Kālai ʻia ka hapa nui o nā mea ma lalo nei i loko o kahi hōʻike hōʻike. "ʻO ka hopohopo o ka neʻe i ka wahine i ka mālamalama o nā ʻike ʻepekema". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

(1) Ka nui o nā keiki i hāpai ʻia e nā kāne like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka mākau male, ka hana male ʻole a me ke kūlana ʻana i kahi ʻano pelekane - ua loaʻa kēia mau hualoaʻa i loko o nā haʻawina i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā mea kākau e kūʻiʻo i ka "LGBT +" alualu.
(2) ʻO nā haʻawina i haʻi ʻia e ka LGBT + nā mea hana - nā ʻikekau a me nā pili (pale ʻana i ka ʻōlelo ʻaʻole heʻokoʻa ma waena o nā keiki mai nā ʻohana kahiko a me nā keiki i hāpai ʻia e nā kāne like ʻole) he mau hemahema koʻikoʻi. I waena o lākou: mau hiʻohiʻona liʻiliʻi, kahi ʻano maʻalahi o ka huki ʻana i nā mea pane, kahi manawa nānā ʻike pōkole, ka haʻalele ʻana o nā pūʻulu mana a me nā hoʻokumu o ka poʻe hoʻokele.
(3) Ua hana ʻia nā haʻawina me nā ʻōlena ʻelele nui me ka lōʻihi o ka nānā ʻana i ka hōʻike, ʻoiai he nui aʻe ka piʻi o ka hāpai ʻana i kahi ʻano pelekane, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā mākua kāne haʻahaʻa ma nā keiki mai nā ʻohana kahiko i kekahi mau ala.

Hōʻike

I ka makahiki 2005, ua hoʻopuka ka Hui Pūʻulu Kūʻē ʻAmelika (APA) i kahi leka mana e pili ana i nā keiki mai nā ʻohana "wahine like" (Patterson et al. 2005). Ma hope o ka nānā ʻana i nā haʻawina like ʻole a 59 o kēlā mau keiki, ʻaʻohe APA i ʻike i kekahi hōʻike i ʻike ʻia ua noho ʻino ʻia nā keiki ma nā ʻohana like ʻole ma mua o nā mea maʻamau. I kēia mau ʻike ʻia ua haʻi ʻia i ka manawa pinepine ma ka kaona LGBT + - he neʻe, ma waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe, i nā hihia hoʻokolokolo US - me Obergefell v. ʻO Hodges ", kahi hopena e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā pilina like ʻole o ka kāne like me 26 June 2015 mau makahiki.

Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole hopohopo kekahi mau loea e kuhi ʻole i ka "laina ʻaoʻao" a kuhikuhi i kahi helu nui o nā hewa o ka loiloi ma nā haʻawina i haʻi ʻia e ka APA (Marks 2012; Nock xnumx; Lerner 2001; Schumm xnumx) Eia kekahi, ʻo nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i ka hōʻoia me ka "LGBT +" - ka holo o nā kūlana¹kaomi ʻia e hana i kahi papaʻaina a, ʻoiai, i ka hele ʻana, e haʻi i ka helu o nā hemahema o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā noiʻina (Biblartz xnumx; Perrin 2002; Anderssen 2002; Tasker 2005; Meezan 2005; ʻLepa xnumx).

Ua lakaʻo ka mea noiʻi Walter Schumm, ʻo nā ʻōlelo kūkaʻi e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻole ʻana o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, e kau maʻa me ke anuanu, mua ʻole, a he hopena e hiki ai i nā mea heluhelu ke lawe ia lākou i ka ʻike maka. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻo Patterson i komo i nā haʻawina e like me Sarantakos (1996a, 2000d) a me Puryear (1983), i ʻike i nā nui nui i waena o nā keiki o ka makua heterosexual a me ka makua kāne male, ma kahi o ka hana hoʻonaʻauao, hana pilikino, inu ʻona a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā hana hoʻoweliweli a me nā kūlohelohe.Schumm xnumx).

Eia ke kākau ʻana i nā ʻepekema pili ʻo Richwine a me Marshall:

"... I ka ʻepekema ʻepekema ʻepekema, ʻo ka hiki ʻole ke loaʻa nā hōʻike i ka hopena i manaʻo ʻia, ʻaʻole ia he hua o ka hopena. Kūpono i ka maikaʻi o ka noiʻi, e pili ana i ka nui a me ka representativeness o ka ʻikepili data, e kōkua i nā poʻe ʻepekema e hoʻoholo a i ʻole ua make paha nā hopena hypothetical a ʻike ʻole ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana statistic ma kā lākou kiʻa. ʻO kahi mahele nui o nā noi i hala e hoʻohālikelike ai i nā keiki ma nā ʻohana like a me nā ʻohana heterosexual ʻaʻole ia i hāʻawi i ka manawa ke hilinaʻi me ka haʻalele ʻana i ka wehe ʻana ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i kahi kikoʻī o ka lehulehu.

ʻO ke ʻano, ʻo ka hana nui o ia mau noi ka ʻike maoli ʻana i kahi helu o kēlā mau keiki no ka nānā ʻana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā ʻikepili i loaʻa me ka ikepili demographic kikoʻī ʻaʻole i lawa ka nui o nā mākua e moeʻikepili no ka hōʻike ʻike ʻana. No ka laʻana, ka hapanui o nā pepa "Add Health" i hoʻohana ʻia no 50 wale nō o kēia mau keiki, ʻoiai ʻo ka helu ʻana o kēia mau poʻe he 12105 o nā ʻōpio ... "(Richwine xnumx).

Ua hana ka mea noiʻi Lauren Marx i kahi kikoʻī kikoʻī hohonu o nā haʻawina 59 loa i kapa ʻia e APA - e noʻonoʻo mākou i kēia loiloi ma lalo nei.

ʻO ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Lauren Marx

Ma 2012, puke ka noiʻi ʻepekema ʻo Science Science i ka hana a Lauren Marx, ka mea nāna i hōʻike i ka ʻikepili a me ka noiʻina o nā haʻawina 59, i hoʻokumu ʻia e APA i kāna mau ʻike (Marks 2012) ʻIke akula ʻo Marx "ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōlelo kupanaha, a me nā mea i hana ʻia e APA." ʻAʻohe 26 mai nā haʻawina 59 no ka ʻona heterosexual control i ke ʻano, ʻoiai ʻē aʻe kekahi, ʻo nā makuahine makuahine (!) Ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he "heterosexual control group". Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe o nā haʻawina i loaʻa i ka mana statistic lawa e pono ai e hoʻomaopopo i ka hopena i pani ʻia. Ma lalo aʻe nā pilikia noiʻi noiʻi.², kahi i hilinaʻi ʻia ai nā mea hoʻouluulu o ka "LGBT +", e pale ana i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i ka "waiho ʻole ʻana o ka ʻokoʻa" ma waena o nā keiki mai nā ʻohana kahiko a me nā kāne like ʻole.

Kahi mau lālā hōʻailona ʻole

No ka noi ʻia ʻana o ka ʻikepili ʻepekema i ka helu ʻana i ka heluna kanaka holoʻokoʻa, nā ʻāpana (nā pūʻulu i aʻo ʻia) i loaʻa i nā ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ka heluna kanaka i ka heluna holoʻokoʻa. ʻO ka mea kūpono loa no ka noiʻi ʻepekema he tauira probabilistic - kahi hoʻohālike i ke kaʻina o kēlā me kēia lālā o ka heluna nui e loaʻa i nā manawa like i koho ʻia i ka pōpoki, a i ʻole ke koho ke koho. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, ʻaʻole nā ​​māka i koho ʻia e nā loina no ka hana o ka ʻōiwi ma ke ʻano he nui, no ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou e hōʻike. No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke aʻo ʻia ka manaʻo o ka heluna o ka lahui ma nā hana aupuni ma ke kumu o nā loiloi o nā poʻe kākoʻo i kahi pāʻina hoʻokahi;

Nā koho koho kūpono

"Nā mea ʻoluʻolu" i loko o nā helu helu, ʻo nā kikoʻī kūpono nā ʻāpana i loaʻa ʻole e ka sampling kūlohelohe inā ʻaʻole lawa nā ʻikepili e hana ai i ka hoʻohālikelike kumuhana (no ka laʻana, ka liʻiliʻi o ka liʻiliʻi o ka hanana i ʻike ʻia). Loaʻa kēlā mau hiʻohiʻona no ka loiloi helu helu, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i nā ʻano o ka heluna holoʻokoʻa. Ma kahi like, kahi ʻano hana o ka hoʻokumu "ʻoluʻolu" no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mākua i ka pilina ma waena o ka kāne like, ʻo ia ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā nūpepa a me nā nīhou no ka lehulehu homose. No laila noi nā kānaka noiʻi i nā poʻe e pane i nā hoʻolaha e ʻōlelo i nā poʻe e makemake e komo. Hōʻike ʻia ka pae e pane aʻe nei e hōʻike i nā mea pane aʻe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. A ulu ke kumu hoʻohālike e like me ke kumu "snowball".³.

Maʻalahi ke ʻike pehea e hiki ai i nā mea hoʻohālike "hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka lehulehu. ʻO ka poʻe i loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole ma muli o ka makua he mea liʻiliʻi loa paha ka mea e huki nā mea ma ke ʻano o ka poʻe ma mua o ka poʻe i loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi. Hōʻolua ka koho snowball i ka hoʻohālike e pili i nā homogeneous, ʻo ia ke kumu i noho nui ai ka poʻe noho o ke kūlanakauhale a ʻona a waiwai hoʻi i nā noiʻi mua o nā mākua like.⁴. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi haka pahuhopu kahi kumu nui o ka noiʻi ma ke ʻano o ka ʻepekema pili kanaka. ʻAʻole pili ke kumuhana a i ʻole ka nui o ke kanaka e aʻo ʻia nei, pono ka nui a me nā ʻāpana i hiki ke hōʻea i nā manaʻo hoʻopaʻa kūʻiʻo e pili ana i kahi hui.

Nā kiʻi liʻiliʻi

Ma nā haʻawina i hilinaʻi ʻia e APA, ka nui o nā keiki i hāpai ʻia i nā kāne like ʻole ma 44 - aʻo ka huina o nā keiki i loko o ka hoʻohālike e pili ana iā 12; aia nō kekahi mau makuahine makana 18 i loko o ke aʻo ʻana, aʻo 14 mau tausani mau makuahine i ka hoʻohālike ʻana.Kim Xnumx) ʻO ka helu maʻamau o nā keiki i hāpai ʻia e nā mākua like ʻole i aʻo ʻia ma nā haʻawina 44 ma ka maʻamau 39 (Kim Xnumx).

Nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole

Hoʻonui ka hua liʻiliʻi i ka hiki ke kiʻi i nā hopena hewa-hewa, i.e., ka hopena i ʻaʻohe manaʻo ʻē aʻe i ka manawa e ola mau ai lākou. Ke ho'āʻo mau nei nā poʻe noiʻi i ka nui e hiki ai ke hōʻemi i ka hopena o nā hopena maikaʻiʻole. Ma ka hōʻike 2001 o ka makahiki (Lerner 2001) ia ua loaʻa mai nā haʻawina 22⁵ (i ʻōlelo ʻia e LGBT + na mea hana), i hoʻokahi hihia wale nō ka nui o ka hoʻohālike e hōʻemi i ka hopena o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka 25%. Ma ke koena o ka aʻo ʻana 21, hiki i ka hopena o nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole mai ka 77% a i 92%.

ʻO nā hui pūnāwai ʻole a i ʻole ʻē aʻe

No ka hoʻoholoʻana heʻokoʻa nā huiʻelua ma kekahi o nā ana e aʻoʻia ana, pono e hoʻohālikelike i ka hui aʻo (no ka laʻana, nā keiki i hānaiʻia e nā kāne kāne hoʻokahi) me kahi hui hoʻomalu a hoʻohālikelike paha (e like me nā keiki i nāʻohana kuʻuna). I loko o kahi haʻawina maikaʻi loa, pono e like nā hui ʻelua—ke aʻo a me ka hoʻomalu—koe naʻe nā hiʻohiʻona e hiki ke hoʻololi i nā ana hopena e aʻo ʻia. I ka hihia o ke aʻo ʻana i nā keiki i nā kāne like ʻole, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka hoʻohiwahiwa a me nā pilina makua. Eia nō naʻe, ma waena o nā haʻawina 59 i haʻi ʻia e ka APA ma kāna hōʻike 2005, he 33 wale nō nā pūʻulu mana, a ʻo kēlā mau 33, 13 mau haʻawina i hoʻohana i nā keiki me nā makuahine hoʻokahi heterosexual i kā lākou pūʻulu mana. Ma nā haʻawina he 20 i koe, ua wehewehe nui ʻia nā pūʻulu hoʻomalu e like me nā "makuahine" a i ʻole "mau kāne," a i nā hihia kakaikahi wale nō i ʻōlelo ʻia nā pūʻulu mana he mau keiki i male nā ​​mākua.

Wahi a kahi pūʻulu o nā mea noiʻi mai ke Institute of American Values:

"… ʻO ka pilikia nui loa [i ke kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka hopena o nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā kāne a me nā kāne like] ʻo ka hapa nui o nā noiʻi e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa ʻole e kau ʻia ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā makuahine male kāne hoʻokahi me nā makuahine heterosexual i haʻalele ʻia. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, hoʻohālikelike lākou i nā keiki mai kekahi mau ʻohana me ka makua ʻole ʻole me nā keiki mai nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe me ka ʻole o ka makuakāne ... "(Marguardt 2006).

Nā pilikia ʻē aʻe

Ua hōʻike nā kānaka noiʻi i kekahi mau pilikia o nā pilikia loea ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā keiki o nā mākua i ka pilina like ʻole. Hoʻohui lākou i nā hiʻohiʻona pilikia nui, e like me ka hilinaʻi a ka mana a me ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka ʻike ʻikepili, a me nā pane no ka hopena o nā poʻe (e.g. makua makua homoseksualio) nā kumu o ka pono o ka lehulehuMeezah 2005; Lerner 2001) Eia kekahi, ma nā noiʻi he nui, ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā mea ʻelua a me nā mea noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana.⁶, a me kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo hiki ke alakaʻi i nā hewa i nā pae o ka hōʻiliʻili o ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka ʻohi ʻana (Kim Xnumx) E hoʻopau iā ia, he mau noiʻi wale nō i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā hopena lōʻihi, ʻoiai ʻo kekahi mau hopena e ʻike ʻole a hiki i ke wā ʻōpio.Perrin 2002; ʻLepa xnumx).

Ua noi ʻia e Mark Regnerus

I Iulai Iulai 2012, kahi puke i loko o ka puke Pelekānia pilike 'ōlelo' Amelika Hui Pū ʻIa na puke ʻatikala a Mark Regnerus, he kumu kākana o ka naʻauao ma ke Kulanui o Austin (ʻO Regnerus 2012a) Ua kapa ʻia ke kolohe "Pehea ʻē aʻe nā keiki makua o ka poʻe hakahaka i nā pilina pilikino?" Nā hopena noiʻi no nā ʻōnaehana ʻohana hou. " I ka wā i paʻi ai ʻo Regnerus i kāna mau ʻike, nā hui liberal a me nā hui e kākoʻo ana i nā kāne pelekane i hoʻokumu i kahi ʻano nui e hoʻowahāwahā iā ia iho a me kāna noiʻi. Hana ʻia ʻo Regnerus⁷: ʻumi mau tausani mau leka hoʻomau i hoʻouna ʻia i ka leka uila a i kona hale, nā ʻōlelo hōʻino, nā ʻōlelo hoʻowahāwahā i kāna ʻano a me nā hopena, e kāhea ana i ka papa hoʻoponopono i mea e haʻalele ai i kāna nūpepa, a i ke alakaʻi o ke Kulanui o Austin e hoʻokuʻu iā ia (Smith 2012, ʻO Wood 2013).

He aha ka mea kūikawā e pili ana iā Regnerus? Ua nānā ʻo Regnerus i nā poʻe pākeke i ulu i loko o nā ʻohana o nā ʻano like ʻole, e like me: he ʻohana male kāne a wahine; ka ʻohana i hana i nā mākua; hānai ʻohana; ʻohana me kō makuakāne / makuahine; Ka ʻohana makuahine makua a me nā mea ʻē aʻe .. Ua ʻike ʻo ia no kekahi mau ʻōhua like ʻole o nā kūlana socio-psychological, he mau ʻokoʻa nā keiki a ko lākou mau mākua i nā keiki i ulu aʻe ma kahi ʻohana maʻamau a me nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe kekahi.

Nā hualoaʻa Regnerus

Ua hōʻike ʻo Regnerus ma ka ʻatikala ʻo ke kiko o ke aʻo ʻana ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā keiki mai nā ʻohana holoʻokoʻa piha me nā keiki i loaʻa i nā ʻano kāne like ʻole. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea pane i ulu a me nā mākua biikalia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, nā mea pane a ko lākou makuahine i hōʻike i ke ʻano kūlike i nā hiʻohiʻona ma lalo nei.

• E loaʻa ka ʻohana i nā pono kālā (17% (kālepa. ʻOhana) kūlike iā 69% (makuahine i ka homosexual rel.))
• ʻĀnō ma ke ʻauhau kālā (10% vs 38%)
• Aia kahi hana holoʻokoʻa (49% vs 26%)
• I waho o ka hana (8% vs 28%)
• E hoʻomaopopo iā ia iho ʻo 100% heterosexual (90% vs 61%)
• Hōʻino i ka mare (13% vs 40%)
• Lā loaʻa i kahi STD (8% vs 20%)
• Loaʻa kekahi ʻike lono pili i nā mākua (2% vs 23%)
• A hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka moekolohe me ka makemake (8% vs 31%)
• Ka Kūlana Hoʻonaʻauao Hoʻonaʻauao (ʻĀpana Huakaʻi: 3,19 vs 2,39)
• Papa Manaʻo Nā Mākua ʻO Ka Makuahine (4,13 vs 3,12)
• Papa Manaʻo Nā ʻIke I Hoʻolua (2,30 vs 3,13)
• Hōʻike Leʻa (1,83 vs 2,20)
• Ka pae ana i ke ana kiʻekiʻe (2,82 vs 3,43)
• ʻO ka maʻamau o ka hana marijuana (1,32 vs 1,84)
• Kūmole i kēlā me kēia (1,79 vs 2,76)
• Pā Uila TV (3,01 vs 3,70)
• ʻO ka pinepine o nā mākaʻi i hopu ʻia (1,18 vs 1,68)
• Ka helu o nā pilina wahine (ma waena o nā pane wahine) (0,22 vs 1,04)
• Ka helu o nā kāne kāne male (ma waena o nā pane wahine) (2,79 vs 4,02)
• Ka helu o nā kāne male kāne (ma waena o nā pane kāne) (0,20 vs 1,48)

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea pane i ulu a me nā mākua biikalia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia, nā mea pane me kā lākou makuakāne i hōʻike aku i nā ʻano nui like ʻole i nā hana penei.

• E loaʻa ka ʻohana i nā pono kālā (17% (kālepa. ʻOhana) kūlike iā 57% (makuakāne i ka homosexual rel.))
• ʻO kēia manawa aia nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka pepehi kanaka (5% vs 24%)
• I kēia manawa (ʻae ʻia 10% vs 38%)
• E hoʻomaopopo iā ia iho ʻo 100% heterosexual (90% vs 71%)
• Lā loaʻa i kahi STD (8% vs 25%)
• Loaʻa kekahi ʻike lono pili i nā mākua (2% vs 6%)
• A hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka moekolohe me ka makemake (8% vs 25%)
• Ka Kūlana Hoʻonaʻauao Hoʻonaʻauao (ʻĀpana Huakaʻi: 3,19 vs 2,64)
• Papa Manaʻo Nā Mākua ʻO Ka Makuahine (4,13 vs 3,25)
• Papa Manaʻo Nā ʻIke I Hoʻolua (2,30 vs 2,90)
• Koi Hoʻolālā Biology Nanea (4,17 vs 3,71)
• Hōʻike Leʻa (1,83 vs 2,18)
• ʻĀpana Kūlana Noho Kūlana (4,11 vs 3,63)
• Pili ʻoihana Hōʻailona (2,04 vs 2,55)
• Kūmole i kēlā me kēia (1,79 vs 2,61)
• ʻO ka pinepine o nā mākaʻi i hopu ʻia (1,18 vs 1,75)
• Ka helu o nā pilina wahine (ma waena o nā pane wahine) (0,22 vs 1,47)
• Ka helu o nā kāne kāne male (ma waena o nā pane wahine) (2,79 vs 5,92)
• Ka helu o nā kāne male kāne (ma waena o nā pane kāne) (0,20 vs 1,47)

Pono e hōʻike ʻia he mau ʻāpana o nā poʻe pane aku nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mākua i ka lawena, ʻaʻole wale nō mai nā poʻe pane mai nā ʻohana maʻamau, akā nō hoʻi mai nā poʻe pane i ulu i nā ʻano ʻohana like ʻole (nā ʻohana hānai, a me kekahi mea.) ʻO ka mea nui o ka manaʻo ʻo ka manaʻo o ka makua me ka hiki ʻole o nā ʻano pelekikena i pili i ke ʻano o ke ʻano moeʻuhane i nā keiki.

Hoʻoweliweli

Ua paʻi ʻia ka hopena i ka hopena o kahi pōkā pahū ma mua o ke kaiāulu o nā mea ʻepekema hana e hana ana i ka pānaehana ʻohana. Ua kūʻē nō kēia ʻike i ka mana o ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i loko o ke kaiāulu ʻepekema mai liberal mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā 2000 e pili ana i ka waiho ʻole ʻana o nā mana kolohe o nā mākua i nā keiki a ua kumu i ka ukiuki o nā hui lehulehu. Ua hōʻike koke ʻia ʻo Regnerus i kahi "homophobia" a hoʻopiʻi ʻia i kāna hopena ma ke kū kānāwai o ka male "male" a ka moʻolelo ma mua o ka manaʻo kaulana o ka ʻAha Kiʻi o ʻAmelika. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka media liberalus ʻo Regnerus "he elepani i loko o ka hale kūʻai ʻo China o ka pālao pili nui" (Ferguson 2012).

He alakaʻi kuʻuna ʻo Gary Gates, ka luna o ke Kulanui o ke Kulanui o ke Kulanui o Kaleponi no ka ʻAkika ʻIliuli a me ke Kuokoa, he lālā o kahi hui homosexual, i alakaʻi i kahi hui o ʻelua mau kauka o Philosophy a me Kauka nāna i hoʻouna i kahi leka iā James Wright, poʻokela ma ke alakaʻi nui o ka Pūnaehana Pūnaewele ʻepekema. e wehewehe, "pehea ka loiloi a kēia ʻatikala a ʻae ʻia e hoʻolaha" (ʻO Gates xnumx) Ua paʻi ʻia ke kiʻi o kēia leka ma ka blog "The Movement for New Civil Rights", i alakaʻi ʻia e ka mea hoʻohana ʻo "Scott Rose" - ʻo ia ka pseudonym o kekahi mea hana LGBT + - ʻo ka luna ʻo Scott Rosenweig, ka mea i hoʻopau nui i ka hana hōʻino iā Regnerus.

Noi ʻo Rosenweig e alakaʻi i ke alakaʻi o ke Kulanui o Texas ma Austin i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i nā hana a Regnerus e like me "ka hewa lawehala." Ua haʻi ka alakaʻi o ke kulanui iā Rosenweig ua hoʻomaka ia i kahi loiloi e hoʻoholo ai inā loaʻa nā hana a Regnerus i kahi "corpus delicti" pono e hoʻokūkū i kahi hoʻokolokolo hui. Hoʻouna koke ʻo Rosenweig i kēia lono ma kāna blog, me ke kapa ʻia he “noi i ka hana a Regnerus” (ʻO Rose Rose 2012a). ʻAʻole i hōʻike ka loiloi i nā hemahema o nā hana a Regnerus i nā kūlana kaulike ʻepekema; ​​ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hoʻokolokolo. Eia naʻe, uaʻoi loa ka moʻolelo.

Ma ka blogosphere, ʻo ka pāpā a me nā nūpepa i hoʻokumu ʻia, hoʻomaka ka hōʻino ʻana iā Regnerus, ʻaʻole wale nō i ke ʻano ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i kāna hana ʻepekema (ka hoʻokūkū a me nā kaʻina loiloi o ka heluʻikepili helu) akā, i ke ʻano o ka hōʻino a me nā hoʻoweliweli i ke olakino a hiki i ke ola. Pono ka mea hope loa e nānā pono i kahi mākaukau o ka ʻōpū o ka ʻūhā puʻe a puni ka moʻolelo. Ua pane pololei ʻo Regnerus i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana i kāna hana ma kekahi ʻatikala ma hope o ka Pūnaewele ʻepekema Pūnaewele, i paʻi ʻia ʻehā mau mahina ma hope o ka mua (ʻO Regnerus 2012b).

Pane aku i ka hoʻohewa

Aia nā ʻatikala i loko o nā pane i nā poʻokela nui e pili ana i ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana o Regenerus.

1. Hoʻohana ʻia o nā huaʻōlelo "LM" ("makuahine wahine") a me "GF" ("makua kāne"). Ma muli o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Regnerus i nā kamaliʻi makua ʻo ka haʻi ʻana he ʻohana pilikino kekahi o kā lākou mau mākua, no laila ʻaʻole loaʻa iā ia ke manawa e ʻike inā ʻike ʻia kēia makua iā ia he kāne homose. A ma ka sexology a me ka pāpaho kaiāulu, he mea nui kēia no ka terminological, ʻoiai, mai ko lākou manaʻo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka naʻau ma mua o ke komo ʻana i ka pilina male. Ua ʻae ʻo Regnerus i kēia ʻōlelo a ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hoʻoponopono ʻo ia i ka ʻōlelo LM no ka "MLR" (makuahine i ka moe wahine) a me "GF" no ka "FGR" (ka makuakāne i nā loulou male)

2. ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻohana o nā pane i nā mākua me kahi ʻohana he kāne like ʻole me nā ʻohana ololi i male i kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka ʻōlelo hōʻino, ma kēia hoʻohālikelike, nā ʻohana me nā mākua i pili i ka pilina i pili aku i nā ʻohana makua hoʻokahi, a ʻoi ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana iā lākou me ka ʻohana piha piha. Ua hōʻole ʻo Regnerus i kēlā ʻōlelo. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kāna aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻano hana like ʻole o nā ʻohana, ʻoi aku ka hānai a me ka hemahema ʻole, me ka makua hoʻokahi, a, eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻano male like ʻole. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa me nā ʻohana ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole nō hoʻi i ʻāpono ʻia nā mākua no ka pilina male ʻole. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, ʻo ka helu haʻahaʻa loa o nā kāne a me ka "paʻa" i ka pilina like-sex e hiki ʻole ai ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā kāne i ka wahine like ʻole me ka ʻohana heterosexual.

3. ʻO ke koho o nā ʻohana o nā pane me nā mākua i pili i ka pilina male, i kahi ʻano kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa. ʻO kēia mau ʻōlelo hōʻeuʻeu kekahi ʻano i ʻoluʻolu ʻole i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole o ka noho pālua ma kāna hoʻopaʻa ʻana. Aia kahi hiki ke hiki i ka ʻohana heterosexual ke kumu no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kekahi o nā kāne a me nā wahine i ka pilina o ka kāne like ʻole, a ma kēia ʻano, ʻo ka ʻano like ʻole o ka ʻohana he ʻano "kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa", ma mua o ka pilina like ʻole. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Regnerus e pili ana kēia mau mea i kekahi ala, akā ma muli o ke ʻano loiloi ʻepekema niʻike, he hewa ʻole ke hoʻololi i ka manaʻo mai kahi kūlana i wehewehe ʻia (ka pilina pilikino) i kahi wehewehe maopopo ʻole a maopopo ʻole (kahi kūlana ʻohana). No ka laʻana, i ka nānā ʻana i ka kūleʻa o nā mea pāʻani pīpī, pono ia e lawe i kahi ʻano o ka nui o nā pahuhopu i helu ʻia, ʻaʻole hoʻi ka nani o ka dribbling.

4. Hoʻohui nui i nā pilina o ka moe kolohe. Wahi a kāna poʻe loio, ʻo ke kumu o ka pilina ʻole o ka wahine like me ka Reginer sample he "relic o ke au i hala" i ka wā i kuhi ʻia ai kēlā mau pilina, a i kahi kumu hou aʻe e hōʻike nei i ka hoʻomau aku o kēlā mau pilina. Ua pane aku ʻo Regnerus ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā i kahi noiʻi e maopopo ai ka poʻe mākua me nā pilina male like ʻole. Hāpai kāna noiʻi i nā keiki makua i hānai ʻia i kahi manawa kikoʻī ma lalo o nā kūlana. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā hōʻike hōʻike e pili ana ka male male i Sweden a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka male hemo ma mua o ka male heterosexual (Andersson 2006, Biblartz xnumx), ʻo ka hōʻike me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻokaʻawale a me ke kaʻawale i waena o nā kāne male i ʻAmelika hou aʻe (Hoff xnumx).

5. ʻO kekahi helu liʻiliʻi o nā 'ohana' wahine male 'ma kāna pāʻana. ʻO ka hewa ka mea ma ka ʻōlelo i ʻōlelo ʻole ai ka hoʻohālikelike o ka NFSS. ʻAʻole huna ʻo Regnerus i ka mea i loko o kāna hoʻohālike he ʻelua wale nō nā mea pane i noho me ko lākou makuahine ola a me kāna hoa pelekikena mai ka makahiki a hiki i ka ʻumikumamāwalu mau makahiki. Eia naʻe, ua haʻi hou ʻo Regnerus i kāna pahuhopu e hoʻoholo i ka mana o nā mākua i pili i ka pilina o ka male like ʻole, a ʻaʻole ia e maopopo i ka hilinaʻi i nā loilo a kahi pilikino.

"... Ua lawe kekahi i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka ʻikepili kānalua a hōʻike ʻole hoʻi o ka ʻikepili ... Makemake wau e hoʻomaopopo e pono i nā loiloi ke noʻonoʻo pono i nā kikoʻī pili kaiaulu o ka manawa i kūleʻa iki ʻia ka launa pū me nā keiki me nā keiki ... hāʻawi i nā manaʻo kūpono ʻole, keu hoʻi ma hope o nā paʻi ʻana he nui o nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā laʻana ʻole a me nā bias ... ʻo kahi laʻana, i nā noiʻi i hala aku nei o nā keiki me nā makuahine wahine wahine, ua kaupalena ʻia ka laʻana i nā wahine keʻokeʻo waiwai waiwai i hiki ke uku no kahi kaʻina insemination hana, ʻoiai ka hōʻailona ʻOi aku ka lunamakaʻāinana o ka NFSS a komo pū me nā wahine keʻokeʻo ʻole mai ka papa haʻahaʻa (Rosenfeld 2010, p. 757) (...) Eia nō hoʻi, i nā haʻawina mua i ka hopena o ka manaʻo o nā ʻano like ʻole o nā mākua ma luna o nā keiki, ʻo "nā keiki wale nō i noho me nā mākua ʻelua a i ʻole ʻelima mau makahiki" i hoʻopili ʻia (Rosenfeld 2010). Hele ia me ka ʻōlelo ʻole e hōʻike ana kēlā ʻano hāpana i nā hopena ʻokoʻa ma mua o kahi laʻana e hoʻopili i nā keiki ma waho o kēia pae hoʻohālikelike ... "(ʻO Regnerus 2012b).

6. ʻO nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka Regnerus sample a me ka ʻikepili census ma ʻAmelika. Ua hōʻike ka census i kahi kiʻekiʻe o nā keiki i hānai ʻia ma nā kāne male i loaʻa i ka laʻu Regnerus. Ua pane ʻo Regnerus ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopuka i nā kāne, akā ʻo nā keiki makua; ua nīnau ʻia he nīnau e pili ana i nā pilina o ko lākou mau mākua, ʻaʻole ia ma ka helu helu census; hōʻike ka census i kēia manawa kūikawā i ka mōʻaukala o ka kāne, ʻoiai kāna noiʻi ʻ focusedlama i nā hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o ke wā kamaliʻi.

7. Kuhi ʻole i ka mare ʻana o ka mare ʻana o ka poʻe me he "ʻili a hui ʻia". Ke ʻōlelo nei kekahi poʻe hoʻowahāwahā i ʻōlelo ʻia e Regnerus nā keiki he "hui like ʻole", a ua pili kēia mea i kona hopena, ʻaʻole ka like me ka pilina o nā mākua. Ua pane aku ʻo Regnerus ʻaʻole i haʻi ʻia ʻo kāna aʻo ʻana i ka "etiology o ka moʻomeheu" a me ka "ʻōhua o ka orientation orientation," ʻaʻohe ona ʻike e pili ana inā he mau kumu a hui ʻia nā mākua ma kēia mau male. Eia hou, pili ʻia kāna noiʻi e pili ana i nā ʻike i nā keiki i hānai ʻia i kekahi manawa o ko lākou wā kamaliʻi e nā mākua ma ka pilina like ʻole.

8. ʻO ka hemahema o ka nānā ʻana i nā makemake o ka wahine. He ʻano ʻokoʻa kēia ʻōlelo hōʻāhewa o kekahi mau ʻōlelo i hala: ua hōʻike ʻia kekahi mau mākaʻi e pili ana i ka nui o nā mākua. Ua pane like ʻo Regnerus. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ʻaʻole kēia i hōʻole i kāna mau ʻōlelo paʻa, e hoihoi ʻia ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i kēia pilikia.

9. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ke ola o ka ʻohana hānai, ʻaʻole i lawe ʻia i loko o ka helu. Hoʻomaopopo kekahi mau ʻōlelo hoʻopaʻi ʻana ma ka manawa o ke aʻo ʻana ʻo Regnerus mai nā hoʻomanaʻo ʻana o kāna poʻe ʻelemakule, lawe pinepine nā mākua homosex i kā lākou keiki mai ka keiki makua ʻole a hoʻouna akula i kā lākou poʻe keiki i kahi home hānai. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau kūlana e hāpai i nā hopena noiʻi maikaʻi ʻole. Ua nānā hou ʻo Regnerus i kāna mau ikepili a loaʻa iā ia ka hihia ma 21 o nā keiki i loaʻa ke ola ma kahi home hānai. I nā hihia ʻekolu, ua neʻe nā keiki mai kahi ʻohana hānai i kahi makuahine a me kāna hoa kāne, ma hope o ka ʻohana i hānai ʻia - kūpono kēia i ke kūlana mua i hōʻike ʻia e nā mākaʻi. Ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻehā i kahi ʻohana hānai ma hope o ke noho ʻana i kahi hui like - ua kūpono kēia i ke kūlana lua. ʻAʻole kūpono nā ʻike o ke koena i ka paʻuʻina o kekahi o nā kūlana i wehewehe ʻia. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole ka makemake o ka helu haʻahaʻa o nā mea pane me nā ʻike like ʻole.

Ua pane aku ʻo Regnerus i kāna mau loio ma kahi ala ʻē aʻe. I Nowemapa 2012, waiho ʻo ia i nā ikepili ikehu NFSS i loko o ka waihona hoʻolaha ʻona a me ka Manaʻona ʻĀpana ʻo Inter-University Political and Social Research Consortium) o ke University of Michigan. Keia mea e hiki i kekahi ʻepekema me ke komo ʻana o ka hoʻokumu ma ICPSR hiki iā ia ke nānā i kāna kumu hoʻohālike. Hoʻoholo maʻalahi ka loiloi a Regnerus, a ua wehe ʻia kāna noiʻi - hiki ke hana hou ʻia nā helu helu. Ua hala i kekahi mau makahiki mai ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia ai ka ʻike, a hiki i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe mea i hōʻike he kino maikaʻi ʻole ke kuhihewa a i ʻole hewa ke kaʻina hana heluʻāina ʻo Regnerus.

ʻO nā hana e hoʻoili i ka ʻatikala a Regnerus i hana mua ʻia ma o nā kānalua ʻole e pili ana i kāna mau kaʻina, akā me ka hōʻole koʻikoʻi ideological i nā hopena o kāna noiʻi. Maikaʻi nui o kāna mau ʻōlelo kīnā ʻana i lawa ka loiloi o ka hana a Regnerus e pili ana i ke kumuhana pili ʻole i ke ao ʻana o ke Komohana. No laila, mai kinohou, ua holo ʻia nā hana o nā mea hoʻopiʻi e hoʻonaninani a pālahalaha ʻia i ka pelekane.

Ua haʻi aku ʻo Profesor Darren Sherkat o ke University of Southern Illinois, he lālā o ka papa hoʻoponopono o ka Social Science Research, e hana i ka hoʻokolohua kūloko o ka lula ʻana o Regnerus a kākau i kahi kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa. Ma kāna mau hana, hauʻoli ʻo Sherkat i ke kākoʻo o ka hoʻolaha i ka hōʻino aku iā Regnerus a ua ʻae pū ʻia me Scott Rosenweig. I Iulai Iulai 2012, hōʻike ʻo Sherkat iā Scott Rosenweig (ka mea nāna i hana like me ka mea nāna i koi aku i ka alakaʻi ʻana o ke Kulanui o Austin i ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana iā Regnerus) ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i kahi leka uila iā ia e haʻi ana "ua hewa ke kaʻina loiloi o ka ʻatikala." Ua haʻi ʻo Rosenweig i kēia leka ma kāna blog ma lalo o ka poʻomanaʻo "Sensation! ʻO nā hoʻonāukiuki i loaʻa ma ka ʻatikala homophobic ”(ʻO Rose Rose 2012b) ʻO ka mea hoʻoponopono o ka Pūnaewele ʻepekema, ma lalo o ke kaomi ikaika, ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi loiloi pilikino iā Sherkat i ka puke moʻohelu Chronicle of Higher Education, nāna i paʻi. ʻO ka loiloi pono ʻana a Sherkat, no ia i hoʻopiʻi ai i ka poʻe loiloi o ka moʻolelo a Regnerus "" kūwaho ka nui o ka hana "a koi ʻo ia e" hoʻihoʻi koke i ka ʻōlelo ", kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo" shitty "(Bartlett 2012), loaʻa nā loiloi hōʻino a me nā hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka blogosphere. Eia naʻe, ke kamaʻilio pilikino ʻana iā Sherkat a me ka poʻe akamai i ka haʻi ʻana i kona mau manaʻo, ʻaʻole pili ʻo ia i ka pau ʻana o ka moʻolelo a Regnerus.

ʻAʻole ia he mea nui ma hope a i kiʻi aku ai ʻo Scott Rosenweig i ka paʻi piha ʻana o ka leka a Sherkat ma kāna blog. ʻO kekahi mau manaʻo mai kahi:

"… Ua hana ʻo Regnerus i kahi noiʻi kekee a maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi e pono ʻole e paʻi ʻia i loko o kahi puke pai nui a kaulana hoʻi o ka hoihoi āpau ... ʻAi wale ʻo ia a he wahine hoʻokamakama kālaiʻāina. Ma hope, e uku ʻo ia no ia me ka lilo o ka inoa maikaʻi ... makemake wau e hoʻomaikaʻi iā ʻoe a me nā mea hoʻouluulu ʻē aʻe no ka mālama ʻana i kēia kumuhana i mua i nā manawa āpau. Pehea ka loiloi ʻana o kēia hoa noiʻi? He poʻe Karistiano ʻēheu nā loiloi! ... "(Scott Rose 2012c)

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hōʻike maoli ʻo Regnerus i nā hewa nui i nā hana a me ke ʻano loiloi o ka noi ʻana; hoʻopunipuni. Eia kekahi, ʻo ia nō ka mea e pono ai i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā mea i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ai ka pololei o ke aʻo ʻana, ua hoʻoholo nā mea hoʻoponopono o Social Science Research e, i hui pū ʻia me nā loiloi pololei o ka ʻatikala, hoʻohui ʻia ʻekolu mau loea i ka pānaʻepekema, no laila e kākau nā mea a pau e pili ana i ka ʻatikala. ʻO Regnerus. ʻO nā loea a pau (ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano he "panatics hoʻomana" ʻaʻole "conservatives"), e kuhikuhi ana i kekahi mau ʻōlelo kūlike i kekahi ʻano nū puke ʻepekema, ʻaʻole i nīnau i ka ʻatikala a me nā ʻano o ke noiʻi a ʻike pono i kāna mea nui (Amato xnumx, Eggebeen xnumx, Osborne 2012).

Ua paʻi ʻia kahi leka wehe ma 2012 no ke kākoʻo o ka noi ʻana o Regnerus, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e nā ʻepekema e 27 ma ke ʻano o ka ʻepekema a me nā helu helu helu (Byron xnumx) I kēia leka, kahi ʻatikala o nā loea a me nā loea.

"... ʻoiai, ka hiʻohiʻona o nā hiʻohiʻona o kāna mau keiki o nā mākua like ʻole - e pili ana i ka lāhui a me ka lāhui - e pili kokoke i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā keiki like mai kahi haʻawina hou a Michael Rosenfeld (Rosenfeld 2010), ka mea, he ʻokoʻa me Regnerus, ua loaʻa i ka hauʻoli me ka ʻenekele a me ke kula. He mea pono ia e hoʻomaopopo i kahi ʻano hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka mea aʻo Michael Rosenfeld i kāna aʻo ʻana ua hoʻohana i nā lawelawe o ka hui ʻike kaulana kaulana ʻo ia ʻo "Knowledge Networks" e hōʻiliʻili i ka ʻikepili no kāna ʻatikala ma ka moʻolelo nīhou o ka sosiology (Rosenfeld 2012), ʻo ʻO Regnerus me ka hoʻoweliweli loa ʻia e Darren Sherkat no ka mea like ma kāna moʻolelo. He mea pono ia e hoʻomaopopo i hōʻike ʻia kekahi haʻawina hou i paʻi ʻia ma ka Journal of Marriage and Family i hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hoʻopau nui ʻia me nā mea o Regnerus (Potter xnumx). Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi ʻana "ʻo ka hana a nā keiki i loko o nā ʻohana me nā mākua kāne he kāne ma ke ʻano ʻelua ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa i loko o nā ʻohana o nā mākua ola male. ʻO nā kūlike i waena o nā mea i loaʻa i kēia noi a me ka noiʻi a Regnerus i nīnau ai i ka ʻōlelo a Regnerus i" hōʻino nā mea āpau "... "(Byron xnumx).

Ua noi ʻia e Paul Sullins 

Ua huki ʻo Kauka Paul Sullins i ka nānā i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o loko o kekahi mau kakini i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e koi ana "ʻaʻohe ʻokoʻa", he 4 wale nō i lawa ka laʻana i koho ʻia e hana i kēlā mau koi. ʻEkolu o lākou (Wainright and Patterson 3, 2004, 2006) i hoʻohana i ka laʻana like o 2008 ʻōpio i ʻōlelo ʻia i hānai ʻia i nā kāne male wahine. Eia naʻe, ua ʻike ʻo Sullins ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻōpio i kēia hāpana (44 mai ka 27) i noho maoli me nā mākua o ka wahine ʻē aʻe (!), A i ka hapanui o nā hihia, ʻo kēia nā mākua olaola. Ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou mai ka laʻana, ua hōʻike nā mea i koe i koe i nā hōʻailona psychometric ʻoi loa o ka hopohopo a me ke kūʻokoʻa ma mua o kā lākou mau hoa mai nā ʻohana heterosexual (ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana kula).

Ua hōʻike ka loiloi ʻo Sullivan o ka "male" ʻo ia ka wahine like ʻole i ka hopena o nā keiki, a ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke keiki me ka "mau mākua", ʻoi aku ka ʻoi loa. Hoʻohālikelike i nā keiki o nā mākua male "male ʻole", ʻo nā manaʻo kaumaha o nā keiki i loaʻa i ko lākou "mau mākua" ma kahi o ka male "male" a like 50% a 88%; ua hoʻonui ʻia ka makaʻu ʻole a kēlā me kēia lā mai 5% a 32%; ka helu awelika ma ke kula e emi ana mai 3,6 a 3,4; a hoʻonui ʻia ka hana hōʻino wahine ma ka lua a hiki i 38%.

"ʻOiai ka ulu ʻana o nā hōʻike hōʻike kūlike, e hoʻomau ʻia ana ka APA:" ʻAʻohe hōʻike i ʻike i ka hapa o nā keiki o nā mākua i kahi mau haʻahaʻa kumu ʻole i nā keiki nui o nā mākua heterosexual. " Hōʻike hōʻike ʻia kēia noiʻi ʻana he hewa kēia ʻōlelo. No nā mea i manaʻoʻiʻo ʻole heʻokoʻa ʻole, ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻikepili mai kēia noiʻi ʻana. Kahi ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻike, ka mea i hōʻoia ʻia, loli a i ʻole ʻia e nā haʻawina ma mua, e hōʻike ʻia ana he hewa ka hapa nui o ka ʻike no kēia mau pilina.Sullins 2015c).

ʻO kahi haʻawina ʻehā (Rosenfeld 2010), ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā keiki 3 o nā mākua kāne kāne, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka Census 174 sample, kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 2000% o nā "kāne kāne male" i kuhi hewa ʻia i nā kāne heterosexual, e alakaʻi ana i nā manaʻo koʻikoʻi i nā ʻike. Ua ʻōlelo aku ka poʻe ʻepekema i ʻike i kēia hewa ʻē aʻe i nā hoa hana he hewa wale ka nui o nā hopena o nā haʻawina e hilinaʻi nei i kēia laʻana (ʻNlelo 2007). ^ E Ha yM. ʻAʻole maopopo ʻo Rosenfeld i ia mea, a i ʻole i koho e haʻalele ʻole iā ia. ʻO Douglas Allen, nāna i hoʻohana i ke kumu mākaʻikaʻi Kanemona, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻopāpai i ka hopena o Rosenfeld a koi i kāna manaʻo:

Lawe pū ʻia, ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa kā mākou mau hopena mai nā ʻano o ke aʻo kumu. ʻO nā keiki e noho nei i nā ʻohana kāne like a ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i nā keiki ma nā ʻohana kuʻuna a me nā ʻohana heterosexual. Ua lawa ka nui o nā ʻokoʻa no ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa politika o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana, a hōʻike i ka pono maoli no ka noiʻi hou aku ... (Allen 2012)

Wahi a Sullivan, ma ka hapanui o nā haʻawina e hoʻohana ana i nā hoʻokolohua ʻelua ʻelua manawaleʻa, ʻo ka hemahema o ka helu statistic ua hoʻohuhi hewa ʻole ʻia nei he mau hōʻike ʻana no ka "kaawale ʻana o nā ʻokoʻa", ʻoiai ka hopena nui o nā koho a me nā ʻokoʻa o ka nui o ka hopena. Wahi a ia, ʻo kēia "mau noiʻi" e hūnā ma hope o ka ʻano loea ʻepekema, mai alualu i ka ʻepekema akā ʻike maoli kekahi mau moʻomeheu a me nā manaʻo.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe o lākou e nānā i nā hopena lōʻihi o ka makua kāne like. Ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i kēia pilikia a me ka nānā ʻana i ke ola o nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā kāne male kāne no 13 mau makahiki, ua ʻike ʻo Sullins ʻo ko lākou pilikia o ke kaumaha i ka wā makua ʻelua mau manawa o nā keiki i hānai ʻia e kahi kāne a wahine (51% a 20%) , a ʻo ka hopena o ka manaʻo suicidal ʻo 5 mau manawa ke kiʻekiʻe (37% me 7%). Ua hōʻike pū nā haumāna o nā kāne male a hoʻonui i ka nui o ka momona: 72% me 37%, a pili pū paha me ke kaumaha.ʻO Sullins 2016).

Ma mua, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Sallins e loaʻa i nā keiki o nā “makua pelekikena” i nā pilikia hōʻeha ma ke ʻano he mau keiki a nā mākua heterosexual (Sullins 2015b).

E like me ka mea maʻamau, he mau leka huhū nui e hōʻike ana ua hoʻohana ʻia ia kiʻi no nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa "inaina ʻia", a ʻo ka mea kākau, i loaʻa ai kahi hanohano Katolika, hoʻopunipuni paha i nā hopena. Ke hoʻopiʻi ʻana i ke aloha a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā kūlana pilikino i manaʻo ʻia e hana ai i kahi kanaka i hōʻino ʻia a me ka hoʻopono ʻole, ua hoʻopunipuni ʻia nā hana he demagogic. He pololei a hewa ʻole kēlā mau hoʻopaʻapaʻa, no ka mea, ʻaʻole lākou e pili i ke ʻano o ke ʻano a hemo ia mai kahi loiloi kūpono ʻana o ke kūlana, e pili ana i ka hoʻōho. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻokipa nei ka Katolika e hoʻokau i kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa maoli, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻāpono i ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻana mai ke kumu kūpono o ka ʻike. Ua pale aku ʻo Kauka Sallins i ka hanohano o ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana, a no laila, ʻaʻole i hōʻole nā ​​mea hana i ka noiʻi ʻana.

Ua ʻōlelo ka American Psychological Association (APA) he like a ʻoi aku paha nā keiki i hānai ʻia i nā kāne like ʻole ma mua o nā keiki ma nā kāne like ʻole e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka maikaʻi.

Eia nō naʻe, e like me kā Polofesa Paul Sullins i ʻike ai, aneane pau nā haʻawina i haʻi ʻia e ka APA i mālama ʻia ma nā laʻana liʻiliʻi ʻole a no laila ʻaʻole ʻoiaʻiʻo kā lākou hopena. Inā haʻalele mākou i nā haʻawina ʻaʻole i lunamakaʻāinana, ʻo 10 wale nō nā haʻawina i koe i hoʻohana i nā laʻana like ʻole. ʻO kēia mau mea, ʻo 4 wale nō i ʻike ʻole i ka pōʻino i nā keiki mai ka hānai ʻia ʻana i nā kāne like ʻole, a ʻo 6 mau mea ʻē aʻe i loaʻa ka pōʻino.

Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā keiki mai nā ʻohana like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā keiki i loko o ka mālama ʻana i nā kāne like ʻole ma mua o ka pālua o ka pilikia o nā pilikia o ka naʻau, e like me ke kaumaha, ka hopohopo, ka ʻano maikaʻi ʻole, ka pilina maikaʻi ʻole a me ka hiki ʻole ke noʻonoʻo. Ke kamaʻilio nei mākou no kēlā me kēia keiki ʻelima. He ʻelua paha ko lākou ʻike ʻia me kahi maʻi hoʻomohala, ʻo ia hoʻi, akā ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia, ke kīnā o ke aʻo ʻana a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana i ka maʻi hyperactivity deficit.

I ka makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ʻana o nā keiki mai nā kāne like ʻole i ke kauka a i ʻole e lawe i ka lāʻau no nā pilikia noʻonoʻo. He 2 ka nui o ko lakou pili ana i ka moe kolohe e na makua a me na kanaka makua, a he 10 manawa oi aku ke koiia i ka moe kolohe me ko lakou makemake.

ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ʻana o kēia mau keiki i hoʻokahi kaʻawale ʻana o ka pilina makua ma mua o ko lākou hoʻomaka ʻana e noho me nā mākua kāne like. Akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ʻana i kahi ʻohana ʻē aʻe a neʻe i ke kolu o nā kāne, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka haki ʻana o nā hoa kāne like ma mua o nā hoa pili.

ʻO kahi kikoʻī hoihoi, ʻo nā keiki mai nā kāne kāne like ʻole he 3 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke puka ʻana mai ke kula kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā māka. Ua wehewehe ʻo Paul Sullins i kēia kuʻikahi ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana, ua ʻike nā kāne like ʻole ke nānā ʻia nei lākou, a no laila ua hoʻoikaika lākou e hōʻike i ko lākou ʻaoʻao maikaʻi loa i mea e hōʻike ai iā lākou iho a me nā kāne like ʻole ma ke ʻano ākea. . Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa nā helu kiʻekiʻe mai ka pūʻulu o nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā mākua wahine mai ka hānau ʻana. Nui ka manaʻo i hāpai ʻia kēia mau keiki ma o ka hoʻomoe ʻana o ka mea hāʻawi. A ke koho ka makuahine i ka sperm e hāpai i kāna keiki i hānau ʻole ʻia, ʻimi ʻo ia i kahi mea hāʻawi ma luna o ka awelika - ʻo ia me ke kauka kauka a i ʻole ka IQ kiʻekiʻe. A ma muli o ke koho ʻia ʻana o kēia mau keiki no ka naʻauao, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa iā lākou nā mana noʻonoʻo kupaianaha ma mua o ka heluna kanaka.

Akā i ka wā o ka wā ʻōpio, e emi ana kēia mau keiki i ka pili aloha a i ʻole e noʻonoʻo iā lākou iho i nā pilina e hiki mai ana e pili ana i ka hāpai ʻana a i ʻole ka male ʻana.

Ma ke ʻano he poʻe makua, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā keiki o nā mākua kāne like ʻole i ke kaumaha, 2 mau manawa e noʻonoʻo ai e pili ana i ka pepehi kanaka, ʻoi aku ka puhi, hoʻohana i ka mariuana, a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka hopu ʻia. He 4 ka nui o ka moe kolohe, 3 ka nui o ka nele i ka hana a loaa na pomaikai.

ʻO nā wāhine i hānai ʻia e nā hoa kāne kāne, ʻo ka hapalua paha ka male ʻana a i ʻole ka pilina i ʻoi aku ma mua o ʻekolu mau makahiki ma mua o 30 mau makahiki, a ʻekolu manawa i emi ʻole ka hānau ʻana.

No nā kumu i ʻike ʻole ʻia, ʻoi aku ka ʻino o nā keiki inā male ko lākou mau mākua kāne like. ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo ka male ʻana ma waena o nā hoa kāne hoʻokahi e lawe mai i nā keiki i ke kūʻē pololei o ka male ma waena o ke kāne a me ka wahine. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o nā keiki e noho pū ana me nā mākua kāne like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā keiki e noho pū ana me nā mākua male kāne like. Piʻi aʻe ka pilikia o ka hoʻomāinoino a me ka hoʻomāinoino keiki inā male nā ​​mākua kāne like.

No laila, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka kāne hoʻokahi e hoʻopōʻino i nā keiki. I loko o nā kāne hoʻokahi, e hoʻonele ʻia kēlā me kēia keiki i ka mālama ʻana o hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha o kona mau mākua hānau, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā hopena pōʻino no kona ulu ʻana a maikaʻi.

Ke hōʻike nei kekahi mau keiki mai nā ʻohana kāne like ʻole i nā ʻike weliweli o ka hoʻomāinoino a me ke kūpaʻa ʻole, akā ʻo ka hoʻopiʻi maʻamau ʻoiai ʻoiai he mau makuahine aloha lākou, ua hakakā mau lākou a ua manaʻo lākou ʻaʻole kūpono me ka pili ʻole me ko lākou makuakāne.

ʻO nā mākua ola ʻelua i loko o ka male haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ka koho maikaʻi loa no ka ulu ʻana a me ka maikaʻi o ke keiki. ʻO ka noho ʻana o nā mākua ola ʻelua ka mea wānana ikaika loa i nā hopena maikaʻi no nā keiki.

Kauka Sullins

ʻO ka pilikia o ke kaʻa ʻole

ʻOiai ka manaʻo o nā mea hana LGBT + - ʻo ka hoʻoneʻe i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻike ʻole i nā ʻokoʻa i waena o nā keiki i hāpai ʻia i nā kāne like ʻole a me nā keiki mai nā ʻohana kahiko, ua pili nā haʻawina i nā palena tikangaologis. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia mau haʻawina ka mea e hōʻike ai i ka ʻokoʻa i ka ʻike wahine a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wahine i nā keiki i hāpai ʻia i nā kāne like ʻole mai nā keiki mai nā ʻohana kahiko. Ua noi ʻia e ka mea noiʻi hoʻonaʻauao keiki kaulana ʻo Diana Baumrind:

"... He mea kupanaha inā ... ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka moekolohe o nā keiki ma lalo o ka mana o ka moekolohe o ko lākou mau mākua ..." (Baumrind 1995, ka p. 134).

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Stacey lāua ʻo Biblarz:

"... ʻO ka nui o nā hōʻike i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ke kahua o ke aʻo ʻana i ke kāne a me ka moekolohe ʻaʻole ia e kākoʻo i ka poʻe kākoʻo o ke kumumanaʻo ka makua ʻole o nā kāne a me ka wahine like ʻole e hoʻohuli i ka makemake pilikino o nā keiki ..." (Stacey xnumx, p. 177) He mea kupanaha inā ... ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu ʻia ka moekolohe o nā keiki ma lalo o ka mana o ka moekolohe o ko lākou mau mākua ... ".

Ua hoʻokele ʻo Stacey lāua ʻo Biblarz i kahi loiloi o nā haʻawina 21, i koho iā lākou e like me ke koi ʻana no ka mālama pono ʻana i nā kūlana kumu o ka helu helu helu a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā ʻike ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka moe kolohe ʻana o nā keiki o nā kāne like ʻole.Stacey xnumx, ka p. 159). Ua ʻike ʻo Stacey lāua ʻo Biblarz i ka noiʻi e kūʻē wale i ka ʻōlelo "ʻaʻoheʻokoʻa" e pili ana i ka makemake e pili ana i ka makemake a me ke ʻano wahine no nā keiki ʻōpio (Stacey xnumx, p. 176):

"... ʻAneʻane hui pū nā mea kākau o nā noi 21 āpau i ka ʻōlelo i ka loaʻa ʻole o nā ʻokoʻa i nā hōʻailona o ka hoʻomohala ʻana a i ʻole ka hana aʻo ʻana o nā keiki. Ma ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo kā mākou nānā pono ʻana i nā hopena i loaʻa ʻia e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau hōʻailona - keu hoʻi e pili ana i ke kāne a me ka moekolohe - ʻoi aku ka nui o ke ʻano moekolohe o nā mākua no kā lākou mau keiki ma mua o ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa a nā mea noiʻi. nā makemake, e komo i ka pilina kāne a me ke alakaʻi i kahi nohona pili kāne ... "(Stacey xnumx, p. 167, 170, 171).

ʻO nā ʻikepili a me Kilgus ka manaʻo like ʻo Stacey a me Biblarz, e hōʻike ana i nā kūʻokoʻa i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka moe kolohe ma waena o nā kāne a me nā kāne a i nā ʻohana kahiko (Nā Luna Helu 2001, p. 371-374, 379-380).

I kahi papa ʻo Golombok a me Tasker ma 1996, ua aʻo ʻia nā keiki o nā keiki heterosexual a me ka wahine pelekane ma ke ʻano lōʻihi - mua i ka makahiki ʻumi, a laila ma ka makahiki he iwakāluakūmaha (Golombok 1996) Ua ʻike ʻia aia ma ka pākeke, 36% o nā keiki o nā makuahine pelekane ua hōʻike ʻia he ʻano hoʻohemo like ʻole o ka ʻano like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo waena o nā keiki o nā makuahine heterosexual, aia nō ka 20%. Eia naʻe, o ka nui o nā keiki i hōʻike ʻia, ʻaʻohe keiki o nā makuahine heterosexual i komo i ka pilina o ka moeʻuhane, ʻoiai aia i waena o nā keiki o nā makuahine pelekane 67% he mau moe kolohe (Golombok 1996, nā ʻaoʻao 7 - 8).

Ke aʻo ʻia ʻana e Bailey a me nā hoa hana (1995) i nānā aku i nā keiki makua o nā makua pelekane a ʻike ʻia he 9% o kā lākou mau keiki he mau kāne i ka wahine a me ka bisexual, a ʻoi mau manawa kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o ka laha ʻana o ka male like a me ka nui o ka lehulehuBailey 1995).

Pēlā nō e haʻi aku ai ka haʻawina ʻo Sarantakos (1996), kahi i hoʻohālikelike ai i nā hiʻohiʻona i loaʻa mai nā kumu o nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā kāne male i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā keiki mai nā ʻohana kahiko (Sarantakos 1996).

"... Wahi a nā kumu, ua huikau kekahi mau keiki mai nā kāne a me ka wahine like i ko lākou ʻike a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea i manaʻo ʻia he pololei a i manaʻo ʻia no lākou i kekahi mau hanana. Ua hōʻike ʻia e hōʻike ana nā kaikamahine mai nā makuakāne homosexual i nā ʻano "keikikāne" a me nā hana ma mua o nā kaikamahine mai nā mākua heterosexual. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo ka hapa nui o nā keikikāne o nā makuwahine homosexual ʻoi aku ka wahine i kā lākou hana a me ke ʻano ma mua o nā keikikāne o nā mākua heterosexual. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā keikikāne o nā mākua heterosexual, makemake nui lākou i nā mea pāʻani, nā hana haʻuki a me nā pāʻani i koho mau ʻia e nā kaikamahine; Ua uē pinepine lākou ma mua o nā keikikāne mai nā ʻohana kuʻuna i nā ʻano pilikia like a ʻimi pinepine i nā ʻōlelo aʻo a nā kumu wahine ... "(Sarantakos 1996, ka p. 26).

Ua hōʻike ʻo Richard Redding i kāna hana 2008 o ka makahiki:

"... Hōʻike nā haʻawina i hāpai ʻia e nā keiki i hāpai ʻia e nā kāne male i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i kahi hoihoi homoeromatic e alakaʻi ana i nā pilina o ka moeʻuhane a me nā moe kolohe ʻole ..." (ʻLepa xnumx).

Ma ka hana ʻana o Tracy Hansen, kahi i loaʻa ai i ka noiʻi ʻeiwa e 9 i paʻi ʻia e nā mea kākau e kūpaʻa ana i ka neʻe LGBT +, ka mea e hōʻike ana i nā keiki i ʻoi aku ʻo 18 mau makahiki he mau makahiki, i hānai ʻia e nā kāne male wahine, ua ʻike ʻia nō naʻe i waena o kēia mau keiki he helu kiʻekiʻe i ka ʻōpio. ʻaʻole kanaka heterosexual (Hansen xnumx) Loaʻa nā ʻikepili like like i ka pane a Cameron, kahi i loaʻa ai nā haʻawina o nā keiki kāne o nā kāne like ʻole (ʻO Cameron 2009) Loaʻa nā ʻikepili like like i ka meta-analysis e Walter R. Schumm (2010) - i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā keiki mai nā ʻohana kuʻuna, no nā keiki i hānai ʻia e nā kāne like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hāpai ʻana i kahi ʻano pelekane.Schumm xnumx) Loaʻa nā ʻike like like i loko o ka noiʻi ʻana o nā keiki o nā makuahine pelekikena i mālama ʻia e Gartrell a me nā hoa hana (ʻO Gartrell xnumx).

ʻO ka mea kākau ʻōlelo homosolo ʻo Milo Yannupolos ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia e hauʻoli me kāna mau keiki, akā ʻaʻole makemake e hoʻōla iā lākou i kahi hui homose, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka makemake o ka wahine i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo aʻo i ka ʻāina a me ka kaiāulu, no laila ʻaʻole makemakeʻo ia ke kuleana nona ka mea hiki ʻole kāna mau keiki. loaʻa iā ia ke koho hoʻomohala loa a ʻaʻole i lilo i ka heterosexual.

Moira Greylandhānau ʻia i loko o kahi ʻohana he wahine palupalu a ʻo ka makua kāne o ka makua kāne, ʻōlelo nui kāna e pili ana i nā kuʻuna o ka "moʻomeheu kāne".

"ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o ka moʻomeheu a me ka moʻomeheu heterosexual ka manaʻoʻiʻo he maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi ka moekolohe mua, a me ka ʻike hilinaʻi (mai hoʻopunipuni ʻia no kahi kekona ʻike ʻole lākou i kēia) ʻo ke ala wale nō e hana i kahi kāne kāne ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi i ke keikikāne i ka moekolohe. MA mua o kona "ʻānai ʻia" e ka ʻumeʻume i kahi kaikamahine ... ʻO ka manaʻoʻiʻo maoli o koʻu mau mākua kēia: he kāne āpau nā mea āpau ma ke ʻano, akā ʻokiʻoki ke kaiāulu heterosexual iā lākou a no laila kaohi ʻia. E ala ana ka moekolohe mua i ka poʻe i ka makemake e moekolohe me kēlā me kēia, a e kōkua kēia iā lākou e lilo "iā lākou iho", e hoʻopau i ka homophobia a alakaʻi i ka hoʻomaka o ka utopia. E luku pū ʻia hoʻi ka ʻohana nukle i inaina ʻia me kāna paternalism, sexism, ageism (ʻae, he mea nui kēia no nā pedophiles) a me nā moku ʻē aʻe āpau. Inā lawa ka moekolohe ʻana o nā keiki i ka wā ʻōpio, e lilo ka homosexuality i mea "maʻamau" a ʻae ʻia, a e nalo hoʻi nā manaʻo kahiko o ke kūpaʻa. ʻOiai ʻo ka moekolohe kahi ʻāpana kūlohelohe a pilina o kekahi pilina, e nalowale nā ​​pale ma waena o nā poʻe a hiki mai ka utopia, ʻoiai ke kali nei ka hopena o nā dinosaurs i ka "moʻomeheu heterosexual". E like me ka ʻōlelo a koʻu makuahine, "Hāmare ʻia nā keiki i loko o ko lākou poʻo ʻaʻole makemake lākou i ka moekolohe ... Makemake nā mākua ʻelua iaʻu e moekolohe a weliweli lākou i kaʻu wahine. Ua hana hoʻomāinoino koʻu makuahine iaʻu mai 3 a 12 mau makahiki. ʻO koʻu hoʻomanaʻo mua i ka hana ʻana a koʻu makuakāne i kekahi mea ʻino loa iaʻu i koʻu mau makahiki he ʻelima. " (Haawe 2015).

Nā hōʻike hōʻike a ka poʻe i ulu a ma kahi o nā ʻohana "ʻohana" like ʻole.

Ma Lōki 2015, ʻeono mau kānaka i ulu i ka "mau ʻohana" like ʻole i hoʻopiʻi i ka hihia e pili ana i ka hoʻokae ʻana o nā "male male" i ka ʻoihana Kiekie. ʻO kekahi o lākou, ʻ professorkele ma Ke Kulanui o Kaleponi ma Northridge a me ka pelekikena o ke International Institute for the Protection of Children rights, ʻo Robert Lopez, i kāna ʻoihana. olelo kaʻana like i nā ʻike pilikino a me nā moʻolelo o haʻi. Kamaʻilio ʻo ia e pili ana i ka ʻeha o ka noʻonoʻo, kahi manaʻo o ka piha ʻole a me ka ʻiʻini ʻole i ka ʻiʻini no kona makuakāne, ka mea a ka haku wahine o kona makuahine i hiki ʻole ai ke pani. Wahi a ke polofesa hana ʻia nā kiʻi o nā ʻohana homosexual i ka pāpāho a kāohi pono ʻia. He pīhoihoi maikaʻi ʻole ko ka poʻe Lesbians me ka moekolohe a kā lākou keiki, i ʻōlelo ai, e like me ka mea i hōʻoia e ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Sally Cohn i 'ōlelo me ke poʻo inoa "He homosexual wau a makemake wau i kaʻu keiki e pili kāne kāne pū kekahi." ʻOiai e heluhelu ana nā keiki ʻē aʻe iā The Adventures of Tom Sawyer a nānā iā Oliver Twist, ua koi ʻia ʻo ia e heluhelu i nā puke moʻo wahine a me ka nānā ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni wahine. Hōʻike ʻo Lopez iā ia iho me he "bisexual," a ʻo kāna moe kolohe mua ma ka makahiki 13 me ʻelua mau hoa ʻelemakule. 

Inā ʻike ʻia kahi keiki o ka male like ʻole a me ia ka makuahine a me ka makuahine, akā ʻaʻohe makuakāne, a hōʻike ʻole i ka manaʻo a i ʻole hoʻonāukiuki ʻia nā keiki mai nā ʻohana maʻamau i kēia ʻano, i ʻāpono ʻia ʻo ia e ʻōlelo kū i ka “kūlike”, "A me kāna ʻano" hoʻohālike "i ke kaiāulu LGBT āpau.

"Ma ka ʻikepili" ʻae "e pili ana i ka makua kāne like me nā ʻano nui. ʻO ka hapa nui loa o nā kuhi hewa i lalo o ka metology. Pehea e hoʻoholo ai ke kaiāulu i ka hauʻoli, he "ʻano a maikaʻi loa" a "keiki maikaʻi" maikaʻi? Ma ia mau ʻōhua, ua nele ka makemake nui no ka makuahine a me ka makuakāne, no ko lākou mau kumu a no ke kūʻokoʻa mai nā ʻike huna ʻole i hoʻohewa ʻia e ka politika.
ʻO ka hapanui o nā keiki e hānau a ulu aʻe a ʻaʻole me ka kaʻi ʻole ʻia e ke kānāwai e ʻoliʻoli ai i ka pono o nā pākeke no ka uku hoʻowahāwahā i mua. ʻAʻole like iā lākou, he kumu ke keiki a nā mākua pelekane i ke poʻo. ʻO lākou ka "waiwai" o nā kāne male, a, ma muli iho, ke kaiāulu. Inā ʻaʻole lākou naʻaupō, ʻike lākou e noʻonoʻo ka poʻe pelekane iā lākou i kā lākou "waiwai" inā ulu aʻe lākou. ʻO nā keiki o nā kāne like ʻole i lilo i mau props e hōʻike ʻia i ka lehulehu e hōʻoia i ka “ʻohana ʻohana” ʻaʻole like me nā wahine heterosexual. ʻIke wau i nā hihia i ka wā e huki ana nā pākeke i nā keiki e hōʻike i nā hōʻike hōʻike hewa ʻole i nā luna kānāwai a me nā ʻaha.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻo Judge Jeffrey Sutton e hiki i nā kāne like ʻole me ke kiʻekiʻe i nā keiki i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā heterosexuals. Pehea e ʻike ai ia ia? Ua hala ka manawa ma hope aku ma ka hōʻoia ʻana o ka male ʻana o ka male like ʻole. ʻAʻohe ona manaʻo e pili ana i nā keiki, a i koʻu ʻike - ʻaʻole ia pololei "Lopez 2015).

ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke manaʻo nei i nā kuleana like ʻole mai nā poʻe e pili ana i ka kaiāulu e like me instability ke kūkaʻi 'ana, a mahuahua mea hoʻohui e pepehi ʻia, ʻehaʻeha, ka ʻōpū, ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka lāʻau. ka hoʻokūkū i loko и pedofilia - he, e kau i ka malulu, naif. Eia kekahi, ʻo kahi liʻiliʻi loa o nā "mākua" i ka male male i kahi keiki.

ʻO ia no ka pono pono o ke keiki e hānai ʻia e kona makuahine a me kona makuakāne ponoʻī. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia lula e nā pilikia he nui a me nā pilikia o ka naʻau a me ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana i nā keiki makua ʻole a hānai ʻia i hoʻokahi makua a i ʻole ʻohana hānai alo: nā pae haʻahaʻa o ke olakino a me ka noʻonoʻo, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana, ka hauʻoli o ke ola, ka minamina a me ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho, a me nā pae hoʻonui home. a me ka hoʻomāinoino i ka moekolohe, ka lāʻau ʻana i ka lāʻau, ka ilihune, a me ka hānau keiki ʻana ma waho o ka male. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana aku mai ka ʻohana kuʻuna i nā makahiki he hala i hala aku nei ʻaʻole i hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino o ke keiki, a ʻaʻohe hōʻike i kēia lā e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka makua kāne kāne ma mua o ka makua hoʻokahi a me nā ʻohana hānai (ʻoiai aia he hōʻike he haʻahaʻa lākou iā lākou). ʻO ke ʻae ʻia o ka "male" male kāne like kāne e hoʻohuli i ke kūlana maikaʻi ʻole o nā keiki mai ia mau ʻohana i ke "norm" i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke kānāwai no kēlā me kēia keiki i hānai ʻia e nā kāne like. ʻAʻole nānā ka launa kāne me ka wahine i ka makemake o ke keiki, hana i nā manaʻo kuhi hewa e pili ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā kāne a, i nā manawa āpau, hiki i kahi lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i aʻo ʻia i nā hopena e hōʻike ʻia iā lākou iho i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO nā haʻawina mua e hoʻohālikelike ana i nā keiki mai nā ʻohana makua i nā keiki a nā mākua i haʻalele ai i ka wahine i loaʻa ʻole ka ʻokoʻa a hiki i ka ʻeha o ka hemo ʻana i hōʻike iā ia iho i ka wā makua.

Ua hoʻomaka koke ke kūlana o nā keiki ma nā ʻohana LGBT i ka makahiki 80, i ka wā i komo ai ka hoʻolaha ʻana no nā "pono ​​gay" a me ka legalization o ka "mare male" i kahi pae koʻikoʻi. Ua haʻi aku nā keiki liʻiliʻi LGBT iā Lopez i ka hoʻopaʻi ʻana o nā psychologists iā lākou no ke kaumaha maoli no ka nele o kahi makua. Ua hoʻopiʻi kekahi keiki, i hānau ʻia ma o ka makuahine i pani ʻia i ka makua kāne kāne kāne, i kāna wahine psychologist no kona kaumaha nui i ka lā makuahine. No kēia, ua hoʻopiʻi ka psychologist iā ia no ka "homophobia" a koi iā ia e kala aku i kona makuakāne. Wahi a Lopez, ʻaʻole hiki i nā keiki o nā ʻohana kāne like ʻole ke haʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e pili ana i ko lākou wā kamaliʻi ʻoiai lākou e ulu ana. ʻAʻole ʻōlelo ka hapa nui o lākou i ka lehulehu ma muli o ke ʻano o ka makaʻu a me ka BURITTING i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ke kānāwai "mare male".

Ua hoino hou ia o Lopez no kana mau hoike. A ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia he "ʻenemi kūlike", "anti-gay," "he mea hūlū o ka inaina a me nā waiwai anti-ʻAmelika." Ua hui pū ʻia nā paʻi pūnaewele hema hema a me nā blog i ka luku ʻia ʻana o ka inoa ʻo Lopez: ka Huffington Post, ʻo Wing Watch pololei, Frontiers LA a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokahi hui hui o nā hui LGBT a me ko lākou ʻoihana pili i hoʻokō iā Lopez e hōʻole ʻia i ke kūkā ʻana. Ua kauʻo ia i kahi pūʻulu kino pilikino, e hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hōʻino i ka hana, ma nā ʻano hanana like ʻole a me nā hālāwai kūkākūkā. E pili ana i ka hōʻino ʻia e nā mea haʻalele hema i ʻike ʻia e nā ʻohana like ʻole eono i hana i kahi hoʻopi. ʻO ia ke kumu i koho ai ma kahi o hoʻokahi haneli mau mea e noho maʻa ʻole.

Hoike hōkeo

Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻike a me nā kikoʻī hou aku i nā kumuwaiwai aʻe:

1. Dent gw ʻAʻohe mea ʻokoʻa?: He Manaʻo o nā Mākua Same-Sex. ^ E Ha yM. Ave Maria Law Review. 2011.
2. Kim cc Ka hopena o ka makua like-sex i ke keiki: loiloi i ka noiʻi. ^ E Ha yM. Ka mōʻī hoʻoilina hoʻoilina. ʻ Blelo Kino ʻAʻole. 3643 | Iune 19, 2012.
3. Ma ka Pae D. ʻO ke kāne kuhi kuhi i hiki i ke ola olakino olakino a me ka ulu ʻana. I: He aha nā meaʻino? 16, 32 (Lynn D. Wardle ed., Lanham, Md .: University Press of America, 2008).
4. Allen dw (2013). Ke helu kula helu kiʻekiʻe ma waena o nā keiki o ka wahine like ʻole. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO ka nānā ʻana o nā Economics o ka Hale Paʻi, 11 (4), 635-658.
5. Nā ʻ D.lelo D. Nā pilikia kūloko ma waena o nā keiki me nā mākua Same-Sex: Ka wehe ʻana e ka wehewehe (Ianuali 25, 2015). ʻO ke Pelekikena Pelekane Pelekane, ʻElepili a me ʻAmelika ʻAmelika 7 (2): 99-120, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500537
6. Phelan je Hoʻomanaʻo i ko lākou mau makua kāne e nā kāne kāne kāne a me nā kāne heterosexual. Nā Hōʻike Noʻonoʻo Vol 79, Puka 3, pp. 1027 – 1034.https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.1027
7. Schumm wr Hōʻike ʻia a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka makua ʻo Same-Sex a me ka Hoʻopau ʻana. Kaumana Rep. 2016 Dec; 119 (3): 641-760. Epub 2016 Sep 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116665594
8. Kamau P, Cameron K, Landess T. Nā kuhi hewa e ka American Psychiatric Association, ka American Psychological Association, a me ka National Education, Association i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka male i ka pili ma ka pōkole amicus e pili ana iā Amendment 2 i ka ʻAmelika Hoʻohui ʻAmelika. Kaumana Rep. 1996 Oct; 79 (2): 383-404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383
9. Glenn T. Stanton, Luna Hoʻokele, Nā ʻInikua Hoʻohālikelike Haʻawina http://factsaboutyouth.com/posts/are-children-with-same-sex-parents-at-a-disadvantage/
10. He lāʻau ʻōlule (2015) Hānau kaiāulu aloha: Ke hoʻomau nei kāu mau keiki https://thefederalist.com/2015/03/17/dear-gay-community-your-kids-are-hurting/

Nā memo

1. I kekahi mau hihia, ua hoʻolaha ʻia.
2. Hāʻawi ʻia kahi laulā o nā hopena o ka loiloi o Marx (2012) ma: Kim CC Ka hopena o ka makua like-sex i ke keiki: loiloi i ka noiʻi. ^ E Ha yM. Ka mōʻī hoʻoilina hoʻoilina. ʻ Blelo Kino ʻAʻole. 3643 | Iune 19, 2012.
3. No kekahi laʻana: Helen Barret a me Fiona Tasker, "Ka Uluwehi o me ka Māhū Mékua: Views o 101 Māhū Man ma luna o ko lākou Sons 'a me na kaikamahine' hana," Educational a me Childʻike manaʻo, Vol. 18,ʻAʻole. 1 (2001), pp. 62-77
4. No ka laʻana: ʻO Gary J. Gates, "Hōʻailona o ka ʻohana a me nā hānai ʻana i nā keiki ma waena o nā kāne like ʻole," Family Focus, Winter 2011, National Council on Family Family
5. Ua aʻo ʻia kahi hapa o 49, akā ma nā hihia 27, ʻaʻohe ʻano hoʻohālikelike i kekahi.
6. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia he "makapō makapo" e pale i ke kūleʻa a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka loiloi ʻana i nā hopena.
7. "ʻO ka kūlike o ka kaʻina noiʻi ʻepekema-hoʻoweliweli ua hoʻoweliweli ʻia e ka lehulehu smearing a me ka vigilante media kaua e ʻike ai i kēia hihia" ʻike Smith 2012

Nā kumuwaiwai puke

1. Amato PR. ʻO ka olakino maikaʻi o nā keiki me nā mākua a me nā makua kāne wahine. Soc Sci Res. 2012 Jul; 41 (4): 771-4.
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