Iwo maonero anotambirwa munyika dzakasimukira zvinoenderana neicho ungochani haunyatso kuongororwa kiriniki uye hauna chokwadi chekutenda kwesainzi, nekuti inongoratidza kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika, uye isiri mhedzisiro yesayenzi.

Vhoti inosemesa yeAmerican Psychiatric Association (APA), iyo yaisasananisira ungochani kubva pamhando yekusagadzikana kwepfungwa, yakaitika muna Zvita 1973. Izvi zvakatungamirwa nemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika e1960 - 1970. Sangano yakaneta nekupindira kweAmerican kupindira muVietnam nedambudziko rehupfumi. Mapato evechidiki ekuratidzira akazvarwa ndokuve akakurumbira nenzira inoshamisa: kufamba kwekodzero dzevatema, kufamba kwekodzero dzevakadzi, yebato rekurwira hondo, kurwisa kusaenzana kwemagariro nehurombo. tsika yehippie yakakura pamwe nerunyararo rwayo nemaune nerusununguko; kushandiswa kwe psychedelics, kunyanya LSD uye mbanje, kwapararira. Ipapo tsika nemagariro zvese zvakasarudzika zvakabvunzwa. Yakanga iri nguva yekumukira chero zviremera. ^[1].

Zvese zviri pamusoro zvakaitika mumumvuri we kuwanda kwekutyisidzira uye kutsvaga kwekuzvara.

Preston Cloud, anomiririra National Academy yeScience, anoda kusimba “Nenzira ipi neipi inobvira” kutonga kwevanhu, uye yakurudzira kuti hurumende inyorese kubvisa nhumbu uye masangano eungochani ^[2].

Kingsley Davis, mumwe wevanhu vepakati mukuvandudza mutemo wekuzvarwa, pamwe nekusimudzira nzira dzekudzivirira, kubvisa nhumbu, akakurudzira kukwidziridzwa kwe "nzira dzekusangana".

"Nyaya dzekusvibisa uye dzisiri dzechisikirwo nzira dzebonde dzinosangana kazhinji nekunyarara kana kusatenderwa, kunyange hazvo pasina munhu anokahadzika kushanda kweizvi matanho mukudzivirira kubata kwepamuviri. Shanduko huru dzakakosha kukurudzira kukurudzira kubereka vana ngazvive shanduko mumhuri, chimiro chevakadzi uye zvepabonde zvakanyanya. " ^[3]

Mudzimai waDavis, nyanzvi yezvemagariro, Judith Blake, akati zano rekubvisa mutero uye dzimba dzekubatsirana zvinokurudzira kubereka vana uye kubvisa zvisungo zviri pamutemo uye zvemagariro zvinopesana neungochani. ^[4].

WeMutemo Advisor Albert Blausteinvakapinda mukugadzira matunhu enyika zhinji, akanongedzakuti kudzikamisa huwandu hwevanhu, zvinodikanwa kudzokorora mitemo mizhinji, kusanganisira nezvekuroora, rutsigiro rwemhuri, zera rekubvuma, uye ungochani.

Kwaivawo nevaya pachena kuti varume nevakadzi vakasiyana mudambudziko rekuwandisa kwenyika.

Mumamiriro ekunze ekushanduka uku, apo vekumukira (uye kwete chete) vanhu vazhinji vaibika, mafungidziro aMoore, Rockefeller naFord vakawedzera nhandare yezvematongerwo enyika yekuzivikanwa kweungochani senzira yakajairika uye inodikanwa yehupenyu. ^[5]. Musoro wekutungamira kusvikira zvino wakasimuka uchibva nzvimbo dzevasinga fungi kupinda munharaunda ine hukasha, uye gakava rine hupenyu pakati pevatsigiri nevapikisi vechinyakare chingochani chakaitika munhau.

Mu1969, mune yake kero kuCongress, Mutungamiri Nixon akadanwa kukura kwevanhu "Rimwe rematambudziko akakura kwazvo kune ramangwana revanhu" ndokudaidzira chiito nekukurumidza ^[6]... Mugore rimwe chetero, Frederic Jaffe, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiri weInternational Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), akaburitsa memorandamu umo "kukurudzira kukura kweungochani"Yakanyorwa sedzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira kubereka ^[7].

Zvakangoitikawo, mwedzi mitatu gare gare, mhirizhonga yeStonewall yakatanga, umo kwemazuva mashanu mapoka evarwi vevacheche vakaita mhirizhonga mumugwagwa, kuparadza, kupisa uye kupokana nemapurisa. Masimbi esimbi, matombo uye Molotov cocktaileira zvakashandiswa. AT bhuku racho munyori ungochani David Carter, anozivikanwa se "wekupedzisira mudziyo" wenhoroondo yezviitiko izvi, anorondedzera kuti vatevedzeri vakavhara sei Christopher Street ndokumisa mota vachirwisa vafambi kana vasiri ngochani kana kuramba kuratidza kubatana navo. Mumwe mutyairi wetekisi anga asingafungiri akatendeukira kumugwagwa, akafa nechirwere chemoyo chaunga chevanhu vazhinji vachipenga akatanga kutsikisa mota yake. Mumwe mutyairi akarohwa mushure mekubuda mumotokari kunodzivirira vandals kusvetuka pamusoro pake  ^[8].

Munguva pfupi yapfuura yemhirizhonga, varatidziri vakagadzira Homosexual Liberation Front, yakafanana neNational Liberation Front muVietnam. Vazivisa chirwere chepfungwa semuvengi nhamba 1, vakaita makore matatu kuvhundutsa masokisi, akavhiringidza musangano we APA uye kutaura kwakaitwa nemapurofesa aiona ungochani sechirwere, uye akatovafonera usiku nekutyisidzira. Semunhu atora chikamu zvakananga mune izvo zviitiko anonyora mune chinyorwa chake, mumwe weavo vakatsunga kudzivirira chinzvimbo chesainzi uye vachipokana nekuedza kuunza ungochani mune zvakajairwa, nyanzvi mune ruzivo rwepfungwa hwepfungwa hwepabonde, Muzvinafundo Charles Sokarides:

“Mapoka anorwisa evachingochani vakatanga chirongwa chekutambudza nyanzvi dzakasimudzira nharo kusabvisa ungochani kubva pane zvakatsauka; vakapinda mumusangano, umo nhaurirano yedambudziko reungochani yakaitika, vakasimbisa mutsara, vakatuka vatauri, uye nekuvhiringidza mafambiro. Yakasimba ingochani yekushamwaridzana mune veruzhinji uye nyanzvi dzezvenhau akasimudzira kuburitswa kwezvinhu zvinopesana nevatsigiri vepfungwa yekuita zvepabonde drive. Zvinyorwa zvine mhedziso zvakavakirwa panzira yesayenzi yekusekisheni zvakasekwa nekuzvamburwa se "chisina musoro mishmisi yekusarura uye kufungira zvisizvo." Zviito izvi zvakatsigirwa netsamba nekufonera vanhu vachituka nekutyisidzira zvechisimba uye nekurwisa kwehugandanga. " ^[9]

MunaMeyi we1970, varatidziri, vachipinda mumusangano weAPA National Convention muSan Francisco, vakatanga kushevedzera nekunyomba vachataura, zvichikonzera vanachiremba vanyara uye vanokatyamadzwa vachisiya vateereri. Sachigaro akamanikidzwa kukanganisa musangano. Zvinoshamisa kuti pakanga pasina chekuita kubva kuvarindi kana vateveri vemitemo. Vakurudzirwa nekusazvibata kwavo, varatidziri vakatadzisawo mumwe musangano weAPA, panguva ino muChicago. Zvino, pamusangano paYunivhesiti yeSouthern California, vatevedzeri vakapomhodza mushumo weungochani. Vanorwira kodzero vakatyisidzira kuparadza zvachose musangano wepagore uchauya muWashington kana chikamu chedzidziso dzeungochani chaisanganisira vamiririri vechingochani. Panzvimbo pekuendesa kutyisidzira kwemhirizhonga uye kusagadzikana paruzivo rwevamiriri vemitemo, varongi musangano we APA vakasangana nevanopamba uye vakaumba komisheni kwete yeungochani, asi yeungochani. ^[10].

Kutaura vanoita zvechingochani vakurudzira kuti pfungwa dzezvechivanhu:  
1) yakasiya maitiro ake akaipa ezveungochani;
2) yakaramba pachena "dzidziso yehurwere" mupfungwa chero ipi zvayo;
3) yakatanga mushandirapamwe wekubvisa "rusaruro" rwakapararira pamusoro penyaya iyi, zvose kuburikidza nebasa remafungiro uye kugadzirisa mitemo;
4) yakabvunzwa iri kuenderera mberi nevamiriri venharaunda yeungochani.

"Misoro yedu: "Ngochani, kudada uye hutano" и "Ngochani wakanaka.". Nemi kana musina imi, tichashanda nesimba kuti tigamuchire mirairo iyi nekurwisa avo vanotirwisa. " ^[11]

Pane fungidziro yakanyatsotsvakwa yekuti mhirizhonga uye zviito izvi zvaive zvisiri chinhu kutamba kunotamba nevatambi uye vashoma vevatsigiri vane zviito zvisina dziviriro kubva kumusoro zvaizokurumidza kumiswa. Izvi zvaingodiwa kuti vagadzire munyengeri munhau dzakatenderedza "kodzero dzevadzvinyiriri" uye kururamiswa kwakatevera kwekudzikiswa kweungochani kune veruzhinji, nepo zvese zviri pamusoro zvanga zvatorongwa kare. Mune mamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, kupinda zvisiri pamutemo kwe hooligans mumusangano wakavharwa unofanirwa kunge wakaratidzika seizvi:

Mu1970, iye munyori wepfungwa demographic shanduko Frank Noutstein, achitaura kuNational Military College pamberi pevakuru vakuru, akataura izvozvo "Ungochani hunotsigirwa pachinangwa chekuti hunobatsira kudzikisa huwandu hwevanhu"^[4].

Muzukuru weAPA Mutungamiri John Spiegel, uyo akazoperekedza musangano, kuudzwasei, achigadzirira ivhu remubatanidzwa wemukati muAPA, akaunganidza vanhu vane pfungwa dzakafanana avo vanozvidaidza kuti "GAPA" mudzimba dzavo, uko kwavakakurukura nezvehurongwa hwekudoma vechidiki vane hungwaru rusununguko kuzvinzvimbo zvakakosha panzvimbo pevachena vhudzi. ^[12]. Nekudaro, ivo mazano eungochani aive nechisimba chakasimba muhutungamiriri hweAPA.

Aya ndiwo marondedzero anoita nyanzvi yesayenzi yekuAmerica uye chiremba chepfungwa VaJeffrey Satinover. ^[13]:

"Mu 1963, New York Medical Academy yakaraira Komisheni Yezvehutano kuti igadzirire mushumo weungochani nekuda kwekutya kuti ungochani." zvakanyanya kugoverwa munharaunda yeAmerica. Dare rakauya kumhedziso dzinotevera:

" ..Ungochani chirwere chaicho. Ngochani munhu akashushikana mupfungwa asingakwanise kuumba hukama hwepabonde hwepabonde ... Vamwe ngochani vakapfuura zvinzvimbo zvekungodzivirira uye vanopokana kuti kutsauka kwakadai inzira yehupenyu inodikanwa, yakanaka uye yakasarudzika ... "

Mushure memakore gumi chete e10, mugore re1973, pasina kuburitsa chero danho rakakosha rekutsvagisa kwesainzi, pasina kuongorora kwakakodzera uye ongororo, chinzvimbo chevanoparadzira ungochani chakava dzidziso yezvipfungwa (ongorora kuti gudziridzo yakachinja sei mumakore XXUMX chete!). "

Muna 1970 Socarides akaedza kuumba boka rekufunda ungochani kubva kune chaiyo sainzi uye yekiriniki yekuona, achisangana neNew York bazi reAPA. Mukuru wedhipatimendi, Muzvinafundo Diamond, akatsigira Socarides, uye boka rakafanana rakaumbwa navanachiremba vepfungwa makumi maviri kubva kumakiriniki akasiyana muNew York. Mushure memakore maviri ebasa uye misangano gumi nematanhatu, boka rakagadzirira mushumo uyo wakataura zvisina tsarukano nezveungochani sekushushikana kwepfungwa uye vakaronga chirongwa chekurapa uye rubatsiro rwemagariro kune ngochani. Nekudaro, Muzvinafundo Diamond akafa muna 1971, uye mukuru mutsva webazi reAPA kuNew York aitsigira dzidziso yeungochani. Chirevo chakarambwa, uye vanyori vayo vakapihwa chiratidzo chisina mubvunzo chekuti chero gwaro risingazive ungochani semusiyano unorambwa. Boka rakabviswa.

Robert Spitzer, uyo akabvisa ungochani kubva pamazita ekusagadzikana kwepfungwa, akashanda padare redzimhosva reDSM, gwara rekuongorora kumatambudziko epfungwa, uye anga asina ruzivo nezveungochani. Iye chete waanoziva nenyaya iyi aitaura neanoratidzira ngochani anonzi Ron Gold, uyo anoomerera kuti anga asiri kurwara, uyo akabva atora Spitzer kumafaro pane gay bar, kwaakawana nhengo dzepamusoro dzeAPA. Akarohwa nezvaakaona, Spitzer akasvika pamhedziso yekuti ungochani pachahwo hahuenderane nezvinodiwa nedambudziko repfungwa, nekuti hazviwanzo kukonzera kutambura uye hazvireve hazvo kuti zvine chekuita nekusagadzikana kwese kwese kunze kwekuita bonde.  "Kana kusakwanisa kushanda zvakanaka munhengo yehurema kuri kusagadzikana, saka kusaroora kunofanirwa kuonekwawo sekusarongeka." Iye akadaro, nekufuratira chokwadi chekuti kusaroora isarudzo inoziva inogona kumiswa chero nguva, asi ungochani hauna. Spitzer akatumira kurudziro kune APA bhodhi revatungamiriri kuti vasabvisa ungochani paganda kubva pane izvo zvinetswa nezvechirwere chepfungwa, uye muna Zvita 1973 yegore, 13 yenhengo dzebhodi dze15 (vazhinji vavo vakangogadzwa mapuroteni eGePP). Dr. Satinover mune zviri pamusoro chinyorwa inopa humbowo hweaimbove ngochani aivepowo pamabiko mune imwe yemamwe nhengo yedare reAPA, kwaakapemberera kukunda nemudiwa wake. 

Hazvibviri kuratidza kujairana kwehungochani kubva pakuona kwekurapa uye kwebiological; iwe unogona chete kuvhotera. Iyi nzira ye“sainzi” yakapedzisira kushandiswa muMiddle Ages kugadzirisa mubvunzo wokuti “pasi rakatenderera here kana kuti rakati sandara.” Dr. Socarides akatsanangura chisarudzo cheAPA se "pfungwa yepfungwa yezana remakore." Chinhu chega chaizovhundutsa pasi rose chingave kana vamiriri kugungano reAmerican Medical Association, vachibvunzana nevamiriri vemakambani einishuwarenzi ezvokurapa nezvipatara, vakavhota kuti vazivise kuti marudzi ese egomarara haakuvadze saka haadi kurapwa.

Mushure mekuvhota, vanopikisana nesarudzo vakakwanisa kuronga referendamu pakati penhengo dzese dze APA nezvenyaya iyi, iyo yakaisa dambudziko rakakura mubato reungochani. Ipapo iyo gay sangano NGTF, yatambira kubva kune mumwe wevanyori ve APA mairesi enhengo dzayo dzese (kupfuura 30 000), yakavatumira tsamba iyo, pachinzvimbo chehutungamiri hweAPA, yakakurudzira varapi vepfungwa kuti vatsigire shanduko yakagamuchirwa mudencertature. Ndokunge, tsamba yaiita senge yakatumirwa neAPA Board of Directors. Pamusoro pe10 yemakumi ezviuru zvevarapi vepfungwa vakapindura kune tsamba, iyo 58% yakatsigira kuvhota mukomisheni. Nekudaro, pahuwandu huwandu hwevarapi vepfungwa muUnited States, chete 19% yakatsigira danho rekudzora ungochani, uye ruzhinji, rwakadzidziswa neichoitiko chinorwadza chevamwe, vakasarudza kusiya mafungiro avo pachavo nekutya matambudziko. Kugadziridzwa kwacho kwakagamuchirwa. Nekudaro, APA zvakanyorwa zvinotevera:

"Vaiti vengochani pasina mubvunzo vachapokana kuti vepfungwa vakazoona ungochani se "zvakajairika" sehungochani. Vanenge vasina kururama. Nekubvisa ungochani kubva pane rondedzero yezvirwere zvepfungwa, tiri kungobvuma kuti haizadzise maitiro ekutsanangura chirwere ... izvo zvisingareve kuti zvakajairwa uye zvakazara sehupombwe. "^[14]

Vhidhiyo muChirungu: https://youtu.be/jjMNriEfGws

Naizvozvo, kuongororwa kwe302.0 ~ ungochani"Yakatsiviwa nekuongororwa kwe"302.00 ~ Egodistonic Ungochani”Uye takatamira kuchikamu chekushushikana kwepfungwa. Netsananguro itsva, ngochani chete avo vasina kugadzikana nekukwezva kwavo vanozonzi varwere.  "Haticharamba tichimanikidza rezhenzi rezvirwere kune avo vanozviti vane hutano uye vasingaratidze kukanganiswa kuri kuita mabasa ehukama," APA akadaro. Panguva imwecheteyo, pasina zvikonzero zvine chikonzero, zvinogutsa kupokana kwesainzi uye humbowo hwechipatara hwakapihwa hwaizoruramisa shanduko yakadaro munzvimbo yemishonga nezveungochani. Izvi zvinozivikanwa kunyange nevaya vakatsigira sarudzo. Saka, Ronald Bayer, purofesa paColumbia University, uyo ari nyanzvi mune zvekurapa maitiro. Tarirakuti sarudzo yekubvisa ungochani haina kudairwa na "Mhedziso dzinonzwisisika dzakavakirwa pachokwadi chesainzi, uye mafungidzirwo epfungwa dzenguva iyoyo":

"Maitiro ese aya anotyora izvo zvakakosha zvekugadzirisa nyaya dzesainzi. Panzvimbo pekuongorororwa kusasarura kwedata, varapi vepfungwa vakaponeswa vachiita nharo dzezvematongerwo enyika. " ^[15]

"Amai veGay rights Movement," Barbara Gitting, makore makumi maviri mushure mekutaura kuMusangano weAPA, pachena kuzivikanwa:

“Changa chisiri chisarudzo chekurapa, ndosaka zvese zvakaitika nekukurumidza. Mushure mezvose, makore matatu chete apfuura kubva danho rekutanga rekuvhunduka kumusangano weAPA kusvika vhoti yebhodhi revatungamiriri rekubvisa ungochani kubva pane runyorwa rwekushushikana kwepfungwa. "Zvaive sarudzo yezvematongerwo enyika ... Takaporeswa nehusiku hwepeni." ^[16]

Evelyn Hooker's commissioned study, iyo inowanzoratidzwa se "sainzi" humbowo hwe "zvakajairwa" hweungochani, haina kuzadzisa zviyero zvesainzi, sezvo sampuli yayo yaive diki, isiri-yakarongeka uye isingamiriri, uye nzira yacho pachayo yakasiya zvakanyanya kudiwa. Uyezve, Hooker haana kuedza kuratidza kuti ngochani seboka vanhuwo zvavo uye vakagadzirisika sevanhu vanoita zvechirume. Chinangwa chetsvakiridzo yake chaive chekupa mhinduro kumubvunzo: "Ungochani chiratidzo chemanyowa here?" Zvinoenderana naye: "Zvese zvatinofanirwa kuita kutsvaga imwe chete mhinduro isipo." Ndokunge, chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuwana unenge ngochani imwe isina chirwere chepfungwa.

Ongororo yaHooker yaisanganisira ngochani makumi matatu chete dzakanyatsosarudzwa neMattachine Society. Sangano rengochani iri rakaita bvunzo dzekutanga kune vanokwikwidza uye rakasarudza dzakanakisa. Mushure mekuyedza vatori vechikamu pabvunzo nhatu dzeprojekiti (Rorschach Blots, TAT uye MAPS) uye kuenzanisa mhedzisiro yavo neboka rekutonga "heterosexual", Hooker akasvika pamhedzisiro inotevera.:

“Hazvishamisi kuti vamwe ngochani vakaita zvakaipa zvakakura uye, zvakanyanyisa, zvekuti zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti ungochani chidziviriro kubva kune yakavhurika psychosis... Asi izvo zvakaomera vanachiremba vazhinji kugamuchira ndezvekuti vamwe ngochani vanogona kuve vanhuwo zvavo, vasingazivikanwe, kunze kwekuda kuita bonde, kubva kune vanhuwo zvavo vanoita bonde. Vamwe vanogona kusangove vasina hutachiona (kana usingaomerere kuti ungochani pachahwo chiratidzo chehutachiona), asi zvakare vanomiririra vanhu vakanaka kwazvo, vanoshanda padanho repamusoro.  ^[17]

Ndiko kuti, chirevo che "zvakajairwa" muchidzidzo chake chaive kuvepo kwekuchinja uye kushanda kwevanhu. Kuvapo kwezviyero zvakadaro, zvisinei, hazvirevi zvachose kuvapo kwepathology. Nokudaro, kunyange pasina kukoshesa simba risina kukwana rehuwandu hwemuenzaniso, migumisiro yekudzidza kwakadaro haigoni shanda seuchapupu hwekuti ungochani hachisi chirwere chepfungwa. Hooker iye amene akabvuma "mashoma mhedzisiro" yebasa rake uye akati kuenzanisa mapoka evanhu zana angango taura mutsauko. Akacherechedzawo kusagutsikana kwakasimba kweungochani muhukama hwehukama, hwakavasarudzira zvakanyanya kubva kuboka rinodzora. Zvakare, muRorschach bvunzo, nyanzvi dzakawana mutsauko wakakura pakati pemapoka maviri pazvikonzero zvinoverengeka (Wheeler Signs) uye vakawana zvekuita zvepabonde mu100% yevarume, zvichienzaniswa ne40% pane fungidziro isina kujairika. Nekudaro, kutaura kwaHooker kuti haana kuwana mutsauko wakakura pakati pemapoka maviri mune chero bvunzo dzake hakuna kunaka.

Zvichangoitwa kudzidza vakapindwa muropa LGBT vanhu vakaratidza kuti vangangoita 94% yavo yaive nekahunhu kamwe kahunhu ^[18] iyo yakakwira zvakapetwa kaviri se zvakafanana heterochani group ^[19].

Mukupera kwa1977, makore mana mushure mezviitiko zvakatsanangurwa, kuongororwa kusingazivikanwe kwakaitwa mumagazini yesainzi Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality pakati pevarapi vezvepfungwa veAmerica vari nhengo dzeAPA, maererano neiyo 4% yevanachiremba vepfungwa vakabvunzwa vakabvuma kuti "ungochani, semutemo, kuchinjika kwechirwere, kusiyana nemusiyano wenguva dzose, ”uye 69% vaive vasina chokwadi. Vazhinji zvakare vakataura kuti ngochani dzinowanzo kuve dzisina kufara kupfuura vanoita bonde (13%) uye vasingakwanise hukama hwakakura, hune rudo (73%). Pakazara, makumi manomwe muzana evanachiremba vepfungwa vakati matambudziko evarume vane ngochani ane hukama zvakanyanya nemakakatanwa avo emukati pane kushorwa kubva munharaunda. ^[20].

Izvo zvinokoshesa kuti mune 2003 gore mhedzisiro Kuongorora kwenyika dzakawanda pakati pevanachiremba vepfungwa nezve maitiro avo nezveungochani kwakaratidza kuti ruzhinji rwunorangarira ungochani hunenge hunhu hwakatsauka, kunyangwe iyo yaisabvisirwa pane runyorwa rwekushushikana kwepfungwa. ^[21].

Muna 1987, APA yakanyarara ichibvisa zvese zvinongedzera nezveungochani kubva pazita rayo, panguva ino pasina kana kunetseka kuvhota. World Health Organisation (WHO) yakangotevedzera tsoka dzeAPA uye muna 1990 yakabvisawo ungochani kubva muchikamu chayo chezvirwere, ichingoichengeta chete. egodistonic kuratidzwa mune iyo F66 chikamu. Nezvikonzero zvekururamisa kwezvematongerwo enyika, chikamu ichi chekusavimbika kukuru chinosanganisirawo kurovedzera murume, uyo "Iye munhu anoda kuchinja maererano neinobatanidzwa kushushikana kwepfungwa uye maitiro".

Panguva imwecheteyo, zvinofanirwa kuyeukwa kuti chete mutemo wekuongorora ungochani wakachinja, asi kwete hwesainzi uye kiriniki hwaro, hunoritsanangura sechirwere - i.e. kutsauka kunorwadza kubva kune yakasarudzika mamiriro kana kusimudzira maitiro. Kana vanachiremba vakavhota mangwana kuti chirwere ichi hachisi chirwere, hazvireve kuti varwere vachaporeswa: zviratidzo uye zvinetswa zvechirwere hazvizoenda chero, kunyangwe zvisiri izvo pane zvakanyorwa. Uye zvakare, kana iyo American Psychiatric Association kana iyo World Health Organisation haisi masayendisiti masangano. WHO inongova inzvimbo yemahofisi kuUN inobatanidza zviitiko zvehurongwa hwenyika, uye APA mubatanidzwa wevashandi. WHO haisi kuyedza kupokana zvinopesana - ndizvo zvakanyorwa mukati sumo kuiswa kumamiriro ekusagadzikana kwepfungwa muICD-10:

"Paradzai tsananguro nemirairo usatakure mukati mayo zvinoreva zvirevo uye usanyepedze kune dudziro yakazara yemamiriro aripo ekuziva kwekushushikana kwepfungwa. Ivo vanongova zviratidzo mapoka uye kutaura pamusoro pazvo nhamba yakakura yevanopa mazano nevanopa mazano munyika zhinji dzepasi vakabvuma sechinhu chinogoneka kutsanangudza miganhu yemudungwe mukugadzikana kwekunetseka kwepfungwa. " ^[22]

Kubva pamaonero esainzi yesainzi, chirevo ichi chinoratidzika kunge chisina musoro. Kurongwa kwesainzi kunofanirwa kunge kwakavakirwa pazvikonzero zvine musoro, uye chero chibvumirano pakati pevanyanzvi chinogona kungova mhedzisiro yedudziro yechinangwa chemakiriniki uye nedhata, uye kwete kutemerwa nepfungwa dzipi nedzipi, kunyangwe dzakanyanya kubatsira. Kutarisa kweizvi kana iro dambudziko rinowanzo zivikanwa chete nekuda kwehuchapupu hwaro, uye kwete nekuraira kubva kumusoro. Kana zvasvika kune nzira yekurapa, inowanzoitwa seyedzo mune imwe kana akawanda masangano. Mhedzisiro yekuyedza yakaburitswa mune yesainzi yekudhinda, uye pahwaro hweiyi meseji, vanachiremba vanosarudza kana vachishandisa nzira iyi kumberi. Pano, zvido zvezvematongerwo enyika zvinopesana nesainzi zvakatora kusarerekera kwesainzi uye kusagadzikana, uye chiitiko chekiriniki uye chezvekuita kweanopfuura makore zana, zvichiratidzika zvisina tsarukano hunhu hwehunhu hweungochani, hwakaraswa. Izvo zvisati zvamboitika mushure meMiddle Ages nzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko akaomesesa esainzi nekuratidzira kwemaoko kunoshora chirwere chepfungwa sesainzi yakakomba uye, zvakare, inopa muenzaniso wechipfambi chesainzi nekuda kwemamwe masimba ezvematongerwo enyika. Kunyangwe iyo Oxford Historical Dictionary yePsychiatry inoti kana mune dzimwe nzvimbo, senge kwakatangira schizophrenia kana kushushikana, chirwere chepfungwa chakaedza kuita sesainzi sezvinobvira, saka mune nyaya dzine chekuita neungochani, psychiatry yakaita "Murandakadzi wavatenzi vake vezvetsika nezvematongerwo enyika" ^[23].

Global Kuita Zvepabonde Maitiro Akatemerwa 44 APA Division, inozivikanwa se "Sangano re Psychology yeBonde Yekuita Zvepabonde uye Gender Kusiyana", iyo inechekuita zvachose neve LGBT vanoita zvemitambo. Zviri panzvimbo ye APA yose kuti vanoparadzira zvirevo zvisina kujekeswa izvo "Ungochani chinhu chinowanzoitika muhunhu hwepabonde".

Dr. Dean Byrd, aimbova purezidhendi weNational Association for the Study uye Therapy Yengochani, akapomera APA hunyengeri hwesainzi:

"APA rave sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rine chirongwa chekuratidzirana gay muzvirongwa zvaro zvepamutemo, kunyangwe richizvimisa sesangano resaenzi rinopa humbowo hwesainzi nenzira isina rusarura. APA inodzvinyirira kutsvakisisa nekutsvagurudza izvo zvinoramba chinzvimbo chayo chezvematongerwo enyika uye kutyisidzira nhengo dziri munzvimbo dzayo kupikisa kushungurudzwa uku kwesainzi kuita. Vazhinji vakamanikidzwa kunyarara kuti varege kurasikirwa nehunyanzvi, vamwe vakasarudzika, uye mukurumbira wavo wakakanganisika - kwete nekuti zvidzidzo zvavo zvakashaikwa kana kukosha, asi nekuti mhedzisiro yavo yaipesana ne "mutemo" wepamutemo ".^[24]

Sources

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2. Robin Elliott, US Population Kukura uye Kuronga Kwemhuri (1970)
3. Kingsley Davis, Population Policy: Ino Zvirongwa Zvichabudirira? (1967)
4. Matthew Connelly, Kuverengeka kweVanhu ndeye Nhoroondo: Nyowani Maonero paInternet Campaign yekuKumisa Kukura Kwevanhu (2003)
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6. Richard Nixon: Mharidzo inokosha kuCongress pane Matambudziko Ekukura Kwevanhu (1969)
7. FS Jaffe, Zviitiko Zvakakodzera Kufunda kwePopuwa Danho reUnited States (1969)
8. David Carter Stonewall: mhirizhonga iyo yakamutsa iyo gay kuchinja (2004), Peji 186.
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10. Donn Teal. Iwo ngochani mauto (1971)
11. Frank Kameny. Ngochani, Proud, uye hutano (1972)
12. 81 Mazwi: https://www.thisamericanlife.org/204/transcript
    
13. Satinover J. Kwete yesainzi kana yekuzvitonga. Linacre Quarterly. Vol. 66: Kwete. 2, Chinyorwa 7. 1999; 84.
14. Ungochani uye tsika dzebonde zvinovhiringidza: Inofungidzirwa shanduko muDSM-II, 6th kudhinda. APA Gwaro Refer Nha. 730008. - American Psychiatric Publishing, 1973. - ISBN 978-0-89042-036-2.
15. Bayer R. Ungochani uye American Psychiatry: Iyo Politics ye Diagnosis. Xnumx
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17. E. Hooker. Kugadziriswa kweMurume Kunotora Ngochani (1957)
18. Jon Grant. Kuvhiringidzika Kweunhu muGay, Lesbian, Bisexual, uye Transgender Chemical Dependent Varwere (2011)
19. Co-kuitika kwe 12-mwedzi doro uye kushandisa zvinodhaka kusagadzikana uye hunhu muUnited States: mhedzisiro kubva kuNational Epidemiologic Survey pamusoro peDoro uye Nzvimbo dzakabatana.
20. Nguva Zvepabonde: Kurwara Zvakare, 1978
21. Kushivirira: kubatana pakati pemisiyano. Basa revarapi vepfungwa
22. ICD-10: Pfungwa uye maitiro ekuzvibata, peji 21.
23. Ungochani, dambudziko rekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi, uye chirwere chepfungwa // A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. - Oxford UP, 2005. C.127.
24. Dean Byrd. APA uye ungochani: Nyaya yeScience Kubiridzira

Mukuwedzera:

Pavel Parfentiev: Kuti ungochani hwakamira sei kuva chirwere

Ungochani: kushushikana kwepfungwa kana kuti kwete?

Pfungwa uye hwepanyama hutano hwevanhu LGBT