V. Lysov
E-mail: science4truth@yandex.ru
Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvinotevera zvinoburitswa mupepanhau rinoongorora-vezera. Zvidzidzo zvazvino zvezvinetso zvemagariro, 2018; Vhoriyamu 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "Kurongeka uye kudzikisira kwekushandiswa kweshoko rekuti" kusagadzikana "muhurukuro yesainzi uye yeruzhinji".
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Yakakosha Tsvaga

(1) Maitiro akaoma kune ungochani haasvike maitiro ekuongororwa kwephobia sepfungwa ye psychopathological. Iko hakuna kweruzivo rwekufungidzira se "kupengesana", ishoko rekureva zvematongerwo enyika.
(2) Kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "kusagadzikana" muchiitiko chesainzi kuratidza iwo mamiriro ese ehunhu hwekutsoropodza muzviitiko zvebonde zvisina kunaka. Kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "kupengesana" kunosemesa mutsara pakati pekuziva kwakaoma kuita ungochani zvichienderana nekutenda kwehunhu uye mafambiro ekuratidza utsinye, achichinja mafungiro ekushamwaridzana kuita chisimba.
(3) Vatsvaguri vanoona kuti kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "kupomhodza" chiito chinodzvinyirira chakanangana nevaya vevanhu vasingagamuchire kukurudzirwa kwehupenyu hwechingochani munharaunda, asi vasinganzwe kuvengana kana kutya kusingafungidzike kweungochani.
(4) Pamusoro petsika uye tsika dzedzidziso, hwaro hwehunhu hwakaoma kune chiitiko chimwe-chebonde, zvinoita, immune system - bhakitiriya maitiro kusemesayakagadziridzwa muchiitiko chekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu kuti ive yechokwadi yakakwana yehutsanana uye yekubudirira kwekubereka.

Keywords: ngano, "kupengesana nemweya", nyangadzi, njodzi, hunhu hwekuzvidzivirira, kuzvibata

NHANGANYAYA

Pakati pechikamu chakakosha munharaunda, pane hunhu hunonetsa kune zvinoitika pabonde, huwandu hweratidziro yacho hunosiyana-siyana: kubva pakutsigira kupikiswa kwemutemo kuedza kuchinja chinzvimbo chemuchato kuitira kuti ubatanidze kushamwaridzana kwevanhukadzi nevanhurume nevanhu vanoita zvechisimba vanhu vanoratidza kuva ve "LGBTKIAP +" nzanga (Kohut 2013; Grey 2013) Mukati merimugadziro we "LGBTKIAP +" kufamba, mafungiro akadai akaomarara, zvisinei nehukuru hwechiratidziro uye zvikonzero, anosarudzwa seanodaidzwa. "Homophobia" (Adams xnumx) Zvinoenderana neOxford English Dictionary, revoologism "Homophobia" rinobva pazwi rinoti "ungochani" uye "phobia" (Chirungu Oxford Living Dictionaries). Izwi rekuti "homophobia" rinoshandiswa zvakanyanya munhau nemagariro akakurumbira: muongorori Nungessor akataura kuti:

"Homophobia" yave kuita chirevo chezvematongerwo enyika chinoshandiswa kureva chero chinhu chisina hunhu kune vanhu vanoita zvechingochani ... "(Nungessor xnumx, peji. 162).

«Homophobia ”inoshandiswawo mune dzezvematongerwo enyika dzepfungwa dzehukama hwemazuva ano (EPR 2006). Nekudaro, kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "homophobia" kurondedzera hunhu hwakakomba kune hunhu hwe "LGBTQIAP +" kufamba kunoenderana nemisimboti miviri yakakosha: (1) inogadzira kubatana kwekubatana pakati peCHINHU CHINONYANYA KUNYANYA nezvehunhu hwechingochani nechirwere che phobic, ne psychopathology; (2) inopa zvisirizvo zvirevo uye inoshoreka kune vanhu vanotsigira maonero ekuona akasiyana neayo eLGBTQIAP + kufamba.

Sezvo chiremba wezvemitemo yesainzi Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin nevamwe-vanyori vanyora mune ravo basa:

"... Pose panenge paine hurukuro nevanoparadzira ungochani, kana musingawirirane navo, nhasi zvine chekuita nekunamatira zita rinogumbura" homophobe ", tisingatarise hunhu uye chimiro, chiyero chechokwadi uye chepamutemo chekururamisa kwekuongorora kwakakomba kweungochani. Munyika zhinji, avo vanoratidza kushora ungochani vanonyimwa rusununguko rwekufunga uye nerusununguko rwekutaura, kwete chete panguva yeruzhinji gakava, asi zvakawandisa, mune chero kuyedza kuratidza maonero avo munhau. Zvakare, kune kufona kweruzhinji kusarura vanhu vakadaro: kuramba kodzero yekupinda mune dzimwe nyika, kuvasunga, nezvimwe. Kukurukurirana kwakasarudzika kwakadaro uye kududzirwa kwakadaro kwechiyero chekuenzana kwevose pamberi pemutemo nedare uye chirevo chekuregererana hazvisi chete zvinopesana nemitemo yedemokrasi uye zviyero, asizve, zvinofanirwa kukonzera mhinduro nekukurumidza kubva kuhurumende, iyo isina mvumo yekudzoka kubva kune epasi rese zviri pamutemo uye zvematongerwo enyika nekuda kwemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika. bumbiro remitemo pamwe nemutemo wekuenzana kwevose pamberi pemutemo nedare. Mazwi ekuti "homophobe", "homophobia" haana kunaka, anonongedzera-mavara anonamirwa kune chero vatsoropodzi vepfungwa dzechingochani (zvisinei nechimiro nedanho rekupembedzwa kwekushoropodza kwakadai), pamwe nechero ani zvake akaramba kuisirwa mutemo zvisiri pamutemo kumanikidzwa kwemafungiro eungochani kune vanoita bonde (kusanganisira vana vadiki). Aya mazwi anomiririra mafungidziro ekuongorora zvinyorwa zvisina kunaka zvemukati uye anoshandiswa sechinhu chisina hunhu chekunyengera kwechinangwa chekuzvidza nekutuka vanopokana (...) Muchokwadi, vanhu vasingagamuchire mararamiro evarume vanoita zveungochani, kupindwa muropa nekutenda vanopikisa kupokana neruzhinji rwevanhu ungochani, hapana "phobias", ndiko kuti, zvinorwadza, kutya kwakanyanya kunoita kuti vanhu ava vatye ngochani. Vanhu vasina kujaira neshoko rakakosha rekurapa vanogona kusanganisa zvinoreva izwi rekuti "homophobe" nekusafarira kwepfungwa murume nevanhu vazhinji (kubva muchiLatin homo - murume). Kusanzwisisika kwekupokana kwepfungwa (phobias) kune vanhu vasingagovane zvitendero zveungochani hakusi kungoita zvehunhu chete, asi zvakare kwakanangana nekunyadzisa chiremerera chevanhu vakadaro, nekuvachera ... ”(Ponkin 2011).

Aptly anotsanangura nzira yemaseke nekupomera "kusagadzikana" yeruzhinji Sergei Khudiev:

"... Chero ani zvake anotsunga kupokana zvizere necustomer ideology anototarisana nekunyorwa nekunyombwa. Kana iwe ukawana kuita bonde-bonde chimwe chinhu chisingafanirwe kuve chinokurudzirwa zviri pamutemo, iwe unobva wakurumidza kunzi wakatsamwa, asingashiviriri, anonyanyisa, anodzokera kumashure uye ane hasha munhu, anerudzi, fascist, Ku Klux Klan, Taliban, zvichingodaro uye zvichingodaro. Maitiro akapusa asi anoshanda ekunyengerera kwepamoyo anoshandisa nzira dzinoverengeka dzakanyatsojeka. Semuenzaniso, iwe unopihwa sarudzo isiriyo - kungave kwakanyanya kuranga ungochani, kana kuikurudzira munzira dzese dzinogona. Kana iwe uchipesana nekuurayiwa kunotyisa kwevakomana-pabonde kusangana, saka iwe unofanirwa kuve wekucherechedzwa kwevamwe vanoita bonde nemuchato. Imwe nzira - "vamwe vanhu vakajeka (semuenzaniso, maNazi) vaipesana neungochani - newewo unopesana nazvo - saka uri muNazi. "Hatidi kutorwa seNazi - bvumirana nemaonero edu." Wechitatu anozivisa mhosva dzipi nedzipi dzakaitirwa ngochani - semuenzaniso, mamiriro ezvinhu apo mukomana wechipfambi akaurayiwa nemutengi wake - sekuratidzwa kwe "homophobia", anozivisa chero anopokana kuti "kuvenga ngochani" uye nekudaro anoparadzanisa vanhu vanopokana sematsotsi. Iko kushushikana kwepfungwa hakungatariswe chero chinhu kunze kwekuratidzwa kwekusaruramisira, asi dambudziko nderekuti iri kuramba ichimanikidzwa nehurumende; munyika dzinoverengeka dzeEuropean, kusabvumirana nemaonero evanhukadzi kunoonekwa se "kukurudzira ruvengo" uye imhosva inotongwa. Nekudaro, kusava nebasa kwerudzi urwu rwekupomera kunova pachena patinongotora dambudziko rekuzvifunga kwemaminetsi mashanu. VaTaliban vanoranga kunwa doro zvakaomarara; Izvi zvinoreva here kuti chero munhu asingatenderi kudhakwa muTaliban uye anotarisira kuunza mutemo weSharia munharaunda? Vanhu (vevanhukadzi nevanhurume) vanowana mari kuburikidza nehure vanowanzova nyajambwa wetsiva - izvi zvinoreva here kuti chero munhu anoti nzira yakadaro yekuwana mari haina kunaka uye ine ngozi inotsigira matsotsi? Pane chero munhu asingafarire kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka anogona kupihwa mhosva here yekuvenga kwavo kwakashata varombo vakapindwa muropa nezvinodhaka? ... "(Khudiev 2010).

KUTI HOMOPHOBIA DZAKABATSIRA SEI

American psychologist uye activist "LGBTKIAP +" - kufamba (Ayyar 2002; Grimes 2017) George Weinberg akafunga iye muvambi weshoko rekuti "kupengesana kwevanhu" uye munyori wevanyori vechiratidzo chepfungwa hwechiitiko chehunhu hwakaoma hwekuita ungochani (Herek 2004; Weinberg xnumx) Mubvunzurudzo nekuparadzirwa kweungochani, Weinberg haapi mhinduro yakajeka yekuti sei akatanga kutora chikamu mumusangano weLBBTKIAP +, anoti:

"Kunyangwe ini ndakanga ndisiri ngochani, ndakanga ndakasununguka pamabasa angu echirume, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko zvandinofarira kusanyora nezvazvo" (Ayyar 2002).

Weinberg anozvidaidza kuti ndiye munhu akaisa pamberi zano rekuti godo nekutya ndizvo zvinokonzeresa hunhu hwekuita ungochani mukati me1960's, mukugadzirira kutaura kumusangano kuEast Coast Homophile Organisation (Ayyar 2002; Grimes 2017) Akagovana pfungwa dzake ne "LGBTKIAP +" vamiririri, mafambiro Jack Nichols naLige Clark, akatanga kushandisa izwi rekuti "Homophobia" mune chinyorwa chemagazini ye pornografia "Screw" (23 yaMay 1969 yegore), izvo zvaireva kutya kwevasiri varume ngochani. -Grimes 2017; Herek 2004) Mwedzi mishoma gare gare, izwi iri rakashandiswa mumusoro weThe Times (Grimes 2017).

Mu1971, Weinberg pachake akatanga achishandisa izwi rekuti "kurohwa kwevanhu" mune chinyorwa chinonzi "Mazwi eChitsva Chemu" mune yevhiki "Gay" (Grimes 2017). Mushure mekuverenga chinyorwa ichi, anoshanda naWeinberg Kenneth T. Smith (Weinberg xnumx, mapeji 132, 136) pakupera kwa1971 akatanga ataura izwi rekuti "homophobia" mubhuku resainzi umo akaronga danho rakakosha rekuyera kukanganisa kwakaitwa nehukama neungochani (Smith 1971) Pakupedzisira, mu1972, Weinberg akaronga psychopathological hypothesis ye "Homophobia" mubhuku "Sosaiti uye Healthy Homenderual" (Weinberg xnumx) Mwaka wakatevera, Weinberg akazova mumwe wevatungamiriri vezviitiko zveveruzhinji zvakarongwa neAmerican LGBTKIAP +, bato rakatungamira kuchisarudzo cheAmerican Psychiatric Association kusaburitsa kuongororwa kwe "ungochani" kubva kune static runyorwa rwekushushikana kwepfungwa mu1973 (Grimes 2017) Zvisinei nenyaya yekuti izwi rekuti "kurohwa kwevanhu" rakazoshoropodzwa nevatsigiri nevapikisi vebato re "LGBTKIAP +", Weinberg akaramba ari mutsigiri akasindimara pane zvaakatenda kweupenyu hwake hwese uye akasimbirira pakubatanidza "kusaga kwepamhepo" muchikamu chekushushikana kwepfungwa (Weinberg xnumx).

DAMBUDZISO YOKUSHANDISA KUSHANDISA

Nekufamba kwenguva kubva pakatanga kutaurwa mumabasa esainzi (1971 - 1972), zvinoreva izwi rekuti "kuparadza" rakasiyana kubva pane hunhu hwomunhu (Smith 1971) uye isina chikonzero chekutya kwekutya (Weinberg xnumx) kune chero hunhu hwakaoma (kusanganisira, semuenzaniso, kusawirirana nekutendera vakomana nevasikana vaviri kuti vatorere vana) (Costa 2013) George Weinberg mubasa rake akashandisa izwi rekuti "kutengesa zvido zvepamoyo" nenzira yekutya kusangana nevanhu vanoita zveungochani, uye kana isu tiri kutaura nezveungochani ivo pachavo, zvino "kupomhodza" zvinoreva kuzvinyima kwavo (Weinberg xnumx) Makore mashoma gare gare, Morin naGarfinkle vakatsanangura se "vanogumburisa" munhu akadaro asingaone hupenyu hweungochani hwakafanana nemararamiro eungochani.Morin xnumx).

Mugore re1983, Nungessor akati:

"..." homophobia "yava pfungwa yezvematongerwo enyika yakanyanya kushandiswa kuratidza kusatendeseka kune vanhu vaneungochani ..." (Nungessor xnumx, peji. 162).

Mugore rimwe chete, Fyfe anoratidzwa ne "kusagadzikana" maitiro asina kunaka uye rusarura kune ngochani (Fyfe xnumx) Hudson naRicketts vakacherekedza kuti "izwi" homophobia "rakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya nenyanzvi uye nevasina nyanzvi kuratidza huvengo chero kuchingochani zvekuti rakarasikirwa nerevo zvarinoreva"Hudson xnumx, peji. 357). Mu1991, vanoongorora vakati wandei vakatsanangura "kusagadzikana" se "chero kurwisa ungochani uye kusarura" (Bell xnumx; Haaga xnumx), uye Reiter vakazvinyora se "kusarudzika nehunhu hwemagariro" ((Reiter 1991) Makore mashanu gare gare, Young-Bruehl akataura kuti "kuparadza vanhukadzi kusarudzika kwakanangana kwete nevanhu vamwe, asi pane zviito zvakati" (Mudiki-Bruehl 1996, peji. 143). Kranz naCusick vakazoenderera mberi vachidudzira "kushungurudza vanhu" se "kutya kusingafungani".Kranz 2000) Mugore re2005, O'Donohue naCaselles vakacherekedza kuti makumi emakore apfuura, izwi rekuti "kupengesana" rakawedzera kune chero hunhu husina kunaka, kutenda kana kuita kune ngochani (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx, peji. 68).

Mune chimiro cheiyo classical academic psychiatric sainzi, phobia (phobic syndrome) inoreva rudzi rwekushushikana neurosis, iyo nzira huru yekutarisa kuti chii chinoramba chiri kutya kusagadzikana (kana kushushikana), uko kunodzora uye kusingadzokere shure kunowedzera mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu (Kazakovtsev 2013, peji. 230). Munhu ane phobia anoedza munzira dzese dzese kudzivirira kusangana nechinhu kana mamiriro ezvinhu anokonzeresa phobia uye anotambura nekubatana kwakadaro nekushushikana kwakanyanya uye kunetseka. Mukutsigira kwechokwadi kuti pfungwa iripo yekufungidzira kuita zveungochani haisi phobia, Haaga (1991) akafananidza rusarura uye phobias, maitiro anotsanangurwa munhau se "kutengeserana" anokwanisa kuita rusarura (ona tafura pazasi) (Haaga xnumx).

Tafura 1 Kuenzanisa kweRusaruro uye Phobia zvinoenderana ne D.A.F. Haaga [30]

Tora	Rusaruro (inofungidzirwa kuti "kusarudzika")	Real phobia (neurosis)
Manzwiro anoita	kutsamwa, kutsamwa	kunetseka, kutya
Kupokana kwemanzwiro	kuvapo kwevavariro	kushaya tsananguro, kusava nebasa
Mhinduro yekuita	utsinye	kudzivisa nechero nzira
Ruzhinji rwevanhu	kupikiswa munharaunda	asipo
Iko kutarisa kwekuedza kubvisa mamiriro asina kugadzikana	rusarura chinhu	patiri

Kuedza kwakasiyana siyana kwakatsanangurwa neimwe nzira kuyera iyo nhanho yezvakashata nezveungochani - kushandisa zviyedzo zvepfungwa (Smith 1971; Hudson xnumx; Rumby xnumx; Milham 1976; Logan 1996) Ongororo dzeGrey nevamwe uye Costa pamwe nevamwe vake dzakaratidza huwandu hwakawanda hwechiyero chakayerwa kuyera hunhu hwevanhu vanoita zvechirikadzi kune vanhu vanoratidza maitiro eungochani (Costa 2013; Grey 2013) Nzira dzese dzakatsanangurwa dzekuongorora dzine imwechete yakakosha kudzoka - kushomeka kweboka rekuenzanisa panguva yekuvandudzwa kwavo: kusimbiswa mune zvese zvakatemwa bvunzo kwakavakirwa pakumufananidza neboka revabvunzuriri avo vakazivisa huwandu hwepamusoro hwemitengo hwakangobatanidzwa nemafungiro asina kunaka nezveungochani (semuenzaniso, chinamato, kuvhota kumapati-kurudyi mapato ezvematongerwo enyika). Sekureva kwaO'Donohue nevamwe vavo, kukanganisa uku kunogona kubviswa nekuenzaniswa neboka revapomerwi vane mhosva yemhirizhonga kune vanhu vanoratidza maitiro eungochani (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx, peji. 77). Nekudaro, ukapihwa matambudziko mazhinji ezve psychometric neimwe yemaitiro akatsanangurwa ekuongororwa, zvaonekwa uye mhedzisiro inoitwa pamusoro peizvi nzira dzekuongorora hazvina chokwadi (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx, peji. 77). Kazhinji, hazvina kujeka kuti inonzi chii. "Homophobia": chibvumirano pane zvinoreva izwi rekuti "kupomhodza", chisingatariswe nhasi, chakakosha pakukoshesa izvi, irizere pfungwa dzakasiyana dzakasiyana, kubva pane zvakawandisa (semuenzaniso, negativism) kusvika pane yakatarwa (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx, peji. 82).

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kungoshandiswa kwesayenzi, kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "kuparadza mweya" kunetsa maererano nezvikonzero zvina zvinonyanya kukosha. Chekutanga, empirical proof inoratidza kuti kuvengana kune ngochani mukati akasiyana zviitiko zvinogona zvechokwadi kuva phobia mupfungwa yekliniki, senge claustrophobia kana arachnophobia. Nekudaro, vanhu vazhinji vane mafungiro ane hukama hwengochani-hukama vanoshaya mhinduro dzehunhu hunhu hwephobiasShields xnumx) Iyo iripo, yakakurumbira "LGBTKIAP +" kufamba, kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "kusagadzikana" hakufambisi mutsauko pakati penyika mbiri idzi. NeChipiri, kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "kupengesana nemweya" kubva pamaonero eWeinberg kunopa kuti iyi inzvimbo chaiyo yekiriniki, zvisinei, zvidzidzo hazvibvumidze izvi, asi zvinoratidza hukama hwakajeka neboka retsika yenyika maonero uye hukama hwehukama (Kohut 2013) Yetatu, iyo phobia iri mukiriniki pfungwa inosanganiswa nekusafadza maitiro uye zvinoitika zvinokanganisa zvakajairika zvemagariro mabasa emunhu (Tafura 1), asi kuvengana kune ngochani hakukanganisa zvakajairika basa revanhu (Herek 2000, 1990) Chechina, zvematongerwo enyika mashandisirwo eizwi rekuti "kusagadzikana" anofananidza ruvengo kune ungochani nezviitiko zvakadai semuenzaniso, rusaruraganda kana zvechingochani (EPR 2006). Nekudaro, rusaruraganda kana kusangana pabonde chinhu chinonangana nevanotakura zvinhu zvakasarudzika zvakasarudzika zvisingaenderane nehunhu hwevatakuri (semuenzaniso, rusaruro rwevaCaucasians kana vanhurume). Izvo zvinonzi "homophobia" mukati megadziriro yeGBBTKIAP + mafungire asina hunhu kwete kune vatakuri vehunhu hwehunhu, asi kuzviito (maitiro), zvakanyanyisa, kune kuratidzwa kwehunhu hwakadai umo kutendeuka kweyakagadzwa basa rechikadzi kunoitika mune zvepabonde uye / kana mumagariro. Iko hakuna kana kubvumirana kwemaonero anoonekwa seungochani - munhu anogara achingoita zvevasikana chete kana zvisingawanzo; ndiani anomanikidzwa kupinda muhukama hwepabonde-kana kuti anozviita achizvidira, anozvizivisa se "ngochani" kana kwete, nezvimwewo, nezvimwe. Kusimbiswa kwechirevo ichi - nezvehunhu, kwete maitiro ehunhu ehunhu husina kunaka - ndewe ungochani munhu asingaratidze pachena hunhu hwechingochani uye ari weve "LGBTKIAP +" nharaunda haasangana nemhedzisiro yakaipa kubva munharaunda, zvinova zvisingaite kana pachiitiko chakadai serusaruraganda.

KUFUNGWA KWEMUTI WESHURE POLITICAL PURPOSES

Sezvo izwi rekuti "phobia" rine chirevo chakajeka chekiriniki uye rinoratidza kutya kusingadzoreki (kurapwa kuongororwa), zita rekufunga kweungochani se phobia harina chikonzero chesainzi. Semuenzaniso, maitiro akaoma ekuita zvemazuva ano kubva kune iwo maonero ezvetsika dzesainzi haigoni kunzi "avant-garde phobia": mafungiro akadaro anongoratidza chete runako rwemunhu runako. Nyaya dzekuparadza zvine chekuita nemabasa emhizha chinhu chisinga gamuchire uye, nehupamhi hwepfungwa, hunopupurira humwe hunhu hwepfungwa hwevamwari. Nekudaro, iko kukosha kwehunyanzvi hwezviitiko zvekuparadzwa kwekuongorora mabasa akadai uye, kunyanya, avo vese vasingade mabasa ehunyanzvi, akaenzana neziro.

Chinzvimbo chakakomba pazvinhu zvine chekuita neLNBBKKIAP + matanho eruzhinji - kufamba, hakugadziriswe sekutyora kweWorld Health Organisation kana neAmerican Psychiatric Association (ICD 1992; DSM 2013) Nezvikonzero zvakaratidzirwa pamusoro apa, kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "Homophobia" maererano nemafungiro akashata nezveungochani kwakashoropodzwa nevanyori vazhinji (Herek 2004, Herek mukati Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Shields xnumx), uye pachinzvimbo, mazwi mazhinji akatsanangurwa: Wright xnumx; Sears 1997).

Zvakangodaro, izwi rekuti "kusagadzikana kwevanhu" rinoramba richishandiswa mukushambadzira, tsika yakakurumbira, uye kunyangwe mabhuku esainzi kuratidza hunhu hwakaipisisa nezveungochani. Connie Ross, mupepeti weimwe yemagazini enharaunda yeungochani, akataura kuti haasi kuzoregedza kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "kupengesana" nekuda kwekusaziva kwayo kwesainzi, sezvo iye achiona basa guru "kurwira kodzero dzengochani" (Taylor 2002).

Smithmyer (2011) yakaratidza zvinotevera:

“… Kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti 'ngochani' inzira inodzvinyirira yakanangana nenhengo dzenzanga dzinodzivirira dudziro yechinyakare yemuchato, asi usavenga vanhu vanoita zvehungochani (…) Kushandiswa kweshoko iri kunosemesa (…) uye kunoshoresa (…) Izwi rekuti" homophobe "hunyengeri hwezvematongerwo enyika hunoshandiswa mumitemo nemumatare ..." (Smithmyer 2011, peji. 805).

Holland (2006) yakacherekedza kuti:

"... Kunyangwe rondedzero yakapusa yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwechirwere cheAIDS pakati pevarume veungochani inomutsa kupomedzerwa kwekuti 'kuvenga vanhu' ..." (Holland xnumx, peji. 397).

Neanenge 100% mukana, uyu mushumo uchave unoratidzwazve ne "kutapira" nevatsigiri ve "LGBTKIAP +" kufamba.

Mu2009, Miss California runako rwekunyora peji rakakunda Kerry Prechan vakapinda mu Miss America fainari. Mushure memhinduro yake kumubvunzo unobva kune jury ngochani kuti ngochani dzinofanira kunge dzichatenderwa muAmerica, akadzingwa mumakwikwi ndokutorerwa zita rake rekuMiss California.

Mhinduro yaKerry Preghan yakonzera kutsamwa kwevose "vezvematongerwo enyika" vekuWenternet, akapomerwa mhosva yekuda kutora pfungwa dzake, ndokumuti pachena kuti "mbeveve mbeveve" (Prejean 2009) Zvechii? Prezhan akada kuisa ngochani mujeri?

Kwete, heino mhinduro yake yeshoko.

"... Zvakanaka, ndinofunga zvakanaka kuti maAmerican vanogona kusarudza imwe kana imwe." Tiri kugara munyika umo iwe yaunogona kusarudza pakati pekuroora ngochani uye yechinyakare wanano. Uye iwe unoziva chii, mutsika yedu, mumhuri yangu, zvinoita kwandiri kuti ndinotenda kuti muchato unofanira kuva pakati pemurume nemukadzi. "Ini handidi kugumbura munhu, asi ndiwo marererwo andakaitwa ..." (AP 2009).

LGBTKIA + vatevedzeri, ivo veKirk neMadsen danho, vakapikisa kuti kushandiswa kweshoko rekuti "Homophobia" kwakanyatsobudirira munongedzo yezvematongerwo enyika yekushandura chinzvimbo chevafambi:

“… Mumushandirapamwe upi zvawo wekuda kunzwirwa tsitsi neruzhinji, ngochani dzinofanirwa kuoneswa sevanyajambwa vanoda kuchengetedzwa, kuitira kuti ngochani dzikunde chishuwo chekutora chinzvimbo chevadziviriri… Ngochani dzinofanirwa kuratidzwa sevanyajambwa veruzhinji… Inofanirwa kuratidzwa: mifananidzo yakajeka yevanhurume vanorohwa ngochani; mutambo wekushaikwa kwebasa nedzimba, kurasikirwa kwekuchengetwa kwevana uye kunyadziswa neruzhinji: runyorwa rwunoenderera mberi ... Mushandirapamwe wedu haufanire kukumbira rutsigiro rwakananga rwezviito zveungochani, panzvimbo pezvo, isu tinofanirwa kutanga kurwisa rusarura sebasa guru ... "(Kirk 1987).

Mubhuku rakaburitswa makore mashoma gare gare, Kirk naMadsen vakasimbisa:

"... Nepo izwi rekuti 'ngochani' ringave rakanyatsojeka, 'homophobia' inoshanda zvirinani kutaura ... nekureva muchimiro chemakiriniki chinoratidza kuti manzwiro anopesana neungochani anofambidzana nekusagadzikana kwavo kwepfungwa nekusachengeteka ..." (Kirk 1989, peji. 221).

BIOLOGICAL DZESANGANO

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekusanzwisisana dzehunhu hwekuita zveungochani dzakagadziriswa: yemunhu (Smith 1971), Hunhu (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx)Grey 1991chenjeraBell xnumx), muenzaniso wekuziva kana kusaziva Gonsiorek xnumx), kutya (MacDonald 1973), tsika (Reiter 1991) Kunyanya kutarisisa mune zvesainzi uye zvakakurumbira sainzi zvinyorwa zvinopihwa kune biological Reflex models.

Kuongorora kwakasimba kunotibvumidza kuita fungidziro pamusoro pechinhu chakasarudzika munharaunda chemafungiro akashata nezveungochani. Ellis nevamwe vake (2003) vakafunda vadzidzi ve226 vehunyanzvi hwepfungwa kubva kumatunhu matatu eBrithani, avo, vachishandisa zviyero zviviri zvakasiyana, vakaongorora maitiro kune vanhu vanoita zveungochani uye maitiro emaitiro emagariro anoenderana nebasa rimwe-rechisikana (nyaya yekubvumira kunyoreswa kwekudyidzana, kutora vana, nezvimwe. .) ()Ellis 2003) Kunyangwe vanopfuura hafu yevakabvunzwa vakaratidza kuti vakabvumirana nezvakataurwa zvese zvichirondedzera ungochani sechinhu chakaitika kumunhu, nhamba shoma yevakabvunzwa yakabvumirana nezvakataurwa (semuenzaniso, "murume nemukadzi haafanire kuroorwa, ngochani dzinogona kushanda muchiuto, vana vanofanirwa kudzidziswa." pfungwa yehunhu hwechingochani ", nezvimwewo) (()Ellis 2003, peji 129). Steffens (2005) akaita chidzidzo chevadzidzi makumi maviri nevaviri vechiGerman vachishandisa nzira dzakakosha kuongorora yakavhurika (kuziva) uye yakavanda (kusaziva) maitiro kune ungochani (Steffens xnumx) Mune iri basa, mafungiro ekuziva akafundwa achishandisa akasiyana-siyana bvunzo dzemibvunzo, uye hunhu hwekusaziva hwakadzidziswa uchishandisa muedzo wesangano rakavanzika.

Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti nepo maitiro ekuziva nezveungochani aive akanaka pachinangwa chekutanga, mafungiro okusaziva akazopedzisira atonyanya. Maonero akanaka kune ngochani zvakare akapindirana neungochani kuzvizivikanwa kwevanopindura. (Steffens xnumx, peji. 50, 55). Inbar nevamwe vaaishanda navo (2009) vakaratidza kuti kunyangwe vanhu avo vanozviona seboka revanhu vanofarira kuita kwengochani, vasingazive vanonzwa kutemeswa pakuona kutsvoda vanhu vechimwe chete varume (Inbar 2009).  

Zvakare, vamwe vanhu vane ngochani vanoziva hunhu hwekuda ungochani:

"... Kusada ungochani muvanhu kuri padanho rekurambwa ..." (Mironova 2013).

Chirevo chekupedzisira chine tsananguro yesainzi. Vanyori vazhinji vanotenda kuti munguva yekushanduka-shanduka, iyo inonzi. immune system immune system - yakaoma yekusagadzikana Reflex reaction, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kubva kumhedzisiro yehutachiona hutsva nemahara. Forgas xnumx; Faulkner 2004; Park 2003; Filip-crawford xnumx).

Maitiro ekudzivirira immune anoenderana nekufunga kusingabvumirwe kwekusemesa: vanhu vevanhu vasina kujairika vemagariro, uye kunyanya avo vanoita zviito zvisiri zvechisikigo zvine chekuita nekudya, hutsanana uye murume nemukadzi, vanoisa njodzi yakakura yekuchinjisa nyowani (uye, Naizvozvo, zvinonyanya kutyisa) zvinotapukira. Nekudaro, kana uchinge wasangana nevanhu vakadaro, hunhu hwekuzvidzivirira hunogoneswa, uye kunyangadza kwepanyama (Filip-crawford xnumx, peji. 333, 338; Curtis 2011a, 2011b; Curtis 2001) Sezvo kuita zvepabonde pakati pevasikana kana vakadzi vakasiyana mhuka dzemusikirwo, pamwe nekubatanidza zvitunha kana vasina kusimba vanhu, nezvimwewo, zvinomiririra zvisiri kubereka, zvisikwa zvisingaite zvebonde, kuzvibata kwevanhu vazhinji pakuratidzira kwehunhu hwakadai inzira yekudzivirira inogona kuve nengozi uye biologically isingabatsiri kusangana pabonde nevanhu vakadaro. Iyo hukama hwekunyangadza uye maitiro asina kunaka kune asina kubereka, kusanganisira ungochani, zviitiko zvepabonde zvakaratidzwa mune dzinoverengeka zvidzidzo (Mooijman 2016; Bishop xnumx; Terrizzi 2010; Olatunji 2008; Cottrell xnumx;  Herek 2000; Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). Izvo zvinopesana zvinokanganisa zvakare zvinonakidza - iyo yekunyepedzera inonzwa manzwiro ekunyangadza inowedzera padanho risingazive maitiro kune zvifananidzo zvine hungochani madingindira (Dasgupta xnumx).

Aversion is an adapta system yakagadzirwa kuitira kuti isimudzire maitiro ane chinangwa chekudzivirira njodzi yechirwere (Schger mu Forgas xnumx; Curtis 2004, 2011b; Oaten xnumx; Tybur 2009; Fessler xnumx) Iyi sisitimu inochinja yakagadzirwa mumhuka kuti ifambise kucherechedzwa kwezvinhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvine chekuita nenjodzi yekutapukirwa, uye, nekudaro, kugadzira hutsanana maitiro, nekudaro zvichideredza njodzi yekubatwa nehutachiona- uye macro parasiti; pachinhanho chekushandurwa kwenharaunda yevanhu kuenda kuhurongwa hwekusagadzikana, mabasa ekunyangadza akafungidzawo hunhu hwemagariro, achipa chikonzero chekuranga hunhu hwekumanikidza uye kudzivirira vanoputsa tsika dzakajairika.Chapman 2009; Haidt 1997) Miller (1997) anotenda kuti zvakaipa zvimwe zvinogara zvichikonzera kusemeswa. Anotarisa kuti zvakashata, zvinonyangadza, zvakashata mavara uye zviito zvinoshorwa nemafungiro emukati echiitiko ekunyangadza, pasina kutendeukira kune hunhu hwepamusoro (Curtis 2001) Kuita kweumwe munhu kune zvinopesana kunosiyana zvichienderana nehunhu hwemunhu uye ruzivo, uye patsika dzenzvimbo tsika nemagariro ehunhu (Curtis 2011b) Curtis (2011) inopa runyorwa rwezvirwere zvinotapukira zvinokonzeresa kusangana nekuita zvinonyangadza, kusanganisira AIDS, syphilis, nezvimwe (Curtis 2011a) Grey nevamwe vake vakacherekedza mune kwavo kuongorora (Grey 2013, p. 347) kuti hunhu hunonetsa kuenda kuchingochani hunopindirana nemafungiro akashata ekutapukirwa nehutachiona uye vanhu vane hutachiona hweHIV / AIDS.

Kune huwandu hwekutarisa pamusoro pekubatana pakati pekunyangadza uye kusaziva kusatongwa kwetsika (Zhong 2006, 2010; Schall xnumx:Curtis 2001), zvakafanana zvemuviri maitiro uye activation yenzvimbo dzehuropi dzinoonekwa pamwe neyekuzvarwa nehunhu (hwemagariro) hunopesana (Chapman 2009; Schaich xnumx) Olatunji inotaura kuti pfungwa yekusemesa inoshamwaridzana nekusangana pabonde nekuda kwekuita kwakawanda kwemuviri, sekushamba (Olatunji 2008, peji. 1367). Fessler naNavarette vanotaura kuti "zvinoita sekunge zvakasikwa zvakasarudzika zvakagadzira nzira inochengetedza muviri kubva kuzviputi nemweya wehupfu, uye zvakare inobvisa hunhu hwepabonde hunoderedza kubudirira kwechibereko" (Fessler xnumx, peji. 414). Haidt nevamwe vake vanonongedza kuti kunyangwe kuvengwa kwakanyanya iri hurongwa hwekubvisa chikafu chine njodzi, nzanga yevanhu inofanirwa kusabvisa zvinhu zvakawanda, kusanganisira kusangana pabonde pamwe nekudyidzana (Haidt 1997).

Zvimwe zvinoitwa pabonde kana vangangoita vatano navo zvinonyangadza (Tybur 2013; Rozin 2009) Tybur nevamwe vake vanopokana kuti nekuda kwekusangana pabonde kunotakura njodzi dzekutapukirwa nehutachiona, kusangana pabonde kusingaunze mabhenefiti ekubereka kana kutakura njodzi yekunetseka kwezve genetic (i.e. kusangana pabonde nevanhu vebonde rimwe chete, vana, kana vanhu vakura, hama dzepedyo), inotungamira kune chokwadi chekuti munhu ari panjodzi yekutapukirwa, panguva imwechete asina mukana wekuvandudza kubereka kwake kubereka.Tybur 2013) Ndokunge, kurara pamwe kwevanhu pabonde nekududzirwa hakusingaiti mukana wekubereka, ndosaka zano chairo rekuita ungochani richikonzera kusemeswa kwemunhu (Filip-crawford xnumx, peji. 339; Curtis 2001).

Kuonekwa kwekunyangadza semhedzisiro yeungochani zvakare kwakabatana nehukama pamwe nekutyisidzirwa kwekusvibiswa kwekufananidza, nenzira iyi hunhu hunogadzirirwa zvisizvo, nzira iri yekudzivirira njodzi yekubatana nehutachiona hwehutachiona uye chishuwo che "kuchenesa" (Golec de zavala xnumx, peji. 2).

BHAIBHERI MABHUKU

1. Kazakovtsev B.A., Holland V. B., ed. Pfungwa uye maitiro ekusagadzikana. M.: Prometheus; 2013.
2. Mironova A. Ini ndiri bisexual uye ndinopesana neBBBT kufamba. "Echo Moskvy." 31.05.2013. Yakawanikwa munaJanuary 27, 2018: http://echo.msk.ru/blog/cincinna_c/1085510-echo/
3. Ponkin I.V., Kuznetsov M.N., Mikhaleva N.A. Kurudyi kune kuongororwa kwakasimba kweungochani uye pane izvo zvisungo zviri pamutemo pamusoro pekuiswa kweungochani. 21.06.2011. http://you-books.com/book/I-V-Ponkin/O-prave-na-kriticheskuyu-oczenku-gomoseksualizma-i
4. Khudiev S. Kuroora kungave kwaka--bonde here? Radonezh. 03.02.2010. http://radonezh.ru/analytics/mozhet-li-brak-byt-odnopolym-46998.html
5. Adams M, Bell LA, Griffin P, eds. Kudzidzisa kwekusiyana-siyana uye Kurarama Kwemagariro. 2nd ed. New York: Nzira 2007. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203940822
6. AP 2009 (Associated Press) .Carrie Prejean anoti akabvunzwa kukumbira ruregerero pane zvataurwa zvevakaroora, asi zvakaramba. New York Mazuva ese Nhau. Kubvumbi 27, 2009.
7. Ayyar R. George Weinberg: Rudo rwunogadzirira, rwakatsauka & rweMashiripiti. 01.11.2002. GayToday. Yakasvika muna Ndira 27, 2018. http://gaytoday.com/interview/110102in.asp    
8. Bell NK. AIDS nevakadzi: Kuramba uine tsika dzakanaka. Dzidzo yeAIDS uye Dziviriro. 1989; 1 (1): 22-30.
9. Bishop CJ. Emotional Reaction yeVarume Vechidiki kune Gay Imagery. Nhoroondo yeungochani. 2015; 62: 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.957125
10. Ma Centers ekurwara kwechirwere uye kudzivirira. (Xnumx) Syphilis MSM (Varume Vanovata nevarume). Yakawanikwa munaJanuary 2014, 27: http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-msm-syphilis.htm  
11. Ma Centers ekurwara kwechirwere uye kudzivirira. (Xnumx) HIV pakati pevachingochana nevarume vane vakadzi vaviri. Yakawanikwa munaJanuary 2015, 27:http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/index.html#refb
12. Chapman H, Kim D, Suss mosa J, Anderson A. Mukuravira wakashata: umboo hwemhedzisiro yemuromo unosemesa kwetsika. Sayenzi. 2009; 323: 1222-1226. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165565
13. Costa AB, Bandeira DR, Nardi HC. Kuongororwa kwakarongeka kwezviridzwa zvinoyera Homophobia uye zvine hukama. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2013; 43: 1324 - 1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12140
14. Cottrell CA, Neuberg SL. Kusiyana kwepfungwa kusangana nemapoka akasiyana: Nzira yekutyisidzira-yakavakirwa-kusarudzika kusarura. Chinyorwa cheMunhu uye Zvemagariro Psychology. 2005; 88: 770-789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770
15. Curtis V, Aunger R, Rabie T. Hufakazi hunosemesa hwakaitika kuti huchengetedza kubva panjodzi yehosha. Zvakaitika zverudzi rweumambo B. Biological science. 2004; 271 (4): 131-133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144
16. Curtis V, Biran A. Kudhara, kusemesa, uye chirwere: hutsanana muzvimiro zvedu here? Vanotarisira Biol Med. 2001; 44: 17 - 31. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2001.0001
17. Curtis V, de Barra M, Aunger R. Kusemesa senge chinja chinja maitiro ekudzivirira chirwere. Phil Trans R Soc B. 2011a; 366: 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0117
18. Curtis V. Nei zvinonyangadza zvinhu. Phil Trans R Soc B. 2011b; 366: 3478-3490. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0165
19. Dasgupta N, DeSteno D, Williams LA, Hunsinger M. Kupopota murazvo wekusarura: pesvedzero yemanzwiro akangoitika emanzwiro okusarudzika. Emotion 2009; 9: 585-591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015961
20. Ellis SJ, Kitzinger C, Wilkinson S. Kufunga Kwevanoda Lesbians nevarume Varume Ngochani uye Tsigiro yeLesbian neGay Human Rights Pakati peVadzidzi vePsychology. Nhoroondo yeungochani. 2003; 44 (1): 121-138. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v44n01_07
21. Chirungu Oxford Living Dictionaries. Tsanangudzo yeanophobia muChirungu. Mavambo. Yakawanikwa munaJanuary 27, 2018. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/homophobia
22. European Paramende gadziriso pamusoro pokusarudzika muEurope. P6_TA (2006) 0018. Ndira 18, 2006. Strasbourg. Yakawanikwa munaJanuary 27, 2018. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2006-0018+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN
23. Faulkner J, Schaller M, Park JH, Duncan LA. Yakashanduka chirwere-kudzivirira maitiro uye anhasi xenophobic maitiro. Zvikwata Zvemapoka uye Intergroup Kuzvibata. 2004; 7: 333-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430204046142
24. Fessler DMT, Eng SJ, Navarrete CD. Yakakwenenzverwa kusemesa kwekunzwa mune yekutanga trimester yepamuviri: ufakazi hunotsigira compensatory prophylaxis hypothesis. Evol Hum Behav. 2005; 26: 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.12.001
25. Fessler DMT, Navarrete CD. Dhijitari-yakatarisana kusiyanana mukunyangadza kunzwika kwekuenda kumwedzi. Shanduko uye Kuzvibata Kwevanhu. 2003; 24: 406-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(03)00054-0
26. Filip-Crawford G, Neuberg SL. Ungochani uye Pro-Gay Mawonero seutachiona? Zvinokanganisa kweChirwere-Chinotambanudza Muenzaniso wekunzwisisa Anti-Gay Behaviors. Hunhu uye Zvemagariro Psychology Ongororo. 2016; 20 (4): 332-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315601613
27. Fyfe B. "Homophobia" kana ungochani zvadzokororwazve. Arch Bonde Behav. 1983; 12: 549. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01542216
28. Golec de Zavala A, Waldzus S, Cypryanska M. Kusarura kune varume ngochani uye kudiwa kwekushambidzwa kwemuviri. Chinyorwa cheAllfental Social Psychology. 2014; 54: 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.001
29. Grey C, Russell P, blockley S. Migumisiro yekubatsira maitiro ekupfeka kuratidzira-gay chiratidzo. Britain Chinyorwa cheMagariro Psychology. 1991; 30 (2): 171-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00934.x
30. Grey JA, Robinson BBE, Coleman E, Bockting WO. Ongororo Yakagadziriswa Yezviridzwa Zvinoremedza Mafungiro Kune Vanhurume Vechikadzi. Chinyorwa chebonde Kutsvaga. 2013; 50: 3-4: 329-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.746279
31. Grimes W. George Weinberg Anofa ku87; Akarongedzwa 'Homophobia' Mushure mekuona Kutya Zvikomba. The New York Times. 22.03.2017. Yakawanikwa munaJanuary 27, 2018.https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/us/george-weinberg-dead-coined-homophobia.html
32. Haaga DA. "Homophobia"? Chinyorwa cheSocial Behaeve uye Hunhu. 1991; 6 (1): 171-174.
33. Haddock G, Zanna MP, Esses VM. Kuongorora chimiro chechisimba hunhu: Mhosva yehunhu kune ungochani. Chinyorwa cheMunhu uye Zvemagariro Psychology. 1993; 65: 1105-1118. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.65.6.1105
34. Haidt J, McCauley C, Rozin P. Kusiyana kwakasiyana kwekunzwa kuzvinyangadza: Chikero sampling dunhu nomwe dzenyangadzo elicitors. Hunhu uye Kusiyana kweumwe neumwe. 1994; 16: 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7
35. Haidt J, Rozin P, McCauley C, Imada S. Muviri, psyche, uye tsika: hukama hwekusemesa hutsika. Psychology uye Kuvandudza Magariro. 1997; 9 (1): 107 - 131. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133369700900105
36. Hepano GM. Beyond "Homophobia": Kufunga Nezvekusarura pabonde uye Kushushikana mune Makumi maviri Ekutanga. DzeBonde Res Soc Policy. 2004; 1 (2): 6 - 24. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6
37. Hepano GM. Kushungurudzika, rusarura, uye chisimba kune vakadzi nevanhurume nevarume nevarume. Mu: Gonsiorek J, Weinrich J, eds. Ungochani: Kutsvaga zvinokanganisa mutemo yeruzhinji. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1991: 60-80
38. Hepano GM. Dingindira reanopokana-gay chisimba: Zvinyorwa pane zvetsika uye zvepfungwa heterosexism. Chinyorwa cheInterioralal Mhirizhonga. 1990; 5: 316-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626090005003006
39. Hepano GM. Iyo psychology yekusarura kwepabonde. Nongedzo dzazvino mu Psychological Science. 2000; 9: 19-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00051
40. Holland E. Chimiro Chechingochani: Kureverwa kwevanochingochani Vanorwiswa uye Kodzero yechitendero. New York: iUniverse; Xnumx
41. Hudson WW, Mariketi, WA. Isu rekuyera kuyera kweanophobia. Nhoroondo yeungochani. 1988; 5: 356-371. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v05n04_02
42. Inbar Y, Pizarro DA, Knobe J, Bloom P. Kusagadzikana kwekunzwa kufanotaura kusarudzika kusabvumirana kweve ngochani. Emot Wash DC. 2009; 9 (3): 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015960
43. International Statistical Kugadziriswa kweZvirwere uye Zvinoenderana nehutano Matambudziko. 10th kudzokorora. World Health Organization. 1992. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en
44. Kirk M, Eratso P (Hunter Madsen akashandisa "Eronaka Piritsi" as alias). Kuwedzeredzwa kweiyo Yakasimba America. Nhungamiro Mbudzi 1987. Yakawanikwa munaJanuary 27, 2018: http://library.gayhomeland.org/0018/EN/EN_Overhauling_Straight.htm      
45. Kirk M, Madsen H. After the ball: sei America ichakunda kutya kwayo uye ruvengo rweungochani muma '90s. Doubleday; 1989
46. Kitzinger C. Kuvakidzana munharaunda lesbianism. London: Sage; 1987.
47. Kohut A, et al. Kupatsanurana kwepasi rose paungochani. Pew Global Attitude Project. 04.06.2013, yakagadziridzwa 27.05.2014. Yakawanikwa March 1, 2018. http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2014/05/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-REVISED-MAY-27-2014.pdf
48. Kranz R, Cusick T. Gay Kodzero. New York: Chokwadi pa Faira, Inc; 2000.
49. Logan CR. Homophobia? Kwete, Homopredjudice. Nhoroondo yeungochani. 1996. Vol. 31 (3), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v31n03_03
50. Rumby ME. Homophobia: Iko kuda chiyero chakaringana. Nhoroondo yeungochani. 1976; 2 (1): 39-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v02n01_04
51. MacDonald AP, Huggins J, Mudiki S, Swanson RA. Maonero ekuita ungochani: Kuchengetedzwa kwehunhu hwepabonde kana hunhu huviri? Chinyorwa cheKubvunza uye Clinical Psychology. 1973; 40 (1): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0033943
52. Milham J, San Miguel CL, Kellog R. A Factor - Ongororo Yekufungisisa Yemafungiro Kunze Vanhurume nevechikadzi. Nhoroondo yeungochani. 1976; 2 (1): 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v02n01_01
53. Mooijman M, Stern C. Kana Kutarisisa Kutora Kunogadzira Kutyisidzira: Nyaya yeC Conservatism, Kuita Bonde Kune Bonde Kuzvibata, uye Anti-Gay Mafungiro. Hunhu uye Zvemagariro Psychology Bulletin. 2016; 42 (6): 738-754. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216636633
54. Morin SF, Garfinkle EM. Male Homophobia. Chinyorwa cheMagariro Enyaya. 1978; 34 (1): 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02539.x
55. Nungessor LG. Ngochani Mabasa, Vatambi, uye kuzivikanwa. New York: Praeger; 1983
56. O'Donohue WT, Caselles CE. Homophobia: Nhaurwa, Tsanangudzo, uye Nyaya dzeKukosha. Mu: Wright RH, Cummings NA, eds. Maitiro Anoparadza Mune Hutano hwepfungwa: Iyo Yakarongeka Yakanangidzirwa Nzira yekukuvadza. New York naHove: Routledge; 2005: 65-83.
57. Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, Nyaya TI. Kusemesa senge chirwere-kudzivirira maitiro. Psychol Bull. 2009; 135: 303-321. https://doi.org10.1037/a0014823
58. Olatunji bo. Kusemeswa, kupopota, uye hunhu hunochengetedza hunhu hwepabonde: Hufakazi hwemuenzaniso wekuyanana weanophobia. Chinyorwa cheKutsvaga muHunhu. 2008; 42: 1364-1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.001
59. Park JH, Faulkner J, Schger M. Akachinja-kudzivirira maitiro-ekudzivirira maitiro uye ano kurwisa hunhu kumagariro: Hutongi hwekusarudzika uye kudzivirira kwevanhu vakaremara mumuviri. Chinyorwa cheNeververbal Behaeve. 2003; 27: 65- 87. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910408854
60. Prejean C (2009). Ndichakamira: Nyaya Isiri Yayo Yekurwa Nenhema, Ruvengo, uye Kurwiswa Kwematongerwo enyika. USA: Regnery Publishing.
61. Reiter L. Kubudirira kwakatangira kweanopokana-ungochani mune varume nevakadzi. Clinical Social Work Journal. 1991; 19: 163-175.
62. Rozin P, Haidt J, Fincher K. Kubva pamuromo kusvika mutsika. Sayenzi. 2009; 323: 1179-1180. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170492
63. Schaich Borg J, Lieberman D, Kiehl KA. Hutachiona, humhandara, uye kushata: kuongorora neural zvisanganiswa zvekusemesa pamwe nehunhu. J Cogn Neurosci. 2008; 20: 1529-1546. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20109
64. Schalle M, Duncan LA. Iyo ye "immune system immune system" - Shanduko yayo uye zvemagariro mafungiro. Mu: Forgas JP, Haselton MG, von Hippel W, eds. Mhedzisiro uye iyo yepfungwa yemagariro: Evolutionary psychology uye nzanga kucherechedzwa .. New York: Psychology Press; 2007: 293 - 307
65. Schnall S, Benton J, Harvey S. Nehana yakachena. Psychol Sci. 2008; 19: 1219-1222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02227.x
66. Sears J, Williams W. Kukurira heterosexism uye Homophobia: Zvirongwa zvinoshanda. New York: Columbia University Press; Xnumx
67. Shields SA, Harriman RE. Kutya kwehunhu hwechirume: Mhinduro dzemwoyo yevakadzi vakaderera uye yakakwirira manonigative. Nhoroondo yeungochani. 1984; 10: 53 - 67. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v10n01_04
68. Smith KT. Homophobia: Tabhenari hunhu chimiro. Psychological Reports. 1971; 29: 1091 - 1094. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1971.29.3f.1091
69. Smithmyer CW. Kutarisa iyo term Homophobic nezvibodzwa zvayo sechipi kudzvinyirira avo vanokoshesa tsika yemuchato. Chinyorwa cheMamwe Maitiro Ekufungidzira muSocial Science. 2011; 3: 804-808.
70. Steffens MC. Yakajeka uye Yakajeka Mafungiro Kunoita Lesbians nevarume veGay. Nhoroondo yeungochani. 2005; 49: 2: 39-66. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v49n02_03
71. Taylor K. Hapana chinotyisa chinhu 'Homophobia,' kudzidza anodaro. Washington Blade. 30.04.2002.
72. Terrizzi JAJr, Shook NJ, Ventis WL. Kusemesa: Kufanotaura kwehukama hwemagariro uye hunhu hunofunga nezveungochani. Hunhu uye Kusiyana kweumwe neumwe. 2010; 49: 587-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.024
73. Diagnostic uye Statistical Manual yeMepfungwa Dzepfungwa. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association. Xnumx
74. Tybur JM, Lieberman D, Griskevicius V. Microbes, mating, uye hutsika: mutsauko weumwe neumwe mumatunhu matatu anoshanda ekunyangadza. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009; 97: 103. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015474
75. Tybur JM, Lieberman D, Kurzban R, Descioli P. Disgust: Yakashandurwa basa uye chimiro. Psychological Ongororo. 2013; 120: 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030778
76. Weinberg G. Homophobia: Usarambidze iro Shoko - Zviise muIndex yePfungwa Dzepfungwa. Tsamba yekunyora. Huffington Post.06.12.2012. Yakawanikwa munaJanuary 27, 2018. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/george-weinberg/homophobia-dont-ban-the-w_b_2253328.html
77. Weinberg G. Sosaiti uye ngochani ane hutano. Bindu Guta, New York: Anchor Press Doubleday & Co; 1972.
78. Mudiki-Bruehl E. Iyo Anatomy Yerusarura. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts; 1996.
79. Zhong CB, Liljenquist K. Kusuka zvivi zvako: kutyisidzira tsika uye kucheneswa kwemuviri. Sayenzi. 2006; 313: 1451 - 1452. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130726
80. Zhong CB, Strejcek B, Sivanathan N. Kuzvibata kwakachena kunogona kupa hutsinye hunhu kutonga. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2010; 46: 859 - 862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.003