Nā lāʻau antisperm (ASA) - nā antibodies i hana ʻia e ke kino o ke kanaka me nā antigens sperm (Krause 2017: 109) ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ASA kekahi o nā kumu no ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka momona a i ʻole ka infimility autoimmune: pili ka ASA i ka hana o ka spermatozoa, hoʻololi i ke kaʻina o ka hopena acrosomal (AR), a me ka hoʻoluwale i ka hoʻomakeʻa, implantation a me ka hoʻomohala o ka embryo (Restrepo 2013) kumu kumu fragmentation (Kirilenko 2017) Ua hōʻike nā haʻawina ma nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole i kahi pilina ma waena o ka ASA a me ka embryo degeneration ma mua a i ʻole ma hope o ka implantation (Krause 2017: 164) Ke nānā nei nā hopena contraceptive o ASA i ka wā e hoʻomohala ai i ka maʻi kūlohelohe kūloko e kū pono ai i nā kānaka (Krause 2017: 251), me ka hōʻemi a kāohi i ka nui o nā holoholona hihiu (Krause 2017: 268).

Nā hopena Reproductive o ka Antisperm Antibodies

Nā hōʻailona demographic o Lūkia a me nā ʻāina he nui ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka pinepine o ka hikiʻole i nā kāne, hōʻea i kahi awelika o 30 - 50%. ʻO ka hōʻailona o ka nui o nā hihia i hōʻike ʻia e pili ana i ka male male infertility ma ka Lūkini Lūkini i ka manawa 2002 - 2009 i hoʻonui ʻia e 59% - mai 44,1 a i 70,1 ma 100 000 o nā kāne male makua, a ma ka laulā nui o kona mau kaudīlohi i makemake ʻia e hoʻonui (Kirilenko 2017).

Kirilenko et al. kākau lākou: "I kēia mau makahiki i hala, ua maopopo ka mea maikaʻi o ka maikaʻi sperm, ʻaʻole wale ke kumu no ka haʻalele ʻana o ka hapai, akā, ʻo ka ʻūʻī nā mea maʻi embryo development, congenital malformations a ʻoiai ke kanesa ma nā keiki. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā kumu nui i hāpai ʻia i ke kumu o ka sperm function sperm, ka hanaʻino o ka nukula DNA ka mea i aʻo ʻia a nui ka ʻike e like me nā mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka embryo, kona hoʻomohala a me ka implantation. Meta-loiloi i ke kuleana o DNA fragmentation i hōʻike ua hoʻonui ʻia ka nui o ka hōʻemi ʻana a me ka ulu ʻana o ka hānau fetal a hiki i ʻehā mau manawa me ka hoʻonui nui sperm DNA fragmentation (15-30% normal, hilinaʻi ma nā ʻano i hoʻohana ʻia), ʻoiai ma hope o ka hoʻomalu a vitro a me ka hana intracytoplasmic sperm injection. ʻO ke alakaʻi alakaʻi pathogenetic o nā pōʻino e mālama ʻia ana ka hana nui o nā mea oxygen reaktate - ozone, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, ke alakaʻi nei i ka spermatozoa OS. ʻO ke kumu maʻamau o ka nohona oxidative i loko o ka ʻōnaehana o ka kāne, he mau ʻeha a me nā maʻi a me nā keʻena ʻo ASA i ka kāne urogenital tract "(Kirilenko 2017).

ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻoulu ai i ke kaumaha o ka oxidative a me ka hōʻino o ka DNA me ka waiʻona a me ka hoʻohanaʻana i ka lāʻau, ka ulaula, ka momona, ke kaumaha, ka makahiki, nā STD e pili ana i ka moekolohe, a me kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau, e like me antidepressants, radiation electromagnetic, polū ea. ʻO ka hopena o kēia mau kumu he kumulā. ((Pourmasumi 2017)

Nui nā puke ʻepekema a me nā puke e ʻōlelo nei:ʻO ka hoʻokele waha a me ka rectal o ka sperm e hoʻokūkū i ka hoʻohui o antodperm antibodies"(Rao 2014: 311, Lu 2008, Nikulin 2007, Bronson xnumx). Ma lalo o nā hanana hoʻokolohua, hoʻokomo ka rectal insemination o nā lāpaki me ka spermatozoa i kahi pane ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana (Richards et al., 1984), a me ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka sperm i loko o ka ʻōpū o nāʻiole e alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻāpala e kūʻē i ka spermatozoa a me ka emi o ka momona (Allardyce, 1984). I nā kānaka, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ASA i nā kāne kāne homosexual i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā kāne heterosexual mai nā kāne hānau ʻole (Witkin a me Sonnabend, 1983; Bronson et al., 1983). Ma 40-50% o nā kāne kāne homosexual, ASA hiki ke loaʻa i ka serum (Wolff a me Schill, 1985). ʻO Bronson et al. Nānā i kahi kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka IgM papa ASA i nā kāne kāne homosexual i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me IgG a me IgA i ke serum o nā kāne heterosexual mai nā kāne infertile. Ua manaʻo lākou e hōʻike paha kēia i nā ʻokoʻa i ka etiology o ka pale ʻana o ka sperm ma waena o nā hui ʻelua. Hiki i ka ejaculation intrarectal ke alakaʻi i ka hana o nā antigens, a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka epolheer monolayer ma mua o ka epithelium mānoanoa o ka ʻōpala. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻokoʻa ka heluna kanaka o B lymphocytes a me nā hunaola plasma i ka tract gastrointestinal mai ka heluna kanaka i ka tract reproductive (Mestecky and McGhee, 1987), a ʻokoʻa paha kā lākou reactivity me nā sperm antigens. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia hiki i ka ejaculation intrarectal ke alakaʻi i ka stimulate o IgM- a i ʻole IgA2-e hana ana i nā pūnaewele, a laila hiki ke noho i loko o ka genital tract, e alakaʻi ana i ke alo o ASA o kēia mau isotypes i ka sperm (Bronson 2015). 

ʻO kahi helu nui o nā hoa pili i ka wahine e alakaʻi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā antibi antisperm a me ka infertility autoimmune, no ka laʻana, 40 - 45% o nā wahine hoʻokamakama he ASA (Rao 2014: 311). ^ E Ha yM. Wahi a Brockowski, 68% o nā wahine me ka nui o nā hoahana he mea maikaʻi no ASA (Brokowski xnumx).

Nā antibisies Antisperm, e hana pololei ana i ka sperm, hoʻonui i ka hana o nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO kekahi o nā kumu no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā antisperm antibody i nā wahine ʻo ia ka sperm me ASA (Krause 2017: 166, Nikulin 2007), no ka laʻana, ka pilina o kahi wahine me ka wahine pelekikena, he mea halihue ASA ma ka ʻōpū genital.

ʻO Ruziev, i ke aʻo ʻana o 2017 o ka makahiki, e hōʻike ana i ka nui o ka hana kiʻi i ka kāne i ka wahine me nā kāne (MSM) - 99% hana anal sex, a ua hui pū ʻia ka 45% me ka waha:

"Ma nā mahina ma mua o 6 ma mua o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka haʻawina, kokoke like me nā MSM (98%) like me ka wahine like ʻole, me 65% ka nui o ka nui o nā kāne kāne ma mua o 5, 4% o nā kāne mai 6 a i 10 poʻe. I ka manawa e hui pū ai me ko lākou mau hoa hana, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo MSM ma ke ʻano analie wale nō (54%) a hui pū ʻia me ka waha (45%). ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea pane (44%) i hōʻike i ko lākou makemake i kahi hana maʻa, ma kahi o 1 / 4 (23%) - ka pipa a me 1 / 3 i hoʻololi i nā kuleana o kahi hoa hana a me ka passive i ka wā moe kolohe me nā kāne.
I mea e hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ai a hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau ai i ke ʻano palekana, pono mau i nā condom me ʻoe. No laila, ua nīnau ka nīnau i ka nīnau nīnau: "He hui paʻa kāu me ʻoe a hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻike." ʻAʻohe 60% o nā mea pane i hui pū me lākou. Ma kahi hapalua (53%) o MSM ʻaʻole i komo i loko o nā kontak heterosexual i ka manawa o 6 mau mahina i hala. ʻO ka mea ʻē i hana i ka wahine me nā wahine. Ma mua o 5, ua loaʻa iā 88% ka huakaʻi MSM, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā mea hoʻohana ʻo 5. Me kā lākou poʻe hoa hana, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo MSM i ka wahine kūlohelohe. " ((Ruziev 2017)

Hōʻoia ʻia nā pilina ʻokoʻa me nā wahine e nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā kāne kāne i moe kolohe me ka wahine (Tao xnumx, Larmarange xnumx), e like me nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe, ua loaʻa ka 3 / 4 MSM (73%) i ka hui heterosexual (Larmarange xnumx) Ma nā ʻāina hoʻowahāwahā kahi e hana ai ka moekolohe ua hāʻule a ʻaʻohe mea e pono e hūnā i ka ʻano like ʻole o ka kāne like, ʻo ka helu o nā pilina o nā kāne like ʻole me nā wahine emi iho awelika a hiki i xnumx% akā ke ulu nei ka helu o ka poʻe LGBT i ka wā ʻōpiopio, ma muli o ka pālahalahaʻana i ka male. Ma Lūkia 34% i wahine like me nā wahine.

Nā lālani ma al. hāʻawi i nā haʻawina like i kā lākou haʻawina lesbians: no lākou, ʻo ka hopena o ka launa ʻana i ka wahine kāne he kāne homose wahine he 4 mau manawa ma mua o nā wahine heterosexual (XIIXX XHUMX: 2000-347).

Hiki i nā makuahine Surrogate e hali keiki i nā kāne male i kekahi mau maʻi hānai i nā infertility a me nā pathologies i nā keiki ma muli o nā sperm me ASA. ʻO nā ʻōhua Reproductive kekahi kumu kumu ʻē aʻe o ASA i nā wahine (Rao 2014: 311).

Hoʻololi maikaʻi i ka sex sex a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa helu ʻana

ʻO nā hopohopo ma luna o ka overpopulation o ka Honua a me ka pono e hoʻemi i ka nui o ka lehulehu i hoʻolaha pinepine ʻia ma nā pūnaewele honua a pau, me nā nūpepa ʻepekema.

ʻO kēia ka ʻōlelo a ka hui ʻo Roma ma 2017 makahiki ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana “E hele mai! Capitalism, myopia, lehulehu a me ka luku ʻana o ka honua":" Ma kahi papa honua me nā palena ʻoki ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka heluna kanaka ʻaʻole pono ia iā ia iho. "

ʻOiai ma 1968, kahi loio ʻAmelika Albert Blaustein, ka mea i komo i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻoihana o nā aupuni he nui, ke kuhikuhi anahe mea e palena ai ka ulu ʻana o ka lehulehu, pono ia e hoʻoponopono hou i nā kānāwai he nui, e pili ana i ka male, ka ʻohana, ka ʻohana, ka ʻae ʻae, a me ka wahine. I 1969, i loko o kāna'ōlelo ma ka ʻAmelika, ʻo Pelekikena Nixon kāheaʻia ulu ulu ʻana "ʻO kahi pilikia nui loa no ka hopena o ke kanaka" a kāhea ʻia no ka hana wikiwiki. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Preston Kapua o ka US National Academy of Science e ʻae ke aupuni i ka abortion a me nā uniona kāne kāne. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻopuka ʻo Frederic Jaffe, Hope Pelekikena o ka International Placed Parenthood Federation (IPPF). hoʻomanaʻoi loko o "e paipai ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka male"Ua helu ʻia ma ke ʻano he ala no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka helu hānau. I ʻelua mau makahiki ma mua, ʻo Kingsley Davis, kekahi o nā helu kikoʻī i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kulekele hoʻokele hānau manaoia ʻo ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā "ʻano like ʻole o ka moekolohe." ʻO ka piliona kā Davis, he kaukaʻāina ʻo Judith Blake, manaoia hoopau i nā ʻauhau waiwai a me nā hale home e paipai ana i ka hānau keiki ʻana, a kaomi ʻana i nā hoʻopaʻi kānāwai a me ka lehulehu e kūʻē i ka male.

Ma 1970, ʻo Frank Naughtstein, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hoʻomohala o ka hanana demographic, e ʻōlelo ana i ka National Military College i mua o nā luna kahiko. ua kakauiaua "kākoʻo ʻia ka male male i ke kumu e kōkua i ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ka ulu o ka lehulehu."

Hana ʻia ka makahiki 1994 ma Kairo ka hālāwai kūkākahi i hana ʻia ai nā ala e hōʻemi ai i ka mahiʻai.

Kekemapa 6 2011 Pelekikena Barack Obama hoʻokuʻu kahi kuhikuhi e hōʻike ana i ka hakakā no nā kuleana o nā wahine ʻokoʻa ma kahi o ke kulekele ʻana o ʻAmelika.

ʻO kekahi mau sexologists, no ka laʻana, Alexander Moiseevich Poleev, kākau i nā puke e pili ana i ka anal sex a i nā ʻano āpau e hoʻonani i kāna mau pono a kūlohelohe e pili ana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao. Wahi a manao, hiki i ka nui o nā male mare i Europa e hele a 15%, a ma Rūsia - 15 - 20%. Wahi a WHO, ʻo ke kumu nui o ka palekana demographic ʻo 15% o nā kāne male infertile.

ʻO ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka moe kolohe, ka male kāne a me ka anal sex, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā antibodies antisperm (ASA), ka lawe ʻana i ka maʻi HIV, HPV a me nā STD ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kumu o ka pale ʻana i nā antigens sperm, e hoʻoweliweli i nā hanauna e hiki mai ana. a alakaʻi i ka emi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka , nā pathologies ulu o nā keiki. Ka hoopau ana i ka hoowahawaha a me ka hana ʻōnaehana pale pālahalaha - hoʻonui i ka helu o ka poʻe e ʻae i ka lawehala kāne e like me ka maʻamau.

Nā paʻi ʻepekema e pili ana i nā hana o ka "sex education" paipai aku Eia kēia mau mea:

I mea e kōkua ai i nā haumāna e hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ka moekolohe / ke kāne, pono e nānā nā kumu aʻo moekolohe i ka leʻaleʻa kāne. Hoʻopili ke kāne anal receptivity i nā ʻōnaehana binary maʻamau e like me ke kāne / wahine, kāne / wahine, kūlohelohe / ʻeleʻele. Me ka kaohi ʻana o ka hoʻokipa kāne kāne, ʻo ka kapu o ka leʻaleʻa kāne ke kōkua i ka legitim i ka hegemonic moekolohe / pili kāne kāne, a me ka moekolohe, homophobia, a me nā aliʻi kāne a lākou e paipai nei. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e ka deconstructing i ke kāne kapu kapu a me ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻōlelo hou o ka leʻaleʻa anal - prostage, hiki i nā mea aʻo ke kōkua i nā haumāna e ʻaʻa i nā kaohi kāne.

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Maʻike noʻonoʻo a me ke olakino o nā kānaka LGBT