nchọta genome zuru ezu	ahutaghi ihe onu ogugu di egwu (5 × 10 - 8) n'omume a	ọ dịghị	ahụghị mmekọrịta dị mkpa ndekọ aha. Ndị ode akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na enwetara ụkpụrụ dị nso maka akara ka akara chromosom nke 13 na 14

* LOD = ọtụtụ mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ugwu na-ahụ Nyholt DR. Edoghị LOD niile. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Ọgọst; 67 (2): 282 - 288. http://doi.org/10.1086/303029. LOD dị ọnụ ọgụgụ ndekọ dị n'etiti nchọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ ≥3,

Dịka otu n'ime ndị na-ede blọgụ America si kwuo ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi, "... na-anwa ịkọwapụta ihe gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke dịka iPhones - ọhụụ na-apụta kwa afọ ..." (Allen 2014) Na ngwụcha, eleghi anya, site na echiche nke ndị na - akwalite agụụ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, agwa a kpọrọ "Eleghị anya amụrụla"⁶ nwere mmetụta nduhie n'ụzọ dịgasị iche.

E mewo mgbalị iji chọpụta “site na ị geneụbiga mmanya ókè” (Obodo agbake 2017; NIAAA 2012), na 'onye na-egbu ihe' ()Davis 2016; Parshley xnumx), n'agbanyeghị, dị ka 'n'ihe banyere' ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke ", enweghị akaebe hụrụ maka nkwupụta a na '' ndị a mụrụ '. Onye zuru oke agaghị enwe echiche ahụ, n'otu aka, iji kọwaa ịhoụbiga mmanya ókè na igbu ọchụ site na mmetụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa - ka emechara, a kpebiri mkpebi ndị a, ọ bụghị buru ụzọ. Onye ọsụ ụzọ akụkọ ahụ na "ihe mmekọ nwoke na nwoke" Dean Haymer nwere onyinye azụmahịa dị oke mma, jiri nkà rụọ ọrụ n'ime usoro ejiji. N'inwe obere oge ka mbipụta nke 1993 ederede nke afọ ahụ, Haymer bipụtara akwụkwọ "Science of Passion: the Search for The ግብረ-nwoke na nwanyị Genes and Behavioral Biology", nke mere ọgba aghara n'etiti ndị otu LGBT +Hamer 1994) wetara ya nnukwu uru. Afọ iri ka nke ahụ gasịrị, Haymer nwere nghọta ọhụrụ site na iwepụta akwụkwọ akpọrọ "Gene Gene of God: How Faith Is Prectorda by Genes"Hamer 2004), nke o kwupụtara echiche ya na ndị kwere ekwe bụ ihe dịka mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (V.L.: ọ bụ ihe ọchị ileba anya n'ụdị nhọrọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe iri abụọ ahụ) a na-egosi ọnọdụ ebumnuche nke mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị dị mma, dịka enyere , yana ebubo njikọ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na okpukpe na-adịghị mma, dị ka mmụba.). Dị ka o kwesịrị, achọpụtaghị nkwenye Heimer ruo taa, na agbanyeghị, a nabatara echiche ya nke ọma na mpaghara LGBT +, akwụkwọ akụkọ America bụ Time ọbụna bipụtara mkpuchi pụrụ iche maka emume a.

Nke sochiri, Dean Haymer hapụrụ sayensị ma lekwasị anya n'ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: ya na "di" Joseph Wilson (Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York 2004) o hiwere ulo akwukwo ihe nkiri a bu "QWaves", na okachasi anya na ngwa elekwasiri anya na mmeghari ahu "LGBT +" (Huffpost 2017).

Ọkachasi ama n’ihe gbasara ihe ọmụmụ na imirikiti sayensi Richard Dawkins n’ụzọ ọgụgụ isi kọwara echiche amamịghe nke mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị:

“… Ihe ụfọdụ ndị gburugburu ụwa na-eme ka ọ dị mfe ịgbanwe. Ndị ọzọ na-esi ike. Chee echiche banyere otu anyị si jikọọ na ngwoolu nke oge anyị bụ nwata: a na-akpọ onye kwabatara si mba ọzọ ọbịa na ndụ ya niile. Enwere mkpebi siri ike ebe a karịa na mmegharị nke ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. Ọ ga-abụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ ịmata ihe gbasara nke puru omume nke nwatakiri ekpughere na mmetụta ụfọdụ nke gburugburu, dịka ọmụmaatụ, agụmakwụkwọ okpukpe na ebe obibi ndị mọnk, ga-emesịa nwee ike iwepu mmetụta a. Ọ ga-abụkwa ihe na-atọ ụtọ ịmata ihe gbasara nke puru omume nke nwoke na nwoke nwere ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na X chromosome na mpaghara Xq28 ga-abụ nwoke idina ụdị onwe. Ngosipụta dị mfe na enwere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke “na - eduga” na mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na-ahapụ ajụjụ banyere mkpa nke puru omume a nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mepee. Mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa enweghị ikike naanị na mkpebi ... "(Dawkins xnumx, p. 104).

Otu onye ama ama n'ihe gbasara mmụta gbasara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị Russia, Prọfesọ Georgy Stepanovich Vasilchenko, na-ekwu maka ihe kpatara ebulite mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, rụtụrụ aka na ihe ndị a:

“… Otú ọ dị, ọgba aghara dị iche n’ụbụrụ na mgbanwe nke mmiri ọgwụ adịghị ekpebi nguzobe nke idina ụdị onwe, kama ọ bụ ihe ndabere maka agbagọ nke njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na omume omume, nke na-eme ka ohere nke idina ụdị onwe dị elu. Neuroendocrine ọkọnọ bụ naanị ike nke libido. A na-emekwa ka e nwee mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na mmekọ nwoke na nwoke site na ihe omume etiological na usoro pathogenetic dị na mmebi iwu n'ozuzu ya ... "(Vasilchenko 1990, p. 430).

Ntụle nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwoke idina nwoke, na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere mmalite

Okwesiri ịkọ banyere echiche ebighi ebi nke ndị nyocha Italiantali, nke, dị ka ha si kwuo, “Adabaghị na ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọ bụla dị ugbu a”. Echiche nke na nwoke na nwoke sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-esite na mkpụrụ ndụ bụ ihe megidere ụkpụrụ nke nhọrọ ebumpụta ụwa, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-ebupụta mkpụrụ ndụ si gbochie mmezu nke ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị dị mkpa maka ịmịpụta ụmụ kwesịrị ijiri nwayọọ nwayọọ ruo mgbe ọ ga-apụ kpamkpam. Agbanyeghị, dị ka egosiri stats, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ewere onwe ha na nwoke idina nwoke na-abawanye na ọgbọ ọ bụla. Ihe kpatara nke a doro anya: nwoke na nwoke anaghị alụ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, mana ọ chọghị ịnabata Camperio-Ciani doro anya na ndị ọrụ ibe wepụtara nkọwa dị nkọ nke kwesiri ịnagide “usoro iwu Darwin.” Nkwupụta ha na-egosi ịdị adị nke “X-chromosomal factor”, nke, gafere site na njikọ nwa, nwere ike ịbawanye androphilia (inwe mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwoke) na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, si otú a na-eduga ịmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-akwụ ụgwọ maka mbelata nke ụmụ nwoke (Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Echiche a nwere ike na-ekwu maka nzere ụfọdụ ma ọ bụrụ na ndị sayensị achọpụtala nkwụghachi ụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị - dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na nne nwere mkpụrụ nwoke na-edina nwoke na nwa nwere 2, na nne nwere nwa nwoke nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwere 4. N'ezie, ọdịiche ahụ tụgharịrị ịbụ ihe na-enweghị isi: na nkezi, 2,07 nke nwatakịrị na nke mbụ na 2,73 - na nke abụọ (site na 34% karịa) na nke a n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ na ọkwa nke ịmụpụta ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na heterosexuals dịgasị iche na oge 5: 0,12 na 0,58, karị (na 383 % obere) (Iemmola xnumx). Ndị ọrụ nyocha ahụ na-akọwapụta ọmụmụ ala dị ala nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị site n'eziokwu na dịka otu ndị na-achịkwa, ha kwesiri ịdị ka o kwere omume na ụmụ nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke, ya mere ọtụtụ n'ime ha alụghị di. Mana ọbụlagodi ma ọ bụrụ na anyị ewere data ndị a na-adịghị anọchite anya ya, ọ na-egosi na iji nweta ụgwọ zuru oke, ndị nne nke ụmụ nwoke idina ụdị onwe ga-achọ ihe karịrị ụmụaka 7 ... Na mgbakwunye, enweghị ọdịiche pụtara ìhè na ọmụmụ nke ọgbọ gara aga (nne na nna ochie), nke na-ekwenyeghị na tesis banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. nyefe

Agbalị ịkọwapụta data enwetara, ndị edemede kwuru na ndị edina ụdị onwe ha nwere ebumnuche ịkọkarị ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na - abụghị heterosexuals n'etiti ndị ikwu, na heterosexuals, na ntụle, nke nwere ike ibute ọdịiche na nsonaazụ. Ha na-ekwukwa na enwere ike ịkọwa ọdịiche dị n’etiti ọmụmụ nri site na ihe gbasara ahụike ma ọ bụ akparamagwa, dịka mgbadata dịkarịrị afọ ime ma ọ bụ nwekwuo ike ịchọta ndị mmekọ. N’ikpeazụ, ndị dere ya kwusi ikena ịmụba ọmụmụ nwa na-akọwa ihe na-erughị 21% nke ndịiche na ntụnyere agụụ mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwoke n'ihe atụ ha.

“Nke a kwekọrọ n'ọmụmụ nke usoro mmụta siri ike na-egosi na ahụmịhe mmadụ bụ ihe dị ike na-ekpebi omume mmadụ na njiri mara ya. O kwere omume na nwoke na nwanyị ịlụ dị elu karịa sitere n'ọdịbendị karịa agbụrụ maka agbụrụ. N’ọtụtụ obodo, dị ka ugwu Italytali, ndị nne na-esoro ụmụ ha na-enwe oge buru ibu, ọ kachasị n’oge mmalite, nke dị mkpa maka mmepe nke njirimara mmekọahụ na nghazi. Nke a na-egosi na nne na ezinụlọ ya nwere ike bụrụ isi mmalite nke ụdị akparamagwa na omume nwatakịrị ahụ, gụnyere omume metụtara mmasị na omume mmekọahụ n'ọdịnihu. ”Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Mgbe ha duchara ọmụmụ 3, a manyere ndị dere ya ikwenye na data ha nwetara “Ha anaghị ekwe ka anyị gosipụta etu ihe ihe dị n’atorom-chitos na-eduga ma ọ bụ nwee nwoke idina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwoke na nwanyị inwe mmekọahụ” (Ciani xnumx) Na nkenke, ntinye aka nke ihe omuma ndi a banyere ighota oganihu nke nmekorita nwoke na nwoke.

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Ọmụmụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kachasị ukwuu nke 30.08.2019 bipụtara n'akwụkwọ mbipụta sayensị Science, dabere na ihe atụ nke ihe dị ka puku mmadụ 500, chọpụtara na ihe karịrị 99% nke omume nwoke na nwanyị na-ekpebi ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka David Curtis, onye prọfesọ na Mahadum California Institute of Genetics, "Ọmụmụ ihe a gosiri n'ụzọ doro anya na ọ nweghị ụdị nke onyinye klaasị." N'ime ọha mmadụ, enweghi ụdị njikọta a dị iche iche nke ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na ngụkọta mmekọahụ. N'ezie, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọ ụdị mmekọahụ mmadụ nwere site na agbụrụ ya. "

Nkebi nke abụọ: Hormones?

Na mgbakwunye na mmetụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, ndị na-eme ngagharị “LGBT +” na-arụtụ aka na mkpughe intrauterine dị ka usoro e si enyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọmụmụ nke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke. Aghotara na n’ime oge nwa ebu n’afọ n’afọ nne, otu ihe (homonụ ma ọ bụ mgbochi ọrịa) na-eme n’ọkpụkpụ nwa, nke na-akpaghasị usoro dị n’eto ya, nke na-eduga n’iru mmepe nke inwe mmekọ nwoke na nwoke.

Iji nwalee echiche nke mmetụta homonụ na ebido mmasị nke mmekọahụ, anyị na-amụ njikọ dị n'etiti mkpokọta homonụ intrauterine na mmepe anụ ahụ yana ịmalite n'oge nwata nke omume ụdị ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụ ụdị ụmụ nwanyị. Nlele ụdị nyocha nke hormonal intrauterine ahaghị nha, n’ezie, maka omume na ihe kpatara ụmụ mmadụ anaghị arụ ọrụ, ebe ọ bụ na nsogbu ịba uru nke homonụ na-eduga n’ụzọ dị egwu na akwara ndị dị n’ọbara, nke a ga-ekwe omume naanị n’ime anụmanụ ụlọ nyocha.⁷. Na agbanyeghị, ọnụọgụ mmadụ ụfọdụ na-arịa ọrịa pathology metụtara ọrịa - nsogbu nsogbu mmekọahụ (NDP), na ọnụọgụ ha, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịmụ njikọta nke enweghị ezi mmetụta nke hormonal na akparamagwa. Iji bido, anyị kwesịrị ịkọwapụta isi ihe nke mmetụta hormonal intrauterine.

Ekwenyere na oge mmeghachi omume kachasị na mpaghara homonụ na-amalite n'oge ntozu nwa ebu n'afọ. Iji maa atụ, amaara na mmetụta kachasị ukwuu nke testosterone na nwa nwoke na - amalite site na 8 ruo 24 izu, ma mechaa ya malite mgbe a mụrụ ya ruo ihe dị ka ọnwa atọ (Hines xnumx) N'ime oge ntozu niile, estrogens na - esite site na Plasulu na usoro mgbasa nke nne (Albrecht 2010) Ihe omumu banyere anumanu gosiputara na enwere ike inwe otutu uche nke homonụ di iche iche, na onodu otu homonụ nwere ike imetụta omume nke homonụ ọzọ, na mmetụta nke ndị nabatara homonụ ndị a nwere ike imetụta omume ha (Berenbaum Xnumx) Kpa oke nwoke na nwa ebu n’onwe ya bụ usoro dị mgbagwoju anya.

Mmasị dị na ngalaba nyocha a bụ homonụ dịka testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (metabolism nke testosterone ma nwee ike karịa testosterone), estradiol, progesterone na cortisol. A na-ahụta ya dị ka ihe ziri ezi ma ọ bụrụ na mmetụta nke homonụ na mmepe nwa ebu n'afọ n’ime akpanwa na-eme n’ọkwa nkebi. Na nmalite, ẹmbrayo na-adị iche na kọmpụta kromosome ha - XX ma ọ bụ XY - na glands (gromads) ha bụ otu. Agbanyeghị, ọ dị ọsọ ọsọ, dabere na njikọta chromosomal, nguzo nke testes (testes) na ebido na XY na ovaries na ebu XX. Ozugbo ihe dị iche nke gonads gafere, ha na-amalite imepụta homonụ na-enwe mmekọahụ nke na-ekpebi mmepe na njido nke akụkụ mpụga anụ ahụ: androgens zoro ezo site na nnwale ahụ na-eme ka mmepe nke akụkụ ahụ dị na mpụga nke nwoke, na enweghị androgens na ọnụnọ nke estrogen n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-eduga na mmepe nke akụkụ ahụ nke nwanyi. (Wilson 1981).

Atụmatụ ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị. Nke V. Lysov dere ya Imebi nguzozi nke androgens na estrogens (n'ihi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na mmetụta ndị ọzọ), yana ọnụnọ ha ma ọ bụ anọghị ya na oge ụfọdụ dị mkpa mmepe nke nwa ebu n’afọ, nwere ike ibute ọgba aghara na mmepe mmekọahụ.

Otu n'ime nsogbu mmụta gbasara mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị bụ ịmụba hyperplasia nke njikọ adrenal cortex (VGKN), jikọtara ya na mmụmụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ na-enyocha enzyme nke so na njikọ nke homonụ cortisol (2003 na-ekwu okwu) Usoro ogwu a na - eduga na ịba ụba nke cortisol precursor (cortisol na androgens nwere otu ụzọ dị iche), site na nke etolite androgens. N’ihi nke a, amụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere ogo dị iche iche n’amamịghe ụmụ nwanyị⁸ akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị - ọ dabere na ogo nke ntụpọ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ogo nke androgens. Ọnọdụ siri ike nke njikọta nwanyị na mmepe nke ntụpọ dị omimi mgbe ụfọdụ chọrọ ịwa ahụ. Iji kpochapụ nsonaazụ nke androgens, a na-atụ aro ọgwụgwọ hormone. Achoputara na umunwanyi nwere HCV nwere otutu nsogbu di na ha inwe nmekorita nwoke na nwoke.2009 na-ekwu okwu), na ndị butere ọrịa HCV n'ụdị siri ike yikarịrị ka ha ga-abụ ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha karịa ụmụ nwanyị ndị butere ọrịa ahụ n'ụdị dị ala (Hines xnumx).

Na mgbakwunye, enwere mmepe mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na mkpụrụ ndụ mkpụrụ ndụ na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi enweghị uche na androgen. N'ime ụmụ nwoke na-arịa ọrịa insensitivity ọrịa, testes na-ewepụtakarị androgen testosterone, mana ndị na-anabata testosterone anaghị arụ ọrụ. Na omumu, ihe ndi mmadu n’eme ka umu nwanyi, ha na etolite dika umu nwanyi. A na - agbanwe testosterone endogenous nke nwatakịrị ka ọ bụrụ estrogen, nke mere na ọ malitere ịmalite inwe mmekọahụ nke nwanyị (Hughes xnumx) Achoputara oria oria nemele mgbe utara ruru, ma, obughi nke oma, onwa amaliteghi, ya bu na ndi “umu nwanyi” bu umuaka, dika adighi amu na ndi “nwoke” ndi VGKN.

Onwere ihe mmuta ndi ozo na emetuta ufodu ndi nkpuru nwoke (ya bu, mmadu ndi nwere XY genotype) nke enweghi androgens bu nsonaazụ nke enweghi enzymes tinyere ya na ntinye nke dihydrotestosterone site na testosterone ma obu imeputa testosterone site na homonụ nke homonụ. A na-amụ ndị nwere ụdị nsogbu ahụ na nkwarụ akụkụ ọmụmụ nke tozuru oke ogo (Cohen-Kettenis 2005).

N'ụzọ doro anya, na ihe atụ ndị a, mmasị nwoke idina ụdị onwe na / ma ọ bụ ụdị omume a kapịrị ọnụ maka nwoke na nwanyị na-esonyere ọrịa na arụ ọrụ. Agbanyeghị, achọpụtaghị ụdị ọrịa a na nwoke idina nwoke. Echiche nke na ahaghị nkwụgide nke hormonal n'ụzọ ọ bụla na-eduga n'ịdịmma nke nwoke idina ụdị onwe (ya bụ, na-emetụta akparamagwa akparamaagwa) na n'ụzọ ọ bụla anaghị emetụta njiri mara arụ na ọrụ arụmọrụ.

Emego dị iche iche iji chọpụta ihe ọ bụla metụtara arụmọrụ na arụmọrụ metụtara mmasị nwoke na nwoke. Tulee ihe omumu ndi LGBT + kwuru.

Ihe omumu banyere Simon Levey

Emere ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere ọmụmụ banyere ọdịiche nke neurobiological dabere na agụụ mmekọahụ. Nke mbụ bụ mbipụta nke onye ọrịa neuroscientist Simon LeVay na 1991 (LeVay 1991). LeVay mere nyocha ya na nsonaazụ nyocha nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ. Ọ kewara isiokwu ndị a ụzọ atọ - ụmụ nwanyị 6 "heterosexual", 19 "edina ụdị onwe" ndị ikom AIDS nwụrụ, na 16 "heterosexual" ndị ikom (a na-enye ihe ndị a n'akwụkwọ nhota n'ihi na mmasị mmekọahụ nke onye ahụ nwụrụ anwụ bụ n'ụzọ dị ukwuu nkọ).

Na nke ọ bụla, LeVey tụrụ oke nke mpaghara ụbụrụ pụrụ iche a na-akpọ interstitial nucleus of the face hypothalamus.⁹. Na hypothalamus, a na-ahụ ọtụtụ nuclei dị otú ahụ site na 0.05 na 0.3 mm³ n'ogo (Byne xnumx), nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị na ya: 1, 2, 3, 4. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, nha nke INAH-3 na-adabere n'ogo nke hormone nwoke na-ahụ n'ime ahụ: testosterone ka ukwuu, nke ka ukwuu INAH-3. LeVey kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke INAH-3 na ndị na-edina ụdị onwe dị obere karịa ụmụ nwoke nwere mmasị na nwoke na nwanyị, ihe dịka ụmụ nwanyị. Ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-ekpebi usoro nke ahụ mmadụ, LeVey tụrụ aro na ọ bụrụ na nha nke INAH-3 dabara na ntụpọ nke agụụ mmekọahụ, mgbe ahụ "... ịchụso mmekọahụ bụ n'ihi nhazi nke ụbụrụ ...", ya mere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-enwe mmekọrịta mmekọahụ.

Okwesiri iburu n'uche na LeVey tinyere onwe ya dum n'ọrụ a ma nwee olile anya inweta ụdị nsonaazụ a. Mgbe Richard mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na - edina ibe ya nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa AIDS, LeVey dara mbà n'obi nwa oge (Newsweek xnumx, p. 49). Ọ gwara ndị nta akụkọ ka akwụkwọ mbipụta ya gasịrị: “Ọ dị m ka ọ bụrụ na achọtaghị ihe ọ bụla, m ga-agbahapụ sayensị kpamkpam” (Newsweek xnumx, p. 49).

Ọmụmụ LeVey nwere ọtụtụ ntụpọ usoro, nke ya onwe ya na-ekwugharị ugboro ugboro, mana ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi siri ike leghaara ha anya. Gịnị ka LeVey chọpụtara ma ọ bụ achọtaghị? Ihe ọ na-achọtaghị na-enweghị isi bụ njikọ dị n'etiti nha nke INAH-3 na agụụ mmekọahụ. Laa azụ na 1994, onye nyocha William Byne si New York doro nyocha siri ike banyere nkwupụta banyere ihe kpatara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwoke idina nwoke.Byne xnumx): nke mbu, nke a bụ nsogbu ịhọrọ ihe nyocha. LeVey amachaghị ụdị agụụ mmekọahụ ndị ọ mụụrụ n'oge ndụ ya. A maara nke ọma na n'ime ndị ọrịa nwere ọrịa AIDS, a na-ahụ ọkwa testosterone dị ala n'ihi mmetụta nke ọrịa ahụ na nsonaazụ ya na ọgwụgwọ.Gomes 2016) Site na data LeVay, ọ bụ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume ịchọpụta ókè INAH-3 buru ibu mgbe a mụrụ ya ma wezuga eziokwu ahụ nwere ike ibelata n'oge ndụ. Isi okwu nile LeVay mere ka amata dị ka “ndị edina ụdị onwe” nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa AIDS. LeVey n’onwe ya, n’otu ederede ahụ, mere ndoputa:

"... nsonaazụ ndị a anaghị ekwe ka anyị kwubie ma oke INAH 3 bụ ihe kpatara ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke usoro mmekọahụ nke mmadụ, ma ọ bụ oke nha nke INAH 3 na usoro mmekọahụ na-agbanwe onwe ha n'okpuru mmetụta nke ụfọdụ mgbanwe atọ a na-amaghị."LeVay 1991, p. 1036).

Nke abuo, onweghi ihe kwesiri iji kwuo hoo haa na LeVey choputara ihe obula. Ndị nyocha bụ Ruth Hubbard na Elijah Wald n'akwụkwọ ha bibiri akụkọ ifo nke Genes: Lee ndị sayensị, ndị dọkịta, ndị were ọrụ, ụlọ ọrụ inshọransị, ndị nkuzi na ndị na-agbachitere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-agbasa ozi gbasara mkpụrụ ndụ ihe ọmụmụ, na-agbagha ọ bụghị naanị nkọwa nke nsonaazụ LeVey, kamakwa eziokwu ahụ na ihe ọ bụla dị ịrịba ama. iche (Hubbard xnumx, p. 95). Agbanyeghị na LeVey mere ka ọ pụta na n'ime otu nke ọ tụlere ka nwoke idina nwoke, ogo nke INAH-3 dị obere karịa ogo INAH-3 n'ime otu ndị ọ tụlere dị ka ụmụ nwoke, ọ na - esite na nsonaazụ ya na oke na obere agbasasị ụkpụrụ omume zuru oke. otu abụọ ahụ. Onwere ihe omuma atu - iwu nke nkesa di nkpa. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, iwu a kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị nwere njirimara nwere param nke njirimara a n'etiti oke, ọ bụkwa naanị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ndị nwe ha nwere parameters nke oke oke. Nke ahụ bụ, nke ndị mmadụ 100, 80 ga-enwe 160 - 180 uto, 10 erughị 160, 10 karịa 180 cm.

Dika iwu nke onu ogugu enwere ugbua, ichoputa ihe di iche n’etiti otu abuo a na-adighi ike tuta paramita nke na enweghi enweghi nkesa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na n'ime otu ndị mmadụ dị n'okpuru 160 cm a gaghị enwe 10%, kama 40% ma ọ bụ 50%. N'ime ọmụmụ LeVay, INAH-3 bụ nke pere mpe maka ụfọdụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, na oke kachasị maka ụfọdụ ndị idina ụdị onwe na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke. Ọ na - eso na nke ọ bụla, ọ bụ ihe na - agaghị ekwe omume ikwu ihe ọ bụla gbasara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke nke INAH-3 na omume mmekọahụ. Ọ bụrụgodi na egosiputara na ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ụbụrụ, ihe dị mkpa ha ga-ekwu bụ ịchọpụta na uru ahụ ndị na-eme egwuregwu buru ibu karịa ndị nkịtị. Olee nkwubi okwu anyị nwere ike ịdabere na eziokwu a? Mmadu na-eto akwara buru ibu mgbe ya na-egwu egwuregwu, ka ihe mmekpa ahu ebumnuche ya na akwara nke buru ibu na-eme mmad u onye na-eme egwuregwu?

Na nke ato, LeVey ekwughi ihe obula banyere nmekorita nke nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi na INAH-3 n’ime umu nwanyi.

N'ajụjụ ọnụ 1994, LeVey kwuru:

“… Ọ dị mkpa imesi ya ike na egosighi m na nwoke idina nwoke bụ ihe ebumpụta ụwa, ọ hụbeghịkwa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ya. Egosighi m na ndị nwere mmasị nwoke “amụrụ otu ahụ” - nke a bụ mmejọ kachasị ndị mmadụ na-eme mgbe ha na-akọwa ọrụ m. Achọpụtaghịkwa m '' gay center '' n'ụbụrụ ... Anyị amaghị ma esemokwu ndị m hụrụ n'oge amụrụ m ka ọ dị ma ọ pụta n'ihu. Ọrụ m anaghị edozi ajụjụ nke ma e guzobere usoro mmekọahụ tupu ọmụmụ nwa ... "(Nimmons xnumx).

Ihe ndoputa LeVey di nkpa, ebe obula onye okacha mara n ’oru akwara banyere akwara ojoo di ka neuroplasticity - ikike nke akwara igbanwe oru na nhazi ya n’oge ndu mmadu n’okpuru ikike nke ihe omume di iche iche.

Na 2000, otu ndi sayensi Britain bipụtara nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ụbụrụ na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala taị LondonMaguire 2000) Ọ tụgharịrị na maka ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ tagzi, mpaghara ụbụrụ nke na-ahụ maka njikwa sara mbara buru ibu karịa maka ndị otu na-ahụ maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ dịka ndị na-anya tagzi, na mgbakwunye, ogo nke ngalaba a na-adabere ozugbo ọnụọgụ afọ iji rụọ ọrụ na tagzi (Maguire 2000) Ọ bụrụ na ndị nyocha ahụ chụsoro ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ha nwere ike ịkọpụta ihe dị ka: “Ọ dị mkpa ka e nye ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala a aka nri aka nri ebe ọ bụla ha na-arụ ọrụ, ọ bara uru ịgbanwe aka ekpe gaa mbanye aka nri - n'ihi na a mụrụ ha otú ahụ!”

Ruo ugbu a, achịkọtara isi ihe na-eme ka a mata na ihe dị n'ụdị ụbụrụ niile na hypothalamus dị ụcha.Nwere ọnụnọ xnumx; Ire 2014; Mainardi 2013; Hatton xnumx; Theodosis 1993) Ọkpụkpụ ụbụrụ na-agbanwe n'okpuru ihe ndị na-akpata omume (Kolb 1998) Structuresdị ụbụrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na-agbanwe mgbe emechara ịtụrụ ime (Hoekzema et al. 2016)ịnọ na mbara (van Ombergen et al. Xnumx) ma mgbe anụ ahụ gacharaNokia et al. Xnumx).

Ya mere, na nkwenye nke okwu LeVey kwuru n’onwe ya n’afọ 1994, ntinye nke ihe omumu ya banyere afọ 1991 na echiche nke ebum n’iko nke nwoke idina nwoke bu ihe efu.

Enyere nkatọ zuru ezu banyere ọrụ LeVay, yana echiche ndị ọzọ nke neuroanatomical, bụ ndị e nyere n'akwụkwọ nyocha na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ugbu a Science.Mbugua 2003).

Mmeghari nke nyocha nke Levay

Onweghi onye jisiri ike ịmeghachi ihe LeVey rụpụtara. Na mbipụta 2001 nke afọ, otu ndị nyocha si New York mere otu ọmụmụ - ụdị otu nke hypothalamus ka atụnyere dịka n'ọmụmụ LeVay, mana enwere ọtụtụ data zuru ezu na nkesa zuru oke nke ọmụmụ ahụ (Byne xnumx). Ha ahụghị ịdabere na oke INAH-3 na mmekọ nwoke na nwoke. Ndị dere kwubiri na "... enweghi ike ịkọwa atụmatụ mmekọahụ dabere na olu nke INAH 3 naanị ..." (Byne xnumx, p. 91).

Mgbe e mesịrị, a nwara ịchọpụta ịdabere n'echiche nke inwe mmekọahụ n'akụkụ akụkụ ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ. Na 2002, ọkà mmụta banyere akparamaagwa Lasko na ndị ọrụ ibe bipụtara ọmụmụ nke akụkụ ụbụrụ ọzọ - kọmpụta isi (Lasco 2002) Egosiputara ya na mpaghara a enweghi ihe di iche di iche na-adabere na nwoke na nwanyi ma obu udiri ya na mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ iji kwadobe ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ arụ ọrụ dị iche iche n'etiti ụbụrụ heterosexuals na ụbụrụ nke ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha n'ihi ebumnuche ebumpụta ụwa ha fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ enweghị atụ: na 2008, a chịkọtara nsonaazụ ụfọdụ nke ọmụmụ ndị a n'otu edemede bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Proceedings nke US National Academy of Sciences. (Swaab xnumx) Iji maa atụ, otu nnyocha jiri ihe onyonyo kọntaktị arụpụta iji gosipụta mgbanwe na ọrụ n'ime ụbụrụ mgbe isiokwu gosipụtara foto ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Achọputara ya na ilebanye anya na nwanyi mere ka ọrụ nwoke na nwanyi ndi nwoke na nwoke nwere mmekorita nwoke na nwoke nwee mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi dika nwoke na nwoke ma obu nwoke ma obu nwoke ma obu nwoke ma obu na-edina nwoke na nwanyi.Kranz 2006) Eziokwu nke ụbụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nwoke na nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị edina ụdị onwe ha na-emeghachikarị ụdị ihu nwoke, ebe ụbụrụ nwoke na nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na-emeghachi omume na ihu ụmụ nwanyị abụghị ihe nchọpụta buru ibu, nyere echiche nke omumu nke nwoke idina nwoke. N’otu aka ahu, ihe omumu ozo kwuputara mmeghachi omume di iche na ndi nwoke na nwoke na nwoke na nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke ibe ya.Savic 2005).

Ogologo aka

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti ogologo mkpịsị aka nke abụọ (mkpịsị aka) na mkpịsị aka nke anọ nke aka aka, nke a na-akpọkarị "2D: 4D", dị iche maka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. Evidencefọdụ ihe akaebe na-egosi na ogo a nwere ike ịdabere na ọkwa nke intrauterine testosterone, na-eme ka ụmụ nwoke nwee ọkwa dị elu nke mkpịsị testosterone, mkpịsị aka ntanye ahụ dị mkpụmkpụ karịa mkpịsị aka mgbanaka (ya bụ, ogo dị ala nke 2D: 4D) na nke ọzọ (Hönekopp 2007) Dabere na ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ nyocha, ntụpọ 2D: 4D nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. Mgbalị ụfọdụ na-emetụta njikọ 2D: 4D na agụụ mmekọahụ na-ekwekọghị na arụmụka.

Dabere na otu hypothesis, ndị mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị nwere ike ịnwe oke 2D: 4D (nke dị nso na oke nke ụmụ nwanyị karịa rashta nwoke na nwanyị), ebe hypothesis nke ọzọ, na ntụle, na-atụ aro na hypermasculinization na testosterone nke ime nwere ike ibute oke ruru ndina ụdị onwe karịa nwoke idina ụdị onwe. E tinyekwara hypothesis gbasara ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi hypermasculinization (ọkwa dị ala, ọkwa testosterone dị elu).

Otutu ihe omimi nke omume a na nwanyi na nwoke na nwoke na nwanyi idina nwoke ibe ya ma enwetala otutu ihe. Ọmụmụ ihe e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature na 2000 gosipụtara na ihe atụ nke ndị okenye 720 ndị Californians, oke 2D: 4D n'aka nri na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị nwere oke oke (karịa.) ala karịa ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nwoke idina ụdị onwe, na nke ukwuu esighi iche na ụmụ nwoke na nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe ha (Williams 2000) Ọmụmụ ihe a egosighi ekpughere ọdịiche dị n'etiti etiti 2D: ọkara nke 4D n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. N'afọ ahụ, ọmụmụ ọzọ nke jiri ntakịrị ihe nlele na ụmụ nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị si Britain gosipụtara obere 2D: 4D (ya bụ, oke nwoke) n'etiti ndị na-edina ụdị onwe (Robinson 2000) N'afọ 2003, ihe omumu nke ihe nlere nke ndi London choputara na ndi nwoke na nwoke nwere mmekorita nwoke na nwoke nwere onyinye di ala nke 2D: 4D dika aturu ndi nwoke na nwoke na nwanyi.Rahman xnumx), ebe ọmụmụ abụọ ndị ọzọ nke nlele sitere na California na Texas gosipụtara ụkpụrụ dị elu nke 2D: 4D maka ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị (Lippa xnumx; McFadden 2002) Na 2003, e mere ihe omimi nke ụmụ ejima monozygotic asaa, na ụzọ abụọ otu n'ime ụmụ ejima ahụ nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị, na ụzọ abụọ nke ụmụ ejima monozygotic ebe ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ahụ nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị.Xlọ Nzukọ 2003) Na ejima ejima di iche na udiri nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi, ndi mmadu mere onwe ha ka ha dika ndi idina nwoke ibe ha, ihe 2D: 4D di obere karie nke umu ejima ha, ebe umu ejima a huru ohutaghi ihe di iche. Ndị ode akwụkwọ kwubiri na nsonaazụ a na-egosi na "oke ala nke 2D: 4D bụ nsonaazụ nke ọdịiche dị na gburugburu prenatal." Na ngwụcha, na afọ 2005, n'ihi ọmụmụ nke mmachi 2D: 4D na nyocha nke ndị Austrian nke nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke 95 na nwoke na-abụghị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, a chọpụtara na ndị na-egosi 79D: 2D n'ime ndị nwoke na-abụghị nwoke nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị adịchaghị iche na nke nwoke idina ụdị onwe (Voracek 2005) Mgbe ha tụlechara ọtụtụ nyocha nke omume a, ndị edemede ahụ kwubiri na "ọ dị mkpa ịmatakwu data iji nwee ike iji nkwenye kwubie ma enwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogo 2D: 4D na ọdịdị nke agụụ mmekọahụ na ụmụ nwoke, dabere na esemokwu agbụrụ."

Anya anya

Na 2003, otu ndị nyocha Bekee mara ọkwa na ha achọtala "ihe akaebe doro anya na-egosi na agụụ mmekọahụ bụ n'ihi njirimara nke ụbụrụ mmadụ" (Rahman xnumx) Katsi Rahman na ndị na - edekọ akwụkwọ kwuru na ha hụrụ ọdịiche na nzipụta ọsọ - anya na - egbu egbu - na nzaghachi na mkpu mkpọtụ. Ndị dere chọpụtara na ụmụ nwanyị enweghị ihe ha kpọrọ "Ihe mgbochi nke pre-pulse" (PPI) - mbelata nzighachi nke moto iji mee ka o too n’ihu ihe mkpali mbu na-adighi ike.¹⁰... Nke ahụ bụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-enyopụ anya karịa nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị nwere nwayọ nwayọ nwayọ nwayọ karịa nke ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nwoke idina nwoke. Ekwesiri ighota na, nke mbu, ndi ode akwukwo mere mmuta na nkpuru okwu ndi ozo, na abuo, ha ahughi ihe di iche n'etiti nwoke idina nwoke na nwoke ibe ya. N'agbanyeghị nke a, ndị ode akwụkwọ kpebiri na nsonaazụ ha na-egosi na nwoke idina nwoke bụ ihe ebumpụta ụwa. Ka o sina dị, ndị na-eme nchọpụta mere ọtụtụ ndoputa: ha kwuru na ajụjụ ma esemokwu dị iche iche dị na ya bụ ihe pụrụ iche nke ndọrọ mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ na ọ sitere na omume ụfọdụ metụtara mmekọahụ ka edozighị. Ha gosipụtara: "... ọdịiche neuroanatomical na neurophysiological dị n'etiti ndị nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke mmụta ...". Dr. Halstead Harrison nke Mahadum Washington tụlere ọmụmụ ihe a ma kwuo ụdị adịghị mkpa dị ka obere nke otu ndị anwalele (ụmụ nwanyị idina ụdị onwe 14 na ụmụ nwanyị 15 nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ, 15 nwoke idina nwoke ibe ya na ụmụ nwoke iri na ise). Harrison kwubiri: "Rahman et al. E nyeghi ihe doro anya iji kwado nkwubi okwu na ụmụ nwanyị na-edina ụdị onwe na-egosipụta akụkụ PPI yiri nke ụmụ nwoke."Harrison xnumx) Harrison gbabakwara ajụjụ banyere izu ike nke usoro ndị a.

Ọmụmụ ejima ahụ a tụlere n’elu nwere ike ime ka anyị mata ogo mmetụta nke homonụ nne na-amụ nwa, ebe ọ bụ n’oge mmepe intrauterine, ụmụ ejima ya na ibe ha na-ahụ mmetụta ha n’otu ụzọ. Ihe omimi na egosiputa nmekorita n'ime ihe ejima gosiri na homonụ nke afọ ime dika ihe ndi ekere eke n’aru aru oru adighi oke na nguzosi ike nke inwe nmeko. Mgbalị ndị ọzọ a na-eme ịchọpụta ihe ndị so na hormonal na-emetụta agụụ mmekọahụ agabeghị agbaghara, na amabeghị ihe nsonaazụ ha rụpụtara.

Mmetụta nke nrụgide nne

Na 1983, Gunther Dörner et al duziri ọmụmụ iji gosipụta njikọ dị n'etiti nrụgide nne n'oge afọ ime yana njirimara mmekọahụ na-esote ụmụ ha. Ha gbara narị mmadụ abụọ ajụjụ gbasara ihe nwere ike ibutere nne ha nsogbu n’oge afọ ime - ya bụ, mmepe intrauterine nke ndị zara n’onwe ha (Dörner 1983) Ọtụtụ ihe ndị metụtara metụtara agha ụwa nke Abụọ kpatara. N'ime ụmụ nwoke ndị kọrọ na nne ha nwere ahụmịhe na-erughị ala ruo mgbe ha dị ime, 65% bụ nwoke idina nwoke, 25% bụ ndị nwoke na nwanyị, na 10% bụ nwoke na nwanyị. Agbanyeghị, n'ọmụmụ ihe ndị e mechara, a chọpụtara na mmekọrịta dị obere ma ọ bụ na enweghị oge dị mkpa (Ellis 1988) Na 2002, mgbe ha nwesịrị ọmụmụ ihe dị n'ihu na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọgbụgba mmekọahụ na nrụgide dị ime n'oge oge nke abụọ na nke atọ, Hines na ndị ọrụ ibe chọpụtara na nrụgide nne n'oge afọ ime 'nwere ntakịrị ihe metụtara' omume ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ọnwa 42 dị. " ọ nweghịkwa mmekọrita ọ bụla ”gbasara omume ụmụ nwoke (ụmụ nwoke)Hines xnumx).

Nkebi nke atọ: Ọgba aghara Ọrịa?

Nnukwu Nwanna Mmetụta

“Nsonaazụ nke nwanne nwoke nke okenye” (ESB) ma ọ bụ “mmetụta nke usoro ọmụmụ nke ụmụnne nwoke”¹¹ - ndị Canada-America na-eme nchọpụta aha ya bụ Ray Blanchard na Anthony Bogert tụpụtara okwu a - ọ bụ na dị ka ụfọdụ nyocha si jiri ya tụnyere nwoke nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ, ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha na ndị na-edina mmadụ n'ike nwere ụmụnne nwoke ndị tọrọ, ma ọ bụghị ụmụnne nwanyị ndị tọrọ (Blanchard 1996; Bogaert 1997; Blanchard 1998; Lalumiere 1998; Blanchard 2000; Cote xnumx; MacCulloch 2004; Blanchard 2018).

N'oge a, a na-enwe mkparịta ụka mepere emepe banyere ma (1) ma ESB dị adị, yana (2) ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, ma ọ nwere ihe kpatara ndu ma ọ bụ nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (Zietsch 2018; Gavrilets 2017; Whitehead 2018).

N'agbanyeghị ihe ndị na-emegiderịta onwe ha n'ọhịa nke ESB na ihe kpatara ya, ụfọdụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ndị ọha na eze, na-agbalị ịchọta ihe ndị dị ndụ maka nwoke idina nwoke, n'ụzọ doro anya nakweere nkọwa ndu nke ESB nke na ha wepụrụ nkọwa ọ bụla ọzọ nwere ike ime (mmetụta nke nzụlite, wdg). .).

Mmmmmmmmmm2023 mgbakwunye:
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị si na ngalaba nke Psychology na Mahadum Vienna rụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ nhazi data na nnukwu nwanne mmetụta. Ha kwubiri na, mgbe a nyochachara nke ọma, njikọ a kapịrị ọnụ dị n’etiti ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụnna ndị tọrọ na ụzọ nwoke na nwanyị idina ụdị onwe dị ntakịrị, na-adị iche n’ịdị ukwuu, na o doro anya na ọ bụghị kpọmkwem maka ụmụ nwoke. Ọzọkwa, ihe àmà sayensị dị adị ikwubiga okwu ókè n'ihi mmetụta nke obere ọmụmụ.

Vilsmeier JK, Kossmeier M, Voracek M, Tran US. 2023. Mmetụta ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụnna dị ka ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ: ihe akaebe na-agbakọ ọnụ sitere na mgbakọ puru omume, data simulated, na ọtụtụ meta-analysis. Ndị ọgbọ J 11:e15623 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15623

Ọdịmma ọghọm nke echiche ESB

ESB abughi ihe anabataghi ikike, eziokwu nke idi adi bu isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka sayensi na-aga n’ihu n’ihi ọtụtụ ihe.

Nke mbu, achoputaghi mmetụta a na ihe omumu niile. Brendan P. Zietsch kwuru na ndị na-akwado echiche ESB gụnyere na nyocha ha naanị nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ndị ebipụtara na-ekwekọ n'echiche ha, ma na-eleghara ọmụmụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ akụkọ, ngosi okwu na nnọkọ a na-anaghị achọpụta ESB (Zietsch 2018) Nsogbu a di ezigbo nkpa, ebe n’enye n’ime asaa n’ime uzo asaa nke ihe puru ime, ha egosighi na ESB (Bearman 2002; Bogaert 2005, 2010; Francis xnumx; Frisch xnumx; Zietsch 2012) Onye ọrụ ndọrọndọrọ LGBT +, nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu, nke mmegharị Simon LeVay, n'ọrụ ya na-enyekwa nnyocha dị omimi banyere ọmụmụ na-ahụghị ESB (LeVay 2016).

Nke abuo, ihe omumu ndia bu nke achoputara ESB dabere na uzo usoro nlele. Ndị na - akwado ESB hypothesis na - etinye usoro ndị a maka nyocha ọnụọgụ mmadụ na - eduga na mwepu nke ndị nwere ike ịdị (ya bụ, ndị nlele ndị ahọpụtara na - elele na - agụta na - agbanwe agụụ mmekọahụ na nke a). Nke a pụtara na nyocha nke meta gụnyere naanị ihe nlele ndị ahụ ebe oke nke ndị mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị adabaghị na oke nke ndị mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị n'ogo (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe nlele sitere na nyocha Blanchard nke 2018 nke afọ nwere na 51% nke ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha, mgbe ha nọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dum, dị ka isi mmalite dị iche iche, nke kachasị bụ 2 - 3%). N'ihe banyere ụdị ndị na-enwetaghị nsogbu ndị ahụ, ihe ize ndụ nke ịhọrọ ụdị nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị na-edina nwoke na nwanyị na-abawanye, nke dị iche na ọ bụghị naanị na ndị na-ebu amụma. Blanchard 1 table 2018 na-egosi na a na - enyocha ihe ka ọtụtụ n'omume ndị ahụ na meta-analysis site na ndị bi na enweghị atụ: ndị omempụ nwoke na nwanyị, ndị na - agafe agafe, ndị na - edina ụmụaka, psychopaths, wdg. Kama nke ahụ, etinyere nkwupụta gụnyere Blanchard n'ụzọ dị otú a na-ewezuga ọmụmụ ọmụmụ buru ibu nke puru omume (nke etinyere na ESB). Nnukwu heterogeneity nke mmetụta dị n’etiti ọmụmụ ihe onwe onye n’ime meta-analysis na-egosi na eziokwu ahụ etu esi ahọpụta ndị otu maka ọmụmụ ahụ nwere nnukwu mmetụta na ESB. Nke a na - abawanye ike na njiri nke ihe nlele ahụ mepụtara ESB, ọkachasị na - elele na nnukwu ihe atụ nke egosighi gosipụta ESB ma ọlị.

Nke ato, nsogbu uzo ozo bu na uzo nyocha nke ichota ndi ESB di ka ihe nzuzu ma na achoputa ihe achoro. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ ndị nyocha jiri ule ihe ndekọ ọnụ ụzọ wee tụta nsonaazụ (dịka., Bogaert 2005; Poasa 2004; Purcell 2000) ma ọ bụ tụgharịa nsonaazụ nke ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ na - achọpụtapụtabeghị ESB dị ka ihe dị mkpa, na-ekwu na ọ ga-abụrịrị iji otu ụzọ nyocha (Blanchard 2015) - agbanyeghị na amaara na enwere ike iji ule otu ụzọ mee ihe naanị obere oge anaghị adabaghị n'ọnọdụ nyocha-meta (Lombardi xnumx) Onye nyocha Bartlett dere ihe ndị a:

“… Ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe ha na-enwekarị ụkọ, o siri ike ịchọta ndị na-edina nwoke ma ọ bụ nwaanyị ibe ha. Ihe nlere nke ndi nwoke na ndi nwoke na ndi nwoke na nwanyi na ndi nwoke na nwanyi nwere nsogbu n’ile ESB. O yikarịrị ka ọmụmụ ahụ ọ ga-ahụ nsonaazụ ọ bụla na ụmụnne ya niile, ọ bụghị naanị ụmụnne ndị okenye, na-abawanye ma ọ bụrụ na ahọrọ ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha si na ezinụlọ buru ibu, ebe mmetụta ga-akwụsị ma ọ bụrụ na ahọrọ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị si nnukwu ezinụlọ. ... "(Bartlett xnumx).

Nke anọ, ESB dabere na nsonaazụ nyocha nyocha. Nchọpụta nke ezigbo mmekọrịta dị na nchọpụta nke ihe na-eke njikọ a. Mmezi ọ bụla chọkwara nkọwa nke usoro nke ihe na-emezubeghị (Gavrilets 2017).

Nke ise, ESB abụghị nke ụwa niile. Ndị ESB enweghị ike ịkọwa ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị okenye, ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịkọwa enweghị mmasị nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ndị okenye, onye nwere nwanne nwoke nke nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke, enweghị ike ịkọwa oke nke mmasị mmekọahụ n'etiti ụmụ ejima.¹². ESB adighi na ndi nwoke na nwoke. Enwere ike ighota mmasi nke nwoke na nwanyi dika nwoke ma obu nwoke ma obu ya na nwanyi inwe nmeko, ya mere, n'ime udiri onwa ESB, nwoke nke nwoke na nwoke gabu abia kariri ndi ESB karia ndi nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke, kama karia ndi nwoke na nwoke. Agbanyeghị n'ọmụmụ ihe ahụ Bogaert (2006) ESB bụ otu maka nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị inwe mmekọ nwoke na nwoke. McConaghy na ndị ọrụ ibe (2006) duziri ihe omumu nke ESB na “ndi nwoke na nwoke nwere mmeko nwoke na nwoke” (ndi mmadu na ha nwere mmekorita nwoke na nwoke na nwanyi) dika ha na ndi otu nwoke na adighi anya. Achọpụtala ESB maka ma ụmụ nwoke ma ụmụ nwanyị. Na mgbakwunye, mmetụta nke nwanne nwanyị nke okenye hụrụ na ụmụ nwoke, ọ bụ ezie na esighi ike. Dabere na ndị dere, nsonaazụ ha na-egosi na ihe kpatara ndu nke ESB anaghị adịkarị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echere na nyocha nke ESB na-akọwa naanị 17% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ikpe gbasara nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke na nwanyị naanị (Cantor xnumx) ESB akọwaghi mmasi nwoke na nwoke na nwanyi. Ndị na-akwado echiche nke ESB anwalewo ọtụtụ oge ịchọta mmetụta a na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị, mana enweghị nsonaazụ (Blanchard 2004).

Nke isii, ESB anaghị arụ ọrụ na ezigbo amụma ọdịnala agbụrụ. N’icheta ịdị adị nke ESB, dịka atụmatụ ya si dị, mmadụ nwere ike ibu amụma (ihe atụ dịka Bogaert 2004) ekwuputara na otutu umu nwoke nwere umu nwoke na nwoke ma obu nwanyi na nwoke idina nwoke na ibe ya: (a) ezinulo nke okpukperechi, nke ike n’ile kari otutu umu aka; (c) Ọdịnala nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ala Ala Ala, nke ezinụlọ buru ibu na-ahụ ama; na nsogbu dị ala - na mpaghara ndị ọdịda anyanwụ nwere oke ibi ndụ, nke ọnụego ịmụ nwa dị obere karịa n'obodo ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ (Caldwell 1997) Omume yiri nke a, iji tinye ya nwayọ, adabaghị na eziokwu.

Echiche ESB

E nwere ọtụtụ echiche na-akọwa ESB achọtara na ụfọdụ ọmụmụ (James xnumx), n'etiti ha ka enwere ike iche: (1) mkparịtaụka ọmụmụ nwa (hyernes immunization hypothesis) na (2) site na ncheta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (ikpughe ọnọdụ ọnọdụ). N’okpuru, anyị ga-enyocha echiche abụọ ahụ.

Hypothesis nwa nwa

Blanchard na Bogert, dị ka usoro ndu maka ESB, gosipụtara echiche nke esemokwu mgbochi afọ ime nwa, nke bụ na usoro ahụ nwanyị nwere ike ịmịpụta ọgwụ mgbochi n'ụmụ nwoke ụfọdụ, ma bụrụkwa ụdị ọgwụ mgbochi ndị a na-agbakọta na ịtụrụ ime nwoke ọ bụla. ịba ụba ohere intrauterine mebiri emebi na nwa nwoke ọ bụlaBlanchard 1996) Ihe hypothesis nke esemokwu nwa na - anwa ịkọwa mmepe nke mmasị nwa nwoke nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke site na ntụnyere ime ime Rh-Bogaert 2011).

Oge ime Rhesus-ọgụ bụ ọnọdụ nke ọrịa na-ebute site na ọnụnọ n’akpa nwa ebu n’usoro itinye protein n’otu n’ime mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara na enweghi nnabata dị otu a na nne (ya bụ, nne n’ihe atụ a bụ Rh-nke na nwa ebu n’afọ bụ Rh-nke oma). N’ime oge izizi nke nne Rh na-adịghị mma, nweekwa nwa ebu n’afọ nke Rh, mkpụrụ ndụ nke nwa ebu n’afọ na-abanye n’ọbara nke nne ma mee ka mmeghachi omume mgbochi - ịdọpụta ọgwụ mgbochi n’akụkụ sel ọbara. N’ime ime ime na nne a nwere nwa ebu n’afọ nke Rh, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa sitere n’ọbara nne ga-abanye n’ọbara nwa ebu n’afọ ma mebie mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ya, na-ebute ọbara ọgbụgba na oke ye mgbe a mụrụ ya. Ọ bụ ya mere ndị ọkachamara n'ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị na-ejide ọnọdụ Rh nke nne dị ime na nna nwa ahụ.

Blanchard na Bogert hypothesis sitere na otu ụkpụrụ ahụ dị ka afọ ime Rh-ọgụ. N'okwu a, ihe na - akpata ọgbụgba ọgwụ mgbochi (Rh positivity n'ihe atụ a dị n'elu) bụ ọnụnọ nke chromosome play, ya bụ, nwoke nke nwa ebu n’afọ. Y chromosome na - agbasa usoro nke protein na homonụ nke dị na nwa ebu n’afọ (mana ọnweghị nke nwanyị!) Ugbua n’oge mmalite nke ẹmbragenesis. Dị ka hypothesis a tụlere si kwuo, ụmụ irighiri akwara ndị na-ebu “nwoke ọgwụ nje” na-abanye n'ọbara nke nne ma na-akpata mgbochi, nke a na-eche na n'oge ime nwoke nke nwa nwoke na-agafe, gbochiri ọbara-ụbụrụ ọbara, banye na ụbụrụ nwa ebu n’olu ma wakpoo akwara akwara dị iche iche nwere “nwoke antigen” ", Na - egbochi mgbochi ụbụrụ nke ẹmbrayonia" nke ụdị nwoke ", n'ihi nke amụrụ nwata nwoke site na" ụbụrụ nwanyị "ma bụrụzie nke na-edina ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke ma ọ bụ transgender. Ọmụmụ immunoreactivity na-abawanye site na afọ ime ọ bụla site na nwoke nwa ebu n'afọ, ya mere, ọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe ndọpụ dị iche iche kwuru na nwanne nwoke nke ọ bụla toro eto.

Dabere na echiche nke Blanchard na Bogert, nkwenye nke mmerụ intrauterine bụ mbelata oke ibu ahụ mgbe a mụrụ ụmụ nwoke na-edina ụdị onwe ha nwere ụmụ nwoke torola eto.

Ọdịmma ọghọm nke hypothesis ọgwụ mgbochi nwa

William H. James (2004) jiri nlezianya nyochaa usoro izizi nke echiche nke ịlụ ọgụ nne na nna.

Nke mbu, echiche bu na n’oge nne di ime ka onwo ogwu nye oria aru nwa nwoke, ma obughi nke nwanyi - iji tinye ya nway], enwee obi ojoo.. Ndị nne nwere ike ibute mmeghachi omume nke nwa ebu n’afọ, ma nwoke ma nwanyị, nke ahụ abụghị “ụmụ nwoke antigens”, mana ndị nna a kapịrị ọnụ nwere nsogbu ahụ ha na-alụso ọrịa ọgụ, a na-enyochakwa usoro ọmụmụ ndị ahụ nke ọma.Ewu xxumx) Ihe mmeghachi omume atọ dị otu a bụkarị: (a) RCH a kpọtụrụ aha, nke a metụtara mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara nwa ebu n'afọ, nke nwere ezigbo Rh ihe dị n’elu ala ha, ugboro 10 - 20%; (b) alloimmune thrombocytopenia nke ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ na-emetụta platelet, ugboro 4% ma ọ bụ 12%, ma ọ bụrụ na a na-atụlekwa ụdị asymptomatic (2005 Turner); neutropenia nke ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ, na-emetụta neutrophils, ugboro 4% (Han 2006) N ’usoro ndị a, ọgwụ antigens bụ nna nwere otu, ọ bụghị nwoke nkịtị. Ha na-etolite na umu nke umu nwoke obula sitere na otu nna. Ha na - emetụta ihe ọbara (ma ọ bụghị akụkụ ahụ na akwara) n'oge a na - elebara ọbara nwa ebu n'afọ (eriri nwa, placenta, wdg) na usoro ahụike nke nne (n'ihi mmerụ ahụ akụkụ ahụ dị na mpụga, elu nke akpanwa, wdg) n'oge ịmụ nwa.

A na-eche na ọgwụ mgbochi ara nke nwa nne na-abanye na mmiri ara nne, dị ka ọgwụ nje ndị ọzọ.Gasparoni xnumx), dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa nne na-alụ ọgụ maka ihe Rh, nke na-abanye na mmiri ara nne, nwere ike ibute ọrịa haemolytic nke nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ (Beer 1975) N'otu aka ahụ, enwere ike iche na mmiri ara ehi nwere ụdị mgbochi ọgwụ mgbochi megide "nwoke antigens" nke ụmụnna ga-anabatabeghị nke ọma, nke ga-eduga na nsogbu nke ị breastụ ara na nmalite ya, yana ọrịa ọgbụgba. Agbanyeghị, nyocha akwụkwọ gbasara ahụike nyere nkọwa dị iche iche: usoro ọmụmụ amabeghị na oge inye nwa ara ma ọ bụ na ya na ya nwere ọfụma.Martin 2002) Ugboro ugboro nke ihe nfụkasị ahu na ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ sitere na 0,01% rue 7,5% (Hildebrand xnumx; Pumberger xnumx; Xanthakos 2005), ebe ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ na nwoke na nwanyị na-emetụta. Agụnyere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ mmeghachi omume nke mmiri ara ehi.

Anyị na-ekwughachi na site n'echiche mgbanwe, intrauterine immunogenicity nke nwa ebu n'afọ bụ ihe nzuzu maka nne. Phylogenesis nke mmadụ dị ka anụ na-eri ara na-adị ọtụtụ nde afọ. Gini mere ogologo oge ahu na aru mmadu aruputaghi uzo di nma iji gbochie oke onu ahia di n ’iru echiche nke mmeghachi onodu ojoo? Mmeghachi omume mgbochi anụ ahụ nke nwanyi n’iru na n’ike n’ike n’ike n’ike mere usoro na usoro amamịghe maka ahụike nwanyị dịka ọ dị n’afọ nke nwa nwoke, nke na -eme 50% n’ime afọ ime ọ bụla, ga - eduga n ’ịkpa ike n’ nwoke na nwanyị nsogbu. Phylogenesis na-edugakarị n'ịhọrọ na ichekwa ụdị akparamagwa kachasị mma maka ụdị a. Iji maa atụ, enwere ezigbo ihe akaebe na nhọrọ nke nwoke na - akpakọrịta nwere nnukwu ihe na - eme (GCS)Chaix 2008; Millinski 2006; Wedekind xnumx), nke ahụ bụ ọkwa phylogenetic, a na-ezube usoro nke ụdị ịmụba ihe dị iche iche na GCS ma nwekwuo ike ịmụ nwa (Williams 2012; Guleria 2007).

Na iji gbachitere echiche ya, Bogert nyere dịka ọmụmaatụ nke nzaghachi ọrịa na - efe efe dịka afọ ime Rh-rikicin (RCH)Bogaert 2011), na-eduga n'ọrịa haemolytic nke nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ - nke sị na ọ bụ ihe a (n'ihe ize ndụ dị ihe dịka 15% nke ndị bi na (Izetbegovic 2013)) anaghị ala n'iyi n'oge evolushọn. Agbanyeghị, ekwesịrị iburu n'uche na ugboro ugboro nke FC n'oge gara aga banyere mmadụ dịka otu ụdị si belata nke ukwuu. N'oge a, a na-ahụ ihe mgbanwe dị ka aghara nke mmadụ, ya mere, ọ yighị ihe dị iche na usoro ndị sitere n'okike igbochi esemokwu Rhesus etolitebeghị. Site na mmepe nke transplantology, ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ ezutewo ihe dị ka nke na-anọghị na mbụ dịka mmeghachi omume jụrụ nke mgbochi (na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 100% nke ndị nnata), ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na ụmụ mmadụ enweghị usoro eke maka igbochi ha. N'ihe banyere RCH na ntụgharị mmeghachi omume maka mmadụ dị ka ụdị, ọ bụghị ọtụtụ oge agafe maka mmepe nke usoro iji kwụọ ụgwọ¹³. N'aka nke ọzọ, nkwụsi ike na mgbochi nke nne na 50% nke ụmụ ha ga-abụ ihe iju anya.

Na mkpokọta, ọ dị ka enwere obi abụọ na enwere ụfọdụ akụkụ ma ọ bụ ihe nke nwa ebu n'afọ nke nwere njiri nke antigenic bụ naanị maka nwoke. Testosterone na-akwụghị ụgwọ, nke na - ejikọ globulin ma ọ bụ ihe na - anabata cellulite ahụ, anaghị egbochi nne ya maka na ha niile dịkwa n'ahụ ahụ.

Nke abuo, echiche nke umu ihe umu anumanu nke umu nwanyi na - emeghari aru mmadu nke nwa nwoke (nke butere ya na “feminization”), mana ha adighi emegharia ihe ndi ozo n’iile ma o dighi emetuta ihe ahu. ) - bụ, itinye ya nwayọ, na-arụ ụka.

Ọ bụrụ n’ezie, mmeghachi omume mgbochi pụtara na “nwoke antigens”, mgbe ahụ hypothetical ọgwụ mgbochi nne ga-abụkarị n’otu oge ma ọ bụ n’otu oge n’enyocha ule ahụ, nke nwere “antigen nwoke” karịa ụbụrụ. A ma ama ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa dị n'etiti nwoke (ya bụ, dị na Y chromosome)Ginalksi xnumx) Ngosipụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ndị a - ya bụ, ọgụgụ nke ozi na njikọ nke protein na ihe owuwu - na-apụta ọ bụghị naanị na ụbụrụ, mana tumadi na testes, nke kwesịrị ịbụ ebumnuche mbụ nke "mgbochi nwoke" ọgụ ọgụ, ọ bụghị ụbụrụ. (Ginalksi xnumx) N'ime ụmụ nwoke na nwoke idina nwoke, a ga-achọpụta ihe ga - eme ka ọrịa na - ebute ọrịa: hypospadias, cryptorchidism, cancer cancer, wdg, ọ nweghị njikọ nke nsogbu testicular na nwoke idina nwoke ma ọ bụ ESB achọpụtara (Pierik xnumx; Flannery xnumx) Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ịmara na ụmụ nwoke nwere hypospadias, n'agbanyeghị ọkwa testosterone dị ala n'oge mmepe nke afọ ime, nwere ogo mmụọ dị elu nke mmụọ.Sandberg 1995) Ọ ga-atụ anya na na mmadụ nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, nwoke na nwanyị ga na-eto eto ma emechaa, site na ọrịa ọgbụgba, n'agbanyeghị na nnukwu ọmụmụ egosighi ọdịiche dị na afọ ntorobịa dabere n'ọchịchọ mmekọahụ (Savin-Williams 2006).

Na mgbakwunye, ntinye nke ọgwụ mgbochi hypothetical site na ọbara n'ọbara banye na ụbụrụ nwa ebu n'afọ agaghị enwe isi n'ihi ihe mgbochi ụbụrụ ọbara (BBB), nke ewepụtaralarịrị na izu 4-nke afọ ime (Zusman 2004) Ihe ndị dị otú ahụ na-alụ ọgụ ga-enwe ike imeri BBB naanị site na ọrịa ndị siri ike nke ikpeazụ - ma mebie ọrụ nchebe, nke ga-eduga nnukwu mmebi akwara na ụbụrụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ bụrụ na ọrịa nwa ebu n'afọ nke BBB nọ n'ọnọdụ nkịtị, mgbe ahụ ọ bụrụdị na imebi usoro mgbochi nke nne anaghị ebute ọrịa akwara nke nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ - BBB na - egbochi ọgwụ mgbochi. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe buru ibu na-ejikọ nne nke 17 283 nke nne nwere ụmụ, ọ nweghị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmụba immunoreactivity ịmụ nwa na ọrịa ụbụrụ, nlọghachi azụ nke uche, nhịahụ, wdg (Flannery xnumx).

Ọzọkwa, echiche nke ọgwụ mgbochi ebumnuche na-emebi ụbụrụ n'ụdị nke na ha na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke nwanyị agaghị agbagha. Na ogbo nke ẹmbrayosis, a na-ekwusi ike iche iche nwoke na nwanyị na ụbụrụ, na ụbụrụ nke ikpeazụ nke ụbụrụ, dịka okike, na-apụta n'oge ntozu nwoke na nwanyị, mgbe enwere ike ịnwe mmetụta mgbochi nke agaghị ekwe omume (Lenroot 2007; Paus xnumx) Echiche nke ọnụnọ n'ime ụbụrụ nwa ebu n'afọ nke e ji mara nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị inwe obi abụọ na-egosighi nke ọ bụla.Lauterbach 2001; Nunez 2003) Nyocha MRI gosipụtara na ọ bụghị naanị obere ọnụ ọgụgụ, kama ọ bụ ọdịiche dị n'ụdị ụbụrụ nke ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ, yana nnukwu egwuregwu dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị (Zanin xnumx; Mitter 2015).

Dabere na hypothesis, anyị kwesịrị ịtụ anya na ndị edina ụdị onwe ha na ụmụnne nwoke ndị okenye, nwere ụbụrụ nke "ụmụ nwanyị" ga-abụrịrị akụkụ nke mmụọ na ebumnuche ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ihe kwenyesiri ike na "demaskulinization" nke ụbụrụ ga-emetụta naanị agụụ mmekọahụ nwata nwoke, kama ọ ga-agabiga ihe ndị ọzọ. ụmụ nwoke kapịrị ọnụ. Ekwesịrị ịdeba ama na n'ọmụmụ ihe ụfọdụ, mmasị nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị okenye na -emekwu ihe n'ụdị ụbụrụ "ụmụ nwanyị", mana mmepe ụbụrụ, n'ihe gbasara oke na ọrụ ha, na-abụkarị mgbe amụrụ nwa, ya mere ụdị ndị ahụ, dị ka ndị dere ya si kwuo, bụ nsonaazụ nke ịmụ nwa. Ahụmahụ, ọ bụghị ihe gbasara afọ ime. Nchoputa nke Bogaert et al. (2003; 2005); Kishida et al. (2015); Semenyna et al.2017) ekpughere ọgbaghara dị n’etiti ESB na ogo nke akara nwanyị n’etiti ụmụ nwoke.

Nke ato, nmekorita di na nwanyi nke oria otutu nwoke na nwanyi, onodu nwoke na ndi okenye, nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi na oke ibu mgbe amuru ya.

Dị ka ihe akaebe nke ọgụ ọgụ zuru oke, ndị na-akwado echiche hybysze na ESB na-ekwupụta data ụmụ nwoke nwere ụmụnne nwoke toro eto nwere ntakịrị ịmụ nwa (Blanchard 2001) Mbelata ogo ahu na omumu na umuaka ndi nwere umunne ndi okenye, na ihe omumu banyere Blanchard bu ihe dika 170 gram (5% nke aru aru) (Blanchard 2001) Dabere na ntụle a na-atụle, a ga-ahụta ụdị mbelata yiri nke a maka ụmụ nwoke nwere ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nwere ụmụnne nwoke nke okenye, na ekwesighi ịhụ ya n'anya ụmụ agbọghọ. Agbanyeghị, nke a abụghị ihe mere - na ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ Norwegian nke nyochara mmekọrịta dị iche iche nke nzaghachi mgbochi ọrịa na oke ibu mgbe a mụrụ ya, a na-amụ banyere ọmụmụ nwa 181 000, ma na-ahụkarị ịta ahụ mgbe a mụrụ ya na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke.Magnus 1985) Ọzọkwa, a maara ama "mmetụta nwanne dị ukwuu" maka ma nwoke ma ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ dị ala - 0,6%, gosipụtara na ọdịiche nke gram 20 ± 4,5 n'ihe banyere ogo ịmụ nwa na 3 500 grams (Magnus 1985).

Dabere na data ndị a, ọrụ nke ihe ndị na-egbochi ọrịa n'ozuzu n'ibelata oke ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe arụ. Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na Magnus na ndị ọrụ ibe ha nyochakwara nsonaazụ nke antigens na oke nke ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ - na nke a na-atụ aro na ọ bụrụ na oke ibu na-ebute ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na-egbochi ọgwụ mgbochi nna, a ga-ahụ ya na ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị .. Magnus na ndị ọrụ ibe gụrụ ọnụ nke ụmụaka nwoke na nwanyị mgbe a mụrụ ha na nne ndị batara n'alụmdi na nwunye ọhụrụ ma mụọ ụmụ ọhụrụ - ọ bụrụ na oke ibu ahụ bụ site na nzaghachi mgbochi ọrịa, oke ịmụ nwa n'ime ụmụ nwoke ọzọ kwesịrị ịbụ ịlaghachi na ọkọlọtọ mbido gosipụtara, ebe nna nke ọzọ bụ onye na - ebu ọgwụ mgbochi ọhụụ na usoro mgbochi na - aga n’ihu ọ dị mkpa maka ị nweta ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa (ọtụtụ afọ ime)Magnus 1985) Agbanyeghị, ịdị arọ nke ahụ site na nna ọzọ si n’aka nna ọzọ belatara, ndị dere kwubiri na mmekọrịta nke usoro mgbochi ọ bụla na ibelata oke ahụ n’oge a na-amụ nwa ekwenyeghị n’omume ha (Magnus 1985).

Ihe kpatara oke ibu mgbe amuchara ya nwere ike ịbụ: (a) imeghi agadi; (b) ụkọ placental; (c) Ọrịa afọ nke ịmụ nwa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, system lupus erythematosus (ejikọtara ya na ọtụtụ ọrịa afọ imu nwa); (d) mgbagwoju nke pathologies metụtara ọrịa testicular. Onwebeghi ihe ndia edere ka nke oma maka umunwoke ndi nwoke nwere umunne ndi okenye.

Ebubeghi njikọ mmekọrịta maka ịta ahụ mgbe a mụrụ ya na mmeghachi omume mgbochi ma ekwenyebeghị nke ọma. Dabere na Jemes (2006) mbelatala ịdị ukwuu n’arụ n’oge a mụrụ ya nwere ike ịbụ n’ihi mmetụta nke testosterone (Manikkam 2004) Na mgbakwunye, ịba ụba testosterone n'ime ahụ nwanyị na-emetụta oke nwere ike ịmụ nwa nwoke (James xnumx; James 2004b) Blanchard, n'ịzụlite echiche ya na ogo ihe akaebe na-akwado ya, rụtụrụ aka na ọmụmụ Gualtieri na Hicks (1985)onye kwuputara na nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi nke amu amu na-agbadata okike ndi nwanyi dabere na onu aka umu aka (ozo ozo ka amuru umu na ezi na umu nwoke amaghi nwoke). Agbanyeghị, enwere njehie ntụgharị nke ihe ọmụmụ a (lee James xnumx, p. 52; James xnumx) N'ụzọ dị iche, ọmụmụ abụọ kachasị ukwuu: nyocha nke ọmụmụ nde 4 na France (James xnumx) na ọmụmụ puku mmadụ 150 na USA (Ben-porath xnumx) kpughere na enwere ike ịmụ nwa nwoke na-abawanye site na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụnne nwoke wee wedata na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụnne nwanyị ndị okenye, nke na-emegide ESB. Biggar et al. (1999) Dabere na data ndị a, anyị mere nyocha nyocha nke 1,4 nke otu nde ọmụmụ ma chọpụta na ihe gbasara nke puru ịmụ nwa na-abawanye site na mmụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụnne ndị okenye.

Nke anọ, echiche nwata nwoke mbụ n’ime ezinụlọ ekwesịghị inwe mmasị nwoke na nwanyị, yabụ, n’ihe ize ndụ nke mmepe ha na-abawanye na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụnna nwoke ndị okenye, bụ itinye ya nwayọ, ịkọ nkọ.

Ọ bụghị nwoke ọ bụla nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke nwere ụmụnne nwoke nke okenye, n'aka nke ọzọ, ụfọdụ ụmụnne nwoke ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwoke ụfọdụ toro eto bụ nwoke idina nwoke. Ndị na-akwado hypothesis ahụ gosipụtara iwu na ndị nne dịịrị ndị nwoke ahụ kwuru na ha nwere afọ ime nwa nwoke tupu amụrụ ha, nke butere usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ahụ. Nmekorita nke ndi di na nwunye na ete ime site na mgbe obula bu 1%; n'ihe dị ka ọkara nke ikpe ndị a, nwa ebu n'afọ nwere karyotype nkịtị, ya bụ, enwere ike iche na ọkara nke afọ ime na-akpata site na mmeghachi omume mgbochi.Lee 2000) Agbanyeghị, ọmụmụ banyere oke mmekọahụ nke akpa nwa n’anwụ n'ihi mkpụrụ afọ na-egosi na ihe karịrị ọkara bụ nwanyị: oke nwoke / nwanyị bụ 0,76 (Eiben xnumx), 0,71 (Eiben xnumx), 1,03 (Bụrụ xnumx); 0,77 (Smith 1998), 0,77 (Evdokimova 2000), 0,83 (Morikawa xnumx), 0,35 (Halder 2006), 0,09 (Kano xnumx).

N’aka nke ọzọ, dịka nchekwube mgbochi, ụbụrụ nke nwa nwoke ọ bụla n’ime afọ kwesịrị ibuso oke ọgụ n’ime afọ ime ọ bụla, ya bụ, ‘ị ga-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị mata’, ma nke a abụghị. Ọ bụghị ụmụnne niile nwoke nke nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. Ọ dị mma ịmara na ụmụ ntakịrị ụmụ nwoke nke mebiri ụdị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị - onye ụbụrụ ya, dị ka nkọwa nke Blanchard si kwuo, kwesịrị ịkpa ike ".Green xnumx).

Ọzọkwa, dị ka hypothesis si kwuo, a ga-atụ anya na ụmụnne ndị nwoke ga-emecha ga-ata ahụhụ n'ọtụtụ nsogbu anụ ahụ n'ihi ịba ụba ọgụ mgbochi site na nne, na agbanyeghị, ihe dị iche bụ eziokwu: usoro ịmụ nwa na-esokarị na mmelite kama mmebi. ahụike (Juntunen xnumx; Cardwell xnumx; Sorenson 2005; Richiardi xnumx).

Hypothesis metụtara mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-akọwa ESB

Ndi mere akwukwo banyere nchedo onwunwa nke nne di iche-iche kwuputara:

“Course N’ezie, enwere ike ịkọwapụta ihe ọzọ nwanne ya ga-arụ ma e cheghị na nne ya ga-alụso ọrịa ọgụ. Echiche asọmpi kachasị ewu ewu bụ na mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na-eme ka o nwee ike ịbụ nwata nwoke ị nwere mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, na ohere nwatakịrị nwere iso mmekọrịta dị otú a na-abawanye na ọnụọgụ ya, ọnụọgụ nke ụmụnne ya ndị okenye ... "(Ellis 2001).

Wellings na ndị ọrụ ibe (1994, p. 204 - 206) choputara na umunwoke ndi biara n ’ulo akwukwo umuaka umu nwoke nwere ike kpughere ihe mmuta obula ha mere n’oge ndu ha karia ndi nwoke n’agagh ulo akwukwo ndia, mana onweghi ihe di iche na odi ndị mmadụ kọrọ akụkọ banyere nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ibe ya mgbe ha mechara. ” Blanchard (Ellis 2001) zoro aka na mbipụta Wellings na ndị ọrụ ibe (1994) dị ka ihe akaebe na hypothesis mmadụ adịghị mkpa. Agbanyeghị, ha tụgharịrị data a n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. Wellings dị na peeji nke 206 na-enye eserese na-egosi na ihe dị ka 1,5% nke ụmụ nwoke 7925 na-agabeghị ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akọ akụkọ karịrị otu mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na 5 gara aga, na 2% nke ndị nwoke 412 gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ulo akwukwo. N'ụzọ doro anya, data ndị a (nke na-ezigara ìgwè dị iche iche) na-ekwu na ha nwere ike ịkwado hypothesis mmekọrịta. Tụlee ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ na njikọta na usoro mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.

Blanchard n'onwe ya gosiri na n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke, ihe dị ka 25% bụ ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha (Blanchard 2000b). Nke a dị ihe ruru okpukpu iri karịa ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ha n’etiti ụmụ nwoke ndị na-eche banyere nwoke tozuru etozu. A na-atụ aro na n'etiti ụmụ nwoke, idina ụdị onwe na ndaba nwoke nwere ihe kpatara ya, na nke a bụ ahụmịhe mmekọahụ (ma ọ bụ mmekorita nwoke na nwanyị) na nwata (James 2004). Dika echiche a si di, nmekorita nke nwoke na nwoke na nwanyi g’enwe nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi n’enwe okenye. Rimafedi (Afọ 1992) chọpụtara na n'ime ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, amaghị nke a na-akọ banyere agụụ mmekọahụ ha na-ebelata n'afọ ndụ: ndị a na-atụ aro na njirimara nwoke na-amalite n'oge uto ma nwee ahụmịhe metụtara mmekọahụ.

Ọzọkwa, a na-ahụkarị ikpe ụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na-eme ihe ike n'oge nwatakịrị n'etiti ndị nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke karịa n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke.Paul 2001; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984); enwere nmekorita doro anya di na nwoke na nwanyi inwe mmeko nwoke na nwanyi na mmeko nwoke na nwanyi.Glasser 2001); onu ogugu umu nwoke ndi nwoke nwere nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi kwuru na a na akwado ha ma obu mmanye inwe nmekorita rue 19.Cunningham 1994); E jiri ya tụnyere ndị otu na-achịkwa, ụmụ nwoke ndị emetụtara n'ụzọ mmekọahụ mgbe ha bụ ụmụaka ka ọnụọgụ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke dị elu.Johnson 1987; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984; Wyre n'ime Tate xnumx; Cunningham xnumx; Glasser 2001; Rind xnumx; Garcia xnumx; Arreola 2005; Beitchman xnumx; Jinich xnumx; Laumann xnumx; Idozi 1997; Paul 2001; Tomeo 2001; Xnumx ugboro) Enwere ike ikwubi na mmasị nwoke idina nwoke, n'agbanyeghị afọ nke ihe dọtara, nwere ihe na-akpata ya. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ Blanchard egosila na a hụrụ SBE n'etiti ndị na-edina ụdị onwe na nwoke na nwanyị na-edina ụdị onwe, ya bụ, ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ụmụnne ndị okenye (Bogaert 1997).

Lee et al. (2002) nwara igosipụta nke ọtụtụ ihe dị ize ndụ - mmetọ obi nwatakịrị, nsogbu omume, na mmetọ mmekọahụ nwatakịrị - metụtara ihe ndị a: pedophilia, ngosipụta, mmetọ mmekọahụ. Imetọ nwatakịrị so n'ihe ndị dị na nwata na-edina ụmụaka. Ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ya (nsogbu mmetụta uche yana nsogbu akparamàgwà) enweghị njikọ chiri anya na pedophilia. Na mgbakwunye, na-enye njikọ doro anya n'etiti ọnụnọ ọtụtụ ụmụnne nwoke na nwoke idina nwanyị n'ime ezinụlọ na ndina nwanne, ekwesịrị ịtụle mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị dịka ụzọ ọzọ enwere ike isi kọwaa nkọwa nke ndu. Mgbe otu nwanna nwoke (nke na-abụkarị nke okenye) gosipụtara ụdị omume mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, ụmụnna nwoke ndị ọzọ na-enwe ihe ize ndụ nke ịbụ onye a rafuru ma ọ bụ dinaa n'ike, nke nwere ike idozi omume nwoke idina ụdị onwe ha (Cameron 1995) Dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ Britain, 38% nke ikpe gbasara ime ihe ike na ezinaụlọ na-eme n'akụkụ nke nwanne (Cawson xnumx) Dika onye nyocha Bartlett (2018), mkparịta ụka na akparamaagwa a ma ama gbasara ma mmadụ etolite etolite okenye dabere n’omume ọmụmụ ya bụ akụkọ dị ogologo nke nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị na-ekwu ọtụtụ puku akwụkwọ ndị ebipụtara (Damian xnumxa; Paulhus 2008; Salmon xnumx) N'ime iri afọ ole na ole gara aga, emeela nchọpụta banyere okwu a n'echiche na asọmpi n'etiti ụmụnna nwoke na ụmụnna nwanyị maka enyemaka nke ndị nne na nna na-eduga n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na usoro ọmụmụ ụmụaka n'ime ezinụlọ na-emetụta àgwà nke ụmụaka. Ebe ọ bụ na ụmụaka na-emeziwanye iji ụdị akụ dị iche iche n'ime ezinụlọ, dịka iwu, ụmụaka toro eto na-aka ike ma na-eweghara akụkụ nke ikike nne na nna ha, ebe ụmụ na-emecha na-akpachapụ anya ma na-emekọrịta ihe (Sulloway 1996) Okwesiri iburu n’obi na ebe obula n’otutu ezi-na-ulo na onodu ndi mmadu n’onodu ha na otutu onodu na-emetuta nsonaazụ onu ogugu, ihe omumu n’ime enwere ike itule ihe omume ESBs ma obu opekata mpe 30 puku nwanne. etu esi atule ihe omumu dika ndi ezi na ulo site n’ezi n’eziPaulhus 2008) Agbanyeghi na omumu ihe omumu gosiputara data di iche na ESB, na ihe omumu buru ibu (dika. Rohrer xnumx, n = 20 000; Damian xnumxb, n = 377 000), mmetuta nke usoro ịmụ nwa n’omume ndị mmadụ (Damian xnumxa) Ihe data ndị a na - egosi na ha nwere mmetụta dị mma, nke na - egosipụta ọgụgụ isi nke nwatakịrị ọ bụla na - esote ihe dịka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ntụgharị ọkọlọtọ ma ọ bụrụ na nwata ahụ etolite na okenye.Kristensen 2007), nke gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya na ihe kpatara nsonaazụ ahụ bụ mbelata ego ndị nne na nna, ọ bụghịkwa usoro intrauterine. Nnukwu omumu gosiputara ihe omume uto banyere omumu d’oru aka dika ihe omumu akwukwo, ihe isi n’iru ego, na nsogbu nke igbu onwe (Bjørngaard 2013; Nwa xnumx).

Yabụ, ndabere sitere na mmụọ nke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, nke a na-akwalite iji usoro ọmụmụ nke ụmụnne, enweghị nkwado ọ bụla, ebe enwere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe megide ya.

Duality nke LGBT + Àgwà - Blanchard Movement

Were ya na ESB na ọgwụ mgbochi afọ nne na-eme ma na-eme mgbanwe na akparamagwa. N'okwu a, nyocha nke Blanchard na-ejikọ nwoke na nwanyị na transsexualism (yana pedophilia idina ụdị onwe) - na mmegharị LGBT + ọgbara ọhụrụ, nke a bụ nkwulu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, dị ka Associationlọ Ọrụ Nkà Mmụta Ahụike America si kwuo, agụụ mmekọahụ na njirimara mmekọahụ bụ ihe ịtụnanya kpamkpam.APA 2011 / 2014) Dabere na ntụpọ nke Blanchard, transsexualism bụ ọrịa na-akpata site na (1) ngosipụta dị oke egwu nke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke, ebe a na-ekwupụta “ụbụrụ” ụbụrụ nke na ọ na-emetụtakwa ụdị mmekọahụ; ma ọ bụ (2) ntụgharị uche nke a na-adọrọ mmasị mmekọahụ na-abụghị nke nwoke na nwanyị, kama na foto nke nwoke na nwanyị (Blanchard kpọrọ ọnọdụ ikpeazụ "autogynephilia"¹⁴) (Blanchard 1989; Bailey 2003) Blanchard na-elebara transsexualism anya dị ka ihe gbasara ọrịa. Ọzọkwa, N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Blanchard kwuru:

"... m ga - ekwu na ọ bụrụ na ọ ga - ekwe omume ịmalite site na ọkọlọtọ, na - eleghara akụkọ niile gbasara mwepu nwoke na nwanyị sitere na DSM, inwe mmekọahụ nkịtị bụ ihe niile metụtara ọmụmụ.¹⁵... "(Cameron 2013).

Ọnọdụ obi ike dị otú ahụ na-akpata enweghị afọ ojuju n'etiti ndị nnọchi anya "LGBT +" - mmegharị ahụ, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ya na-anọchite anya "T" (Wyndzen xnumx; Adsjọ; Dreger 2008; Serano 2010).

Ndị na-akwado “LGBT +” na-ede banyere Blanchard - mmegharị:

“… Blanchard na-ehotakarị site mgbochi LGBT iche iche (…) Ma gịnị mere? Blanchard toro onye Katọlik, o nwere ọdịnala ọdịnala na mmekọrịta ọ bụla nke na-adịghị agụnye amụ na ikpu bụ ihe na-adịghị mma (...) Ọ bụrụ na Dr. Blanchard bụ ụdị nutcase na-enweghị ọkwá na ikike, ọ ga-adị mfe ileda anya. Mana nke a abụghị ikpe - na ntụle, ọ nọ na kọmitii JSM maka paraphilias na mmekorita nwoke na nwanyị (...) Ọ na-emegide ndị LGBT n'ihu ọha ... "(Tannehill xnumx).

N’aka nke ozo, nkwenye nke echiche Blanchard nke a na-enyo enyo na otu ihe izizi nke "LGBT +" - mmegharị - echiche nke ịdị ọcha nke mmekọ nwoke na nwoke site na nwoke na nwanyị. N'ezie, na nke a, a ga-ekpughe ihe kpatara mmasị nwoke na nwanyị - PATHOLOGICAL omume mgbochi. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ndị na-eme ngagharị “LGBT +” ga-agwagbu nghọta nke ọgwụ na ihe ọmụmụ bayoloji dịka ha si gbakọọ azịza mgbochi nke na-ebute imebi, oke ibu, belata ohere ịmụ nwa, mgbanwe na ọnọdụ ọgụgụ isi nke chọrọ ọgwụ homonụ na ọgwụ ịwa ahụ, yana Nhọrọ ndị na-emetọ ụmụaka na ọchịchọ ime ihe ike bụ nhọrọ dị mma.

Na mgbakwunye, a ga-enwe atụmanya igbochi mmasị nwoke idina ụdị onwe na ụmụ nwoke site na ntụnyere iji ọgwụ mgbochi Rhesus immunoglobulins na afọ ime Rh. Kedu akụkụ ndị nne na nna n'ọdịnihu, ọbụna ndị na-eguzosi ike n'ihe maka "LGBT +", ga-eji nlezianya jụ ohere iji belata ihe ize ndụ nwoke na nwoke idina ụdị onwe ha nwere? N'ezie, n'oge nke oge a, a na-akọwara nwanyị ọ bụla nke ọma banyere nnabata na usoro ịtụrụ ime. Ikike nwanyị nwere ime ihe nwa ebu n’afọ ga-agbadata ikike imebi omume nwoke na nwanyị ọ nwere n’ihu, ma ọ bụ na a ga-amachibido nhoputa na ikpe nke ndị ọkachamara ga-eweta ohere dị otú ahụ?

Otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ, ugbu a, nsogbu ndị a bụ ihe puru iche.

Nsogbu ntụgharị

Enwere ụfọdụ adịghị ike n'ime dị na nsonaazụ nke ọmụmụ ihe banyere ala, dịka nke a tụlere na ngalaba ndị bu ụzọ. Ileghara erughị ala ndị a anya bụ otu n’ime isi ihe kpatara na-akọwa ịkọwa ụzọ nyocha ọhaneze. Ọ bụ ihe nwale iche, dị ka ihe atụ nke ụbụrụ siri gosipụta ya, na ọ bụrụ na e jikọtara otu profaịlụ nke ndụ na ụfọdụ akparamaagwa ma ọ bụ akparamagwa, ihe dị ka profaịlụ nke ndu bụ ihe kpatara omume a. Echiche a dabere na njehie.

Anyị ga-eji nwa obere oge kọwaa ụfọdụ adịghị ike dị na mpaghara nyocha a na iji usoro nlele na-esonụ. Ka e were ya na anyị ga-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe ụbụrụ nke ndị na-akụzi yoga na ndị na-ahụ maka ozu gị. Ọ bụrụ n ’ịchọrọ ogologo oge, yabụ n’ikpeazụ aga-enwe ọdịiche dị iche iche na njiri mara akụkụ ọ bụla nke ihe owu ma ọ bụ ọrụ ụbụrụ n’etiti ndị a. Mana nke a agaghị apụta na ụdị ọdịiche ndị a na-ekpebi njirimara nke atụmatụ ndụ nke onye nkuzi yoga na onye na-ewu ụlọ. Omume ụbụrụ nwere ike ịbụ nsonaazụ ya karịa ihe na-akpata usoro icheiche dị iche iche na akparamagwa. Ọmụmụ banyere akwara na-egosi na n'agbanyeghị ọnụnọ oge dị oke mmepe nke ụbụrụ na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa ma sie ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'oge mmepe asụsụ ụmụaka na-eto eto), ụbụrụ na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe n'oge ndụ niile, na-aza usoro omume (dịka ọmụmaatụ, juggling ma ọ bụ na-egwu egwu na ụbọ akwara), ahụmịhe nke ndụ, teknụzụ, ọgwụ, trauma na mmekọrịta. Maka ntụle bara uru na ọghọm dị na ọmụmụ gbasara akwara ozi, lee Doidge 2007.

Chọpụta ma ihe nwere ihe banyere ndụ bụ usoro dị oke mgbagwoju anya, na ịchọpụta njikọ sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa bụ ọrụ siri ike karị. Nnyocha ndị na-enye “ihe àmà” a na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha na-egosi na nwoke idina ụdị onwe a bụ "n'ụzọ a mụrụ" na-ekwekọghị na nsonaazụ ya, na nsonaazụ ya dabere na okike.

N'ụfọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ọmụmụ ejima, ihe akaebe na-egosi na ihe mbụ metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta zuru oke na omume nwoke idina nwoke. Mmekọ dị n'etiti ihe abụọ ahụ apụtaghị na enwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ha. Ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ basketball dị ogologo - ịgba bọọlụ basketball na-eto eto na uto dị elu. Agbanyeghị, enweghị “usoro basketball”. N'ụzọ doro anya, a na-egosi ụfọdụ njikọ ndị na-atọ ụtọ dịka ndị ebubo ebubo ihe kpatara ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okwu nduhie.

Na ngwụcha, were ya na ụfọdụ mmadụ nwere ike ịkọwa ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke n'ihi agbụrụ, ọmụmụ nke ọmụmụ, mmetụta hormonal, ma ọ bụ njiri mara ma ọ bụ ụbụrụ ndị ọzọ. Nke a ọ pụtara na nwoke idina nwoke bụ ihe ịtụnanya n’ọmụmụ? Ọ bụghị ma ọlị na nghọta nke otu usoro mgbasa ozi na ọdịbendị ewu ewu si gosipụta nke a. Youngmụ nwoke nwere ọgụgụ isi na nka nke nna ha a didaghị ntị n'ịzụlite ha, abụghị ihe atụ nke ụdị agwa kwesịrị ekwesị, nwere ike ibute ụdị omume idina ụdị onwe. Nke a abụghị n'ihi "mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị" nke nwoke idina ụdị onwe, kama ọ bụ n'ihi usoro uche na-akpaghasị nke ebulite mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị. Boysmụ nwoke ndị a nwere mkpa mmetụta nke ime onwe ha na nlebara anya nwoke. A na-ahụ ihe osise yiri nke ahụ n'ụmụ agbọghọ ndị na-ezughị na profaịlụ mmekọahụ oge gboo. Uzo ndi di ugbua na mmekorita nke nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi na mmekorita nwoke na nwanyi na nsogbu.

Ihe omuma atu a gosiputara otu n’ime nsogbu ndi mmadu na ebilite na nkowa zuru ebe nile banyere ihe omumu ndia - echiche nke na ihe banyere ihe akwara nebi.

Ọ bụrụ n’okike na-eme ka mmadụ nwee ụdị mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, gịnị kpatara na ọ jighi ya nye njirimara anụ ahụ dị mkpa maka ịmata ya? Iji maa atụ, akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ aka nke nwere mkpịsị aka, nwere ike ịgbagide esemokwu ogologo oge, ya na glands nke na-ahapụ ọgbụgba ọnya na -eme, amụ na-adị gịrịgịrị ka ọ banye n’ime eriri, wdg. Ugbu a, ọ bụrụ na njiri mara ndị a dị n'etiti ndị na-edina ụdị onwe, mgbe ahụ mmadụ ga-ekwu maka ịmụ mmadụ ọzọ. Y’oburu na inwe chromosom na ihe omumu zuru oke, a na-eleta ha n’ime ihe nke n’enweghi ike iji ya maka ebum n’obi o bu n’obi, ya mere okwu a banyere onodu ndu nke ihe a bu ihe di nkpa.

Echiche nke ụfọdụ ndị nnọchi anya "LGBT +"

Ndi otu ndi American Psychological Association na 2014 weputara ntuziaka banyere oria uche na nmekorita nwoke na nwanyi. Lee ndị ruturu na ya:

"... Ugbu a, onwebeghị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa achọpụtara nke nwere ike ijikọ mmekọ nwoke na nwoke ..." (Rosario in APA 2014, p. 579)

"... Eziokwu a na - apụghị ịgbagha agbagha bụ na omume mmekọahụ nke mmadụ na-ekpebi site na ngwakọta nke ọtụtụ ihe: ndu, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ihe a họọrọ ..." (Kleinplatz in APA 2014, p. 256).

Onye ode akwukwo nke isi akwukwo site na ochichi APA bu onye otu ndi otu okacha amara nke APA, Prọfesọ Lisa Diamond, nke na-adighi ezochi ihe ndi mmadu choro. Diamond na-emegide echiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nwoke idina nwoke. O doro anya na akụkọ a bụ "Amụrụ ndị na-edina ụdị onwe ahụ n'ụzọ a na enweghị ike ịgbanwe" bụ ezighi ezi. N'afọ 2013, na nkuzi na Mahadum Cornell, Diamond kwuru:

"… Ekwenyere m na ndị otu queer kwesịrị ịkwụsị ịsị" amụrụ anyị otu a na anyị enweghị ike ịgbanwe "wee jiri okwu a na mgba anyị… Echere m na anyị achọghịzi esemokwu a na ọbụnadị na-ewute m, n'ihi na taa a chịkọtara olu kwenye data sayensi mara “akuku ozo” nakwa anyi ... ”(Diamond 2013).

Onye ode akwukwo nke akwukwo na ihe omuma, onye n’ezobeghi nmekorita nwoke na nwoke ibe ya, American Camilla Paglia, kwuru hoo haa,:

“... Idina ụdị onwe abụghị iwu. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ ihe ịma aka nye ụkpụrụ ... Ndị na - ekwenye ekwenye - ụyọkọ a nke freeloader cheaters - agbalịrị ime usoro post-structuralist, na-ekwu na ọ nweghị ụkpụrụ, ebe ọ bụ na ihe niile dị na usoro Nke a bụ njedebe nzuzu nwụrụ anwụ ebe ndị mmadụ na-ekwupụta okwu na-ada mgbe ha ntị chiri, ndị nzuzu na ndị kpuru ìsì n'ụwa gbara ha gburugburu. Nature dị, ma ndị sayensị ọ masịrị ya ma ọ bụ na ọ masịghị ha, mana na ịzụ ụmụ n'okike bụ naanị ọchịchị na-adịghị mma. Nke a bụ ụkpụrụ. A na-eme aru nke mmekọahụ na mmeputakwa. Mkpịsị amụ dabara na ikpu, ọ nweghịkwa njirịta na-enweghị isi n'okwu nwere ike ịgbanwe eziokwu a ... Ọ dịghị onye amụrụ idina ụdị onwe. Echiche ahụ n'onwe ya bụ ihe nzuzu ... Nwoke idina nwoke bụ mmegharị, ọ bụghị ihe ebumpụta ụwa ... "(Paglia 1994, peeji nke 70 - 76).

Cyrighia Nixon, onye ọzọ ama ama ama ama ama America, Cynthia Nixon, bụ LGBT, bụ ọgụ maka ikwupụta echiche ya na ọ bụ ihe mmadụ kpebiri ime, ọ bụghị ihe gbasara ihe ọmụmụ (biology).Witchell 2012).

LGBT + onye omekorita onye America - onye nta akụkọ mmegharị Brandon Ambrosino kwukwara na a mụghị ya, kama jiri nlezianya họrọ ụdị ibi ndụ nwoke (Ambrosino 2014), nke kpasuru iwe nke ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ibe ya na ngagharị "LGBT +" (Arana xnumx).

Feminist na LGBT + onye mmume - Karl Mantilla Movement na edemede ya dere:

“… Ogologo oge echere m na atụmatụ" LGBT + "- ngagharị iji arụmụka banyere innateness bụ ngwụrọ dara oke ... N'ezie, nke a bụ nhọrọ - olee otu ọ ga - esi bụrụ na ọ bụghị? Ruo oge ụfọdụ, m gara n'òtù na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ndị kpebiri ịghọ ndị na-edina nwanyị ibe ha. N'oge ụfọdụ, ajụrụ m ajụjụ ahụ: "Kedu ka ị si ghọta na ị bụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị?" Otu nwanyị zaghachiri na ọ dịtụghị mgbe ya na ndị nwoke na-enwe mmetụta uche, na ụmụ nwanyị na-aghọtakarị ya. Onye ọzọ kwuru ozugbo na ya onwe ya kwa, chere na naanị ya ga-agwa ụmụ nwanyị okwu. Ndị ọzọ kwenye na nkwekọrịta. Gịnị dị njọ n'ọnọdụ ahụ? Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị niile na-eche otu a! Nwanyị ọ bụla nke nwoke na nwanyị amatụrụla nwere obi iru ala ịtụkwasị ndị enyi ya obi, nwee mmetụta nke ịnọ ha nso, nwee nghọta ka mma na imeghe ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụrụ na nke ahụ bụ ihe ọ ga-ewe iji bụrụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, mgbe ahụ ụmụ nwanyị niile bụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị. Nke a dịla ochie dịka ụwa ... mkpesa ụmụnwaanyị na-ekwu na ụmụnwoke ha anaghị agwa ha okwu, na-aghọtaghị mmetụta ha na-enweghị mmasị n'ihe ha na-ekwu. Offọdụ n'ime akụkọ kachasị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị bụ otu ị ga-esi mee ka di gị meghee ma gwa gị okwu ... mmetụta nke ịbịaru mmadụ nso na enweghị ihe ndabere sitere n'okike, ọ bụ n'ihi njirimara mmụọ na nke mmụọ nke mmadụ ... ka oge na-aga ọ bịara doo m anya na ụmụ nwanyị ndị otu nkwado a nwere nnukwu obi amamikpe maka ịhapụ di ha ... Ya mere, echiche ahụ bụ na ha enweghị ike ime ihe ọ bụla gbasara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ha bụ ndị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị, na e nwere ihe kpatara ya, hapụrụ ha ikpe na ibu ọrụ maka omume ha ... "((Mantilla xnumx).

Onye ọrụ ndọrọndọrọ LGBT +, onye omebe iwu California nke aha ya bụ Gail Madwin, emebela saịtị dum nke na-ekwu na omume nwoke idina nwoke abụghị nke amamịghe kama n'ihi oke nhọrọ (Queer site na nhọrọ). Onye bụbu onye ndọrọndọrọ LGBT +, ngagharị David Benkof na-egosipụtakwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na ebumnuche mmekọ ụdị n'ụdị na-ekpebighị ụdị ndụ ọ bụla (Benkof xnumx).

Ihe edeturu

1: amuru anyi otua
2 Ohaneze ejikọtaghi ibe ha
3 Site na "nkenke" nkatọ nke echiche ndị idina ụdị onwe: 2 na ndị ọzọ site na nke a na-akpọ Ihe atụ Kinsey.
4 Bekee GWAS, Genome-Wide Association Studies
5 na mpaghara sayensi nabatara omume nke inyefe ịmalitegharịa na nnọkọ - obere edemede, na-abụkarị mkpụrụ okwu 150 - 250 n'ogo - sochiri mbipụta nke akụkọ zuru ezu na akwụkwọ akụkọ
6 Bekee: ikekwe a mụrụ ya site na ịkọ nkọ
7 N'akụkụ a, nkesa nke nsonaazụ onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịnwe oke
Nlekọta anya nke 8 - okwu ogwu maka imebi nke njiri nwanyi si abuba n’ime nwoke
9 English: “Nlekọta intanetitial nke azụ nke hypothalamus (INAH)”
10 Bekee: "mgbochi nke mmeghachi omume mmadụ (PPI)"
11 Bekee: "Mmetụta usoro ịmụ nwa (FBO)"
12 Lee Nkebi Abụọ M nyocha
13 na mgbakwunye, antigens n'ihe banyere PK na mmeghachi omume ngọngọ bụ nke onwe (nke nna na ikpe PK), mana njiri mara nwoke.
14 si Greek akpaaka - “onwe”, ụlọ - “nwanyị” na filia - “ịhụnanya”; "Forhụ onwe gị n'anya dị ka nwanyị"
15 m ga - ekwu ma ọ bụrụ na mmadụ nwere ike ịmalite site na ọkọ, leghaara akụkọ niile anya na iwepu nwoke idina nwoke na DSM, inwe mmekọahụ nkịtị bụ ihe ọ bụla metụtara ịmụ nwa.

na ozi ndị ọzọ

Enwere ike ịchọta ozi na nkọwa ndị ọzọ na isi mmalite ndị a:

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8. van den Aardweg G. Mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị na ihe ndị dị ndụ: Ezigbo ihe akaebe - Onweghị; Nkọwa na-eduhie eduhie: Ọtụtụ. Edepụtaghachiri ya na NARTH Bulletin, Winter 2005.
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