Kurapa kweungochani pele nguva yekururamisa kwezvematongerwo enyika

Nhamba dzakawanda dzekubudirira kurapa kurapa kweungochani maitiro uye kukwezva zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama mumabhuku ehunyanzvi. Chirevo Sangano reNational Association for the Study uye Therapy yeChingochani rinopa humbowo hwehungwaru hwehungwaru, mishumo yekiriniki nekutsvaga kubva kumagumo ezana ramakore re19 kusvika parizvino, izvo zvinopa humbowo hwekuti varume nevakadzi vanofarira vanogona kuita shanduko kubva paungochani kuenda kuungochani. Pamberi penguva yekururamisa kwezvematongerwo enyika, yaive chokwadi chinozivikanwa nesainzi, iri pachena akanyora repakati pepanhau. Kunyangwe iyo American Psychiatric Association, kusanganisa zvimisikidzo zveungochani kubva kuhurongwa hwekushushikana kwepfungwa mu1974, zvakanyorwa, icho "Nzira dzazvino dzekurapa dzinobvumira chikamu chakakosha cheungochani vanoda kuchinja maitiro avo kuti vadaro".

Inotevera ishanduro zvinyorwa kubva kuNew York Times ye1971.

Vakawanda ngochani vakakwanisa kuita tsika

"Uri murume anosuruvarisa, anonzwisa tsitsi ," anodaro Harold mumutambo waMart Crowley unonzi "The Band Players." "Uri ngochani, haudi kuva mumwe wavo, asi hapana chaunogona kuita kuti uchinje . "

Kutenda kwakapararira kuti, kana ave ngochani, munhu anogara nekusingaperi, anoratidzwa mumutambo waVaCrowley, anokwikwidza nguva dzose nenyanzvi munyika yese. Kushandisa nzira dzinoverengeka dzepfungwa, varapi vakaona kuti vechidiki ngochani dzakatsunga kuchinja hunhu hwavo hwepabonde vane mikana yakanaka yekubudirira. Uye zvakare, varapi vanoreva kuti vakabatsira 25 - 50% yevanorwara nevarume vanoita ungochani vanogadzirisa, zvisinei nezera ravo kana kukurudzira kwekutanga.

Kunyange vazhinji vengochani vasingafarire kurapwa kwepfungwa, uye vazhinji vevanonyorera kurapwa havadi kuita humhandara, vanorapa vanotaura huwandu hwevanhu vasina ungochani huri kugutsikana vari kutsvaga kuchinja hunhu hwavo hwepabonde kana, kunyangwe zvakadaro, zviri nani kuzvijaira.

Biologically yakajairika

"Pazvakangozivikanwa kuti taibatsira vanhu vanoita zveungochani, takatanga kukumbirwa rubatsiro," akadaro mumwe chiremba wepfungwa wekuNew York anonyora zvakawanda nezvenyaya iyi.

Dr. William Masters naVirginia Johnson, veSt. nyanzvi denderedzwa.

Kurapa kunosvika kubva pane yetsika psychoanalytic nzira kusvika kune yakatarwa psychotherapy, boka kurapwa, maitiro ekurapa, uye chero musanganiswa wacho. Kupindira kwemakemikari hakuna kuzounza mhedzisiro, sezvo ongororo dzakaratidza kuti ngochani vanhurume vanhuwo zvavo.

Vanachiremba vanoti nzira dzawo dzinoshandawo kune vese varume nevakadzi. Nekudaro, ivo vanonongedza kuti vakadzi vanoita zvebonde havawanzo kutsvaga kurapwa, uye kunyangwe pavanodaro, havawanzo kufarira kuchinja maitiro avo ezvepabonde.

Varume ngochani avo vanoda kuve ngochani vanowanzotendeukira kuchirwere nekuda kwedambudziko rakanangana nehukama hwavo, semuenzaniso, kutyora rudo, kushushikana nehupenyu hwechingochani, kutya kuburitswa uye kurasikirwa nebasa, kutya kuve mukuru uye kusakosha kune chero munhu, kana kuda kutanga mhuri .

Vanachiremba vanorapa ungochani vanotenda kuti vazhinji veavo vangada uye vanogona kubatsirwa kubva pakurapa havatendeukire kwazviri nekuda kwekusavimbika kwakanyanya maererano nekukwanisa kuchinja kunoitika mune veruzhinji nehunyanzvi kuziva.

Kushaya tariro kwakatanga kupera makore masere apfuura nekuburitswa kwechidzidzo chakaitwa neboka renyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakashuma kuti 27% yevarwere 106 vanoita zveungochani vakabatwa nepfungwa dzepfungwa vakangoerekana vava vanhu vanoita zvepabonde nevanhurume chete. Chikwata chekutsvagisa, chinotungamirwa naDr. Irving Bieber weNew York Medical College, chakati zvavakawana "mhedzisiro ine tariro uye inovimbisa kupfuura dzose dzakawanikwa . "

Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinofunga chinangwa chikuru chekurapa kubvisa ungochani kwekutya kuita zvevakomana, vakawana kuti shanduko yekuita ungochani inogona kuitika mushure memaawa e350 ekurapa (makore matatu kana anopfuura). Kune avo vakamborapwa zvakadaro, vangangosvika hafu vasvika pazere.

Maitiro Ekuchinja

Gare gare, chiremba wechirwere chepfungwa cheNew York Hospital Lawrence Hatterer akataura kuti nekubatanidza iyo psychoanalytic nzira yaanopindirana nayo nedzimwe nzira nyowani dzekurapa maitiro ekuchinja maitiro, "anogona kuzadzisa muzvikamu zve50 chii mune zvakajairika psychoanalysis inowanikwa muzvikamu zve350."

Mubhuku rake richangoburwa, iro Shanduko muungochani muVarume, Dr. Hatterer anorekodha basa rake mumakore apfuura 15 makore nevarwere vanopfuura ngochani, mumwe wevatatu avo akaita shanduko isingachinji.

Kunge psychoanalysts, Dr. Hatterer anoedza kubatsira varwere vake kuti vanzwisise kwakatangira hunhu hwavo hweungochani nekuongorora hukama hwemhuri uye zviitiko zvehujaya. Panguva imwecheteyo, ari kuyedza kushandura hunhu hwechingochani nekushanda pamwe nevarwere vake kuti vaone uye vadzivise zvimwe zvehupenyu zvinokonzeresa zvikamu zveungochani, nekuzvitsiva nehukadzi hwehukama nehukama. Iye anogona, semuenzaniso, kupa zano kumurwere kuti ivo vanoramba kuenda kumabhawa eungochani uye kuenda kumabhawa akajairwa pachinzvimbo, kana kutsiva ungochani mifananidzo uye mifananidzo yevarume vane mifananidzo yevakadzi.

Dr. Hatterer anoshandisawo marekodhi akachengetwa ezvinyorwa zvekurapa zvinoteererwa nemurwere kumba kana achinge achinzwa kurudziro yekudzoka pakuita zvepabonde kwaari kuedza kudzivisa.

Chiremba akataura kuti mumwe murwere ane makore makumi matatu ekuberekwa akakwanisa kugadzirisa nyaya dzepabonde dzemurume nemukadzi mukati memwedzi mitatu yekurapwa. Murume uyu, uyo asina ruzivo rwepabonde rwemurume nemukadzi, akatanga kurapwa ava kuda kuzviuraya mushure mekurambana nemumwe wake wemakore maviri. "Mushure memaminitsi mapfumbamwe emaminitsi makumi mana nemashanu chete uye nguva makumi maviri nemanomwe dzekuteerera, murume uyu akavimbisana kuroorana uye akaramba achibudirira pabonde nemukomana wake kakawanda pasvondo ," anodaro Dr. Hatterer.

Dr. Hatterer, Dr. Bieber, uye nevamwe vakabata ngochani dzakawanda, vanotsanangura hunhu hunotevera hwevarwere vanofarira kurongeka kwechirume.

• Chinangwa chekuve munhukadzi.

• Kusvitswa kwengochani kuungochani (kunonoka kuyaruka kana kukura).

• Kutanga kwekurapa kusati kwasvika 35 makore.

• Chero ani waanofarira kuita zvepamoyo kana ruzivo mune zvekare.

• Kunzwira tsitsi vakadzi, pane padanho renzvimbo.

• Basa nemararamiro hazvitungamirwe nekugara uchiita ungochani.

Nekudaro, anodaro Dr. Hatter, vamwe varwere vanongova nezvishoma chete zvezviratidzo izvi, kana kunyangwe vasina zvachose, vakabatsirwa zvikuru nekurapa. Chinhu chakanyanya kukosha chekurapa ndechekuzivisa murwere kuti pane mukana wekuti neimwe nzira ubatsire dambudziko rake.

Dr. Samuel Hadden, chiremba wepfungwa kubva kuPhiladelphia uyo 15 makore apfuura akabatsira kuvandudza nzira yekurapa vanoita zveungochani, akashora "kusava netariro," kwaanoti "kunoitika mupfungwa dzevazhinji vepfungwa dzepfungwa."

Dr. Hadden anonzwa kuti ane chikonzero chetariro. Achishanda nemapoka evarume vanoita zveungochani, akawana kuti "inenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu cheavo vanoramba vachirapwa (kazhinji kwemakore akati wandei) vanowana mukana wekuchinja maitiro avo eungochani zvinobudirira ," nepo chimwe chikamu chechitatu chichijaira zviri nani ungochani hwavo.

Maererano naye, nzira yeboka inopa varwere pfungwa yekugamuchira uye inomhanyisa catharsis, sezvo nhengo dzeboka kazhinji dzinowanzova nezvakaitika uye maitiro. Nhengo yega yega yeboka, inovavarira kubudirira, inotsigira uye inosimbisa budiriro yeimwe nhengo, uyezve, nhengo yega yega yakabudirira inopa humbowo hwehupenyu kune vamwe kuti kuita zvepabonde zvakare kunogona kuitika.

Kurapa kweboka kwenzira ye psychoanalytic maitiro ari marefu maitiro, saka vanachiremba vazhinji vanofunga kuti kana zviuru zvevanochingochani vanogona kubatsirika kubva pakurapwa vakambotsvaga rubatsiro, nzira inokurumidza inodikanwa.

Kurwisa nzira nhatu

PaYunivhesiti yeTemberi Institute of Behaifual Therapy, Dr. Joseph Walp nevamwe vake vanoedza kubata avo ngochani chete nekugadzirisa maitiro avo vachishandisa maitiro ehunhu.

"Kurwisa kwavo vatatu" kunokanganisa kutya kweungochani kusangana nemukadzi, kukwezva kwake kune varume uye nekutya kwake kuri kuita vanhu. Semuenzaniso, kubvisa kutya nezve vakadzi, murwere anopinda mune zororo rekuzorora kwakadzika, obva asvitsa vakadzi. Kupedza kufarira kwavo kwepabonde muvarume, varwere vanoonekwawo ne "kudzoserwa" kushungurudzika kwakadai sekuputika kwemagetsi magetsi pavanenge vachiratidza mifananidzo yevarume vasina kupfeka.

Sezvo maitiro akabatanidzwa aya ari mutsva, Dr Walp vanoti havana kuzviunganidzira zvakakwana kesi kuenzanisa mhedzisiro kana kuongorora kushanda kwavo kwenguva refu. Zvingave sezvingave zvakadaro, "fungidziro" yake ndeyekuti "inenge 75%" yevarwere vanozoita tsika dzakasiyana mushure memwedzi mitanhatu yekurapa.

Vamwe varapi vanotenda kuti vamwe vanoita ngochani vanogona kuchata kana vasingatende kune rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi - kuburikidza nechido, ruzivo rwakadzama rwechitendero, kana kugamuchirwa kwehunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi. Nekudaro, kune vakawanda ngochani vanoda kuchinja mararamiro avo asi vasingakwanise kuzviita ivo pachavo, kurapwa kunogona kudhura, kutambisa nguva uye kunetsa kuwana.

Boka rekudzidza ungochani kuNational Institute of Mental Health nguva pfupi yadarika rakadaidzira "kuwedzera kuedza kuvandudza marapirwo matsva nekuwedzera mashandiro ekurapa."

"Kunyange zvazvo zvisina musoro kufunga kuti chikamu chikuru chevarume vanoita zveungochani vachatsvaga kurapwa," chikwata chevaongorori chinodaro, " tinotarisira uye tinotarisira kuti sezvo nzira dzekurapa dzichivandudzika uye dzichiwanikwa zvakanyanya, vanhu vakawanda vachatsvaga rubatsiro nekuzvidira."

Vachicherechedza kuti "vamwe vanachiremba vepfungwa zviuru zvishanu vaizodiwa kuti vabatsire vanhu vese vanoda kubatsira ," Dr. Hatterer vanokurudzira kuumbwa kwe "makiriniki ehutano hwepabonde" ane vashandi vepanyanzvi. Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu vaimbove ngochani huchiwedzera, anofungidzira kukura kwemapoka e "Homosexuals Anonymous" anozvibatsira, ayo aizoitira vanhu vanoita ngochani sezvakaitwa neAlcoholics Anonymous kune vakawanda vanonwa doro.

The New York Times, Feb. 28, 1971

Zvisinei, hurumende yaive nezvimwe zvirongwa . Muhurukuro yake yeState of the Union ya1969, Mutungamiri Nixon, achiti kukura kwevanhu "chimwe chezvinetso zvakakomba zviri kutarisana neramangwana revanhu," akakumbira matanho ekukurumidzira ekudzora huwandu hwevanhu vanozvarwa. Masayendisiti akati wandei akakurudzira kubvumidza uye kukurudzira ungochani senzira yekuderedza huwandu hwevanhu vanozvarwa, uye muna 1974, hwakabviswa pachirwere. Kubva ipapo, sezvakataurwa neaimbove Mutungamiriri weAPA Nicholas Cummings, "sangano rekodzero dzevanhu vanongochani rave kutora APA, uye kururama kwezvematongerwo enyika, kwete sainzi, ikozvino kuri kutonga ." Dr. Cummings akataurawo kuti pakati pa1959 na1979, vanhu vanongochani 18,000 vakatsvaga kurapwa kukiriniki yake nezvinetso zvakasiyana-siyana, avo vanenge 1,600 vakatsvaga kuchinja maitiro avo epabonde. Munguva yekurapwa, vazhinji vakaona shanduko dzakanaka mupfungwa dzavo, zvichikonzera kuti varwere 2,400 vave vanhu vanongochani.

¹ Mu LGBT* rhetoric yakanangana nekuzvidza kutendeuka psychotherapy, munhu anogona kazhinji kunzwa nyaya dzinonakidza dzekuti ngochani dzinosiririsa dzakambotambudzwa nekuvhunduka kwemagetsi, anenge ari pachigaro chemagetsi. Idzi nhema dzakajeka dzakagadzirirwa kutyisidzira nekudzikisira avo ngochani vanotanga kutsvaga nzira dzekubvisa kukwezva kwavo kweungochani, izvo zvinovatadzisa kurarama hupenyu huzere (uye kune mazhinji acho). Kunyepa uku kunogona kuuraya: vanenge vese vaimbove ngochani vanotaura kuti pfungwa dzavo dzekuda kuzviuraya hadzina kubva paruvengo rweavo vakavapoteredza, asi kubva mukuzvivenga uye manzwiro avo. kusava netarironekuti vakagutsikana kuti havana nzira yekuchinja.

Chii chaizvo chakaitika? Mukurapa kwepfungwa, kune mhando mbiri dzekurapa dzinoshandisa electroshock: electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) uye aversion therapy (ACT ). ECT inoshandisa magetsi e70–460 volt kuti ipe mushonga wekurapa kuuropi hwemurwere kwesekondi 0.1 kusvika 1. Parizvino, varwere vanosvika miriyoni imwe pagore vanoitwa ECT kurapa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa netsinga, kazhinji kuora mwoyo kwakanyanya, catatonia, uye mania. Nzira iyi, iyo ine chekuita nemigumisiro yekufunga, haisati yamboshandiswa zviri pamutemo kurapa ungochani.

kurapa ngochani — Aversive kurapa (electrode pamhin)

Aversive therapy, yakavakirwa pane yechinyakare Pavlov mamiriro, inobata nekuumbwa kwekudzora kune zvisingadiwe zvinokanganisa padanho rakagadziriswa reflex nhanho. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa kuzvipira kubvisa zvinodhaka (kubva pakubhejera kusvika pakushandisa zvinodhaka), phobias, utsinye, zvinetso zvepabonde uye kunyange kunyora kupora. Izvi zvinogoneka nekubatanidza izvo zvisingadiwe zvinokurudzira (fodya, kufungidzira kwepabonde, zvinonyadzisira, nezvimwewo) nekunzwa kusingafadzi (kurwadziwa, kuda kurutsa, kutya, nezvimwewo). Iko kushandiswa kwemagetsi kugadzira kusanzwisisika kwekurapa kweaversive kurapa kwakadzora kushandiswa kwemishonga yemakemikari nekuti iri nyore, yakajeka kushandisa, uye haina mhedzisiro. Electroshock yakagadzirwa zvishandisoinoshanda pane 9-volt bhatiri, apo murwere pachavo anogadzira danho rekubuda museke iro rinogona kushivirira paari, iro rinoyerera kuburikidza neacuffs pahuma kana pagumbo remberi. Iyi nzira yakashandiswa nemvumo yevarwere kuti vabvise zvisungo zvisingafungirwe zveungochani. Ipedyo kusvika kumakore e70, maitiro ekurapa akawana mukurumbira, uye pfuti dzakadzongonyedzwa dzakatengeswa kunyange zvekushandisa pamba senzira yekusimbisa hunhu hunodiwa uye kubvisa izvo zvisingadiwe.

kushamiswa kwemagetsi — Tsanangudzo yezvishandiso zvesmodroshock aversive mushonga kumba

Zvakaipa zveiyi nzira

Aversive therapy inoreva maitiro ehutano hwepfungwa, iyo, sezita rayo rinoratidzira, inoshanda chete nayo maitiro - i.e. zviratidzo zvekunze kwedambudziko. Naizvozvo, mukupedza matambudziko zvichikonzerwa nepfungwa dzechisimba (senge ngochani), kushanda kwayo hakufanirwe kuve kwenguva refu, sezvo basa racho risiri rekubvisa chikonzero chaicho, asi mukudzvinyirira kuratidzira kwaro. Mamiriro emhepo anoratidzika anomuka pasi pemamwe mamiriro uye anopera mukushayikwa kwavo. Nekudaro, kuchengetedza inogara yakarongedzwa Reflex yekuseukira kune imwe kukurudzira, kugara uchisimbisa yekare kunokosha. Iko kusipo kwekugadziriswa kwehurongwa, kutsakatika kwechimiro chakagadziriswa Refix kunofungidzirwa. Saka kudzidza 1968 yakaratidza kuti semhedzisiro yerapiversize kurapa kwekutsauka pabonde, kusimudzira kwakaitika mune makumi maviri nemaviri kubva makumi mana emakesi (23%), asi payakatariswa gore rakazotevera, zvakaratidza kuti kubudirira kuzere kwakachengetedzwa chete mumatanhatu matanhatu (40%). Kunatsiridzwa kwemitengo yevanopinda muzvitoro, vechikadzi, uye masadomasochist aive akakwirira, asingashamise kune ngochani, uye akaderera kwazvo kune vanoita zvepabonde. Kuenzanisa, varwere vakapedza kosi yekurapa kwepfungwa, akagara anosarudzika murume nemukadzi uye makore makumi maviri gare gare.

Aversive kurapwa chikamu cheiyo Federal kurapwa zviyero uye anoshandiswa kurapa akati wandei matambudziko. Nyanzvi dzinobvuma kuti kushandiswa kweanotsiviwa kurapwa kunokwanisika uye dzimwe nguva kunenge kuri madikanwa, asi kuitira kuti uwane zvakanakisa uye zvakagadzikana zvigumisiro, zvinodikanwa kuti zviitwe pamwe chete nedzimwe nzira dzekupira kwepfungwa.