Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa pazasi zvinoburitswa mushumo wekuongorora. "Rhetoric yengochani yekufambidzana muchiedza nesainzi chokwadi". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Yakakosha Tsvaga

1. The hypothetical "gene rehungochani" hazvizivikanwe, hazvina kuwanikwa nemunhu.
2. Zvidzidzo zviri pasi pechirevo che "innateness of ungochani" zvine huwandu hwekusarurama kwemaitiro uye kupesana, uye hazvitibvumidze kuti titore mhedziso dzakajeka.
3. Kunyangwe zvidzidzo zviripo zvakadudzwa nevaratidziri vesangano reLGBT + hazvitaure nezve genetic kutsunga kwehungochani, asi, pane zvakanakisa, pesvedzero yakaoma umo genetic factor inofungidzirwa kuti inosarudza predisposition, pamwe nekufurira kwezvakatipoteredza, kurerwa, etc.
4. Vamwe vane mukurumbira mubato reungochani, kusanganisira masayendisiti, vanoshora zvinotaurwa pamusoro pekufanosarudzira ungochani uye vanoti kunokonzerwa nechisarudzo chemunhu achiziva.
5. Vanyori ve LGBT propaganda nzira «After The Ball» zvinokurudzirwa kunyepa pamusoro pekuzvarwa kwehungochani:

“Chekutanga, veruzhinji vanofanirwa kugutsikana kuti ngochani ndivo vakabatwa nemamiriro ezvinhu, uye kuti havachasarudzi hunhu hwavo pane kusarudza urefu hwavo, ruvara rweganda ravo, matarenda avo kana zvavasingakwanisi. Kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti, sezviri pachena, kurara kwevanhu kune vanhu vazhinji ndicho chigadzirwa chekudyidzana kwakasimba pakati pechinhu chakazvarwa mukuzvarwa kwezvinhu uye zvinhu zvakatipoteredza muudiki nekutanga kuyaruka, isu tinosimbisa kuti nekuda kwezvese zvinangwa, zvinofanirwa kutariswa kuti ngochani dzakazvarwa nenzira iyoyo.

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Ngochani hadzina chadzinosarudza, hapana akambodzinyengedza kana kuvanyengerera.”

Nhanganyaya

Nharo yekuti kukwezva ngochani ndeyekati - iyo inonzi fungidziro yekufungidzira kweyezvisikwa kwekukwezva ungochani ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha mukufamba kwe "LGBT +". Chirevo "Wakazvarwa Nenzira iyi"¹, inoshambadzirwa mune yakasarudzika tsika, yakatungamira vazhinji-vasina nyanzvi kufunga kuti geneticis genesis yeungochani chinhu chisinga bvumirwe uye chakabvumidzwa. Ichi hachisi chokwadi.

Chokwadi chakavimbika pamusoro peungochani hachiratidze hukama, asi hukama hwemagariro pamwe nehunhu hwehukama. Kuedza kwemakumi emakore achangopfuura kutsvaga data yaizotsigira dzidziso yekubereka yakangowedzera kusava nechokwadi kwekuti data rakadaro riripo.

Thesis yeiyo yekuzvarwa genesis yeungochani haina kunyatsojeka mukati mayo - mukati mehurongwa hwayo pane anofungidzira maviri maitiro ekutsanangudza maitiro e "mweya yekuzvarwa" yekuda kwepabonde-: (A) Kukwezva ngochani kunokonzerwa ne "hunhu hwakakosha" kana genetic mutation, mune mamwe mazwi ungochani hwakaiswa. muDNA yemunhu uye inotapurwa kubva kuzvizvarwa kuenda kune chimwe; .

Nekudaro, iyo hurukuro yeiyo biological resolutioninism hypothesis ichave yakakamurwa kuita zvikamu zvitatu. Chikamu chekutanga chichaongorora zvakaomarara nharo nezvehukama hweungochani uye mainini, chikamu chechipiri chinoongorora zvakaomarara nharo nezve kukudziridzika kwekukwezva ungochani nekuda kwekukanganisa kwehomoni mukati. Muchikamu chechitatu, dzidziso yeiyo autoimmune genesis yekukwezva ungochani ichaongororwa zvakanyanya.

Chikamu chekutanga: Gay gene?

Chirevo pamusoro pechimiro chechimiro cheungochani chinotangira pakusarudzika kweimwe data uye kudzvanyirirwa kwemamwe data pakati pehuwandu hwevanhu vasina ruzivo rwakakosha nezve genetics. Sayenzi haazivi iyo "gene yeungochani", haina kumbobvira yawonekwa chero kupi, kunyange paine kwave kwakaedzwa kwakawanda.

Funga nezve zvidzidzo pane izvo izvo LGBT + vamiririri vakaisa mberi kupokana uku. Chekutanga pane zvese, zvakakodzera kurondedzera muchidimbu kuti ndeapi matanho masayendisiti anogona kuona kana chivakwa chemunhu (maitiro) akasarudzika. Idzi nzira dzinosanganisira kutsvagisa mapatya uye kuongorora mamorekuru.

Twin zvidzidzo

Kuongororwa kwemapatya akafanana inzira yakakwana yekutsvagiridza kuti uone kana chero maitiro ane marizve. Kutanga ne - zvinoreva kuti izwi rinoti "mapatya akafanana"? Mapatya akadaro anokura kubva muzai rimwe chete rakashandurwa, rakakamurwa kuita zvikamu, kubva pazvinogadzirwa zvisikwa, izvo zviri makopi emumwe neumwe. Dzinza ravo rinopindirana pa100%, unogona kuvadaidza kuti Natural clones. Mapatya anozivikanwa anonziwo mapatya akafanana kana kuti monozygous (homozygous). Mapatya eungochani anoumbwa kubva kumazai akasiyana, akasunganidzwa nembeu dzakasiyana. Dzinza ravo rinopindirana paavhareji ne50%, panogona kunge paine bonde rakasiyana, kureba, ruvara rwemaziso, bvudzi, nezvimwe. Mapatya asina kufanana akafanana anonzi zvakare asina kufanana kana dizygotic (heterozygous) kana kaviri-mapatya.

Mukudzidza kwamapatya, concordance (coincidence) inodzidziswa. Concordance yehunhu ndiko kugona kwekuratidzwa kwehunhu uhu iwo mapatya maviri ane. Kana kuzivikanwa kwehunhu chero humwe mumapatya akafanana, saka tinogona kugumisa kuti hunhu uhu hunogona kunge huri nekuda kwehunhu. Kana concordance yehunhu muhumwe mapatya isingapfuure concordance mumapatya akafanana mapatya, izvi zvinoratidza kuti pakuumbwa kwehunhu uhu hwakajairwa nharaunda ingangove yakakosha kudarika rudzi dzakajairika (Yarygin 2003).

Izvo zvinodikanwa kujekesa chaizvo izvo izvo concordance inoratidza. Izvo hazvina munzira inoratidza kuvapo kwese gene. Iyo concordance yehunhu mumapatya inoratidza huwandu hwenhaka yeiyi maitiro. Izvozvi zvakakosha kuti tigare pane zvinorehwa neshoko rekuti "heritility" mune mapatya zvidzidzo. Kugara nhaka chiyero chekuti kusiyana kwakadii kwechimwe chimiro muhuwandu hwevanhu (kureva kuti, mutsauko uyu unogona kuve kubva pamunhu kuenda kumunhu) hukama nekusiyana kwehunhu mune hwakapihwa huwandu. Nekudaro, muzvidzidzo zvemapatya, heritability haisi chiyero chekusarudzika kwemajini maitiro.

Hunhu hunenge hwakatemerwa genetiki hunogona kuve hwakadzikira zvakanyanya hunhu, asi hunhu husina hwakagadziriswa hunogona kuratidza hunhu hwakanyanya hweiyo. Semuenzaniso, nhamba yeminwe - shanu pagumbo rimwe nerimwe - muvanhu inenge yakatemerwa zvizere genetic. Asi huwandu hweminwe iri mumunhu hunoratidzwa nekushomeka kwakaderera, uye mutsauko wakawonekwa kazhinji kazhinji unotsanangurwa nezvinhu zvisiri genetic zvakadai sengozi, izvo zvinoguma nekukwiridzana kwekushomeka kweiyo hunhu. Kureva kuti, kana iwe ukawana mapfumbamwe makumi maviri emapatya umo mumwe wavo asingazove neminwe mashanu paruoko rwake, ipapo nhamba imwe yeminwe yemumwe hama inoonekwa muhuwandu hushoma kwazvo hwevaviri, kana paine.

Mukupesana, humwe hunhu hwetsika hunogona kunge hunowanikwa nyore. Semuenzaniso, kana isu taifunga nezve kupfeka mhete muAmerica mukati memakore makumi maviri emakore, ipapo tingaona kuti inoratidzirwa nehupamhi hwehupfumi hwe menitability, kubvira ipapo kwaive kwakanyanya kuvimba nehukadzi, iyo, nekubatana, inosanganiswa nekuvapo kweviri vaviri veXX kana XY chromosomes, saka iyo misiyano yekupfeka mhete dzakabatana zvine simba nekusiyana kwema genetic, kunyangwe hazvo ichi chiri chetsika kwete chiitiko chekuzvarwa. Semuenzaniso, kana iwe ukaongorora makumi matatu emaviri evasikana mapatya umo mumwe wevakadzi akapfeka mhete, ipapo mu100% yemhosva yechipiri yaipfekawo mhete. Mazuva ano, kuwanda kwehukwanisi hwekupfeka mhete kwave kwakaderera kupfuura muAmerica pakati pezana ramakumi maviri emakore, kwete nekuti pakave neshanduko mune gene dziva revanhu vekuAmerica, asi nekuti huwandu hwevarume vakapfeka mhete hwawedzera (Vimba xnumx).

Mumwe wevapiyona vemaitiro genetics aive chiremba vekuAmerica vekuGermany, Franz Joseph Kallmann. Mune chinyorwa chakaburitswa mu1952, akataura kuti mumapatya e37 emapatya akafanana (monozygous) akafunda, kana mumwe wemapatya aive ngochani, zvino wechipiri aivawo ngochani, kureva kuti dhigirii re concordance raive ratidziro 100% (Kallmann xnumx) Kallmann haana kunyatsoratidza kuti akaedza sei monozygosity yevatori vechikamu mukudzidza kwake. Zvakare, munyori haana kuratidza mafambisirwo aakaita kutora basa revatori vechikamu muchidzidzo, asi chinyorwa chakataura kuti: "kutsvaga kwevanogona kutora chikamu kwakarongwa kwete nerubatsiro rwepfungwa, kururamisa uye masangano anobatsira, asi zvakare nekubatana zvakananga nenyika yepasi pechani".Kallmann xnumx) Naizvozvo, kudzidza kwaKallmann kwakashoropodzwa kwazvo (Taylor 1992): Rosenthal yakaratidza kuverengerwa kwevanhu vane matambudziko epfungwa pakati peKallmann vakapindura (Rosenthal xnumx), Likken akacherekedza kusarudzika kwemapatya ari monozygotic ari muCallamanne sampu ichienzaniswa nehuwandu hwevanhu: (Lykken 1987).

Muzvinafundo Edward Stein akagumisa kuti muenzaniso weKallmann "waisazomiririra huchingochani" (Stein xnumx) Zvakare, Kallmann pachake akabvuma kuti anoona mhedzisiro yake seyakangoita se "huwandu hwekugadzira zvinhu" (Rainer 1960) Muhuwandu, masampula senge samples muKallmann yekudzidza anonzi "samples dzakanakira" - anosanganisira kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvinoenderana nemamiriro akagadzirira muongorori. Kushandisa sampuro yakadai, munhu haakwanise kuita zvesainzi, nekuti zvinhu zvemuenzaniso zvakadaro hazviratidze huwandu hwevanhuwo zvavo.

Semuenzaniso, kana ongororo ichiitwa mumall mangwanani-ngwanani kwezuva rimwe chete, zvawanikwa zvichiratidzira hazviratidze mafungiro evamwe nhengo, sezvingaitwe kana ongororo yakaitwa panguva dzakasiyana dzezuva uye kakawanda pasvondo. Kana kana iwe ukabvunza vatengi kuchitoro kuti vanozotenga doro here, saka neChishanu manheru, mhedzisiro yacho haizoenderane nemhedzisiro neSvondo.

Mu1968, nyanzvi dzeAmerica Heston naShields vakaongorora concordance yeungochani mu7 mapatya akafanana. Vatori vechikamu vekudzidza vakawanikwa muMadsley Twin Register (Heston xnumx) Vese vakapindura vaive varwere vepfungwa. Vanyori vakaratidza concordance mumapatya akafanana mu43%. Ichi chidzidzo chakatsoropodzwa, kusanganisira nevanyori ivo pachavo, nekuda kwevarwere vepfungwa chirwere chechirwere uye hukuru hwakanyanya hwesampuletiTaylor 1992; Heston xnumx).

Kudzidziswa kwaBailey naPilow

Chidzidzo chakatevera chekukwezva zvepabonde pakati pemapatya chakaitwa mu1991 naMichael Bailey vekuNorthwestern University naRichard Pillard vekuBoston University kuAmerica (Bailey 1991) Vakaongorora concordance yeungochani kuhama dzemadhigree akasiyana ehukama. 56 vaviri vaviri mapatya akafanana, 54 vaviri vaviri mapatya akafanana, 142 siblings uye 57 pairs of stepbrothers akaongororwa². Tafura iri pazasi inoratidza mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwavo.

Ungochani Concordance
zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwehukama (Bailey 1991)

Hukama rudzi	Iwo muzana wezere genes	Concordance
Identical mapatya	100%	52%
Mapatya asina kufanana	50%	22%
Twin hama	50%	9,2%
Stepbrothers (kwete hama)	Hapana kufanana kwakakosha	11%

Bailey naPillard vakataura kuti kubvira makumi mashanu nemana muzana ezviitiko mukoma wechipiri mune mamwe mapatya anga aine zvido zveungochani, saka "... zvido zveungochani zvinokonzerwa nehunhu ...".

The Bailey uye Pillard kudzidza, sezvakaita mune akapfuura kudzidza mapatya, ane matambudziko akakosha. Chekutanga, kana ungochani hwaive hwatsanangurwa geniteti, concordance pakati pemapatya akafanana ingangove 100%, kwete 52%, nekuti mainini avo akafanana pa100%, uye kwete pa52%. Mune chirevo pane chinyorwa chaBailey naPylard, Riesch akacherechedzawo kuti huwandu hwehukama pakati pevanhu vanobva kune imwe nyika - hafu-hama - hwakanga hwakanyanya kukwirisa kupfuura pakati pevakazvarwa vasina hama mapatya, izvo zvinoratidza kukosha kwehunhu hwezvakatipoteredza. (Risch 1993) Zvinoenderana nenheyo dze genetics, kuwedzera kune 100% kuwirirana kwechido chebonde mumapatya akafanana, iwo chikamu chehukama mumapatya akafanana uye mapatya asiri hama mapatya anofanirwa kunge akakwirira kupfuura, zvichiteerana, 22% uye 9,2% (ona tafura pazasi).

Pamusoro pezvo, kuzivikanwa kwemapatya akafanana (100% yemhando yakafanana) kwakasiyana nekuzivikanwa kwemapatya akatarisana (50% yemhando yakafanana) ne2.36 nguva, asi kana tichienzanisa kuzivikanwa kwemapatya akafanana neconordance yehama mapatya (50%) musiyano ndewekuti: 2.39 times, iyo, zvakare, inoratidza simba rakanyanya kusimbisa rezvakatipfuura kupfuura genetics (ona tafura pazasi).

Kuenzanisa kwe concordance pakati pemapoka (Bailey 1991)

Enzanisa Mapoka	Musiyano mukufanana kwerudzi	Musiyano uripo pakati pe concordances
Idzo mapatya uye mapatya anopesana	Kaviri sezvakajairika majini	2.36
Twin mukoma uye mapatya	Iko hakuna mutsauko muzana muzana reese genese	2.39

Kechipiri, Bailey naPilard havana kusarudza muenzaniso wekupokana kweungochani. Ndokunge, ivo havana kuisa vanhu muchidzidzo zvichienderana nemiyedzo yekusazvidzora kudzidza kwezvekudzidza: vasingafarire zvawanikwa, vasina kujairana. Sekutsvagurudza Baron anonyora:

"... Panzvimbo iyoyo, vatori vechikamu vakanyoreswa nekutumira kushambadza mumagazini ehurume. Kusarudzwa kwakadaro kwevatori vechikamu kune kusagadzikana kukuru, nekuti zvinoenderana nekuverenga kwemagazini akadaro uye pamusoro pekurudziro yeavo vakabvuma kutora chikamu. Icho chokwadi chinotungamira kukukanganisa kwemhedzisiro, semuenzaniso, kune chokwadi chekuti huwandu hwemapatya eungochani huchawedzerwa. Nei? Nekuti vatori vechikamu vakafunga maitiro ezvepabonde evana vavo mapatya vasati vabvuma kutora chikamu. Uye izvi zvinokanda kusahadzika pane kusagadzikana kwemuenzaniso. Pane humbowo hwesainzi, muenzaniso uyu unofanirwa kunge wakasarudzika sezvazvinogona, kureva kuti, zvaive zvakafanira kuti ubatanidze mapatya ese pabvunzo, wozoongorora hunhu hwepabonde ... "(Baron 1993).

Yetatu, sevatsvaguridzi Hubbard naWald vanyora mukuongorora kwavo:

"... chokwadi chekuti concordance pakati pemapatya - 22% - inopfuura kaviri concordance pakati pehama dziri nyore - 9,2% - inoratidza kuti chikonzero chekuvandudzwa kweungochani hachisi genetics, asi nharaunda. Chokwadi, kufanana kwemajini kwemapatya ane heterogenible kwakafanana nekufanana kwehamawo zvavo. Uye kana mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye kurera aine simba rakakura mune iyo heterogeneous mapatya, hazvishamise kuti pakati pemapatya akafanana, pesvedzero yemhoteredzo yakatonyanya. Kupfuura zvese, kufunga kwepfungwa kwemunhu ane hama imwechete yakafanana hakuwirirane neiri mapatya ... "(Hubbard xnumx).

Vanotsvagurudza Billings na Beckwirs vakanyora mune yavo ongororo, "... kunyangwe vanyori vakaturikira zvakabuda seumboo hwehunhu hwehukama hwevatano, tinotenda kuti mhedzisiro, zvinopesana, zvinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvekurerwa uye nharaunda zvakakonzera kukura kweungochani" (Mabhureki xnumx, peji. 60).

Mhedzisiro yaBailey naPilard yakadzokororwa here?

Pane chero munhu akagona kudzokorora (kudzokorora) zvawanikwa naBailey naPilard - kuwana concordance pakati pemapatya akafanana mu52%? Mu2000, Michael Bailey pachake akaedza kudzokorora kutsvagurudza kwake muboka rakakura remapatya muAustralia. Iyo concordance yekuda ungochani yaive yakatove shoma pane yekudzidza kwake kwekutanga. Pakati pemapatya akafanana, yaive 20% yevarume, uye 24% yevakadzi, uye pakati pemapatya akafanana - 0% yevarume, uye 10% yevakadzi.³ (Bailey 2000).

Mu 2010, iyo Sweden chirwere chechirwere cheLangström chakaita ongororo yakakura-yakawanda yekuongorora zvepabonde mumapatya, vachiongorora data rezviuru zvezviuru zviviri zvemapatya akafanana-ehure uye mapatya echirume.Långström 2010) Vatsvaguriri vakacherekedza maitiro eungochani maererano nekuvapo kwevakadzi vanoita zvebonde muhupenyu hwese. Ivo vakaverenga concordance nemaviri paramu: nekuvapo kwemumwechete murume kana murume pakati pehupenyu, uye nehuwandu hwakazara hwevakaroorana panguva yehupenyu. Zviratidzo zveConcordance mumuenzaniso zvaive zvakaderera pane izvo zvakawanikwa muzvidzidzo zvese naBailey et al. (1991uye (2000) Muboka revatori vechikamu vaive nemudiwa mumwechete wevakadzi mumwechete, concordance iri muvarume yaive 18% yemhando imwechete ne11% yemapatya akafanana; mune vakadzi, 22% uye 17%, zvichiteerana.

Kune iyo yakazara huwandu hwevabatsiri vepabonde, iyo concordance zviratidzo mune varume yakasvika ku5% yeiyo yakafanana uye 0% yemapatya akafanana; mune vakadzi, 11% uye 7%, zvichiteerana. Mune varume, 61% uye 66% yekusiyana kunotsanangurwa nezvinhu zvemunharaunda izvo zvinongobata rimwe chete remapatya, zvichiteerana, nepo musiyano usingatsanangurwi zvachose nemamiriro ekunze anozivikanwa nemapatya. Zvinhu zvakasarudzika zvakasarudzika zvakasarudzika 64% uye 66% kupararira, zvakateerana, nepo zvakasarudzika mamiriro ekunze akaverengerwa 17% uye 16%, zvichiteeranaLångström 2010).

Mu2002, vaongorori Peter Birmen veColumbia University naHannah Bruckner weYale University of America vakaita ongororo yakawanda uye inomiririra nehuwandu hukuru hwevatori vechikamu (Bearman 2002).

Ivo vakawedzera zvakanyanya kusaenzana kwemazita e concordance eungochani: 6,7% vari vaviri mapatya akafanana, 7,2% mune mapatya akafanana, uye 5,5% mune hamawo zvavo. Birmen naBruckner vakagumisa kuti vakawanikwa:

"... humbowo hwakasimba hwakafadza muenzaniso wehukama pamunhu wega ..., mhedzisiro yedu inoratidza kuti kurera vana nepamusana pekusarongeka kwevakadzi, pasina kumisikidza murume kana mukadzi, kune zvazvinoita pakuumbwa kweungochani ..." (Bearman 2002).

Kusiyana nemabasa achangobva kuongorora, chiremba wepfungwa Kenneth Kendler nevamwe vake vakaita chidzidzo chakakura mapatya vachishandisa sampula ye794 yemapatya uye 1380 sehama nehama nehanzvadzi (Kendler xnumx) Vanyori vacho vakagumisa kuti zvavakawana "zvinoratidza kuti genetic zvinhu zvinogona kuve nechimiro chakasimba pakuda kuita zvepabonde." Chidzidzo ichi, zvisinei, chaive chisina kukwana kukwana kwemhedzisiro dzakakomba nezve huwandu hwekushomeka kwemajini pane zvepabonde: mune zvese, mu19 ye324 pairi yemapatya akafanana, munhu ane mafungiro eungochani akaonekwa, achiri mu6 ye19 pairs, zvido zveungochani zvaive zvinoenderana. mukoma wechipiri); munhu mumwe chete ane hunhu hwechingochani akawanikwa mu15 ye240 varoorani mapatya akafanana-ehurume, nepo 2 yevakadzi ve15 vakadanana. Icho chokwadi chekuti chete mu8 ye564 mapatya maviri akaita zvoungochani zvakabatana (1,4%) inoderedza mukana wekushandisa izvi zvibairo kuenzanisa kwakasimba kwemapatya akafanana uye asiri akafanana.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti mapatya akafanana akakomberedzwa neanenge akafanana mamiriro ekunze - rudo rwepakutanga, hukama nevamwe vana, nezvimwe. - mukuenzanisa nemapatya asina kufanana uye hama nehanzvadzi. Sezvo mapatya akafanana akafanana mukutaridzika uye chimiro, maitiro akafanana kwavari anogona kupfuurika kumapatya akafanana uye nehama nehanzvadzi. Naizvozvo, mune dzimwe nguva, mukwikwidzi wepamusoro concordance inogona kutsanangurwa nemamiriro ekunze kwete ezve genetic zvinhu.

Sekureva kwechirwere chepfungwa Jeffrey Satinover (Satinover xnumx) zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvakakwana kuumbwa kwemhando yepabonde yemunhu inogona kukamurwa mumapoka mashanu:
1) intrauterine (prenatal) mhedzisiro, senge kusangana kwamahomoni;
2) extrauterine (postnatal) maitiro emuviri akadai sekushungurudzika uye hutachiona;
3) extrauterine zviitiko, sekusangana kwemhuri, dzidzo;
4) ruzivo rweprenatal, semuenzaniso, iyo yekusimbisa mhedzisiro ye stereotypical kudzokorora maitiro;
5) sarudzo.

Iko kusavapo kwe100% concordance mune akafanana mapatya kunoratidza kwete chete kuti pesvedzero yezvinhu genetic zvinhu hazvigoneke, asi zvakare kuti izvo zvisiri genetic zvinhu hazvigone kuve zviri zvega mukati. Mushure mezvose, dai izvi zvanga zvirizvo, concordance ingadai iri pedyo ne100%, sezvo mapatya akafanana anokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakafanana zvemamiriro ekunze ".Satinover xnumx, peji. 97).

Kana mainini vakaita chinzvimbo mukugadzira kusarudzika kwevanhu kune zvimwe zvido zvepabonde nemaitiro, zvino zvidzidzo zvese izvi zvinotitendera kuti titaure nechivimbo kuti nyaya iyi haina kupera simba nekukanganiswa kwezve genetic zvinhu. Kupfupisa kutsvagurudza kwemapatya, tinogona kugumisa zvakachengeteka kuti sainzi haina kuratidza kuti chishuwo chebonde zvakawandawanda uye zvido zveungochani zvakatemwa nehunhu hwevanhu.

Molesi genetic zvidzidzo

Kuverenga mubvunzo wekubatanidzwa kweiyo genetics mukuumbwa kwengochani uye, kana zvichikwanisika, mwero wekutora chikamu uku, isu takanyatsoongorora zvidzidzo umo genetic nhaka yehunhu (mune iyo nyaya yekukwezva ngochani) inotemerwa neye genetic genetic, asi ivo havana kuisa basa rekuona kuti ndeipi chaiwo majini ane mhosva yehunhu uhu. Panguva imwecheteyo, genetics inogona kudzidziswa nerubatsiro rweanonzi. masero maitiro anoita kuti zvikwanise kuona kuti ndedzipi genetic dzakasiyana dzakabatana nehunhu kana maitiro.

Dean Haymer Chidzidzo

Imwe yekutanga kuedza kuitisa molecule genetic kuongorora kwekuda kungochani kwakaitwa naDean Haymer nevamwe vake paNational Institute of Health kuMaryland, kuAmerica (Hamer 1993) Haymer akaongorora mhuri dzine mapatya echirume akaenzana mune angangoita mapatya maviri aikwezva Pakati pehuwandu huwandu hwemhuri, Haymer akatarisisa 40, uko hama yaingochata neiyo imwe hama yakanga yakangoitawo ngochani, uye vakaongorora yavo yeDNA masosi akafanana. Chidzidzo chakafanana chinodaidzwa kunzi "chakabatanidzwa kutsvakwa nhaka" - muChirungu "genetic linkage kudzidza".

Mukudzidza kwenhaka yakabatana, zvinotevera zvakaitwa: muboka rezvidzidzo zvine mukurumbira anozivikanwa hunhu, ongororo inoitwa pakuvapo kwezvikamu zvakafanana zveDNA - vanonzi mamakisi. Kana zvikazoitika kuti muboka rezvidzidzo nhamba yakakwira yevanomaka iri munzvimbo imwechete yeDNA, ipapo zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti maka aya ese akagarwa nhaka "pamwechete" - akabatanidzwa - ndiko kuti, anogona kunge ari chikamu cherumwe rudzi.Pulst 1999).

Haymer akataura kuti mu33 vaviri vaviri kubva ku40, hama dzechingochani vane nzvimbo imwechete yebonde pane X chromosome, yaakatumidza "Xq28." Heimer akagumisa kuti dunhu reXq28 rine majini ekuda ungochani.

Chekutanga pane zvese, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mhedzisiro yaHashmer inowanzo dudzirwa zvisizvo. Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti Haymer yakawana yakafanana dunhu reDNA - Xq28 - mune ese ma33 pairi, mune vese varume ve66, asi kutaura zvazviri, nhepfenyuro dzakateedzana dzenzvimbo yeXq28 dzakawanikwa dzakafanana pakati pehama mumapatya maviri ega ega, uye kuteedzana kweXq28 mumaviri ese aive asina kufanana. - Haymer haana kuwana iyo inozivikanwa "gay gene."

Ichi chidzidzo chine huwandu hwakakosha hwezvinokanganisa. Haymer haana kutarisa kuwirirana kweXq28 ari maviri mapatya nekukwezva, asi chete pakati peungochani (Byne xnumx) Dai asina kuwana saiti iyi pakati pehama dzavanopesana, asi chete pakati peungochani, izvi zvaizotaura nezve mugumo mukufarira mhedziso yake. Nekudaro, kana akange awana Xq28 pakati pehama dzake dzechisikana, mhedzisiro yake ingadai yakawana zero zero (Horton xnumx) Zvekare, sekufunga kwavakaita vaFausto-Sterling naBalaban, muyenzaniso weHeimer une huwandu husina kukwana hwe data: kubva kumatare e40, chete mu 15 DNA heterozygosity maitiro aka kuyerwa zvakananga; mune dzakasara 25 kesi, iyo data yakaverengerwa isina kuverengerwa (Fausto-Sterling 1993) Kungoti mu38% yemakesi akaita Heimer et al zvakananga kuyera iro heterozygosity yematernal X chromosome, uye mu62% ivo vakangoverenga iyo zvichibva pane dheti dziripo.

Kutaurwa kunofanirwa kuitwa kwechikamu chinotevera chine chekuita nekuburitswa kweHaymer 1993 yegore. Mu1995, magazini yeNew York Native yakaburitsa chinyorwa chakanzi "Kutsvagurudza nezve" mainini "eungochani hakuna kupokana: mutori venhau John Krudson weChicago Tribune akafukura hunyanzvi hwesainzi hwakaitwa nemuongorori" (Chicago Tribune 1995) Chinyorwa chinoratidza kuti basa raHaymer rakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya nevadzidzi vakasiyana nenyaya yekuti Haymer haana kutora cheki yekutarisa yekuvapo kweXq28 pakati pehama dzechihure. Vatsoropodzi vaisanganisira vanozivikanwa biologist uye geneticist Richard Levontin naRuth Hubbard weHarvard University (Chicago Tribune 1995) Zvakare, icho chinyorwa ichocho chinotaura kuti Federal Bureau yeE Ethics yeNational Institute of Health iri kudzidza kunyunyuta kwemumwe wevashandi vechidiki veLabhorite yeHeimer, zita rake risingazivikanwe, ndiani akataura kuumbwa kwemhedzisiro yakaitwa naHeimer mukudzidza kwake: maererano neshoko remukuru uyu, Heimer nemaune kunze kwekushambadzira mhinduro dzinoratidza kusanzwisisika kwefungidziro yekushandurwa kwemarudzi ekuda ungochani (Chicago Tribune 1995) Mwedzi mishoma mushure mekuburitswa kwechinyorwa ichi muNew York Native, Magazini yeSainzi yakaburitsa chimwe chinyorwa chinosimbisa chokwadi uye chikonzero chekuferefetwa kweFederal Ethics Bureau vachipesana naHeimer (Horgan xnumx, peji. 26). National Institute of Health haina kuburitsa pachena zvakabuda mukuferefetwa, asi Haymer akazoendeswa kune rimwe dhipatimendi. Izvo zvinofanirawo kucherechedzwa kuti Haymer akaita tsvakurudzo yake nezve "geni ungochani" achishandisa rubatsiro, iyo yakanyatsogoverwa kuti ifundise Kaposi's sarcoma, chirwere chegomarara chegomarara chinowanzo bata varwere vanoita zveungochani ne AIDS.Mukherjee xnumx, peji. 375). Iko kwechokwadi kwekubudiswa kwaHassmer kwaitsamira pane kana timu yakazvimirira yevaongorori inogona kuwana iwo mhedzisiro. Izvi hazvina kuitika.

Kutsiva zvimwe zveHaymer mhinduro

Mu1999, boka revaongorori kubva kuYunivhesiti yeWestern Ontario, inotungamirwa nasayenzi zita reRice, vakaita zvakafanana (vachishandisa nzira ye "genetic linkage") pakati pevanhurume vechinyakare ve52 (Rice xnumx) Vanyori havana kukwanisa kudzokorora zvawanikwa naHaymer uye vakapedzisa vachiti: "mhedzisiro yekudzidza kwedu haina kuratidza chero humbowo hukama hwehukama pakati pechirume nevarume."

Zvadaro, mu2005, chidzidzo chitsva chakaitwa naDean Haymer (Mustanski Xnumx) Vanyori vacho havana kuwana hukama hwakakosha pakati peXq28 uye maitiro eungochani, asi vakataura kuti vakawana "zvinonakidza kuenderana" kwemamwe masosi (pane 7, 8 uye 10 chromosomes).

Nekudaro, izvi zvabuda hazvingagoni kudzokororwa mune kumwe kuongorora mu2009, apo boka revatsvaga kubva kuOxford muEngland uye University of Ontario kuCanada vakaita ongororo yemhuri dze55 maive nevarume vechingochani: genetic material yakaunganidzwa kubva kunevanotora chikamu che112 uye kutsvaga kwakawanda kusonganiro kwakaitwa nekuisirwa kwe 6000 gene mamaki (Ramagopalan 2010) Ongororo iyi haina kuburitsa hukama hwakakosha pakati pevamiririri verudzi uye ungochani.

Mu2015, boka revanyori kubva kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzesainzi muAmerica, sekutsvaga kwakawandisa kwemasangano, vakataura kuti vakawana hukama hwakakosha hwesaiti iri pa8 chromosome uye isinganyanyo kukosha kune Xq28 (Sanders xnumx) Mune mhedzisiro yechinyorwa chavo, vanyori vakabvuma kuti "maitiro ezve genetic maitiro eungochani ari kure nokuita danho ... kazhinji mukana uyu chikamu chechikonzero chechikonzero."

Mu2017, iro boka rimwe revanyori rakashandisa nzira yechazvino uye chaiyo inonzi genome-wide search yemasangano⁴. Iko kutsvaga kwehukama hwakakura-hushamwari kunoenderana nekushandiswa kwehunyanzvi hwekuteedzera (kuverenga ruzivo kubva kuDNA) kuona zvinyowani zveDNA zvingangobatana nehunhu mukuferefeta. Masayendisiti ari kuongorora mamirioni ezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana muhuwandu hukuru hwevanhu vane humwe hunhu, uye vanhu vasina huhu hunhu, uye enzanisa mafambiro ekusiyana kwemajini pakati pemapoka maviri aya. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti izvo genetic kusiana kwakanyanya pakati pevaridzi veunhu pane avo vasina ivo vane imwe nzira ine hukama nehunhu uhu. Ino nguva, hukama hwakakosha hwematestanti hwakawanikwa kumatunhu pa13 uye 14 chromosomes (Sanders xnumx).

Kuongororwa kwakaitwa naSanders nevamwe vake (2017) havana kuwana geni rekuda kuita ungochani, uye havana kuratidza chimiro chavo (vanyori vacho vanozvinyararidza), uye hazvina kuratidza mhedzisiro yeHaymer 1993 yegore, iyo yakatanga hwaro hwehurefu hwakareba nemhando dzeungochani. Imwe yemhedziso dzebhuku iri yaive fungidziro yekuti zvese zviri pamusoro genetic kusiyana zvinogona kukanganisa kufungidzira zvido zveungochani (Sanders xnumx, peji. 3).

Francis Collins, maneja wepurojekiti wekutsikisa genome revanhu, anonyora zvinotevera:

"Kuve pedyo ne20% kuti mapatya akafanana neanochani anozoitawo ngochani (achienzaniswa ne2 - 4% mune ruzhinji) kunoratidza kuti kurara kwevanhu kunokonzerwa nehunza, asi hakuve hwakabatanidzwa muDNA, uye chero hunyanzvi hunobatanidzwa. vanomiririra zvichaitika asi kwete fungidziro ... "(Collins 2006).

Chidzidzo chikuru chakanyanya pamusoro peiyo nzira yekutsvaga-genome yakatsvaga masangano, iyo yaida kuona iyo genetic kusiana inosangana nehukama, yakaunzwa pamusangano wepagore weAmerican Society of Human genetics mu2012 (Drabant 2012) Nekuda kwekutsvaga kwakanyanya-genome, hapana hukama hwakakosha hwakawanikwa hwekuda ungochani mune vese varume. Panguva imwecheteyo, zviuru nezviuru zvevanhu kubva ku23andMe kambani database yakaongororwa.

Vanyori veazvino uye makuru tsvakurudzo pane genetics yeungochani akaudzwa nezvemibairo yayo:

"Hazvibviri kufanotaura hunhu hwemunhu hwepabonde hunoenderana negenome yavo,"

anodaro Ben Neal, purofesa muDivision of Analytical and Translational Genetics paMassachusetts General Hospital, akashanda pachidzidzo ichi.

Sekureva kwamuzvinafundo David Curtis paUniversity yeCalifornia Genetics Institute.

"Hapana musanganiswa wemajini muhuwandu hwevanhu ane mhedzisiro yakakura pakuita zvepabonde. Hazvigoneki kufanotaura hunhu hwemunhu hwepabonde hunoenderana negenome yavo. "

Epigenetics

Mu2015, boka revaongorori kubva kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Los Angeles yakapa humbowo kumusangano weAmerican Society of Human Genetics⁵iyo yaitaridza kuti vaongorori vaikwanisa kuona zvido zvepabonde zvichienderana nepigenetic mamakisi nekunyatsoita kwe67% (Ngun et al. 2015). Kukwezva kutarisisa kwebasa ravo, vanyori vakatoronga kuburitswa kwenhau kunosanganisira pepanhau (ASHG 2015) Nhau dzakakurumidza kupararira pamusoro pemisoro yemapepanhau makuru, kunyangwe iyo yakasarudzika nzira yekupokana uye nzira yekufungidzira yekureverera (Yong xnumx).

Epigenetics isainzi inonzvera phenomena umo kushandurwa kwemajini kunochinja nekuda kwesimba rezvimiro izvo zvisingaite shanduko mukuenderana kweDNA mune genes. Mune mamwe mazwi, epigenetic maitiro ndeaya maitiro ayo izvo zvimwe zvinhu zvinopesvedzera huwandu hwekutaura kweiyo gene (ndiko kuti, hukama hwepanyama hwomuviri). Kugadziriswa kwemukati kweiyo molekyuli yeDNA kunogona kukanganisa gene expression (kutaura), uye kugadzirwa uku kunogadzwa nemaproteine ​​anodiwa, ma enzymes ane hukama neDNA. Imwe yemashandisirwo ezvekumanikidza ndiDNA methylation. Iko kusanganiswa kwemaprotein anodzora uye DNA inonzi chiratidzo chepigenetic.

Vechidiki pamwe nevamwe vakataura kuti chinangwa chikuru chedzidzo yavo yaive yekuyedza mukana wekuona "hunhu hwepabonde" hwemunhu nepigenetic maiyo. Kuti izvi zviitike, ivo vakadzidza maDNA samples e37 vaviri vaviri akafanana mapatya, mune yega yega vaviri hama imwe yaingoochani, uye 10 vaviri vaviri vakafanana mapatya, mune yeumwe neumwe hama vaive ngochani. Sezvakataurwa muchidimbu, vatsvaguriri vakadzidza mhando dzakasiyana dzekugadziriswa (heterosexual vs. ngochani) vachishandisa iyo FuzzyForest computer statistic algorithm uye pakupedzisira vakasarudza yakanyanya-yakanaka yekuenzanisira inosanganisira 5 epigenetic mamakisi akanyatso rongedza zvinhu mu67% yemhosva. Vanyori vakataura kuti zvido zvepabonde zvinodzorwa ne5 epigenetic mamaki. Nekudaro, kududzira kwakadai kwakakonzera, kuzviisa zvinyoro, kufuridzira kwekushoropodzwa kubva kuhunyanzvi (Science Media Center 2015, Nenyasha xnumx, Yong xnumx, Gelman 2015, Briggs 2015) Iyo nzira (yakanyanyisa yakaderera sampu yemagetsi, isina ruzivo nzira yekuziva ine njodzi yakakura yemanyepo mhedzisiro mhedzisiro, nezvimwewo) nokududzirwa kwayo kwakonzera kusahadzika kukuru. John Grillie weCentre yeEpigenomics kuAlbert Einstein College of Medicine akacherechedzwa, achitaurawo nezve hype yakatenderedza kudzidza kwakaitwa naNgun nevamwe vavo:

"... Tisingataure pachedu nezvake kana nevamwe vake, asi kana tichida kuchengetedza nzvimbo iyi yesainzi, hatichabvumidze kutsvagiswa kwakaipa kweepigenetic kuvimbwa nako. Kana ndichiti "zvakaipa" ndinoreva zvisina kududzirwa. ... "(Nenyasha xnumx).

Pakupedzisira, tarisiro yevaongorori avo vakasvetuka iyi yekutanga mharidzo mumusangano uyu yakatobvunzwa, uye chinyorwa, chokwadika, hachina kuzomboburitswa chero kupi.

Nei mhedzisiro ye mole mole genetic zvidzidzo zvichipesana - zvakasiyana uye zvakasiyana?

Basa rakaderera re genetics

Hufakazi hwechimiro chechimiro chekuda kweungochani hahuonekwe. Sayenzi haazivi iyo "ungochani geni." Pakutanga kwezana rino ramakore, chirongwa chakakura chepasi rose "Human genome Project" chakatangwa - Human Genome Project. Mukati mehurongwa hwayo, kuunganidzwa kwemamepu emhando yemunhu kwakaitwa - yeti gene, pane iyo chromosome iri, iyo mapuroteni ayo, Chero munhu angatarisa - hapana mainini anoratidzwa ikoko (Rudzi genome zviwanikwa at NCBI).

Hezvino zvakanyorwa naMay naMcHugh mune ravo basa:

"... Sezvakaramba zvichisimbiswa maererano nehunhu hwemunhu, simba rechimiro chechisimba patemhando yekuda ungochani. Iko phenotypic kuratidzwa kwemajini kunowanzoenderana nemamiriro ekunze - nharaunda yakasarudzika inotungamira mukuumbwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana zve phenotypes kunyange kune mamwe majini. Naizvozvo, kunyangwe kana zvimwe zvezvimiro zvechimiro zvinopesvedzera hunhu hweungochani, zvakadaro, zvido zvepabonde uye zvido zvinokanganiswawo nezvakawanda zvezvinhu zvakatipoteredza, zvinosanganisira zvakadai kushushikana munharaunda sekushungurudzwa kwepfungwa uye kwepanyama nekushungurudzwa kwepabonde. Kuti uwane mufananidzo uzere wekuumbwa kwezvebonde, zvido uye madhiraivha, zvakakodzera kuti utarise zvinhu zvebudiriro, nharaunda, ruzivo, nzanga uye kuda. (Semuenzaniso, vezvemagariro geneticists vakanyora chikamu chisina kunangana chema genes mukuita pamwe nevezera, zvichiratidza kuti kutaridzika kwemunhu kunogona kukanganisa kugamuchirwa kana kurambwa mune rimwe bato renharaunda (Ebstein 2010).
Yemazuva ano genetics inoziva kuti majini anokanganisa huwandu hwezvido zvemunhu uye kurudziro yake uye, nekudaro, zvisina kunangana zvinokanganisa maitiro. Kunyangwe magen'a anogona saka kunyengedza munhu mune mamwe maitiro, kugona kwavo kudzora zviito, zvisinei neakawanda akasiyana zvimwe zvinhu, zvakanyanya, zvisingaite. Simba ravo pamabatiro rakavanzika uye zvinoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu ezvemamiriro ekunze ... "(Meya 2016).

Zvinhu zveCongenital zvinogona kukanganisa kutarisa zvinosanganisira hunhu hwekutsvaira senge munhu munyoro uye anodziviririka, kuwedzera kunzwa kwekushushikana, kunyara, passivity, nezvimwe. Vanotsvagurudza ivo pachavo, mhedzisiro yazvo inoshandiswa mukunyengera kweLBBT + varatidziri - kufamba, usatya kutaura kuti ungochani hunogamuchirwa nehunhu, zvakanyanyisa ivo vanofunga kuti kukwezva-humhandara kwakabatana nekubatanidzwa kwezvisikwa uye zvakatipoteredza zvinhu, apo iyo yekupedzisira inotora chikamu chikuru . Iyo nyaya yekuti ngochani "inowanikwa", tinonzwa kunyanya muHollywood mafirimu, makadhi ehurukuro hurukuro, nziyo kana mune zvinotaurwa pasocial network. Nekudaro, munharaunda yesainzi, kutaura idi, hapana kana mumwe chete anotsvaga nehana anozotaura kuti awana genetic kana chero chimwe chinhu chakaberekana chakakonzeresa kungochani.

Zvidzidzo zvinovavarira kuyedza kuona kuti majini (kunyanya, paiyo Xq28 saiti) iripo yakabatana nechishuwo chebonde-chebonde. Zvakanyorwa naV. Lysov (2018)

Kunobva uye  sampling	Method kuongorora	Zvawanikwa zvichienderana nekuburitswa	Pane humbowo hwehukama huripo pakati pe Xq28 mamakisi uye ngochani?	Mimwe mhedzisiro
Dean Hamer et al. Xnumx Mhuri dze40, imwe neimwe yaisanganisira ungochani proband uye ngochani dzakasarudzwa kubva kuhama dzake	dzakabatana zvidzidzo	mune 33 zviitiko kubva kumhuri dze40, mamaki eiyo genetic ari pane saiti q28 ye chromosome X yakabatana	mamiriroNekudaro, nzira nedudziro dzinoshoropodzwa nevamwe: Baron 1993; Dziva 1993; Fausto-Sterling et al. Xnumx; Kupinza 1993; Byne xnumx; McLeod 1994; Norton 1995, Haymer pachake aifungirwa nezvekunyepedzera: Horgan xnumx	-
Jennifer Macke et al. Xnumx  Mhuri dze36, imwe neimwe yaisanganisira ungochani uye hama dzake, pakati pavo pakanga paine hama imwe chete.	tsvaga rudzi rweanenge achimira - androgen receptor gene (X chromosome)	hapana huwandu hwehukama hwakakosha hukama hwakawanikwa mumuenzaniso	-	hapana chekubatana ne androgen receptor gene (X chromosome)
Stella Hu et al. Xnumx (yesainzi boka Dean Hamer)  Mhuri dze33, imwe neimwe yaisanganisira ungochani uye hama dzake, pakati pavo pakanga paine hama imwe chete.	dzakabatana zvidzidzo	mune 22 zviitiko kubva kumhuri dze32, mamaki eiyo genetic ari pane saiti q28 ye chromosome X yakabatana	mamiriroona Hamer 1993	-
George Rice et al. Xnumx Mhuri dze46, imwe neimwe yaisanganisira ungochani uye hama dzake, pakati pavo pakanga paine hama imwe chete.	dzakabatana zvidzidzo	genetic mamaki ari pane q28 mudunhu rechromosome X haina kuenderana	kwete	-
Michael DuPree et al. Xnumx  (yesainzi boka Dean Hamer) Mhuri dze144, imwe neimwe yaisanganisira ungochani proband aive nemunun'una mumwe chete	tsvaga rudzi rweanenge achimira - aromatase gene CYP15 (15 chromosome)	hapana huwandu hwehukama hwakakosha hukama hwakawanikwa mumuenzaniso	-	hapana chekubatana neye aromatase gene CYP15 (15-I chromosome)
Mustanski et al. Xnumx  (boka resainzi Dean Hamer) Mhuri dze146 (kusanganisira mhuri kubva kuongororo yaHamer 1993 uye Hu 1995), yega yega yaive nefungan ungochani aive aine hama imwechete yaingochani.	genome-yakadzama kudzidza kwenzvimbo yakabatana	kusangana kwakakosha nehunyanzvi pane iyo 7 chromosome yakawanikwa mumuenzaniso, uye, sekureva kwevanyori, "kusvika padanho rekukosha" kune mamaki pane 8 uye 10 chromosomes.	kwete	kutaurirana nemakanda pa7 chromosome zvinoenderana neyeLander uye Kruglyak (1995) ndiyo yakanakisa chiratidzo cheLOD* yakaenzana xnumx
Sreeram Ramagopalan et al. Xnumx (George Rice Sayenzi Chikwata) Mhuri dze55, imwe neimwe yaisanganisira ungochani proband aive nemunun'una mumwe chete	genome-yakadzama kudzidza kwenzvimbo yakabatana	hapana huwandu hwehukama hwakakosha hukama hwakawanikwa mumuenzaniso	kwete	hapana masangano akawanikwa aine mamaki pane 7 chromosome maererano nemaitiro eLander uye Kruglyak (1995)
Binbin Wang et al. Xnumx boka revarume vane Xnumx ngochani uye boka rekudzora reXnumx heterosexual varume	tsvaga rudzi rweanenge achimira - sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (7 chromosome)	hapana huwandu hwehukama hwakakosha hukama hwakawanikwa mumuenzaniso	-	chiitiko chakakosha chakabatana chakawanikwa mune huwandu hwekushandurwa munzvimbo yeiyo geno reX9333613, iyo yakadudzirwa nevanyori se "kuvapo kwekubatana pakati pezvishanduko zvechijini uye kukwezvana kwevanhukadzi".
Emily Drabant et al. Xnumx Varume ve7887 uye vakadzi ve5570 (vasina hukama nehukama) avo vakazivikanwa kuti vanoita bonde nekuzvizivisa maererano neKlein mubvunzo	yakazara genome kushamwaridzana kutsvaga	hapana huwandu hwakakosha (5 × 10 - 8) masangano akawanikwa mumuenzaniso.	kwete	hapana hukama hwakakosha hwechibvumirano hwakawanikwa
Sanders et al. Xnumx Mhuri dze384, imwe neimwe yaisanganisira ungochani proband aive nemunun'una mumwe chete	genome-yakadzama kudzidza kwenzvimbo yakabatana	chiitiko chakakosha chehukama nemucherechedzo pa8 chromosome uye mukana wekusangana neXq28 wakawanikwa mumuenzaniso.	mamiriro: maringe nemaitiro aLander naKruglyak (1995), zvakanakisa LOD zviratidzo zveXq28 mamakisi aive akaenzana ne2,99, inoenderana nefungidziro yakakosha ("inofungidzira kukosha")	kutaurirana nevamaki pane 8 chromosome zvinoenderana nemaitiro eLander uye Kruglyak (1995); yakanyanya kunaka LOD mamakisi yaive 4,08
Sanders et al. Xnumx boka revakadzi vanoita zveungochani uye 1077 varume vanochata (izvo zvakafanana zvidzidzo saSanders et al. 1231)	yakazara genome kushamwaridzana kutsvaga	hapana huwandu hwakakosha (5 × 10 - 8) masangano akawanikwa mumuenzaniso.	kwete	hapana hukama hwakakosha hwehukombwe hwakawanikwa. Vanyori vakacherekedza kuti kukosha kusvika kwakakosha kwakawanikwa kune mamakisi pa13 uye 14 chromosomes

* LOD = multipoint logarithm yezvisina kunaka ona Nyholt DR. MaLOD ese haana Kuumbwa Akaenzana. Ndiri J Hum Genet. 2000 Aug; 67 (2): 282 - 288. http://doi.org/10.1086/303029. Iyo Lodential yakakosha LOD mukutsvaga genetic ndeye ≥3,

Sekutaura kwakaita mumwe weblogiki vekuAmerica, "... kuyedza kutsanangura nezvehugochani kwakafanana nePhones - nyowani inoonekwa gore rega rega ..." (Allen 2014) Mukupedzisira, pamwe, kubva pakatarisana nekuona kwevanosimudzira maitiro eungochani, chirevo ichi "Zvimwe wakazvarwa wakatemerwa"⁶ ine zvakasiyana zvachose nekuparadzira mhedzisiro.

Kuedza kwakaitwa kuti uwane "rudzi rwechinwiwa chinodhaka" (Musha wekupora 2017; NIAAA 2012), uye "mainini mainini" (Davis 2016; Parshley xnumx), zvisinei, sezvakangoita ye "ungochani", hapana humbowo hwakawanikwa mukutsigira kwekuti "vakadaro vanozvarwa". Munhu akakwana haangave nepfungwa, kune rumwe rutivi, kururamisa chidhakwa uye kuuraya nekukanganiswa neiyo genes - mushure mezvose, zviitiko izvi zvinotemwa nesarudzo, kwete kufanorongerwa. Iye piyona wenyaya ane "hungochani" Dean Haymer ane, zviri pachena, akanakisa kutengesa tarenda, zvine hunyanzvi kuita mukati mehurongwa hwevanhu mafashoni. Akamirira kwenguva pfupi mushure mekuburitswa kwenyaya yake ye1993 yegore, Haymer anoburitsa bhuku "The Science of Passion: the Search for Kungochani genetic and Behavioural Biology", iyo yakaita hurukuro pakati pesangano reLBBT + (Hamer 1994uye vakamuunzira mari zhinji. Makore gumi gare gare, Haymer anoita pfungwa nyowani nekuburitsa bhuku rakanzi "The Gene of God: How Kutenda Kunorongerwa Needu genetic" (Hamer 2004), maakaratidza maonero ake kuti vatendi vangangoita genetic mutants (V.L.: zvinosekesa kuona kusarudza kwakadaro kune mbiri genetic hypotheses: hunhu hunofungidzirwa hwekuda kweungochani hunoratidzwa mune yakanaka nzira, sekupihwa , uye kupomerwa kunobatanidzwa kwemajini nechitendero hakuna kunaka, sekushanduka. Nomuzvarirwo, hapana kusimbiswa kweHeimer hypotheses yakawanikwa kusvika nhasi, zvakadaro, dzidziso yake yakagamuchirwazve neushamwari mu LGBT + nharaunda, iyo magazini yeAmerican magazini yakamboburitsa chifukidzo chakakosha chiitiko ichi.

Pashure pacho, Dean Haymer akasiya sainzi uye akatarisa pamabasa ezvematongerwo enyika: pamwe ne "murume" wake Joseph Wilson (Iyo New York Times 2004) akatanga iyo firimu studio "QWave", ichinyanya kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvinotarisisa kufamba "LGBT +" (Huffpost 2017).

Iyo yakakurumbira biologist uye yakakurumbira yesainzi Richard Dawkins zvine huchenjeri hunhu hwekufungisisa hwekushandurwa kwezve genetic kutsigira ungochani:

"… Zvimwe zvinhu zvakagadziriswa nharaunda zviri nyore kuchinja. Zvimwe zvakaoma. Funga nezve isu takabatana zvakadii nekutaura kwehucheche hwedu: munhu mukuru wekune imwe nyika anotorwa semutorwa hupenyu hwake hwese. Iko kune kwakanyanya kuomarara determinism pano pane mukuita kwemajini mazhinji. Zvingave zvinonakidza kuziva huwandu hwehuwandu hwekuti mwana akaoneswa kune rimwe simba rezvakatipoteredza, semuenzaniso, dzidziso yezvechitendero mumamongi, anozogona kubvisa iko kuita. Zvingave zvakaenzana zvakaenzana kuziva huwandu hwehuwandu hwekuti murume ane rimwe geni pane X chromosome mudunhu reXq28 angave ungochani. Chiratidziro chakareruka chekuti kune geni iro "rinotungamira" kune ungochani rinosiya mubvunzo wekukosha kweichi mukana unenge wakazaruka zvachose. Majini haana monopoly pachisarudzo ... "(Dawkins xnumx, peji. 104).

Mumwe wevakakurumbira muRussia sexology, Muzvinafundo Georgy Stepanovich Vasilchenko, achitaura nezvezvikonzero zvekuumbwa kweungochani, anonongedza zvinotevera:

"... Zvisinei, kukanganisika mukusiyana kwehuropi uye shanduko yemahormone haigadzirise kuumbwa kwekukwezva kweungochani, asi inova hwaro hwekumonyaniswa kwehunhu hwepabonde uye hunhu hwebonde, izvo zvinowedzera njodzi yeungochani. Neuroendocrine inopa ingori simba rezvinhu zve libido. Kuumbwa kweungochani zvakare kunogoneswa neetiological zvinhu uye pathogenetic nzira dzinoratidza kushatiswa zvachose ... "(Vasilchenko 1990, peji. 430).

Iko kufungidzira kweiyo genetic factor yehutsinye hwechirume, kupa mukana wekushanduka kune vakadzi

Zvakakodzera kutaura zvisinganzwisisike hypothesis yevaongorori veItaly, iyo, maererano navo, "Haipinduri mune chero genetic iripo yefanani". Fungidziro yekuti ungochani hunokonzerwa nemhando dzinopesana nehungwaru hwekusarudzwa kwechisikigo, zvichienderana neizvozvo huwandu hwevatakuri vezvimisikidzo izvo zvinotadzisa kuitwa kwezvibodzwa zvevatano zvinofanirwa kuitwa nekugadzirwa kwevana zvinofanirwa kuderera kusvika zvanyangarika zvachose. Nekudaro, sezvakaratidzwa nhamba, huwandu hwevanhu vanozviona seungochani huri kuwedzera nezera rimwe nerimwe. Chikonzero chacho chiri pachena: ungochani hautungamirirwe genetic, asi vasingade kutsungirira neCamperio-Ciani uye nevamwe vaanoshanda navo vakauya nerondedzero yakajeka yaifanirwa kupindirana ne "Darwin paradox." Fungidziro yavo inoratidza kuvapo kwechimwe "X-chromosomal factor", iyo, inotapurwa kuburikidza neiyo mutsara wedumbu, inogona kuwedzera androphilia (kukwezva zvepabonde kuvarume) muvese vari vaviri bonde, zvichizotungamira mukuwedzera kwevakadzi kubereka, kudzorera kubereka kwakadzikira kwevarume (Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Iyi hypothesis inogona kutora imwe mwero wekuvimbika kana masayendisiti akawana zviyero zvakafanira zvemubhadharo - semuenzaniso, kana amai vane murume nevechisikana vane mwana 2, uye amai vane vana ngochani vane 4. Muchokwadi, mutsauko wakashanduka kuva usina kukosha: paavhareji, iyo 2,07 yemwana mune yekutanga uye 2,73 - mune yechipiri (ne34% zvimwe) uye izvi kunyangwe chokwadi kuti mazinga ekubereka zveungochani uye heterochani akasiyana nguva inguva ye5: 0,12 uye 0,58, zvichiteerana (pa 383 % shoma) (Iemmola xnumx). Vatsvakurudzi vanotsanangura kubereka kusinganzwisisike kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi nenyaya yekuti seboka rinodzora vaifanirwa kunge vakafanana sezvinobvira nevechingochani, uye saka vazhinji vacho vaive vasina kuroora. Asi kunyangwe tikatora iyi data isingamiriri, zvinoitika kuti kuti tiwane muripo wakakwana, vanaamai vevane ngochani vana vachatoda vana vanopfuura vanomwe ... Uyezve, pakanga pasina musiyano wakakosha mukubereka kwechizvarwa chakapfuura (sekuru nasekuru), icho zvakare chisingabvumirane nedzidziso pamusoro pemagene chinja.

Kuedza kutsanangura yakawanikwa data, vanyori vanoona kuti ngochani vane tsika yekuwedzera huwandu hwevasiri murume pakati pehama, nevarume vanoita zvehuchani, pane kudaro, kuderera, izvo zvinogona kutungamira mukusiyana kwemhedzisiro. Vanotizve mutsauko wekuberekesa unogona kutsanangurwa nezvikonzero zvemuviri kana maitiro, sekuderera kwemabhonzo kana kuwedzera mukana wekuwana vakaroorana. Pakupedzisira, vanyori simbisaizvo zvinowedzera kubereka kweanamai kunotsanangura kushoma pane 21% yekusanzwisisana mune zvekurara kwevanhu zvevatano mune avo sampuli.

"Izvi zvinoenderana nedzidziso dzehunyanzvi uye dzehumwari dzinoratidza kuti ruzivo rwemunhu chinhu chakakosha kusimbisa maitiro emunhu pabonde uye kuzvizivisa. Zvinokwanisika kuti huwandu hwepamusoro hwevakomana kana vakadzi ngochani hunobva mutsika kwete hunhu hwakagarwa nhaka. Munzvimbo zhinji, senge kuchamhembe kweItari, vanaamai vanopedza nguva yakawanda vaine vana vavo, kunyanya mumakore ekutanga, izvo zvakakosha mukusimudzira kwekuzivikanwa kwepabonde uye maitiro. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti amai nemhuri yavo vanogona kuve sosi huru yemamwe maitiro nehunhu hwemwana, kusanganisira hunhu hune hukama hwekuda bonde uye maitiro ”Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Mushure mekuitisa zvidzidzo zve3, vanyori vakamanikidzwa kubvuma kuti iyo data yavakawana "Ivo havatitenderi kuti titarise kusvika papi kuti chinokonzeresa X-chromosome factor inotungamira kana kutombofungidzira murume kuita humboo-kana huchenjeri" (Ciani xnumx) Muchidimbu, mupiro weizvi zvidzidzo kuti unzwisise genesis yekukwezva ungochani zero.

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Kufunda kukuru kwese genetic kwakaburitswa ne30.08.2019 mune yakaburitswa yesainzi sainzi, yakavakirwa pachiyero chevanhu vangangoita zviuru gumi zve500, vakawana kuti kupfuura 99% yeungochani hunotsanangurwa nemagariro nemagariro. Maererano ne David Curtis, purofesa paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia's Institute of Genetics, "Ongororo iyi inoratidza pachena kuti hakuna chinhu chakadai senge ngochani." Muhuwandu hwevanhu hapana chakadai chakasanganiswa majini ayo angave akakanganisa maitiro ekuita zvepabonde. Kutaura zvazviri, hazvibviri kufanotaura kuti munhu anofanira kubata sei munhu pabonde. ”

Chikamu Chechipiri: Mahormone?

Pamusoro pekunyengedzwa kwezve genetics, vanomanikidza ve "LGBT +" kufamba vanonongedzera kune kuratidzwa kwechiitiko mukati mekupokana sekufungidzirwa kwehunyanzvi hwekubereka hunhu hwekuita ungochani. Izvo zvinonzwisiswa kuti panguva iyo fetus iri mudumbu raamai, chinhu (mahormone kana masoja ekudzivirira immune) anoita pane fetus, iyo inokanganisa maitiro akajairika ekukura kwayo, inoenderera mberi kukudziridzwa kwekukwezva ungochani.

Kuedza hypothesis yemahormonal maitiro pane kuumbwa kwekuda kwepabonde, isu tinodzidza hukama pakati pehukama hwehutachiona hwehomoni mune kukura kwemuviri uye kuumbwa kwepakutanga kwehudiki maitiro akafanana nevakomana kana chaiwo evasikana. Kuedza kwekuenzanisira kwehomoni intrauterine kusalinganisa, hongu, nekuda kwetsika uye zvinoshanda zvikonzero muvanhu hazvitwe, sezvo kushungurudzika kwehomoni kunotungamira kune zvakakosha anatomical uye physiological abnormalities, izvi zvinongogona kuitika mumhuka dzeLabhoritari.⁷. Zvakangodaro, imwe chikamu chevanhu vanozvarwa vane hukama hwakakonzerwa nehomoni - kusimudzira kugona pabonde (NDP), uye muhuwandu hwavo zvinokwanisika kudzidza hukama hwekushomeka kwehomoni nemaitiro. Kutanga, isu tinofanirwa kunyora muchidimbu mapepa makuru eiyo intrauterine hormonal madhara.

Zvinotendwa kuti nguva dzekupokana kukuru kune iyo mahormone nzvimbo inoitika panguva yekuzvarwa kwe fetus. Semuenzaniso, zvinozivikanwa kuti iyo yakanyanya mhedzisiro ye testosterone pane fetus yemurume inoitika kubva ku8 kusvika kumavhiki e24, uyezve inodzokorora kubva pakuzvarwa kusvika kumwedzi inenge mitatu (Hines xnumx) Munguva yose yekukura, estrogens inouya kubva ku placenta uye kutenderera kwehurongwa hwaamai (Albrecht 2010) Zvidzidzo zveMhuka zvinoratidza kuti panogona kuve nenguva zhinji dzekunzwa kwehomoni dzakasiyana, kuti kuvepo kwehomoni imwe kunogona kukanganisa zviito zveimwe mahormone, uye kunzwa kweanogamuchira kwamahomoni aya kunogona kukanganisa zviito zvavo (Berenbaum Xnumx) Kusiyanisa kwepabonde kwemwana ari mudumbu iri nenzira inoshamisa kunzwisisa.

Kunyanya kufarira mune iyi ndima yekutsvagisa ihomoni dzakadai se testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (metabolite ye testosterone uye yakawanda ine simba kupfuura testosterone), estradiol, progesterone uye cortisol. Iyo inoonekwa seyakajairika kana mahormone anogadzirisa kukura kwe "fetus" muchibereko kunoitika mumatanho. Pakutanga chaiko, embryos inongosiyana mukuumbwa kwavo kwecomosomeo - XX kana XY - uye zvidhoma zvavo zvepabonde (gonads) zvakafanana. Nekudaro, nekukasira, zvichienderana nekubatanidzwa kwecomosomal, kuumbwa kwemaprostes (testes) kunotanga mune anotakura XY uye maevari mune anotakura XX. Pakangosiyana kusiyanisa kwegonads, ivo vanobva vatanga kugadzira mahara-epadunduru mahormone anogadzirisa kukura uye kuumba kwekunze genitalia: androgens yakavanzika nemayesiti inobatsira mukusimudzira nhengo dzekunze dzechikadzi, uye kusavapo kwe androjeni uye kuvapo kweestrogen muvakadzi kunotungamira mukugadzirwa kwevakadzi vekunze nhengo dzekunze. (Wilson 1981).

Urongwa hwekusiyanisa zvepabonde. Zvakanyorwa naV. Lysov Kuputsa kwehuremu hwe androgens uye estrogens (nekuda kwekushandurwa kwemarudzi uye zvimwe zvinopesvedzera), pamwe nekuvapo kwavo kana kusavapo kwavo pane dzimwe nguva dzakakosha dzekusimudzira kwemucheche, zvinogona kukonzera kukanganiswa mukuvandudzwa kwepabonde.

Chimwe chezvirwere zvakanyatsodzidziswa nezvebudiriro yebonde ndeyekuzvarwa narwo hyprenplasia yeiyo adrenal cortex (VGKN), yakabatana nekushandurwa kweshanduko yeiyo gene encoding enzyme inobatanidzwa mukuumbwa kwehormoni cortisol (Speiser 2003) Iyi pathology inotungamira kune yakawandisa yeacortisol precursors (cortisol uye androgens vanogovana yakajairika precursor), kubva pane iyo androgens inogadzirwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, vasikana vanozvarwa vane akasiyana madhigirii evanilization⁸ nhengo dzekubereka - kunoenderana nehurema hwekuremara kwemitezo uye huwandu hwekuwedzeredza androgens. Mhosva dzakawandisa dze virilization nekusimudzirwa kwekushanda kwakadzika urema dzimwe nguva zvinoda kupindira kwekuvhiya. Kuti usapindure pamhedzisiro yekuwedzeredza kwe androgens, kurapwa kwehomoni kwakatemwa. Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti vakadzi vane HCV vane njodzi dzakawanda dzekugadzira kukwezva ngochani (Speiser 2009), uye avo vakatambura neHCV muchimiro chakanyanya vanogona kupedzisira vakaroorwa kupfuura vakadzi vane chirwere ichi chiri munyoro kwazvo (Hines xnumx).

Mukuwedzera, kune iyo isina kukodzera kukura kwepabonde mu genetic men anotambura nekushayiwa kwekunzwa kwe androgen. Mune varume vane androgen insensitivity syndrome, testes inowanzo gadzira androgen testosterone, asi testosterone receptors haishande. Panguva yekuzvarwa, mainini anotaridza sevakadzi, uye mwana anomutswa ari musikana. Iyo endo native testosterone yemwana inoshandurwa kuva estrogen, zvekuti inotanga kukudziridza mukadzi wechipiri hunhu hwepabonde.Hughes xnumx) Pathology inoonekwa chete kana kuberekwa kwasvika, apo, zvinopesana nenzira yakakodzera, kuenda kumwedzi hakutangi, uyezve, "vakadzi" vakadaro havana kubereka, sekusabereka uye "varume" vane VGKN.

Kune mamwe madhisirwo ezvepabonde anokanganisa vamwe genetic men (i.e., vanhu vane XY genotype) vane kushayikwa kwe androgens iri mhedzisiro yekushomeka kweanoproductes inobatanidzwa kungave mukuumbwa kwe dihydrotestosterone kubva ku testosterone kana mukugadzirwa kwe testosterone kubva kune mahormone ekutanga. Vanhu vane kusagadzikana kwakadai vanozvarwa vaine hurema hwekusaberekana kwezvikamu zvakasiyana (Cohen-Kettenis 2005).

Zviripachena, mune iyi mienzaniso, ungochani kukwezva uye / kana kusarudzwa kwemaitiro kwakanangana kune vakomana nevatano kwakabatana neanoshanda uye morphological pathologies. Nekudaro, pathologies dzakadai hadziwanikwe muungochani. Mufungo wekuti kusagadzikana kwehormone munzira chero ipi zvayo kunotungamira pakuumbwa kwechishuvo zvechingochani (kureva kuti, kunokanganisa maitiro) uye hakuna nzira inokanganisa maitiro ezve morphological uye anoshanda haitsigirwi nekuona kwekupa simba.

Kuedza kwakasiyana-siyana kwave kuitwa kuti utarise chero hutomical uye inoshanda maitiro anoenderana nekuda ungochani. Funga nezve zvidzidzo zvakataurwa neva LGBT + vanoita zvekuratidzira.

Kuongororwa kwaSimon Levey

Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzakaitwa pakudzidza kwemusiyano wechipfuva zvichienderana nepfungwa dzekuda kuita zvepabonde. Yekutanga yaive kubudiswa kweiyo neuroscientist Simon LeVay mu1991 (LeVay 1991) LeVay akaita tsvakiridzo yake pamhedzisiro yezvitunha zvevanhu vakafa. Akakamura zvidzidzo mumapoka matatu - 6 vakadzi "vanengochani", 19 varume "ngochani" vakafa neAIDS, uye 16 varume "vane ngochani" (idzi paramita dzakapihwa mumakotesheni nekuti zvido zvemufi zvaive zvekufungidzira).

Muboka rega rega, LeVey yakayera saizi yenzvimbo yakakosha yeuropi inonzi interstitial nucleus yeiyo anterior hypothalamus.⁹. Mu hypothalamus, akati wandei maiyo nuclei anosiyaniswa kubva ku0.05 kusvika ku0.3 mm³ muhukuru (Byne xnumx), ayo akaverengerwa nenhamba: 1, 2, 3, 4. Kazhinji, kukura kweINAH-3 kunoenderana nezinga rehomoni hormone testosterone mumuviri: iyo testosterone yakawanda, inowedzera INAH-3. LeVey akataura kuti saizi yeINAH-3 mune ngochani yaive diki zvakanyanya pane kune varume vanokwezva kune vakomana kana vasikana, zvakangofanana nevakadzi. Sezvo chimiro chemuviri wemunhu chakatemwa nemageneti, LeVey akataura kuti kana saizi yeINAH-3 ichienderana nechengetedzo yechishuwo chepabonde, saka "... libido inokonzerwa nemamiriro ehuropi ..." uye nekudaro majini anoenderana nekuita bonde.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti LeVey akazvipira zvizere pairi basa uye zvakanyanya kutarisira kuwana mhedzisiro yakadaro. Mushure mekunge mumwe wake waaingochata naye Richard Sherry afa neAIDS, LeVey akaora mwoyo kwenguva yakati (Newsweek xnumx, peji. 49). Akaudza vatori venhau mushure mekudhindisa kwake akaparura achiti: "Ndainzwa kuti ndikasawana chero chinhu, ndaizosiya zvachose sainzi" (Newsweek xnumx, peji. 49).

Kudzidza kwaReVey kune zvikanganiso zvakawanda, izvo iye pachake aifanira kudzokororodza kutaura, asi vezvenhau vakaomesa hanya nazvo. Chii chaicho LeVey akawana kana asina kuwana? Izvo zvaasina kuwana kusaenzana ndezvehukama pakati pehukuru hweINAH-3 uye kuda zvepabonde. Sekudzoka se1994, muongorori anonzi William Byne wekuNew York akaongororwa zvakanyanya zvakadzama nezvechirevo chakakonzera ungochani (Byne xnumx): chekutanga, iri ndiro dambudziko rekusarudza zvinhu zvekutsvagisa. LeVey aisaziva chaizvo maitiro ehupombwe vanhu vaakadzidza panguva yehupenyu hwake. Zvinonyatso kuzivikanwa kuti mune varwere vane chirwere chechirwere cheAIDS, zvikamu zvakaderera zve testosterone zvinoonekwa zvese nekuda kwesimba rechirwere uye nekuda kwemhedzisiro yekurapa (Anouya 2016) Kubva kuReVay's data, hazvibviri zvachose kuona kuti yakakura sei INAH-3 yaive pakuzvarwa uye kusabvisa chokwadi chekuti chinogona kuderera panguva yehupenyu. Zvidzidzo zvese zvakadomwa naReVay se "ngochani" vakafa nekuda kwekunetseka kweAIDS. LeVey iye amene, mune imwechete nyaya, anoita pekugara:

"... mhedzisiro yacho haitibvumidze kupedzisa kuti saizi INAH 3 inokonzeresa kana kuita zvehunhu hwemunhu, kana saizi INAH 3 uye zvebonde zvakachinjika pasi pesimba reimwe yechitatu isingazivikanwe kusiyanisa ..." (LeVay 1991, peji. 1036).

Chechipiri, hapana chikonzero chekuti utaure chokwadi kuti LeVey akawana chero chinhu. Vatsvagiri Ruth Hubbard naElijah Wald mubhuku ravo Kuparadza Ngano Yezvizvarwa: Masayendisiti, Vanachiremba, Vashandirwi, Makambani einishuwarenzi, Vadzidzisi uye Vanorwira Kodzero Dzevanhu Vanopokana Neruzivo, havana kubvunzawo tsananguro yemhedzisiro yaLeVey, asi nenyaya yekuti chero chakakosha mutsauko (Hubbard xnumx, peji. 95). Kunyangwe LeVey akataura kuti muboka revanhu vaakatora ngochani, saizi yakaenzana yeINAH-3 yakanga iri diki kupfuura saizi yakaenzana yeINAH-3 muboka revanhu vaakafungidzira kuti ndevachiri varume, zvinotevera kubva pamigumisiro yake kuti kupararira kwakanyanya uye kushoma kwezvibodzwa kwakaringana. zvakafanana mumapoka maviri ese. Iko kune yehuwandu pfungwa - mutemo wekujairika kugoverwa. Yakarerutswa, mutemo uyu unotaura kuti huwandu hukuru hwevaridzi vehukosha hune parameter yeiyo ficha iri pakati pepakati, uye vashoma chete varidzi vane parameter yeiyo yakanyanya kukosha. Ndokunge, yevanhu 100, 80 ichava ne160 - 180 kukura, 10 isingasviki 160, 10 inopfuura 180 cm.

Zvinoenderana nemirairo yekuverenga manhamba, kuona musiyano wakakura pakati pemapoka maviri ezvidzidzo hazvibviri kuenzanisa paramende isina kugoverwa kwakajairika. Semuenzaniso, kana mune rimwe remapoka evanhu pazasi 160 cm panenge pasina 10%, asi 40% kana 50%. Muchidzidzo chaLeVay, INAH-3 yaive iri diki size yevamwe varume vane humhandara uye ngochani zvakanyanya, uye saizi yakakura kwazvo yevamwe ngochani nevarume vakawandisa. Izvo zvinoteera kuti kune mumwe nemumwe munhu hazvibviri kutaura chero chinhu nezvehukama huri pakati pehukuru hweINAH-3 uye maitiro epabonde. Kunyangwe kuvepo kwekumwe kusiyana mune chimiro cheuropi kuchiratidzwa zvine mutsindo, kukosha kwavo kungave kuri parutivi nekuwanikwa kwekuti mhasuru dzevatambi dzakakura kupfuura muvanhuwo zvavo. Ndeapi mhedziso yatinogona kuwana pamusoro pechokwadi ichi? Ko munhu anokura mhasuru dzakakura paunenge uchitamba mitambo, kana kuti chirevo chekuzvimba mukati memasuru makuru chinoita kuti munhu ave mumhanyi?

Uye chechitatu, LeVey haana kutaura chero chinhu nezvehukama hwepabonde uye INAH-3 mune vakadzi.

Mukukurukurirana kwe1994, LeVey akati:

“… Zvakakosha kusimbisa kuti handina kuratidza kuti ungochani hwakazvarwa uye handina kuwana hunhu hwacho. Ini handina kuratidza kuti ngochani "vanozvarwa vakadaro" - uku ndiko kukanganisa kunowanzoitwa nevanhu kana vachidudzira basa rangu. Iniwo handina kuwana "gay centre" muuropi ... Hatizive kana mutsauko wandakawana waivapo pakuzvarwa kana kuoneka gare gare. Basa rangu harigadzirise mubvunzo wekuti zvebonde zvakatangwa usati waberekwa here ... "(Nimmons xnumx).

Kuchengetwa kwaReVey kwakakosha, nekuti chero nyanzvi mune zveuroscience ichiziva chinhu chakadai seanopropicity - kugona kwemasisitimu ehusimbe kushandura basa rayo uye chimiro mukati mehupenyu hwemunhu pasi pesimba rezvakasiyana maitiro.

Mu2000, boka revasayendisiti veBritain rakaburitsa zvakabuda muongororo yehuropi muLondon vatyairi vematekisi (Maguire 2000) Zvakaitika ndezvekuti kune vatyairi vematekisi, nzvimbo yeuropi inotungamira pakubata kwemweya yakanga yakakura kupfuura kune vanhu veboka rekutonga vasina kushanda sevatyairi, nekuwedzera, kukura kwechikamu ichi zvakatsamira pahuwandu hwemakore akashandiswa mukuita teksi.Maguire 2000) Kana vaongorori vakatevera zvinangwa zvematongerwo enyika, vanogona kunge vakataura chimwe chinhu chakadai: "Vatyairi vematekisi aya vanofanirwa kupihwa kurudyi uye kwese kwavanoshanda, zvakakodzera kushandura drive yekuruboshwe ku-drive yekurudyi - nekuti ivo vakazvarwa vakadaro!"

Parinhasi, humbowo hunopa humbowo hwakaunganidzirwa mukufarira kwepurasitiki yehuviri hupi hupi hutu mukati uye hypothalamus kunyanya (Zvibereko xnumx; Kutengesa 2014; Mainardi 2013; Hatton xnumx; Theodosis 1993) Brain morphology inoshanduka pasi pesimba rehunhu (Kolb 1998) Brain zvimiro, semuenzaniso, shandura mushure nhumbu (Hoekzema et al. 2016)kugara munzvimbo (van Ombergen et al. Xnumx) uye mushure mekugara uchiita zvemuviri (Nokia et al. Xnumx).

Naizvozvo, mukusimbisa iwo mazwi akataurwa naLeVey iye amene kare mu1994 gore, mupiro wekudzidza kwake gore re1991 kusvika kumafungidziro echimiro chemoyo wekuita ungochani zero.

Iyo yakanyanya kutsoropodza basa reLeVay, pamwe nemamwe mauroanatomical hypotheses, inopiwa mune yekudzokorora kubuditswa muchinyorwa chezvino Sayenzi (Mbugua 2003).

Kudzokororwa kwekutsvagirwa kwaLevay

Hapana akakwanisa kudzokorora zvawanikwa naReVey. Mukuburitswa kwe2001 yegore, boka revatsvaga kubva kuNew York vakaita chidzidzo chakafanana - izvo zvikamu zvakafanana zveiyo hypothalamus zvakafananidzwa sezvakaita muReVay kudzidza, asi neruzivo ruzere uye kugovera kwakakwana kweakadzidza.Byne xnumx). Ivo havana kuwana chero kutsamira kweiyo INAH-3 saizi pane ungochani. Vanyori vakapedzisa kuti "... zvebonde hazvigone kufungidzirwa zvakavimbika zvichibva pauwandu hweINAH 3 chete ..." (Byne xnumx, peji. 91).

Gare gare, kwakave nemiedzo yekuona kuvimbika kwechekuita nezvepabonde pane zvimwe zvikamu zveuropi. Mu2002, chiremba wepfungwa Lasko nevamwe vake vakaburitsa chidzidzo cheimwe chikamu cheuropi - iyo anterior commissure (Lasco 2002) Izvo zvakaratidzirwa kuti munzvimbo ino hapana mutsauko wakakura zvichienderana nehurume kana hunhu hwebonde. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakanangana nekugadzira musiyano kana wekushandira musiyano pakati peuropi hwevanochata uye uropi hweungochani nekuda kwemagariro avo zvaari kungangoita zvisingakundike: mu2008, mhedzisiro yezvimwe zveidzi fundo yakapfupikiswa mune chinyorwa chakaburitswa mupepanhau Proceedings yeUS National National of Science (Swaab xnumx) Semuenzaniso, imwe ongororo yakashandisa inoshanda inoshanda yemagineti yekufungidzira kuyera shanduko mune chiitiko muuropi apo zvidzidzo zvakaratidza mafoto evarume nevakadzi. Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti kutarisa kumeso kwemunhukadzi kunatsiridza chiitiko mune thalamus uye orbitofrontal cortex yeanhurume nevarume vanoita zveungochani, nepo varume nevarume nevarume vanoita zvehuchani vakadzi nzvimbo idzi dzaiteerera kumeso kwemurume.Kranz 2006) Idi rekuti uropi hwevakadzi vanoita zvechisikana uye varume vanoita zvehuchani kunyanya kuita kumeso kwechirume, nepo huwandu hwechirume nevarume vanoita zvevakomana nevarume vanoita zvehuchani kunyanya kuita kumeso kwevakadzi, hachisi chinhu chakawanikwa, zvakapihwa hunhu hwekuda ungochani. Saizvozvo, imwe ongororo inotaura zvakasiyana nezvema pheromones mune varume vasiri ngochani nevarume vanoita zveungochani (Savic 2005).

Kureba kweminwe

Chiyero pakati pehurefu hwemunwe wechipiri (index) uye chigunwe chechina (chindori) chemaoko, chinowanzodaidzwa kunzi "2D: 4D", chakasiyana kune vazhinji varume nevakadzi. Humwe ufakazi hunoratidza kuti huwandu uhu hunogona kutsamira padanho reiyo intrauterine testosterone, zvichikonzera kuti varume vane huwandu hwepamusoro hwe testosterone kuvezwa, chigunwe che index chakapfupika pane chigunwe che ring (i.e., chiyero chakaderera che 2D: 4D) uye zvinopesana (Hönekopp 2007) Sekureva kwevamwe vaongorori, iyo 2D: 4D index inosanganiswa nehukombwe. Kuedza kweimwe nzira kurondedzera chiyero 2D: 4D uye zvido zvepabonde hazvipindirani uye zvinopokana.

Maererano neimwe fungidziro, ngochani dzinogona kuve nehuwandu hwepamusoro hwe2D: 4D (padyo nehuwandu hwevakadzi kupfuura huwandu hwevanhurume vechisikana), nepo imwe hypothesis, pane zvinopesana, inoratidza kuti hypermasculinization neeprenatal testosterone inogona kutungamira kune yakaderera chiyero ngochani pane varume vane varume. Hypothesis yakaiswawo mberi nezve kungochani kwevakadzi nekuda kweiyo hypermasculinization (yakaderera chiyero, yakakwira testosterone level).

Ongororo dzinoverengeka dzehunhu uhwu muvakadzi nevarume vasina varume uye vakadzi vakaunza mibairo yakavhengana. Chidzidzo chakaburitswa mupepanhau reVanhu mu2000 chakaratidza kuti muyenzaniso ye720 vakuru veCalifornians, muyero 2D: 4D kuruoko rwerudyi muvakadzi vane zvido zvebonde zvakafanana zvaive zvakanyanya masculine (i.e.pazasi) kupfuura vakadzi vasiri ngochani, uye zvakanyanya haina kumbosiyana neyemoyo mune varume vasiri ngochani (Williams 2000) Ichi chidzidzo hachina zvakare kuratidza musiyano wakakura pakati pevhareji 2D: 4D zviyero pakati pevano ngochani nevarume vanoita zveungochani. Mugore rimwe chete, imwe ongororo yakashandisa chidiki chidiki chevakadzi nevarume vanoita zveungochani kubva kuBritain yakaratidza yakaderera kukosha kwe2D: 4D (i.e., yakawanda murume) pakati peungochani (Robinson 2000) Mune gore re2003, kuongororwa kwemuenzaniso wevaLondoners vakawana kuti ngochani ine mwero wakaderera we2D: 4D ichienzaniswa nevarume vasiri ngochani (Rahman xnumx), nepo zvimwe zviviri zvidzidzo zvema samples kubva kuCalifornia nekuTexas zvakaratidza kukosha kwepamusoro kwe2D: 4D yeungochani (Lippa xnumx; McFadden 2002) Mu2003, kuongororwa kwakaitwa kweavanomwe vevakadzi vemapatya e-monozygotic, mune vaviri vaviri vaviri mapatya aive neanofarira zvengochani, uye mapfumbamwe mashanu evanadzi vemapatya e-monozygotic umo vaviri vaviri vaifarira zvebonde.Hall 2003) Mumapatya maviri mapatya ane mhando dzakasiyana dzekukwezva zvepabonde, mune vanhu vanozviti ivo ngochani, chiyero 2D: 4D yakanga yakadzikira zvakanyanya kupfuura iya yemapatya avo, apo mapatya e concordant haana kuwana chero mutsauko. Vanyori vakagumisa kuti mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti "huwandu hwakaderera hwe2D: 4D ndiyo mhedzisiro yemusiyano mumamiriro ekunze." Uye pakupedzisira, mugore re2005, semhedzisiro yekuongororwa kwehuwandu uhwo 2D: 4D mune yeAustria sampuli yevanhurume vanoita zvengochani uye 95 vasiri ngochani, zvakaonekwa kuti zviratidzo 79D: 2D mune varume vasiri ngochani.Voracek 2005) Mushure mekutarisisa ongororo dzinoverengeka yehunhu uhu, vanyori vanogumisa kuti "data rakawanda rinodiwa kuti ugone kupedzisa uine chivimbo kana paine hukama pakati pehuwandu 2D: 4D uye hunhu hwepabonde mune varume, zvichienderana nekusiyana kwemadzinza."

Ziso kupenya

Mu2003, boka revaongorori veChirungu rakazivisa kuti vakawana "humbowo hutsva hunopa kuti chishuvo chebonde chiri nekuda kwehunhu hweuropi hwomunhu" (Rahman xnumx) Katsi Rahman nevanyori pamwe navo vakati vakawana mutsauko mukuita nekukurumidza - kupenya maziso - mukupindura kurira kukuru. Vanyori vakaona kuti vakadzi vane zvishoma zvakanzi "Pre-pulse inhibition" (PPI) - kuderera kwemhinduro mumuviri wemumuviri kukurudzira, pamberi pekusasimba kwekutanga kusimudzira.¹⁰... Ndokunge, vakadzi vaibhenekera nekukurumidza kupfuura varume, uye vakadzi vane bonde-imwechete vanofarira vanonoka zvishoma kupfuura vakadzi vasiri ngochani. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti, kutanga, vanyori vakaita chidzidzo muboka diki rezvidzidzo, uye chechipiri, havana kuwana mutsauko pakati pevane ngochani nevasiri ngochani varume. Zvisinei, vanyori vakasarudza kuti mhedzisiro yavo inoratidza kuti ungochani chiitiko chekuzvarwa. Zvakangodaro, ivo vaongorori zvisinei vakaita kusagadzikana kwakawanda: vakaona kuti mubvunzo wekuti misiyano yakawanikwa ndeyekuda kwekukwezva pabonde kana mhedzisiro yehunhu hwepabonde unoramba usati wagadziriswa. Ivo vakanongedzera: "... iyo neuroanatomical uye neurophysiological misiyano pakati pevane mitezo yevanhurume nevanhukadzi uye ngochani inogona kuve nekuda kwezvingave zvehupenyu kana simba rekudzidza ...". Dr.Halstead Harrison weUniversity yeWashington vakaongorora chidzidzo ichi ndokucherechedza chakakosha chakakosha senge diki diki remapoka ebvunzo (vakadzi gumi nevanhurume vane ngochani uye vakadzi gumi nevasere, 14 varume vanoita ngochani nevarume gumi nemashanu). "Harrison akapedzisa achiti:" Rahman et al. Haana kupa humbowo hwakajeka hwekutsigira mhedziso yekuti vakadzi vaneungochani vanoratidzira paramita dzePPI dzakafanana nedzevarume. "Harrison xnumx) Harrison akabvunzawo nezvekubvumikidzika kwehurongwa hwenhamba.

Iwo iwo mapatya akurukurwa pamusoro apa anogona kujekesa huwandu hwepesvedzero yemahomoni evakadzi, sezvo panguva yekukura kwemukati, kufanana uye mapatya akafanana anosangana nemhedzisiro yavo nenzira imwechete. Zviratidzo zvisina kusimba zve concordance mune mapatya zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti mahormone eprenatal sema genetic factor haatori chinhanho mukugadzira chishuwo chebonde. Kumwe kuyedza kutsvaga kwehomoni zvinhu zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya chishuwo chebonde kwave kuitawo zvisingaenzaniswi, uye kukosha kwezvemhedzisiro yavo hazvisati zvanzwisiswa.

Zvinokonzeresa kushushikana kwemimba

Mu1983, Gunther Dörner et al akaita chidzidzo chekugadzira chinongedzo pakati pekunetseka kwevatezvara panguva yekuzvitakura uye nekuzotevera kuzvizivikanwa kwepabonde kwevana vavo. Vakabvunzana nevanhu mazana maviri nezve zviitiko zvinogona kukonzera kushushikana mukati maamai vavo panguva yekuzvitakura - ndiko kuti, iyo intrauterine kuvandudza kwevakabvunzwa ivo pachavo (Dörner 1983) Zvizhinji zvezvakaitika zvakanangana neyekupedzisira kweHondo Yenyika yechipiri. Pavarume vakashuma kuti vanaamai vavo vakasangana nepamoyo panguva yekuzvitakura, 65% vaive ngochani, 25% vaive bisexual, uye 10% vaive murume nemukadzi. Nekudaro, muzvidzidzo zvakazotevera, zvingave zvidiki zvidiki zvakabatana kana kusavapo kwemaonero akakosha akacherechedzwa (Ellis 1988) Mu2002, mushure mekuita ongororo yehukama hwepakati pebonde drive uye kushushikana kwepamuviri panguva yechipiri neyechitatu, vatatu pamwe nevamwe vakawana kuti kushushikana panguva yekuzvitakura yaingova "hukama" nehunhu hwevanasikana vavo pazera remwedzi ye42 uye hapana hukama chero chinhu ”kune hunowanzoita hukadzi hunhu hwevanakomana vavo (Hines xnumx).

Chikamu Chechitatu: Kusagadzikana Kwemagetsi?

Hombe Kubata Mhedzisiro

"Zvinoitwa nemukuru" (ESB) kana "mabudiro ehurongwa hwekuzvarwa kwehama"¹¹ - izwi iri rakakurudzirwa nevanoongorora veCanada-America vanonzi Ray Blanchard naAnthony Bogert - zviri maererano nekumwe kuongorora, tichienzanisa nevarume vanoita zvepabonde, vanoita zvevanhurume ngochani, ngochani nevanobata chibharo vane hama dzakura, asi kwete hanzvadzi dzakura (Blanchard 1996; Bogaert 1997; Blanchard 1998; Lalumiere 1998; Blanchard 2000; Cote xnumx; MacCulloch 2004; Blanchard 2018).

Parizvino, kuchine hurukuro yakavhurika nezvekuti (1) ingave iyo ESB iripo zvechokwadi, uye (2) kana iripo, ingave iine bonde kana yekushamwaridzana (Zietsch 2018; Gavrilets 2017; Whitehead 2018).

Pasinei nemhedzisiro inopokana mumunda weESB uye nezvikonzero zvayo, vamwe vaongorori neveruzhinji, vachiedza kutsvaga zvikonzero zvehupenyu zvehungochani, vakagamuchira zvakajeka tsananguro yebhaibheri yeESB zvekuti vakabvisa zvachose chero imwe tsananguro inobvira (simba rekurerwa, nezvimwe, nezvimwewo). .).

⚡️2023 kuwedzera:
Masayendisiti kubva kuDhipatimendi rePsychology paYunivhesiti yeVienna akaita masvomhu kugadzirisa data pane yakakura mukoma maitiro. Vakagumisa kuti, kana vakaongororwa zvakanaka, hukama chaihwo pakati pechiverengero chehama dzakura uye hunhu hweungochani hudiki, hwakasiyana-siyana muhukuru, uye sezviri pachena husina kunangana nevarume. Uyezve, humbowo hwesainzi huripo kuwedzeredza nekuda kwemigumisiro yezvidzidzo zviduku.

Vilsmeier JK, Kossmeier M, Voracek M, Tran US. 2023. The fraternal birth-order effect sechiverengero artefact: convergent evidence from probability calculus, simulated data, uye multiverse meta-analysis. Peer J 11:e15623 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15623

Zvakaipa zveiyo ESB hypothesis

ESB haisi iyo axiom isina mamiriro, chokwadi chekuvapo kwayo inyaya yekuenderera mberi kwekukurukurirana kwesainzi nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda.

Chekutanga, maitiro aya haawonekwe mune zvese zvidzidzo. Brendan P. Zietsch akacherekedza kuti vatsigiri ve ESB hypothesis vanosanganisira mukuongorora kwavo chete mhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvakaburitswa zvinoenderana nemazano avo, uye nekuregeredza zvidzidzo, tsambanhau, dissertations, zviratidziro pamisangano umo ESB isingawanikwe (Zietsch 2018) Iri dambudziko rakanyanya kukoshesa, zvakapihwa kuti mumatanhatu manomwe akajeka akafanana emasampula, ESB haina kusimbiswa (Bearman 2002; Bogaert 2005, 2010; Francis xnumx; Frisch xnumx; Zietsch 2012) Iyo LGBT + muratidziri, ambotaurwa pamusoro apa, weSimon LeVay kufamba, mune rake basa zvakare rinopa tarisiro yezvidzidzo umo ESB haina kuwanikwa (LeVay 2016).

Kechipiri, izvo zvidzidzo izvo ESB zvakaonekwa zvakavakirwa pane yakasarudzika sampling maitiro. Vatsigiri ve ESB hypothesis vanoshandisa maitiro akadai ekuongororwa kwehuwandu kunotungamira kusabvisirwa zvese zviripo zvema sampabilistic samples (i.e., iwo samples dzakasarudzika zvisina tsanangudzo zvine chekuita neyakazvimirira yakazvimirira - kukwezva zvepabonde mune ino nyaya). Izvi zvinoreva kuti iyo meta-kuongorora inosanganisira iwo chete masampuli ayo chikamu chevasina ungochani chakafanana neyakagoverwa yeungochani mune ruzhinji uwandu (semuenzaniso, samples kubva kuBlanchard kuongororwa kwe2018 yegore rine paavhareji 51% yeungochani, vachiri muhuwandu hwevavo, maererano nezvakasiyana zvinyorwa, iyo yakakwira ndeye 2 - 3%). Muchiitiko chemasampula akadai asiri erandom, njodzi yekusarudza ungochani uye mapoka evanhurume nevanhukadzi anowedzera, izvo zvinosiyana kwete mukufembera. Iyo Blanchard 1 tafura 2018 inoratidza kuti yakawanda yemasampuleti akaiswa mune meta-ongororo anotorwa kubva kune vanhu vasingamiriri zvakanyanya: vapari vepabonde, transgender vanhu, pedophiles, psychopaths, nezvimwe .. Zvinokosha kuti hapana rimwe rematambudziko ekusarudzwa kwemuenzaniso rakakurukurwa muchinyorwa. Pane kusapindirana, maitiro aBlanchard akaisirwa munzira iyo ikasabvisa zvidzidzo zvakakura aine masampuli ekufungidzira (umo ESB isina kuvimbiswa). Iyo heterogeneity yakakura yehukuru hwemhedzisiro pakati pezvidzidzo zvega zvega mune meta-ongororo inoratidza kuti chokwadi mashandiro akasarudzwa mapoka ekudzidza ane pesvedzero huru kuESB. Izvi zvinowedzera mikana yekuti maficha emuenzaniso anogadzira ESB, kunyanya uchifunga kuti iwo makuru samples samples haaratidze ESB zvachose.

Yetatu, rimwe dambudziko rekufunga nderekuti nzira dzekuongorora dzekutsvaga ma ESB dzinoratidzika kunge dzakasarudzika uye dzakanangana nekuda kuona maitiro aunoda. Semuenzaniso, vamwe vaongorori vakashandisa nzira imwechete yekubvunzira kuyera mhedzisiro (i.e., Bogaert 2005; Poasa 2004; Purcell 2000) kana kududzira zvawanikwa nevamwe vaongorori vasina kunyatsoona ESB yakakosha, vachiti bvunzo dzeimwe chete dzinofanira kunge dzakashandiswa (Blanchard 2015) - kunyangwe zvichizivikanwa kuti bvunzo-one-nzira dzinogona kushandiswa chete muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitika izvo zvisingaenderane nemamiriro e meta-kuongorora (Lombardi xnumx) Wotsvaga Bartlett anonyora zvinotevera:

"… Tichifunga nezvekushomeka kwevanhurume vanoita zvechingochani muhuwandu, zvinonetsa kuwana mapoka akaenzana evarume vanoita ungochani nevarume vanoita zvepabonde pachidzidzo ichi. Iyo sampling yeungochani uye heterosexourse kubva kune vanhu vane akasiyana mhuri saizi inokonzeresa dambudziko kuyera ESB. Iko mukana wekuti chidzidzo chiwane chinokatyamadza nemarudzi ese ehama, kwete hama dzakura chete, chinowedzera kana ngochani kubva kumhuri hombe dzakasarudzwa mumuenzaniso, nepo mhedzisiro yacho ikanyangarika kana varume vanoita zvepabonde vanobva kumhuri hombe vakasarudzwa mumuenzaniso. ... "(Bartlett xnumx).

Chechina, ESB yakavakirwa chete pane zvawanikwa pakuongorora. Iko kuongororwa kwekugadziridzwa chaiko kwakafanana nekutariswa kwechikonzero chiri kugadzira kuwirirana uku. Chero chero hukama hunodawo tsanangudzo yemakaniki yezvisina kuzadzikiswa (Gavrilets 2017).

Chechishanu, ESB haisi yepasirese. ESB haigone kutsanangura ungochani muvanhurume vasina hama dzakura, kana kugona kutsanangura kushomeka kweungochani muhama vadiki vane hama yakura yeungochani, havakwanisi kutsanangura kusawirirana kwekuda kurara pakati pehama¹². ESB haina kuitika mu bisexual men. Kukwezva kweBisexual kunogona kunzwisiswa sekukwezva kwepabonde kune vese vari vaviri uye kune mumwe wako pabonde, saka, mukati mehurongwa hwe ESB paradigm, varume vane bisexual varume vanofanirwa kunge vaine ESB shoma pane varume vanoita zveungochani, asi vanopfuura varume. Zvisinei mune kudzidza Bogaert (2006) ESB yaive yakafanana kune vanoita bisexual uye ngochani. McConaghy nevamwe vake (2006) vakaita ongororo ye ESB mu "vanonyanya kuita hupombwe" (vanhu vane maitiro mashoma ezvebonde) kana ichienzaniswa neboka rinodzora reanopokana. ESB yakaonekwa kune vese varume nevakadzi. Uye zvakare, mhedzisiro yechikuru hanzvadzi yakaonekwawo muvarume, kunyange isina kusimba. Sekureva kwevanyori, mhedzisiro yavo inoratidza kuti izvo zvipenyu zvinokonzeresa ESB hazvipfuure munharaunda. Izvo zvinofungidzirwa kuti ESB hypothesis inotsanangudza chete 17% yehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwekukwezva ungochani uye mune varume chete (Cantor xnumx) ESB haitsanangure zvido zveungochani muvakadzi. Vanotsigira ESB hypothesis vakaedza kakawanda kuwana maitiro aya muvakadzi vane zvido zveungochani, asi vasina zvawawana (Blanchard 2004).

Yechitanhatu, ESB haishande mune chaiwo etsika-dzinza dzinofungidzira mhando. Kufunga kuvepo kwe ESB, maererano neparadigm yavo, munhu anogona kufanotaura (muenzaniso sekureva Bogaert 2004) kuti kuwanda kwevarume vane zvido zveungochani kunoonekwa mu: (a) mhuri dzechitendero, umo mukana wehuwandu hwevana wakakwira; (c) Tsika dzekuMabvazuva nedzechiMuslim, mutsika vanosarudzika nemhuri hombe; uye kuwedzera kwakadzika - munharaunda dzekuMadokero nehupenyu hwakawandisa hwehupenyu, umo huwandu hwekuzvarwa hwakaderera zvakanyanya kuEuropean nzanga (Caldwell 1997) Chimiro chakafanana, kuzviisa zvinyoro, hazvipindirani nezvazvino

ESB hypotheses

Pane fungidziro dzinoverengeka dzinotsanangura iyo ESB inowanikwa mune zvimwe zvidzidzo (James xnumx), pakati pavo maviri makuru anokwanisa kusiyanisa: (1) biological prenatal exposed (maternal immunization hypothesis) uye (2) yemagariro epfungwa yepfungwa yepamberi (kuratidzwa kwemamiriro ekunze). Pazasi isu tichaongorora mafungiro maviri aya.

Matano ekudzivirira hypothesis

Blanchard naBogert, sehwaro hwokuzvarwa nahwo ESB, vakaisa fungidziro yekusabatana kwevakadzi, iyo yaive yekuti immune system yemukadzi inofungidzirwa kuti inogona kugadzira ma antibodies kune mamwe ma "antigenti" echirume, uye anofungidzirwa kuti ma "antibodies" anounganidza nenhumbu imwe neimwe inotevera neiyo fetus yechirume. kuwedzera njodzi ye intrauterine immune kukuvara kwemumwe neumwe anotevera mukomana (Blanchard 1996) Fungidziro yemakakatanwa ekudzivirirwa kwevakadzi ari kuedza kutsanangudza kusimudzira kwesarudzo dzehumhandara nemukomana nekufananidza nhumbu yeRh.Bogaert 2011).

Rhesus-kurwiswa kwepamuviri imamiriro epfungwa anokonzerwa nekuvapo mu "fetus" yejenenzi inonyudza protein yakanangana nemasero eropa uye kusavapo kweiyo gene muna amai (ndokuti amai mune uyu muenzaniso ndi Rh-negative uye fetus ndeye Rh-positive). Munguva yekuzvitakura kwekutanga kwaamai vemuRh-negative vane Rh-positive fetus, masero emwana "fetus" anopinda muropa raamai uye anokonzeresa kudzivirirwa - kugadzirwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira masero eropa. Mune nhumbu dzinotevera muna mai ava vane Rh-positive fetus, ma antibodies kubva muropa raamai vanozopinda mukati meropa uye vanoparadza maseru matsvuku eropa, zvichikonzera hemolysis uye kuyerera panguva yekuzvarwa. Ndokusaka ma-obstetrician-gynecologists anodzora chimiro cheRi amai vane pamuviri uye baba vemwana.

Iyo Blanchard neBogert hypothesis yakavakirwa pamisimbwa yakafanana neRh-kurwara kwepamuviri. Muchiitiko ichi, chinhu chinokonzera kuumbwa kwemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere (Rh positivity mumuenzaniso uri pamusoro) kuvapo kweiyo yekutamba chromosome, ndiko kuti, murume pabonde remurume ari mudumbu. Iyo Y chromosome inovhara kuumbwa kwemapuroteni uye mahormone ari mu fetus rechirume (asi kwete mumukadzi!) Akatotangira matanho ekutanga eumburos. Zvinoenderana nefungidziro yakurukurwa, zvikamu zve "fetus" fetus zvinopinda muropa raamai zvobva zvaita kuti masoja ekudzivirira chirwere, anofungidzirwa kuti, panguva yekuzvitakura nemucheche wechirume, ayambuke gomarara repfungwa, opinda muuropi hwepamuviri uye orwisa dzimwe nhengo dzetsinga dzine "antigen men" ", Zvakakombama kudzivirira kukura kweiyo embryonic brain" nerudzi rwechirume ", semhedzisiro iyo mukomana akazvarwa aine" uropi hwechikadzi "uye vanofungidzirwa kuva ngochani kana transgender. Kuroora kwemimba kunowedzera pamwe nepamuviri mutsva nepamuviri wevanhurume, nekudaro, mukana wekuti kutsauka zvinonzi unowedzera pamwe nehama imwe neimwe yakura.

Zvinoenderana nefungidziro yeBlanchard naBogert, kusimbiswa kwekukanganisika kwemuviri kuradzika kwehuremu kuderera kwehuremu hwemuviri pakuzvara muvanhurume varume vane varume vakura.

Zvakaipa zveiyo maternal immunization hypothesis

William H. James (2004) nekuongorora zvakadzama, izvo zvinangwa zvekufungidzira kwekuzvidzivirira kwevakadzi.

Chekutanga, fungidziro yekuti panguva yekuzvitakura amai vanochengetwa chete neachero hutachiona hweiyo fetus yemurume, asi kwete mukadzi - kuiisa zvinyoro-nyoro, zvinofungidzira. Vanaamai vanokwanisa kuita kudzivirira kwemuviri kumwana "," murume nemukadzi "," kwete ma "anti antijeni", asi chaiwo iwo baba vane kudzivirazve mumuviri munezviitiko izvi, uye nzira dzakadai dzinoverengeka zvakanaka (Madhiri xnumx) Matanho matatu akadaro anowanzoitika: (a) iyo yambotaurwa RCH, mune "fetus" maseru matsvuku eropa anokanganiswa, ayo ane yakanaka Rh chinhu pane yavo, frequency 10 - 20%; (b) alloimmune thrombocytopenia yevachangoberekwa inokanganisa maplatelet, frequency 4% kana 12%, kana mafomu asymptomatic akatorwawo achifungwa (Turner 2005); neutropenia yevachangozvarwa, inokanganisa neutrophils, frequency 4% (Han 2006) Muzviitiko zvese izvi, maantigents ndeemunhu mumwechete baba, kwete murume akajairika. Vanokura kune vanotevera vana ve chero murume kana mukadzi kubva kuna baba mumwe chete. Izvi zvinokanganisa nhengo dzeropa (uye kwete dzimwe nhengo uye muswe) panguva yekubatana kweropa remwana (umbilical tambo, placenta, nezvimwewo) nehutachiona hwemuviri (nekuda kwekunetseka kune nhengo dzekunze dze nhengo, yemukati yemukati wechibereko, nezvimwewo panguva yekuzvara mwana.

Masystem ealloimmune ma antibodies anonzi anopinda mukaka waamai, senge chero mamwe ma antibodies (Gasparoni xnumx), semuenzaniso, alloimmune matumbu ehutachiona kuR Rh factor, iyo inopinda mukaka waamai, inogona kutungamira kuchirwere chehemolytic chemucheche (Doro 1975) Nenzira imwecheteyo, zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti mukaka une hypothetical antibodies kurwisa "vanhurume maantigenita" haugone kubvumidzwa zvakanaka nehama dzepamberi, izvo zvichizotungamira kumatambudziko ekuyamwisa uye kutanga kwayo kurasa, pamwe neallergic colitis. Nekudaro, kuongororwa kwemabhuku ekurapa anopa mufananidzo wakapesana zvachose: iyo yekuzvarwa haina hukama nenguva yekuyamwisa kana kazhinji inogarisana zvakanaka nayo (Martin 2002) Iyo frequency yeallergic colitis mune vachangozvarwa inotangira ku0,01% kusvika ku7,5% (Hildebrand xnumx; Pumberger xnumx; Xanthakos 2005), nepo vatsva vevasikana vaviri vari kukanganiswa. Zvakare zvinosanganisirwa muhuwandu izvi maitiro emukaka wemombe.

Tinodzokorora kuti kubva pamhedzisiro yekushanduka-shanduka, intrauterine immunogenicity yemurume fetus haina musoro kuna amai. Phylogeneis yemunhu senge mamalia inogara mamirioni mazhinji emakore. Sei kwenguva yakareba kudaro mumuviri wemunhu isina kugadzira nzira dzinoshanda dzekudzivirira zvakadhura kubva pachinangwa chekuona kwekushanduka kwemhinduro dzomuviri? Hypothetical immune system yemuviri wemunhukadzi panguva yekushanduka-shanduka uye isingadzivisike muviri wechikadzi une hutano sekuita nhumbu nemurume wechirume, iyo inokonzeresa 50% yezvese nhumbu, zvinogona kutungamira kune kusakosha kwepabonde uye matambudziko ekushanduka. Phylogenesis inogara ichitungamira mukusarudzwa uye kuchengetedzwa kwakanyanya kunaka kwemaitiro. Semuenzaniso, pane humbowo hwakakosha hwekuti kusarudzwa kwemurume wemurume kunosangana neye histocompatibility tata (GCS) (Chaix 2008; Millinski 2006; Wedekind xnumx), ndiko kuti, pane phylogenetic level, mhando dzemhando dzakarongedzwa zvakanyanya kuwedzera kuwedzera kusiana pane iyo GCS uye kuwedzera kugona kwevana (Williams 2012; Guleria 2007).

Kudzivirira kwakeBogaert 2011), inotungamira kuchirwere chehemolytic chemucheche - unofungidzirwa kuti chiitiko ichi (panjodzi inenge iri 15% yehuwandu (Izetbegovic 2013)) haina kunyangarika panguva yekushanduka. Nekudaro, zvinofanirwa kutakurwa mupfungwa kuti kuwanda kweFC munguva yakapfuura yevanhu serudzi yaive yakaderera zvakanyanya. Parizvino chikamu, chakadai chekushanduka-shanduka sekuvhiringidzika kwevanhu chinocherechedzwa, saka hazviratidzika kunge zvinokatyamadza kuti masisitimu ekudzivirira kurwisana kweRhesus haasati atanga. Nekuvandudzika kwekutapurirana, vanhu vakasangana nechinhu chakadai chaive chisipo sekusarongeka kwekudzivirirwa kwemuviri (munenge 100% yevanogamuchira), hazvishamise kuti vanhu havana maitiro emasikirwo ekudzvinyirira kwavo. Muchiitiko cheRCH uye kutapudza kuramba maitiro kune munhu sechigadzirwa, hapana nguva yakawanda yapfuura yekuvandudzwa kwematanho ekumanikidza¹³. Kune rimwe divi, kuchengetedza kwakasimba kwekusadzivirira kwekusakwana kweanamai ne 50% yevana vavo kwaizove kunoshamisa.

Kazhinji, zvinoita sekusahadzika kuti pane zvimwe zvinhu kana zvinhu zvemucheche wechirume zvine antigenic zvinhu zvakanangana nemurume chete. Testosterone yemahara, yekusangana kwehomoni-inosunga globulin kana cell membrane androgen receptor, haina kudzivirirwa-inoshanda kuna amai nekuti vese varipo mumuviri wechikadzi.

Kechipiri, fungidziro yekuti hutachiona hwevakadzi hutachiona hunokanganisa pfungwa dze fetus yechirume (zvichitungamira ku "feminization"), asi panguva imwecheteyo ivo havatyori chero humwe hunhu hwehuropi uye hahunzokanganisa ma testicles (ane zvimwe zvakawanda zvigadzirwa zveY-chromosome genes - - ndeyokuisa zvinyoro-nyoro, kupokana.

Kana, chokwadi, kupindirana kwemuviri kwakaitika kubva ku "anti antijeni", zvino hutachiona hwehutachiona hwepamuviri hwaizonyanya uye zvakanyanya panguva imwechete hunokanganisa ma testes, ane "antigen" murume kupfuura uropi. Vazhinji majini-akanangana mainini anozivikanwa (i.e., ari pane Y chromosome) (Ginalksi xnumx) Kutaura kweaya majini - ndiko kuti, kuverenga kwemashoko uye maumbirwo emapuroteni nezvimiro - kunoitika kwete chete uye kwete zvakanyanya muuropi, asi kunyanya mumayesero, ayo anozove ari iwo chinangwa ekutanga e "anti-murume" chaiwo kurwisa hutachiona, uye kwete uropi. (Ginalksi xnumx) Mune varume vanoita ngochani, kuwanda kwe testicular pathologies kwaizoonekwa: hypospadias, cryptorchidism, testicular cancer, nezvimwe, zvisinei, zvisinei nekubatana kwe testicular kusagadzikana neungochani kana ESB yakawanikwa (Pierik xnumx; Flannery xnumx) Uyezve, zvinonakidza kuziva kuti varume vane hypospadias, kunyangwe yakaderera testosterone mazinga panguva yekubereka, vane zvishoma zvakakwirira zvehurombo hwepfungwa (Sandberg 1995) Izvo zvaizotarisirwa zvakare kuti muvanhu vane hunhu hwechingochani, kuyaruka kunozoitika mushure mezvirwere zvemuviri zvekurwara, zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvakakura hazvina kuratidza musiyano pazera rekuyaruka zvichienderana nezvavanofarira pabonde.Savin-Williams 2006).

Uye zvakare, kupinda kweiyo hypothetical maternal antibodies kuburikidza neropa mukati me fetus uropi haigoneke nekuda kweRopa-brain barriers (BBB), iyo inoumbwa kare pa 4-th svondo rekuzvitakura (Zusman 2004) Masoja ekudzivirira chirwere anokwanisa kukunda BBB chete aine zvakakomba pathologies zvekupedzisira - nekutyora kwemabasa ekudzivirira, izvo zvinotungamira kukukanganisa kwakakura kwemutsipa kune uropi. Nekudaro, kana fetus BBB iri mumamiriro akajairwa, saka kunyangwe kukanganiswa kwemuviri wesystem yehutachiona hakuitungamiri kune neurological pathologies yemucheche mutsva - BBB inodzivirira ma antibodies. Mune chidzidzo chakakura chakafukidza iyo 17 283 vaviri yaamai vane vana, hapana hukama hwakawanikwa pakati pekuwedzera kubereka kweanamai uye chirwere cheperezi, kudzoka kwepfungwa, kushushikana, nezvimwe. (Flannery xnumx).

Zvakare, fungidziro yekuti hypothetical antibodies inokuvadza uropi nenzira zvekuti inoita kuti yayo feminization isatendeseke. Padanho rekumbundana, hutachiona hwekwakasiyana muuropi hunobuditswa pachena, uye yekupedzisira morphofunctional kuumbwa kwehuropi, zvichienderana nebonde, kunoitika panguva yekuyaruka, apo hunhu hwekuzvidzivirira mumuviri husingaiti (Lenroot 2007; Paus xnumx) Pfungwa chaiyo yekuvapo muuropi hwehuropi hwesangano rezvisikwa rine humwe hwepabonde hunofungidzika uye harisati ramboratidzwa zvinogutsa (Lauterbach 2001; Nunez 2003) MRI scans yakaratidza chete isingakoshi yehuwandu hwehuwandu kwete kusiyana dichotomous musiyano muuropi hwekuumbwa kwevachangozvarwa, nemitambo yakakosha pakati pevakadzi.Zanin xnumx; Mitter 2015).

Zvinoenderana nefungidziro iyi, isu tinotarisira kuti ngochani nehama dzakura, dzine "hukadzi" uropi, zvichave zvechero chiitiko chekufarira zvevakadzi nezvimiro, nekuti zvinofungidzira chaizvo kutenda kuti "demaskulinization" yeuropi ichangokanganisa zvido zvemurume zvevakomana. hunhu hwechirume chaihwo. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti mune zvimwe zvidzidzo, kukwezva-kurara kwevanhukadzi muvakuru kunoenderana neakawanda e "mukadzi" zvigadzirwa zveuropi, asi kukura kwehuropi, maererano nehukuru uye basa, kunoitika kunyanya mushure mekuzvarwa, uye nekudaro zvimiro zvakadaro, sekureva kwevanyori ivo pachavo, mhedzisiro yekuzvara. ruzivo, kwete zvinhu zvevabereki. Tsvagurudzo yaBogaert et al.2003; 2005); Kishida et al.2015); Semenyna et al. (2017) haina kuburitsa kuwirirana pakati peESB uye kuomarara kwezviratidzo zvechikadzi mune varume.

Yetatu, hukama huri pakati peiyo hypothetical intrauterine immune lesion, huwandu hwehama dzakura, kukwezva ngochani uye kuderedza uremu pakuzvara ndiko kutaura zvishoma.

Seuchapupu hwekurwiswa kwakawanda kwemuviri, vanotsigira ESB hypothesis uye kukuvara kwemuviri kunoreva data rekuti varume vane hama dzakura vaive nehuremu hwakadzika hwekuzvarwa (Blanchard 2001) Iko kuderera kwehuremu hwemuviri pakuzvarwa muvakomana vane hama dzakura, mune zvidzidzo zveBlanchard zvaive nezve 170 gramu (5% yehuremu hwemuviri) (Blanchard 2001) Zvinoenderana nefungidziro iri kutaurwa, kuderera kwakafanana kunofanirwa kucherechedzwa kwevakomana vane zvido zveungochani vane hama dzakura, uye havafanirwe kucherechedzwa muvasikana. Nekudaro, izvi hazvina kudaro - mune yekuongororwa kweNorway iyo yakaongorora hukama hwe hypothetical yemhinduro dzekudzivirira uye kuderedza uremu pakuzvara, 181 000 nyaya dzekuzvarwa dzakadzidzwa, uye kurasikirwa uremu pakuzvarwa kunoonekwa mune vese vasikana nevakomana (Magnus 1985) Zvakare, iyo hypothetical "hombe mukoma athari" yakaonekwa kune vese vakomana uye yaive yakanyanya kuderera - 0,6%, yakaratidzirwa mumusiyano we20 ± 4,5 magiramu zvine huremera hwehuremu hwekuzvarwa mu 3 500 gramu (Magnus 1985).

Zvinoenderana neizvi data, basa rezvirwere zvemuviri zvakawandisa mukuderedza huremu zvinoita senge risina chokwadi Zvinokosha kuziva kuti Magnus nevamwe pamwe navo mukudzidza kwavo vakanzverawo mabudiro ehutachiona hwehutachiona pamusoro pehuremu hwevachangozvara - mune iyi nyaya yakataurwa kuti kana kuderedza uremu kunokonzerwa nemasoja ekudzivirira chirwere mumuviri kune maatrogen antigen, zvichacherechedzwa mune vese vakomana nevasikana .. Magnus uye vamwe vakafunda huwandu hwevana vevasikana vaviri panguva yekuzvarwa vanaamai vakapinda muwanano nyowani ndokuzvara vana vatsva - kana huremu hwacho hwaikonzerwa nemhinduro dzehutachiona, huremu hwekuzvarwa muvana veumwe murume hwaifanira kunge hwaive Kudzokera kune yakajairwa zviratidzo zvekutanga, sezvo vamwe baba vari vatakuri vema antirogen uye inofambira mberi immune system inofanirwa kuti kuunganidzwa kwehutachiona hwehutachiona (nhumbu dzinoverengeka)Magnus 1985) Nekudaro, uremu hwemuviri pakazvarwa kwevana kubva kune vamwe baba hwakaramba hwakaderedzwa, uye vanyori vakagumisa kuti hukama hwehumwe hwekuchengetedza hutachiona nekudzikira kwehuremu hwemuviri pakuzvarwa hahuna kusimbiswa muyenzaniso yavo (Magnus 1985).

Icho chinokonzeresa uremu pakuzvarwa chingave: (a) prematurity; (b) kushomeka kwenzvimbo; (c) maternal autoimmune chirwere, semuenzaniso, systemic lupus erythematosus (inosanganiswa nehuwandu hwezvakazvarwa zvinowanikwa pakuzvarwa); (d) yakaoma ye pathologies yakabatana ne testicular kusagadzikana. Hapana chimwe chezvataurwa pamusoro apa chakazivikanwa kune varume ngochani vane hama dzakura.

Hukama hwekudzikira uremu pakubarwa nemhinduro dzezvemuviri hauna kujekeswa uye inoramba iri nyaya yekufungidzira zvakanyanya. Zvinoenderana na James (2006) kuderedzwa kwakadzika kwehuremu hwemuviri pakuzvara kungave kuri nekuda kwesimba re testosterone (Manikkam 2004) Uye zvakare, yakawedzera huwandu hwe testosterone mumuviri wechikadzi inosanganiswa nekwakawedzera mukana wekubereka mukomana (James xnumx; James 2004b) Blanchard, mukugadzira hypothesis yake mumhando yehuchapupu hunotsigira, akataura nezve kudzidza Gualtieri and Hick (1985)uyo akataura kuti chikamu chebonde chevana vanozvarwa chiri kuchinjika kuenda kumunhukadzi pabonde zvichienderana nenhamba yevana (nemamwe mazwi, vana vakanyanya kuberekwa mumhuri, zvishoma mukomana anogona kuberekwa). Nekudaro, pakange paine chikanganiso chedudziro muchidzidzo ichi (ona James xnumx, peji. 52; James xnumx) Mukupesana, izvo zviviri zvikuru zvidzidzo: kuongororwa kwe 4 mamirioni akazvarwa muFrance (James xnumx) uye 150 zviuru zvekuzvarwa muUSA (Ben-porati xnumx) akaburitsa pachena kuti mukana wekubereka mukomana unowedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehama dzakura uye hunoderera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehanzvadzi dzakura, zvinopesana neESB. Biggar et al. (1999) Kubva pane iyi data, takaongorora kuongororwa kwe1,4 yemiriyoni imwe yekuzvarwa uye tikawona kuti mukana wekuva nemukomana unowedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehama dzakura.

Chechina, fungidziro yekuti mukomana wekutanga wemhuri mumhuri haafanire kuve ngochani uye, nekudaro, njodzi yekukura kwavo inowedzera nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwehama dzakura, ndiko kuti, kuriisa zvinyoro-nyoro, kufungidzira.

Havasi varume vese vanoita ngochani vane hama dzakura, kune rumwe rutivi, dzimwe hama dzakura kana vakomana chete mumhuri ndivo ngochani. Vatsigiri vefungidziro iyi vanoisa pamberi pekupokana kuti amai vevarume vakadai vanofunga kuti vakabvisa nhumbu dzeanhurume dzekusvika vasati vazvara, izvo zvakakonzeresa hutachiona hwekuzvidzivirira. Kuwanda kwevakaroorana vane vanobvisa nhumbu kubvisa 1%; munenge hafu yezvinoitika, fetus ine yakajairika karyotype, ndiko kuti, inogona kufungidzirwa kuti hafu yekubvisa mimba inobviswa neiyo inokonzeresa kutadza kwemuviri (Lee 2000) Nekudaro, ongororo pamusoro pehuwandu hwepabonde huwandu hwehumhanda hunofa semhedzisiro yekubvisa hutumbu inoratidza kuti vanopfuura hafu vaive vechikadzi: muwandu wevanhurume / wechikadzi ndi0,76 (Eiben xnumx), 0,71 (Eiben xnumx), 1,03 (Iva xnumx); 0,77 (Smith 1998), 0,77 (Evdokimova 2000), 0,83 (Morikawa xnumx), 0,35 (Halder 2006), 0,09 (Kano xnumx).

Nekune rumwe rutivi, maererano nefungidziro yekudzivirira kwepfungwa, huropi hwemwana wega wega ari mudumbu hunofanirwa kurwiswa nekuwedzeredza kwakanyanya munhumbu dzese dzinotevera, kureva kuti, kunoenderera nekuwedzera "feminization", asi izvi hazvina kudaro. Havasi vese vadiki mukoma wemurume ngochani vane zvido zveungochani. Zvinotifadza, hama dzechidiki dzevarume vane kutyora kwekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi - vane huropi, sekureva kweBlanchard, vanofanirwa "kusimira" - vanokudziridzikaGreen xnumx).

Zvakare, maererano nefungidziro iyi, zvaizotarisirwa kuti hama dzakazvarwa munguva pfupi dzaizotambura nematambudziko akawanda emuviri nekuda kwekuwedzera kurwiswa kweanamai kubva kuna mai, zvisinei, zvakapesana ndezvechokwadi: yekuzvarwa yekuraira inowanzobatanidzwa nekuvandudzika kwete kuora. hutano (Juntunen xnumx; Cardwell xnumx; Sorenson 2005; Richiardi xnumx).

Kwemagariro Kunze Hypothesis Kutsanangura ESB

Vanyori vevakadzi vekuvachinjisa hypothesis ivo pachavo vakataura:

“… Kune, hongu, dzimwe tsananguro dzinogona kuitika pamusoro pehunhu hwehama huru kunze kwekufungidzira kwekudzivirira kwekuzvidzivirira kwaamai. Mhedzisiro inonyanya kufarirwa ndeyekuti kusangana pabonde nevarume vakuru kunowedzera mukana wekuti mukomana ave nekukwezva kweungochani, uye kuti mikana yemukomana yekupindirana kwakadaro inowedzera zvichienderana nenhamba yake, huwandu hwevakoma vake ... "(Ellis 2001).

Wellings uye vamwe pamwe (1994, pp. 204 - 206) yakawana kuti varume vaipinda zvikoro zvevakomana zvebhodhingi vaiwanzokwanisa kutaura chero zvingoochani mukati mehupenyu hwavo kupfuura varume vasina kuenda kuzvikoro zvakadaro, asi pakanga pasina mutsauko mune chikamu vanhu vanoshuma zviitiko zveungochani muhupenyu. ” Blanchard (Ellis 2001) zvinotaurwa kubhuku Wellings uye vaaishanda navo (1994) seuchapupu hwekuti nzvero yemagariro haina basa. Nekudaro, ivo vakadudzira iyi data nenzira inoshamisa. Wellings pane peji 206 inopa grafini inoratidza kuti inenge 1,5% ye7925 varume vasina kuenda kuchikoro che boarding vakataura zvinopfuura chihure chimwe chete mumakore ekupedzisira e5, uye 2% yevarume ve412 vakapinda chikoro. chikoro chebhodhi. Zviripachena, idzi data (saizi yakakura yemapoka) inotaura zvimwe vachifarira nzwisiso yemagariro. Funga nezve zvimwe zvidzidzo zvine chekuita nedzidziso yemagariro.

Blanchard pachake akataura kuti pakati pevanhurume vanohura, vangangoita 25% vaive ngochani (Blanchard 2000b). Iyi ingangoita kakapetwa kagumi chiyero chevanochani pakati pevarume vane zvido zvebonde zvakanangana nevarume vakuru. Izvo zvakataurwa kuti pakati pevarume, ungochani uye zvekupfachura zvine chikonzero chakajairika, uye ichi chikonzero chikonzero chezvepabonde (kana quasi-pabonde) zviitiko vachiri vadiki (James 2004). Zvinoenderana nepfungwa iyi, chiitiko chekutanga cheungochani chinodzvinyirira kuumbwa kwechido chebonde kune vakomana kana vasikana mukukura. Rimafedi (1992) vakawana kuti muvachiri kuyaruka, kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pezvavanoda pabonde kunodzikira nezera

Zvakare, kakawanda zviitiko zvechisimba pabonde muhudiki zvinocherechedzwa pakati pevanhurume pane varume vanoita zvoungochani.Paul 2001; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984); pakanga paine kusangana kwakakosha pakati pechirume kurwiswa kwepabonde uye mhosva yebonde.Glasser 2001); kwakanyanya kuwanda kwehuwandu hwevakuru varume ngochani zvakataurwa zvichikurudzirwa kana kumanikidzwa kuita zvepabonde kusvika kumakore 19 (Cunningham 1994); Kuenzaniswa neboka rekudzora, zviyero zvepamusoro zvekufarira ungochani zvakacherechedzwa mune varume vadiki vakatambudzwa pabonde muudiki (Johnson 1987; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984; Wyre mukati Tate xnumx; Cunningham xnumx; Glasser 2001; Ridza xnumx; Garcia xnumx; Arreola 2005; Beitchman xnumx; Jinich xnumx; Laumann xnumx; Kudakwashe 1997; Paul 2001; Tomeo 2001; Freund xnumx) Zvinogona kugumisa kuti ungochani kufarira, zvisinei nezera rechinhu chinokwezva, chine chinowanzoitika. Zvidzidzo zveBlanchard zvakaratidza kuti SBE inoonekwa zvakare pakati peungochani uye bisexual pedophiles, kureva, vanhu vakadaro vane hama dzakura (Bogaert 1997).

Lee et al. (2002) akaedza kuona kuti ndedzipi dzengozi dzinoverengeka - kushungurudzika mupfungwa kwevacheche, matambudziko ekuzvibata, uye kushungurudzwa kwevechidiki - yakabatana neinotevera: pedophilia, kuratidzira, kushungurudzwa pabonde. Kushungurudzwa kwevana pabonde yaive chinhu chaive mungozi njodzi yeiyo pedophilia. Zvimwe zvinhu zvine chekuita (kushungurudzwa kwepamoyo uye matambudziko ehunhu) aive asina kunyanyo hukama ne pedophilia. Pamusoro pezvo, ukapihwa hukama hwakajeka pakati pekuvapo kwevakomana vanoverengeka vakomana mumhuri uye mukoma, hama dzemukomana dzinofanira kutorwa senzira inogona kutsanangurwa kune yekuzvarwa. Kana imwe hama (kazhinji iyo yakura) ikaratidza hunhu hweungochani, dzimwe hama dzinomhanyisa njodzi yekunyengedzwa kana kubatwa chibharo, izvo zvinogona kugadzirisa zviito zvavo zveungochani (Cameron 1995) Maererano nehuwandu hweBritain, 38% yezviitiko zvechisimba zvepabonde mumhuri zvinoitika kune iyo hama (Cawson xnumx) Maererano nemuongorori Bartlett (2018), kukurukurirana mune yakakurumbira psychology nezve kana hunhu hwevakuru hwakaumbwa zvichienderana nekurairwa kwekuzvarwa kwake inyaya refu ine huwandu hwakakura hwemabhuku esainzi anofukidza zviuru zve mabhuku akaburitswa (Damian xnumxa; Paulhus 2008; Salmon xnumx) Kwemakumi emakore apfuura, kutsvagurudza nyaya iyi kwakavakirwa pane fungidziro yekuti kukwikwidzana pakati pehama nehanzvadzi nekuda kwehunyanzvi hwekutarisirwa nevabereki kunotungamira kuchokwadi chekuti marongero ekuzvarwa kwevana mumhuri anokanganisa hunhu hwega hwevana. Sezvo vana vanochinjika mukushandiswa kwema niches akasiyana mumhuri, sekutonga, vana vakura vanonyanya kubata uye vanotora chikamu chemasimba avo ehukama, nepo gare gare vana vachiwedzerwa uye vachifarirana.Sulloway 1996) Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti sezvo hukuru hwakasiyana hwemhuri uye hwemagariro pamwe nehupfumi hwakasanganiswa nemasampuleti madiki achikanganisa zvakanyanya mhedzisiro yehuwandu hwekuverenga, zvidzidzo mune izvo zvinoita kuti kudzidza kwakawanda kana kushoma zvakakwana ESBs kuenzanisa kunofanirwa kuve neinenge 30 zviuru zvehama, kana tichienzanisa kuti zvidzidzo zvinoenzanisa sei dzakaenzana samples kubva kumhuri dzinoonekwa seyakakwana kutanga kubva kumhuri dze500 (Paulhus 2008) Kunyangwe zvidzidzo zvine masampula madiki zvinoratidza data rinopesana pane ESB, mune zvidzidzo zvikuru (i.e. Rohrer xnumx, n = 20 000; Damian xnumxb, n = 377 000), pesvedzero yekurairwa kwekuzvarwa pane humwe hunhu (Damian xnumxa) Izvo zvinoratidzwa neaya emashoko akasimba maitiro akagwinya-zvakare mukati umo izvo zvinongedzo zvehungwaru zvemucheche mumwe unotevera wawa neinenge chikamu chimwe kubva muzana chezvekutsauka kana mwana akararama kusvika pakukura.Kristensen 2007), iyo inonyatsoratidza kuti chinokonzeresa mugumo kuderera kwekudyara kwevabereki, uye kwete kwomuzvarirwo intrauterine maitiro. Yakakura-huwandu zvidzidzo zvinoratidzawo mhedzisiro yekuzvarwa kurongeka pane hunhu hwakadai sekuita kwedzidzo, budiriro yemari, uye njodzi yekuzviuraya (Bjørngaard 2013; Nhema xnumx).

Nekudaro, hwaro hwekuzvarwa nahwo hwekukwezva-humhandara, hunosimudzirwa nefungidziro yekurongedzwa kwekuzvarwa kwehama, harina rutsigiro rwekupa simba, nepo paine humbowo hwakawanda hwesimba rinopesana nazvo.

Dight ye LGBT + Attitude - Blanchard Movement

Ngatiti ESB uye yekudzivirira kubereka inoitika uye ndokukonzera shanduko mune maitiro. Muchiitiko ichi, Blanchard's hypothesis inosanganisa ungochani uye transsexualism (pamwe neungochani) - uye mune yazvino LGBT + kufamba, uku kumhura. Semuenzaniso, maererano neAmerican Psychological Association, chishuwo chebonde uye kuzivikanwa pabonde zvinhu zvisingaite zvachose (APA 2011 / 2014) Zvinoenderana neBlanchard's hypothesis, transsexualism inzira inokonzereswa ne (1) kuratidzwa kwakanyanya kwekukwezva ungochani, umo "feminization" yeuropi inodudzwa zvekuti inokanganisa kuzvizivikanwa kwepabonde. kana (2) kutsauka kwepfungwa uko kukwezvwa hakutarisirwe kune vakomana, asi pachezvake mumufananidzo wevakomana kana musikana (Blanchard akadana mamiriro ekupedzisira "autogynephilia"¹⁴(()Blanchard 1989; Bailey 2003) Blanchard unequivocally inotarisa transsexualism seye pathological chiitiko. Uyezve, mubvunzurudzo, Blanchard akati:

"... Ndingati kana zvaibvira kutanga kubva pakutanga, ndichiregeredza nhoroondo yese yekubvisirwa ungochani kubva kuDMM, hukama hwakajairika ndizvo zvese zvinoenderana nekubereka."¹⁵... "(Cameron 2013).

Nzvimbo yakashinga yakadaro inounza kusagutsikana pakati pevamiriri ve "LGBT +" - kufamba, kunyanya muchikamu icho chinomiririra "T" (Wyndzen xnumx; Troadsmap; Dreger 2008; Serano 2010).

Vamiriri ve "LGBT +" nyora nezve Blanchard - mafambiro:

“… Blanchard anowanzo taurwa nemapoka anopesana neve LGBT (…) Uye nei? Blanchard akakurira muKaturike, ane maonero echinyakare ekuti chero kusangana pabonde kusingabatanidzi iyo nhengo yemukadzi uye kusangana nekutsi kwemukadzi hakuna kujairika (...) Dai Dr. Blanchard vaive imwe mhando yenutukesi vasina chinzvimbo uye chiremera, aigona kushorwa. Asi izvi hazvisizvo - asi, aive mukomiti yeJSM inoona nezveparaphilias uye zvinokanganisa pabonde (...) Anopesana pachena nevanhu veLGBT ... "(Tannehill xnumx).

Kune rimwe divi, kusimbiswa kweBlanchard's hypothesis kunokanganisa mubvunzo pane imwe yenhema dze "LGBT +" - kufamba - pfungwa yekumisidzana kwekusiyana kwekukwezva zvepabonde nehurume hwechinhu. Chokwadi, mune iyi kesi, chikonzero chekukwezva ungochani chinoratidzwa - PATHOLOGICAL immune immune. Zvikasadaro, vanoita zvekuratidzira kwe "LGBT +" kufamba kunoda kukanganisa nzira yekurapa uye biology nenzira yekuverenga mhinduro yekudzivirirwa inokonzeresa kushaya mbereko, kushaya uremu, kudzikisira mikana yekubereka, shanduko mune ye psycho-huchenjeri nyika inoda zvinodhaka zvehomoni uye kupindira kwekuvhiya, pamwe pedophilic zvido uye kuda kuita zvechisimba ndizvo zvakajairwa sarudzo.

Pamusoro pezvo, pachave nemikana yekudzivirira kwekuda kweungochani muvakomana nekufananidzwa nekushandiswa kweanopikisana-neRhesus immunoglobulins mune Rh-kurwisa nhumbu. Ndeupi chikamu chevabereki venguva yemberi, kunyange avo vakavimbika kune "LGBT +" kufamba, vangaramba nehana mukana wekudzikisa njodzi dzekukwezva ungochani muvakomana vavo? Chokwadi, munguva yanhasi, mukadzi wese anotsanangurwa nokungwarira nezvekugamuchirwa uye maitiro ekubvisa pamuviri. Ko kodzero yemukadzi yekukonzeresa hupenyu hwe fetus ichatambanudzira zvakare kurudyi rwekushandura maitiro ake epamberi ezvepabonde, kana kuchave nekurambidzwa kwesarudzo uye kushoropodzwa kwevaya nyanzvi avo vachapa mukana wakadai?

Imwe nzira kana imwe, panguva ino, idzi nyaya dzinogona kuitika.

Dambudziko rekududzira

Pane zvimwe zvakakosha zvemukati mhedzisiro kumhedzisiro yezvidzidzo zvehusimba, zvakafanana nezvezvakakurukurwa muzvikamu zvakapfuura. Kuregeredza izvi zvisingakwanisi ndechimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekududzirwa zvisirizvo kwekutsvaga munzvimbo yeruzhinji. Iko kuyedza kufunga kufunga, sezvakaratidzwa nemuenzaniso wechimiro cheuropi, kuti kana chimiro chakasarudzika chakabatana nehumwe hunhu kana hunhu hwepfungwa, ipapo husaiti hwokuzvarwa nahwo hunokonzeresa hunhu uhwu. Uku kufunga kunoenderana nekutadza.

Isu tinoratidza muchidimbu zvimwe zvisingakwanisi zvakasikwa munzvimbo ino yekutsvaga tichishandisa muenzaniso unotevera wekupokana. Ngatiti isu tifanira kuitisa yakaenzaniswa yekudzidza yehuropi hwevarairidzi vega uye vavaki vemuviri. Kana iwe ukatsvaga kwenguva yakareba zvakakwana, ipapo pakupedzisira pachave nekukanganisa kwakatanhamara munzvimbo ipi neipi yedomphological chimiro kana uropi mabasa pakati pemapoka aya. Asi izvi hazvireve kuti misiyano yakadaro inocherekedza hunhu hwehupenyu hupenyu hwekudzidziswa kweyega murayiridzi uye anovaka muviri. Hunhu hwehunhu hunogona kunge huri mhedzisiro kwete chikonzero chemafambiro akasiyana emafambiro uye zvaunofarira. Zvidzidzo zve neuroplasticity zvinoratidza kuti kunyangwe kuvepo kwenguva dzakakura dzekuvandudza panguva iyo pfungwa dzinoshanduka nekukurumidza uye rakasimba (semuenzaniso, panguva yekukura kwemitauro yevana vadiki) uropi hunoramba huchichinja pahupenyu hwese, huchipindura maitiro emhando (semuenzaniso, kubaya kana kutamba pa chimbo chomumhanzi), ruzivo rwehupenyu, psychotherapy, zvinodhaka, kushungurudzika kwepfungwa uye hukama. Kuti uwane inobatsira uye inowanika tarisiro yezvidzidzo zve neuroplasticity, ona Doidge 2007.

Kuona kana chimwe chinhu chine mweya wekubereka chinhu chakanyanya kuomarara, uye kuziva chinongedzo chakabatana ndicho chakanyanya kuoma basa. Zvidzidzo izvo zvinodzima zvinopa "humbowo" husinga bvumike hwekuti ngochani "dzakazvarwa nenzira iyoyo" hazvienderane zvakanyanya, uye mhedzisiro yavo inowirirana mune zvakasikwa.

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, semuenzaniso, mune mapatya akaongorora, humbowo hunoratidza kuti zvakatanga kuitika zvakatipoteredza zvine pesvedzero huru pakuitika kwengochani. Iko kuwirirana pakati pezvinhu zviviri izvi hazvireve zvachose kuti pane hukama hwepakati pakati pavo. Vatambi veBasketball varefu - kutamba basketball zvirokwazvo kunoenderana nokukwirira kwakanyanya. Nekudaro, hapana "basketball gene". Zviripachena, kumwe kunongedza kunonakidza kunounzwa sekupomerwa zvikonzero zvezvematongerwo enyika uye nekuparadzira chinangwa.

Pakupedzisira, funga kuti vamwe vanhu vanogona kufanorongerwa maitiro eungochani nekuda kwemagariro, humhandara, huturu hwehomoni, kana humwe hunhu hwemuviri kana hwehuropi. Izvi zvinoreva here kuti ungochani chinhu chakaberekerwa? Kwete zvachose mukunzwisisa kwekuti izvi zvinomiririrwa sei nenhau uye tsika yakakurumbira. Vanyadzi uye vane hunyanzvi vechidiki vakomana avo baba vasina kuteerera nezvekurerwa, vaisave muenzaniso wemhando yakakodzera yemurume, vanogona kunge vari mungozi yekukudziridza maitiro eungochani. Izvi hazvina kukonzerwa neiyo ngochani "gene", asi nekuda kwekuvhiringidzika kwepfungwa maitiro ekuumbwa kwekuzivikanwa kwepabonde. Vakomana vakadai vane zvinodiwa pamoyo kune vekuzvisimbisa uye kutarisira kwevanhurume. Mufananidzo wakafanana unoonekwa muvasikana vasingaenderane nemhando dzepabonde profiles. Izvo zvinetso uye zvinodiwa zvemoyo zvevana vakadaro zvinowanzotakurwa nezvinoitika mune zvebonde uye zvepabonde nyika.

Iyi mienzaniso inoratidza imwe yezvinetso zvinowanzoitika nekududzirwa kwakapararira kwezvidzidzo zvakadaro - fungidziro yekuti zvimiro zvetsinga zvinosarudza imwe yemaitiro maitiro.

Kana chisiko chichigumisa mumwe munhu anokwezva-echikadzi kukwezva, saka sei zvisingaite kuti zvipe nehunhu hwenyama hunodiwa kuti azadzikiswe? Semuenzaniso, dense uye multilayered epithelial membrane ye rectum, inokwanisa kumira nekukasangana kwenguva refu, iine gland inoburitsa lubrication lubrication, yakapetepa penis yekupinda mukati rectum, nezvimwe. Zvino, kana hunhu uhwu hwaive huripo pakati peungochani, saka mumwe anogona kutaura nezvekuzvarwa. Kana, vaine seyakajairwa chromosomes uye yakajairika kubereka system, vakakwezvwa nechinhu icho chisingakwanise kurishandisa nechinangwa charo, ipapo kutaura pamusoro pemamiriro ezvinhu echisikirwo eichi chiitiko chinoratidzika kunge kufungidzira.

Maonero evamwe vamiriri ve "LGBT +" kufamba

IAmerican Psychological Association mu2014 yakaburitsa gwara rezvirwere zvepfungwa uye zvepabonde. Heano zvakananga makotesheni kubva mariri:

"... Parizvino, hapana majini akawanikwa anogona kuve nechokuita neungochani ..." (Rosario mu APA 2014, p. 579)

"... Chokwadi chisingarambike ndechekuti hunhu hwevanhu pabonde hunotsanangurwa nekubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda: zvipenyu, zvemagariro uye nesarudzo ..." (Kleinplatz in APA 2014, peji. 256).

Iye munyori wezvitsauko zvinoverengeka kubva kuhutungamiri hweAPA inhengo yedare reruzivo APA, Muzvinafundo Lisa Diamond, asingavanzi zvaanoda zveungochani. Diamondi inopesana nedzidziso yeiyo genetic mamiriro eungochani. Ane chokwadi chekuti the "avo ngochani dzakazvarwa nenzira iyoyo uye havagone kuchinja" zvikanganiso. Mugore re2013, mune hurukuro kuCornell University, Diamond akati:

"… Ndinotenda kuti nzanga yekumusha inofanira kumira kuti" takazvarwa takadai uye hatigone kuchinja "toshandisa sirogani iyi mukurwa kwedu… ndinofunga kuti hatichadi nharo iyi uye kunyange kurwadza, nekuti nhasi huwandu hunogutsa hwaunganidzwa data resainzi rinozivikanwa kune "rimwe divi" pamwe nesuwo ... "(Diamond 2013).

Iye munyori wemabhuku mazhinji pamusoro pehunyanzvi uye huzivi, uyo asina kuvanza zvaanofarira-zvebonde, American Camilla Paglia, anoti:

"... Ungochani haisi iyo tsika. Pane kupokana, zvinonetsa kune zvakajairika ... Queer theorists - iri rakadzikira boka revabiridzi ve freeloader - vakaedza kutora post-structuralist kosi, vachiti hapana chakajairika, nekuti zvese zvakangoitika uye zvine hukama. Uku ndiko kupusa kwakafa kumagumo uko vanhu vanokoshesa mazwi vanowira kana vari matsi, mbeveve uye bofu kune nyika yakavapoteredza. Zvisikwa zviripo, kunyangwe vesaenzi vachizvifarira kana kwete, asi mune zvakasikwa kuberekera ndiwo wega uye usingagone mutemo. Izvi ndizvo zvakajairika. Mitumbi yebonde inoitirwa kubereka. Iyo sikarudzi inokodzera nyini, uye hapana kusanzwisisika kupokana kwemazwi kunogona kuchinja ichi chinoitika chokwadi ... Hapana munhu anozvarwa ngochani. Pfungwa yacho pachayo haina musoro ... Ungochani kugadziriswa, kwete chivakwa chekuzvarwa ... "(Paglia 1994, mapeji 70 - 76).

Mumwe mutangamiriri akakurumbira weAmerica, Cynthia Nixon, akarwiswa neBBBT +, mubato wekuburitsa pachena pachena maonero ekuti iye murume kana murume anofambidzana anotyaira anozvisarudzira, kwete biology (Witchell 2012).

LGBT + American activist - mutori wenhau Brandon Ambrosino akatiwo haana kuberekwa, asi nehana akasarudza mararamiro eungochani (Ambrosino 2014), izvo zvakatsamwisa kutsamwa kwevamwe vaaishanda navo mu "LGBT +" movement (Arana xnumx).

Mukadzi uye LGBT + Activist - Karl Mantilla Movement mune yake nyaya anonyora:

“… Ndakagara ndichifunga kuti zano re LGBT + - kufamba kwekushandisa gakava rekuzvarwa naro kwakaremara zvisingaite… Ehe, ichi sarudzo - zvaigona kudaro sei? … Kwenguva yakati ndakapinda muboka rekutsigira vanhukadzi vakasarudza kuve ngochani. Pane imwe nguva, ndakabvunza mubvunzo uyu: "Wanzwisisa sei kuti muri vevabonde?" Mumwe mukadzi akapindura kuti haana kumbonzwa kuswedera padhuze nevarume uye kuti aigara achinzwisiswa zviri nani nevakadzi. Mumwe akabva angoti iye, zvakare, ainzwa kuti aigona kungovhurika nemanzwiro nevakadzi. Vamwe vese vakagutsurira musoro kubvumira. Chii chakanga chakakanganisika mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro? Vanenge vese vakadzi vanonzwa nenzira iyi! Mukadzi wese wepabonde wandakamboziva ainzwa akasununguka kuvimba neshamwari dzake, akanzwa padhuze navo, akanzwa zviri nani kunzwisiswa uye kuvhurika kune vakadzi. Kana zvirizvo zvinotora kuve ngochani, saka vakadzi vese ngovarochani. Izvi ndezvekare senyika ... zvichemo zvevakadzi zvekuti varume vavo havataure navo, havanzwisise manzwiro avo uye havafarire zvavanotaura. Zvimwe zvezvinyorwa zvakajairika mumagazini evakadzi ndezve nzira yekuita kuti murume wako avhure uye ataure newe ... kunzwa kwekuswedera padhuze nemunhu hakuna hwaro hwezvinhu, zvinokonzerwa nehunhu uye hwepfungwa hunhu hwemunhu ... nekufamba kwenguva zvakava pachena kwandiri kuti vakadzi mukati boka rekutsigira iri rakangonzwa kuve nemhosva huru yekusiya varume vavo ... Naizvozvo, pfungwa yekuti hapana chavaigona kuita nezvekuti ivo vaive ngochani, kuti paive nechikonzero chekuzvarwa, chakavasunungura kubva mukuzvipa mhosva nekuzvidavirira kwezviito zvavo ... "(Mantilla xnumx).

LGBT + muratidziri, iyo California-based movement inonzi Gail Madwin, akambogadzira saiti yese inopokana kuti ungochani hahuna kuwanikwa asi nekuda kwesarudzo yekuziva (Queer nekusarudza). Aimbove mushandi weLBBT +, kufamba kwaDavid Benkof zvakare kunojekesa chokwadi chekuti mararamiro eungochani haana kutombofungidzirwa nechero zvipi zvinhu zvipenyu (Benkof xnumx).

Notes

1: isu takazvarwa takadaro
2 Kazhinji haina hukama neumwe
3 Naiye "akasimbira" chinongedzo chekuda ungochani: 2 uye nezvimwe neizvo zvinonzi Chikero cheKinsey.
4 Chirungu GWAS, Genome-Wide Association Zvidzidzo
5 munharaunda yesainzi yakatora tsika yekuendesa zvinyorwa mumisangano - chinyorwa chipfupi, kazhinji 150 - 250 mazwi muhukuru - ichiteverwa nekuburitswa kwechinyorwa chizere mupepanhau.
6 Chirungu: pamwe akazvarwa aine fungidziro
7 Mune izvi, kugoverwa kwemigumisiro pamunhu kunogona kushoma
8 virilization - izwi rekurapa rekutyora umo hunhu hwevakadzi hwechirume hunokura kuva munhurume
9 yeChirungu: "interstitial nuclei yean anterior hypothalamus (INAH)"
10 yeChirungu: "preulse inhibition of the man's reactionle reaction (PPI)"
11 yeChirungu: "chikwati chakazvarwa kuti chiite (FBO)"
12 Ona Chikamu cheKutsvaga Kwemavhiza
13 Mukuwedzera, maantigeniki mune PK uye grafini kuramba maitiro ndeimwe munhu (paternal mune iyo PK), asi hunhu hwechirume.
14 kubva muchiGreek autos - "self-", gini - "mukadzi" uye filia - "rudo"; "Kuzvida iwe semukadzi"
15 Ndingati kana munhu anogona kutanga kubva pakutanga, arega nhoroondo yese yekubvisa ngochani kubva kuDMM, hunhu hwakajairika mune chero chinhu chine chekuita nekubereka

mamwe mashoko

Rumwe ruzivo neruzivo zvinogona kuwanikwa mune zvinotevera zvinyorwa:

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7. Knight r. Akazvarwa kana kuberekwa? Sayenzi Haitsigiri Kupomerwa Kuti Ungochani Hwekubereka... Tsika & Mhuri Institute. Vanonetsekana Vakadzi veAmerica. 2004.
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