Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa pazasi zvinoburitswa mushumo wekuongorora. "Rhetoric yengochani yekufambidzana muchiedza nesainzi chokwadi". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

(1) Vana vanorerwa nevanochata nevarume vane mitezo mikana yekukudzana neungochani, kusazvibata uye kutevedzera maitiro eungochani - izvi zvakawanikwa kunyange muzvidzidzo zvakaitiswa nevanyori vanovimbika ku "LGBT +" kufamba.
(2) Zvidzidzo zvakanyorwa nevaRBBT + vanochinjisa - mafambiro uye vanobatana (vachidzivirira chirevo chekuti hapana mutsauko pakati pevana kubva kumhuri dzechinyakare uye vana vanorerwa nevanochata) vane zvikanganiso zvakakomba. Pakati pavo: madiki masampula, nzira yakasarudzika yekukwevera vanopindura, nguva pfupi yekutarisa, kusavapo kwemapoka ekutonga uye kusarura kwakaumbwa kwemapoka ekutonga.
(3) Ongororo dzakaitwa nemamiriri makuru masampula ane nguva yakareba yekutarisa anoratidza kuti, mukuwedzera kune njodzi yakawedzerwa yekutora mararamiro eungochani, vana vanorerwa nevabereki vanoita ungochani vari pasi pevana kubva kumhuri dzekare nenzira dzinoverengeka.

Nhanganyaya

Mugore re2005, iyo American Psychological Association (APA) yakanyora tsamba yepamutemo nezvevana kubva kuvanhurume "mhuri" (Patterson et al. 2005). Mushure mekuongorora 59 zvidzidzo zvakasiyana zvevana vakadai, APA haina kuona chero humbowo hwekuti vana vari mumhuri dzevakadzi nevarume vanogara zvakanyanya kupfuura mune zvetsika. Izvi zvakawanikwa zvakataurwa kakawanda mu LGBT + nharaunda - kufamba, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, mumatare edzimhosva eUS - kusanganisira Obergefell v. Hodges ", mhinduro yakaenzana kubatana-kwehukama hwehukama pamwe neyakagadziriswa 26 June 2015 makore.

Nekudaro, dzimwe nyanzvi hadzitye kubvumirana ne "bato rebato" uye kutaura huwandu hwakakosha hwekukanganisa kwemaitiro mune zvidzidzo zvakaburitswa neAPA (Maki 2012; Nock xnumx; Lerner 2001; Schumm xnumx) Zvakare, kunyangwe ivo vanotsvaga vanonamira kusimbisirwo maererano ne "LGBT +" - kufambisa kwenzvimbo¹vanomanikidzwa kuita zororo uye, kunyangwe vachipfuura, taura zvakati wandei nzira dzekushomeka kwezvidzidzo zvakadaro (Biblartz xnumx; Perrin 2002; Anderssen 2002; Tasker 2005; Meezan 2005; Kuderedza xnumx).

Muongorori Walter Schumm anonyevera kuti zvirevo zvakakwana pamusoro pekusavapo kwemisiyano, kuisa zvinyoronyoro, nguva isati yasvika, uye kune njodzi yekuti vaverengi vangavatore kumeso kwavo. Anoshuma kuti Patterson aisabatanidza zvidzidzo zvakaita seSarantakos (1996a, 2000d) uye Puryear (1983), vakawana mutsauko wakakura pakati pevana vevabereki vanechani uye ngochani, maererano nekuita kwedzidzo, kuda zvepabonde, doro uye kushandisa zvinodhaka, kutsauka pabonde nekuzivikanwa kwechikadzi.Schumm xnumx).

Heano zvakanyorwa nenyanzvi vezvemagariro evanhu, Richardwine naMarshall:

"... Mukutsvagisa sayenzi yemagariro, kusakwanisa kuwana humbowo hwechiratidziro hazvireve kuti mhedzisiro haipo. Hunhu hwekutsvagisa kwakaitwa, kunyanya nezve hukuru uye humiriri hweiyo dhata sampuro, inobatsira vanoongorora zvemagariro kuti vaone kana hypothetical mhedzisiro isisipo kana isingawanikwe ichishandisa zvishandiso zvematanho avanazvo. Chikamu chakakosha chedzidzo dzakapfuura tichienzanisa vana vari muhukama-humwe uye mhuri dzisina murume hazvipe mukana wekubvisa pachena chivimbo chekuvapo kwemisiyano kana tichienzanisa nemuenzaniso wehuwandu.

Kunyanya, iro basa guru rezvidzidzo zvakadaro raive rekungowana nhamba yakaringana yevana vakadaro yekuongororwa. Yakawanda iripo yedata seti ine yakazara nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuwandu haina huwandu hwakakwana hwevabereki vari ngochani kuti uongorore kuongororwa. Semuenzaniso, iyo yakanyanya kushandiswa "Wedzera Hutano" dhatabheti inongori ne50 yevana ava, kunyangwe chokwadi chekuti nhamba yevatori vechikamu ndi12105 yevachiri kuyaruka ... "(Richwine xnumx).

Muongorori Lauren Marx akaita tsanangudzo yakadzama yeiyo chaiyo 59 zvidzidzo iyo APA inoreva nezvayo - isu tichaongorora kuongorora uku pazasi.

Chidzidzo chaLauren Marx

Mu2012, magazini yeSocial Science Research yakaburitsa basa raLauren Marx, akaongorora zvakare data uye maitiro e59 zvidzidzo, izvo APA yakavakira zvayawana (Maki 2012) Marx akaona kuti "zvirevo zvine chekuita, kusanganisira izvo zvakagadzirwa neAPA, hazvina kunyatsosimbiswa" uye "zvaive zvisina kuvakirwa pasainzi," masampula aive akafanana; 26 kubva ku59 zvidzidzo zvaisave neboka rekudzora zvachose, nepo mune vamwe, vanaamai vasina murume (!) Vaiwanzoshandiswa se “boka rimwe chete rekutonga”. Pamusoro pezvo, hapana chimwe chezvidzidzo zvacho chaive nesimba rakakwana rehuwandu hwezvinhu zvaidikanwa kuona zvisingawanikwe migumisiro. Pazasi pezvinetso zvikuru zvekutsvaga.², apo vanoyambira ve "LGBT +" bato vanovimba, vachidzivirira gakava pamusoro pe "kusavapo kwemusiyano" pakati pevana kubva kumhuri dzechinyakare nevaroorani.

Asiri-anomiririra samples

Kuti data yakawanikwa yesainzi ishandiswe kune vanhu vese, iwo ma samples (mapoka akafundwa) mairi data akawanikwa anofanirwa kumiririra huwandu hwese zvizere sezvazvinogona. Iyo yakanyatsorongeka yekudzidza kwesainzi ndeye sample yequacilil - sampuli iri kuita iyo nhengo yega yehuwandu hwevanhuwo zvavo yakave nemukana wakaenzana wekuti asarudzwe mumuenzaniso, uye kusarudzwa kuri kwega. Kune rumwe rutivi, samples dzisingamiriri hadzibvumire kugadzirwa kwakazara maererano nehuwandu hwese, sezvo vasingamiriri. Semuenzaniso, maonero ehuwandu hwenyika pamusoro pezviitwa zvehurumende haugone kuongororwa pamusoro peongororo yevatsigiri vebato rimwechete, kana paine ongororo chaiyo, muenzaniso unosanganisira vatsigiri vemapato ese uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinodiwa.

Kusarudzwa kwakanaka

"Rakanakisa" sampuli - muhuwandu, masampula akakodzera ndeaya masampula asina kuwanikwa neakasarudzika sampling kana paine isina kukwana data yekugadzira mumiriri sampuli (semuenzaniso, iyo idiki yakawanda frequency yezvinhu zvakaonekwa). Masampula akadaro anowanikwa pakuongororwa kwehuwandu, asi usaratidza hunhu hwehuwandu hwese. Semuenzaniso, nzira yekugadzira "yakanakira" sampuro yekudzidza vabereki muhukama hwebonde kushambadzira mumapepanhau nemagazini evateereri ungochani. Vanotsvaga vanobva vakumbira vanhu vanopindura kushambadza kuti vakurudzire vamwe vangangoda kutora chikamu. Seti inotevera yevanopindura vanokumbirwa kuratidza vamwe vangangopindura, etc. Sampura inokura zvinoenderana neshoko re "chando chechando".³.

Zviri nyore kuona kuti "zvakanakisa" sei samples inogona kuve isina humbowo pakudzidza ruzhinji. Vanhu vane zviitiko zvakashata sevabereki vanogona kunge vari vashoma kuzvipira kuongororwa kupfuura vanhu vane zviitiko zvakanaka. Chisarudzo cheBlackball chinowedzerawo kugadzira masampula ane homogeneous, ndosaka chena nevapfumi vagari vemuguta vanonyanya kuita muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvevabereki vanoita zvepabonde.⁴. Kuwana chinangwa chemuenzaniso chinhu chakakosha pakutsvagisa mumunda wesainzi mune zvevanhu. Pasinei nechidzidzo kana huwandu hwevanhu huri kudzidziswa, samples yakakura uye inomiririra inodiwa kuti isvike pakugutsikana kweimwe boka.

Madiki samples

Muzvidzidzo izvo APA inovimba, huwandu hwevana vakarera muvasikana-nevarume vakaroorana vaiva 44 - nepo huwandu hwevana vari muenzaniso hwaive hwe12; kwaivawo neanamai 18 ngochani mu madzidziro, nepo maive ma14 zviuru zvamai mune muyenzaniso (Kim Xnumx) Nhamba yepakati yevana yakaunzwa nevabereki vanoita zvepabonde dzakafanana vakadzidza muzvidzidzo zve44 kazhinji yainzi 39 (Kim Xnumx).

Mhedzisiro yakaipa mhedzisiro

Madiki masampula anowedzera mukana wekuwana nhema-dzisina kunaka mhedzisiro, i.e., mhedzisiro yekuti hapana misiyano panguva iyo painenge iripo chaiyo. Vatsvagiri vanogara vachiedza nepese pavanogona napo kudzikisa mukana we manyepo-asina kunaka mhinduro. Muongororo ye2001 yegore (Lerner 2001) yakawanikwa kuti kubva ku22 zvidzidzo⁵ (yairehwa neLNBBT + vamiririri), mune imwe chete nyaya yaive yakaenzana sampu yakaringana kuderedza mukana weyakaipa mhedzisiro ku25%. Mune imwe yese yekudzidza kwe21, iwo mhedzisiro yemanyepo yakaipa mhedzisiro kubva ku77% kusvika 92%.

Mapoka asingabvumirane ekutonga kana hapana zvachose

Kugumisa kuti mapoka maviri akasiyana pane chero matanho ari kudzidza, zvakakosha kuenzanisa boka rekudzidza (semuenzaniso, vana vakarerwa nevarume vakaroorana) neboka rekutonga kana kuenzanisa (somuenzaniso, vana vari mumhuri dzechinyakare). Muchidzidzo chakanaka, mapoka maviri aya - kudzidza nekudzora - anofanirwa kufanana kunze kwehunhu hunogona kukanganisa matanho ari kudzidzwa. Panyaya yekudzidza vana muvarume vakaroorana, ichi ndicho chimiro chekukwezva zvepabonde uye hukama hwevabereki. Zvakadaro, pakati pezvidzidzo makumi mashanu nepfumbamwe zvakadudzwa neAPA mumushumo wayo we59, makumi matatu nematatu chete aive nemapoka ekudzora, uye pane idzo makumi matatu nenhatu, zvidzidzo gumi nenhatu zvakashandisa vana vane vanaamai vasina varume vasina varume seboka ravo rekutonga. Muzvidzidzo makumi maviri zvakasara, mapoka ekudzora akatsanangurwa zvakanyanya se "vanaamai" kana "vaviri," uye chete muzviitiko zvisingawanzoitiki mapoka ekudzora aitaurwa zvakajeka kuti vana vane vabereki vakaroora.

Maererano neboka revatsvaga kubva kuInstitute of American Maitiro:

“… Dambudziko hombe [mukukurukura nezvekukanganiswa kwevana vanorerwa nevarume vanoita bonde) ndezvekuti ongororo zhinji dzinoratidza kuti hapana musiyano dzinoenderana nekufananidzwa kwevanamai vasina ngochani naamai vakarambana. Mune mamwe mazwi, vanofananidza vana kubva kune dzimwe mhuri dzisina baba nevana kubva kune dzimwe mhuri dzisina baba ... "(Maritort 2006).

Dzimwe nyaya dzeitiro

Vanotsvagurudza vakaona mamwe matambudziko akati wandei mukudzidza kwevana kwevabereki muhukama hwebonde. Zvinosanganisira zvakawanda zvinetso zvinhu, sekushushikana kwekuvimbika uye chokwadi chekuongororwa kwedata, pamwe nemhinduro dzinogona kuvepo dzevatori vechikamu (semuenzaniso, vabereki vanoita ungochani) nekuda kwezvikonzero zvevanhu (Meezah 2005; Lerner 2001) Uye zvakare, mune zvakawanda zvidzidzo, vese vatori vechikamu nevatsvagidzi vakaziviswa nezve chimiro chekudzidza.⁶, uye chokwadi ichi chinogona kutungamira mukukanganisa pamatanho ekuunganidzwa kwedatha uye kugadzirisa (Kim Xnumx) Kuzvibvisa pamusoro, chete vashoma zvidzidzo vakadzidza izvo zverefu-refu, kwenguva yakareba, nepo mimwe mhedzisiro ingasaonekwa kusvika nguva yekuyaruka (Perrin 2002; Kuderedza xnumx).

Tsvagurudzo yaMark Regnerus

Muna Chikunguru 2012, chinyorwa mumutauro weChirungu-mutauro wongororo yeakaongororwa Social Science Research yakaburitsa chinyorwa naMark Regnerus, purofesa wezvechivanhu kuYunivhesiti yeAustin (Regnerus 2012a) Chinyorwa ichi chakanzi "Vakawanda Sei Vakuru Vana Vvanhu Vanove Nehukama Hwevamwe?" Zvekutsvaga Mhedzisiro Yezvemhuri Nyowani. Regnerus paakaburitsa zvaakawana, varwi verusununguko nemasangano anotsigira ungochani akatanga mushandirapamwe wekuzvibvisa mukutsamwa kwake. Regnerus yakamhanyisa⁷: makumi ezviuru etsamba dzekushusha dzakatumirwa ku-e-mail uye kuimba yake, kupomerwa kusarura, kutsoropodza nzira dzake nemhedzisiro, zvinokumbira kudare renyorwa kuti ribvise bhuku rake, uye kuhutungamiri hweYunivhesiti yeAustin kuti imubvise (Smith 2012, Wood 2013).

Chii chaive chakakosha nezveRegnerus? Regnerus akaongorora vanhu vakuru vakakurira mumhuri dzemhando dzakasiyana siyana, dzakadai se: mhuri yevarume nevakadzi vakaroora; mhuri umo vabereki vaive ngochani; mhuri yekurera mhuri ine baba / vokurera; mhuri ine mubereki mumwe uye vamwe.Akaona kuti kune akawanda ezvemagariro akasiyana-siyana emagariro, vana vane vabereki vaive ngochani vakasiyana nevana vakakurira mumhuri izere mhuri, uye kubva kuvana kubva kune vamwe, mubereki mumwe kana mhuri dzinorera.

Regnerus Mhinduro

Regnerus muchinyorwa chakaratidza kuti chinangwa chechidzidzo ichi chaive chekuenzanisa vana kubva kumhuri dzechinyakare dzizere nemhuri ine vabereki vane vabereki vane hungochani. Kuenzaniswa nevanopindura avo vakakura nevabereki vakaroora vekuzvarwa, vakapindura amai avo vaive ngochani yakaratidza mutsauko wakakosha muzvikamu zvinotevera.

• Mhuri inogamuchira mabhenefiti emari (17% (trad. Mhuri) inopesana 69% (amai mune ungochani rel.))
• Parizvino pamari inobvumirwa mari (10% vs 38%)
• Iko kune ikozvino yakazara-nguva yebasa (49% vs 26%)
• Parizvino kunze kwebasa (8% vs 28%)
• Anozvizivisa se100% heterosexual (90% vs 61%)
• Kupandukira muroorano (13% vs 40%)
• Akambotambura ne STD (8% vs 20%)
• Wakambo sangana nekubata pabonde kubva kuvabereki (2% vs 23%)
• Wakambomanikidzirwa kuita zvepabonde nekuda (8% vs 31%)
• Dzidzo Achievement Index (Boka Avhareji: 3,19 vs 2,39)
• Parent Mhuri Kuchengetedza Index (4,13 vs 3,12)
• Mubereki Mhuri Negative Impact Index (2,30 vs 3,13)
• Depression Index (1,83 vs 2,20)
• Dependency Level Scale (2,82 vs 3,43)
• Kugara kwekushandisa mbanje (1,32 vs 1,84)
• Kusvuta frequency (1,79 vs 2,76)
• TV Frequency (3,01 vs 3,70)
• Kugara kwemapurisa kusungwa (1,18 vs 1,68)
• Nhamba yevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde (pakati pevakadzi vanopindura) (0,22 vs 1,04)
• Nhamba yevanhurume vepabonde (pakati pevakadzi vanopindura) (2,79 vs 4,02)
• Nhamba yevanhurume vanoita zvepabonde (pakati pevanopindura vechirume) (0,20 vs 1,48)

Kuenzaniswa nevanopindura avo vakakura nevabereki vakaroora vekubereka, vanopindura avo baba vaive ngochani vakaratidza mutsauko wakakura munzira munzira dzinotevera:

• Mhuri inogamuchira mabhenefiti emari (17% (trad. Mhuri) dhidi 57% (baba muungochani.))
• Munguva pfupi yapfuura pakanga paine pfungwa dzekuzviuraya (5% vs 24%)
• Parizvino pane mvumo (10% vs 38%)
• Anozvizivisa se100% heterosexual (90% vs 71%)
• Akambotambura ne STD (8% vs 25%)
• Wakambo sangana nekubata pabonde kubva kuvabereki (2% vs 6%)
• Wakambomanikidzirwa kuita zvepabonde nekuda (8% vs 25%)
• Dzidzo Achievement Index (Boka Avhareji: 3,19 vs 2,64)
• Parent Mhuri Kuchengetedza Index (4,13 vs 3,25)
• Mubereki Mhuri Negative Impact Index (2,30 vs 2,90)
• Biological Amai Proximity Index (4,17 vs 3,71)
• Depression Index (1,83 vs 2,18)
• Dzazvino Hukama Hwakasiyana Index (4,11 vs 3,63)
• Dambudziko rehukama Index (2,04 vs 2,55)
• Kusvuta frequency (1,79 vs 2,61)
• Kugara kwemapurisa kusungwa (1,18 vs 1,75)
• Nhamba yevakadzi vanoita zvepabonde (pakati pevakadzi vanopindura) (0,22 vs 1,47)
• Nhamba yevanhurume vepabonde (pakati pevakadzi vanopindura) (2,79 vs 5,92)
• Nhamba yevanhurume vanoita zvepabonde (pakati pevanopindura vechirume) (0,20 vs 1,47)

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zviratidzo zvevakabvunzwa avo vabereki vaive ngochani zvakapesana nekuda kwezvakaipisisa, kwete chete kubva kune vakapindura kubva kumhuri dzechivanhu yakazara, asiwo kubva kune vakapindura vakakurira mune mamwe marudzi emhuri (mhuri dzinosimudzira, nezvimwewo). Chainyanya kufadza inyaya yekuti kuvapo kwemubereki nehukadzi hunofarira hunhu hwekuita kwepabonde muvana.

Kudheerera

Iko kushambadzira kwakakonzera mhedzisiro yebhomba rinoputika rakatopfuura neruzhinji rwemasayendisiti anoshanda mumunda wehukama hwemhuri. Kuwanikwa uku kwakapesana neyekutanga, iyo yaive yakagadzwa munharaunda yakasununguka yesainzi yeAmerica kubva pakutanga kwe2000 pamusoro pekusavapo kwehukanganiswa hwepfungwa dzevabereki dzekusangana pabonde nevana uye dzakakonzera kutsamwa kwehukama hwehukama. Regnerus akabva anzi "imba" uye akapomerwa mhosva yekupokana nemutemo we "michato" (nyaya iyi yakaitika pamberi pemutongo wakakurumbira weDare Repamusoro reAmerica), kunyangwe Regnerus haana kuisa nharo dzakadaro chero muchinyorwa. Vanoburitswa venhau vakatoti Regnerus "nzou mudura reChina rekudyidzana"Ferguson 2012).

Sociologist Gary Gates, director weUniversity yeCalifornia's Institute for Sexual Oriental uye Nerusununguko, nhengo yehukama, akatungamira boka remazana maviri Doors of Philosophy neMedhiya vakatumira tsamba kuna James Wright, mupepeti mukuru weSocial Science Research, achida tsanangura, "Chinyorwa ichi chinowanzo wongororwa sei uye chobvumidzwa kushambadza" (Gates xnumx) Rugwaro rwetsamba iyi rwakabhurwa pane bhurogu "The Movement for New Civil rights", inotungamirwa nemushandisi "Scott Rose" - uku ndiko kufananidzwa kwemumwe LGBT + muratidziri - sangano raScos Rosenweig, rakashandisa simba rakawanda mukudzora Regnerus.

Rosenweig akadaidzira kuti hutungamiri hweYunivhesiti yeTexas kuAustin vaite ongororo yezvakaitwa naRegnerus se "mhosva yechokwadi." Hutungamiri hweyunivhesiti yakaudza Rosenweig kuti yakanga yatanga ongororo kuti ione kana zviitwa naRegnerus zvine "Corpus delicti" inofanirwa kutanga yaongororwa zviri pamutemo. Rosenweig akabva atumira nhau pa blog yake, achiti "kuongorora kwezviitiko zvaRegnerus" (Scott Rose 2012a). Kuongorora kwacho hakuna kuratidza kusapindirana kwezvakaitwa neRegnerus kune tsika dzesainzi; kuongororwa hakuna kuzotangwa. Nekudaro, nyaya yaive kure nekupfuura.

Mune bloglog, iyo midhiya uye zvinyorwa zvepamutemo, kushushwa kwaRegnerus kwakatanga, kwete chete muchimiro chekutsoropodzwa kwebasa rake resainzi (nzira dzekuongorora uye kugadzirisa kwe data yehuwandu), asiwo nenzira yekuzvidza uye kutyisidzira kune hutano uye kunyange hupenyu. Iyo yekupedzisira yakakodzera kutariswa kwakakosha sechiratidzo chehutsva hwemweya wakakomberedza nyaya iyi. Regnerus akapindura zvakadzama kutsoropodza basa rake mune rakazotevera chinyorwa muSocial Science Research, rakaburitswa mwedzi mina mushure mekutanga (Regnerus 2012b).

Kupindura kushoropodzwa

Chinyorwa ichi chaive nemhinduro kumakona makuru ayo vatsoropodzi veRegenerus vakasungwa.

1. Kushandiswa kwezvidimbu "LM" ("vakadzi vanoita zvechisimba") uye "GF" ("baba ngochani"). Kuongororwa kwaRegnerusus kwakangobata chete vana vakuru vakataura kuti mumwe wevabereki vavo ane hukama hwechingochani, saka haana kuwana mukana wekuziva kana mubereki uyu achizvizivisa kuti ngochani. Uye muWestern sexology uye zvemagariro, izvi zvine kukosha kwakakosha, nekuti, kubva pakufunga kwavo, kunzwa kwemukati kwakakosha kudarika kutora chikamu muungochani. Regnerus akabvumirana nekutsoropodzwa uku uye akati aizogadzirisa pfupiso "LM" kuna "MLR" (amai vari muhukama hwevachinji) uye "GF" kuenda ku "FGR" (baba mune ungochani) Izvi hazvishandure hunhu hwemhedzisiro yake uye chokwadi chekuongorora kwacho.

2. Kuenzanisa kwemhuri dzevakabvunzwa nevabereki vaive nehukama nehukama nemhuri dzakakwana nevabereki vekubereka vakaroora mumwe nemumwe. Iko kutsoropodza kwaive kwekuti mukuenzanisa uku, mhuri nevabereki vaive nehukama hwehukama kusanganisira mhuri dzevabereki vasina murume, uye zvakaverengerwa kuti vazvifananise nemhuri dzakagadzikana. Regnerus akaramba mhosva iyi. Akacherekedza kuti kudzidza kwake kunosanganisira kuenzanisa kwakasiyana kwemasangano emhuri, kusanganisira ekurera uye asina kukwana, aine mubereki mumwe, umo, zvisinei, pakanga pasina hukama hweungochani. Musiyano nemhuri dzakadaro waive usinga farire vabereki vaive nehukama. Akacherechedzawo kuti huwandu hwakadzikira hwevakaroora vane hukama “hwakasimba” hwebonde hwakaita kuti zvisakwanise kuenzanisa vakaroora kana vakadzi vakaroora vane dzimba dzakagadzikana.

3. Kusarudzwa kwemhuri dzevakabvunzwa nevabereki vaive nehukama hwehukama, sewakazvimiririra akasiyana. Uku kutsoropodza yaive imwe nzira yekusagutsikana nemhando dzakasiyana siyana dzekugadzikana kwemairi mukudzidza kwake. Pane mukana wekuti kusagadzikana (kwavepo) kusagadzikana mumhuri yavanhurume hwechisimba chinhu chakasarudza shanduko yevamwe varume nevakadzi kuenda kuchingochani, uye mune iyi nyaya, kusagadzikana mumhuri kunofanirwa kunge kuri “kwakazvimirira kwakasiyana”, pane hukama hweungochani. Regnerus akataura kuti izvi zvinhu zvingave zvakabatana neimwe nzira, asi maringe nesystem yekudzidzira kwesayenzi, zvine musoro kutamisa chinongedzo kubva kuchinhu chakatsanangurwa zvakajeka (hukama hweungochani) kuenda kujekesa rakanyatsojeka uye rakajeka (kusagadzikana kwemhuri). Semuenzaniso, kuitira kuti tiongorore budiriro yevatambi venhabvu, zvakafanira kutora kune inoshandura huwandu hwezvinangwa zvakarodzwa, kwete runako rwekudzikisira.

4. Tarisa uone hukama hwengochani. Sekureva kweanomutsoropodza, chikonzero ndechekuti hukama hwusina kugadzikana hwevachingochani muReginer sampula yaive "yechinyakare" apo hukama hwakadaro hwakagumburwa, uye kuti muenzaniso wemazuva ano unoratidza kusimba kwakanyanya kwehukama hwakadai. Regnerus vakapindura kuti haana kugadzira chidzidzo chekuzivisa vabereki vane hukama husina kugadzikana hweungochani. Tsvagurudzo yake inotarisa kune vana vakura ivo vakarererwa panguva yakatarwa nguva pasi pemamwe mamiriro. Nekudaro, akacherekedza humbowo hwekuti kuroorana kweungochani muNorway neSweden kune njodzi yakanyanya yekurambana kupfuura kuroora kana murume nomurume (Andersson 2006, Biblartz xnumx), pamwe nehufakazi hwemazinga akakwirira ekuparadzanisa uye kurambana pakati pevachiri ngochani vakaroorana muAmerica (Hoff xnumx).

5. Chiverengero chidiki chevakadzi vakagadzikana "mhuri" ungochani mune muenzaniso wake. Kutsoropodzwa ndechimwe chikamu chefungidziro yekuti muyenzaniso weNFSS yaive isingaimiririri. Regnerus haavanzi chokwadi chekuti mune wake muyenzaniso kune chete vanhu vaviri vakapindura vaigara naamai vavo vekubereka nemurume wavakaroora wavakaroora ane makore gumi nemasere. Nekudaro, Regnerus akataura kuti shuviro yake yaive yekuona kutsigira kwevabereki vaive muhukama, uye kusatarisa kuvimbika kwekuda ungochani uye kusimba kwekubatana kwemhuri.

"... Vamwe vakatora chokwadi ichi sechiratidzo chekufungidzira uye chisina kumiririra svumbunuro yedhata ... Ini ndaizocherekedza kuti vatsoropodzi vanofanirwa kufunga nezvehunhu hwemagariro enguva iyo hukama hwakasimba hweungochani nevana hwaive husina kujairika ... Zvakare, chokwadi chakadai sedudziro yekugadzikana, iyo zvinobatsira pazvitarisiro zvisina musoro, kunyanya mushure mekuburitswa kwakawanda kwezvidzidzo zvichibva pane zvisina kujairika uye zvakasarudzika sampuli ... Semuenzaniso, muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvevana vane vanamai vane ngochani, muyenzaniso wacho waingogumira kuvakadzi vachena vakapfuma mune zvemari vanogona kubhadhara nzira yekudyara yekunyepedzera, nepo iwo muyenzaniso NFSS inomiririra zvakanyanya uye inosanganisira vasiri-vachena vakadzi vanobva mukirasi yepasi (Rosenfeld 2010, p. 757) (...) Zvakare, mune zvidzidzo zvakapfuura zvekurudziro yekuda kuita ungochani kwevabereki pavana, "vana chete vaigara nevabereki vaviri kweanenge makore mashanu" vakasanganiswa (Rosenfeld 2010). Hazvina hazvo kutaura kuti sampuro yakadai icharatidza mhedzisiro dzakasiyana pane sampuro ingangosanganisira vana vari kunze kwechirevo ichi ... "(Regnerus 2012b).

6. Misiyano pakati peRegnerus sampuli uye data rekuverenga kwevanhu muAmerica. Iyo census yakaratidza huwandu hwepamusoro hwevana vanorerwa muvakaroora gay pane yakawanikwa muRegnero sampu. Regnerus akapindura kuti anga asiri kubvunzana vakaroora, asi vana vakuru; mubvunzo wakabvunzwa nezvehukama hwevabereki vavo, hwakanga husiri mukuverenga kwevanhu; iyo census inoratidza ino nguva munhoroondo yevaviri, apo kutsvakisisa kwake kwakanangana nekurangarira kweudiki.

7. Kushaikwa kwekuongororwa kwewanano yevanhu vane "maitiro akasanganiswa". Vamwe vanotsoropodza vanoti vakuru vakabvunzurudzwa naRegnerus vaive "vana vakasangana", uye kuti chokwadi ichi chinokanganisa mhedzisiro, kwete hukama hwepabonde nevabereki. Regnerus akapindura kuti kudzidza kwake hakuna kutaura nezve "hunhu hweungochani" uye "dzidziso yekuchinja-chinja," haana nzira yekuziva kana vabereki mumichato iyi vaine "maitiro akasanganiswa". Zvekare, kudzidza kwake kunobva pane data pane vana ivo vakarererwa mune imwe nguva yehudiki hwavo nemubereki muhukama hwepabonde.

8. Kushaikwa kwekuongororwa kwema bisexual maitiro. Uku kutsoropodza kuchinjika kwendima yapfuura: vamwe vatsoropodzi vakafungidzira kuti muzviitiko zvakawanda vabereki vaive bisexual. Regnerus vakapindura zvakafanana. Uye zvakare, kunyange izvi zvisingabvumidze mhedzisiro yake, zvingave zvinonakidza kufunga nezvenyaya iyi.

9. Icho chokwadi chekuti chiitiko chemhuri yekurera hachina kuiswa muhombe. Vamwe vanotsoropodza vanoti panguva iyo Regnerus akafunda kubva pakurangarira kwevakabvunzwa vakuru, vabereki vanoita ungochani vaiwanzo kutora vana vavo kubva kunherera kana kuendesa vana vavo kumusha yekurera. Chero ipi yeaya mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kubatsira mukusawanikwa kwekutsvaga mhinduro. Regnerus akaongorora zvakare data rake uye akawana 21 nyaya yevana vaive neruzivo rwekugara mumusha wekusimudzira. Muzviitiko zvitatu, vana vakatama kubva kumhuri yekurera kuenda kune vaviri amai vacho nemumwe wake, mushure mekunge vaive mumhuri yekurera - izvi zvinokodzera mamiriro ekutanga akatsanangurwa nevanotsoropodza. Vana vakatumirwa kumhuri yekurera mushure mekugara mumubatanidzwa mumwechete - izvi zvinokodzera mamiriro ezvinhu epiri. Uye iyo data yekuzorora haina kukodzera maitiro eanenge chero mamiriro akarondedzerwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, nhamba yakaderera yevakabvunzwa vane ruzivo yakafanana haisi kufarira iyi fungidziro yakaoma.

Regnerus vakapindura vanyori vake neimwezve nzira yakanaka. MunaNovember 2012, akaisa data reNFSS muICPSR (Inter-University Yezvematongerwo enyika uye Yezvekutsvagiridza Kwekutsigira Consortium) dura rekuchengetera reUniversity yeMichigan. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero musayendisiti ane masisitiro ekuwana kuICPSR anogona kutarisa muyenzaniso wake. Kuongorora kwaRegnerus kuchisimbiswa zviri nyore, uye tsvagiridzo yake yakavhurika - kuverenga kunogona kudzokororwa. Makore akati wandei apfuura kubva zvakapinda data, uye parizvino hapana akataura kuti muenzaniso uyu hauna kunaka kana kuti kuumbwa kweRegnerusa kwakakanganiswa.

Kuedza kukorobha chinyorwa chaRegnerus pakutanga kwakakonzerwa kwete nekusavimbika nezvenzira dzake, asi nekuramba kwehasha pfungwa yezvakabuda mukutsvaga kwake. Vatsoropodzi vake vanonyatsoziva kuti kuongororwa kwakaringana kwebasa raRegnerus pamusoro pechinyorwa chakakomba chevanhu vekuMadokero kunobva pachinyorwa chekuti chinyorwa chake chakaburitswa mugwaro rine simba rekuongorora revatungamiriri. Naizvozvo, kubva pakutanga chaipo, kuedza kwevanyengeri vazhinji kugadzirisa uye kufarira ungochani kwakashandiswa, kutanga kwezvose, kuzvidza danho remagazini kuburitsa chinyorwa.

Muzvinafundo Darren Sherkat weYunivhesiti yeSouthern Illinois, nhengo yedare rekugadziriswa kweSocial Science Research, yakazvipira kuitisa ongororo yemukati yeRegnerus nekunyora wongororo yakazvimirira yakazvimirira. Pane zvaakaita, Sherkat akafadzwa nerutsigiro rwekuratidzira kuti Regnerus uye inoenderana naScos Rosenweig. Muna Chikunguru 2012, Sherkat akataura kuna Scott Rosenweig (iyeye aitsigira blogger uyo akadaidzira kuti hutungamiriri hweYunivhesiti utange kuongorora kuRegnerus) nekutumira email kwaari ichitaura kuti "maitiro eongororo yechinyorwa akanganisa". Rosenweig akadzokorora tsamba iyi pablogi rake pasi pemusoro wenyaya wekuti “Revenue! Kuputsa kunowanikwa muzvinyorwa zvevakadzi ”((Scott Rose 2012b) Vagadziri veSocial Science Research, pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru, vakapa dhizaini yekudzokorora-vega kwaSherkat kubepanhau reChiratidzo cheDzidzo yepamusoro, iro rakaburitsa Kuongorora kwaSherkat, kwaakapomera vaongorori venyaya yaRegnerussia nezve "kushaya hunyanzvi" uye akati "ibvise nyaya yacho", yaakatumidza "shitty" (Bartlett 2012), akagashira ongororo pamwe nekureverera mu bloglog. Zvakangodaro, kuve iwo mafungiro akazvimirira aSherkat nenyanzvi vachigovana maonero ake, hazvina kukanganisa dambudziko rechinyorwa chaRegnerus.

Zvinokosha kuziva kuti Scott Rosenweig akazotumira zvinyorwa zvizere zvetsamba yaSherkat pabhurogu yake. Mamwe makomputa kubva mariri:

“… Regnerus akaita tsvagiridzo dzakaipa uye dzakaipa idzo dzaisafanirwa kunge dzakaburitswa mumagazini yakakura kudaro, inoremekedzwa inofarirwa nevanhu vese ... Anongoyamwa uye ihure rezvematongerwo enyika. Gare gare, anozoibhadhara nekurasikirwa nembiri ... Ini ndoda kukutendai uye nevamwe vese varatidziri nekuchengeta iyi nyaya iri pamberi nguva dzese. Uyu wezera rekudzidza akaongororwa sei? Vaongorori maKristu-bapiro rerudyi! ... "(Scott Rose 2012c)

Zvakangodaro, kurwiswa kwakaitwa Regnerus kwaisave neuchapupu chaihwo hwekukanganisa kwakakosha munzira nekuongorora, saka vanoita zveungochani pamwe nevanovanzwira tsitsi, ivo vakatora zvakabuda mukutsvagisa kwake sekutyisidzira pfungwa yavo, vakapfuura mukutuka kwavo uye kutsvaga kwevasina chinangwa, kurangana uye kubiridzira. Uye zvakare, zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kuitira kugadzirisa nyaya yekupomerwa yekurongeka kwechidzidzo, vanyori veSocial Science Research vakasarudza, kuwedzera kune vanoongorora zvakananga zvechinyorwa ichi, nekuwedzera kukwezva vatatu nyanzvi dzakakurumbira mumunda wezvemagariro, kuti munhu wese anyore chirevo pamusoro pechinyorwa. Regnerus. Nyanzvi dzese (zvisingareve "vanamati vanofarira zvechitendero" uye kwete "vanochengetedza"), vachitaura zvakataurwa nevamwe zvakafanana nezve chero bhuku resainzi, havana kupokana tsika nemafambisirwo eongororo uye vakaona kukosha kwayo (Amato xnumx, Eggebeen xnumx, Osborne 2012).

Tsamba yakavhurwa yakaburitswa mu2012 mukutsigira kudzidza kweRegnerus, yakasainwa nemasainzi e27 mumunda wezvemagariro uye manhamba (Byron xnumx) Mutsamba iyi, boka revanyanzvi uye nyanzvi dzinonyora:

"... Muchokwadi, hunhu hweiye svomhu yevana vevabereki vanoita zvevakomana kana vakadzi - akavakirwa padzinza nedzinza - ari padyo nehunhu hwevana vakafanana kubva kumwe kuongorora kwakaitwa nenyanzvi yemagariro Michael Rosenfeld (Rosenfeld 2010), iyo, kusiyana naRegnerus, yakagashirwa nemufaro munhau nemudzidzi. Zvakakoshawo kucherechedzawo chimwe chokwadi mune chekuti Michael Rosenfeld mukudzidza kwake akashandisa masevhisi anozivikanwa musangano sangano "Zveruzivo Networks" kuunganidza data yechinyorwa chake mugwaro rine simba rezvemagariro.Rosenfeld 2012), nepo Regnerusu akashoropodzwa zvine hutsinye naDarren Sherkat zvimwe chetezvo muchinyorwa chake. Zvakakoshawo kucherechedza kuti imwe ongororo yakaburitswa muRechinyorwa cheMuchato neMhuri yakaratidza mhedzisiro inopfuura neyaRegnerus (Muumbi xnumx). Chidzidzo ichi chakaratidza kuti "mashandiro evana mumhuri dzine vabereki vanoita bonde pabonde nenzira mbiri dzakashata kupfuura vezera ravo mumhuri dzevabereki vakaroora vevabereki ... Kufanana pakati pezvakawanikwa muchidzidzo ichi nekudzidza kwaRegnerus kunopokana nekuzviti Regnerus" akaparadza zvese "... "(Byron xnumx).

Tsvagurudzo yaPaul Sullins 

Dr. Paul Sullins akakwevera kune chokwadi chekuti kubva muzvidzidzo gumi nemaviri zvichiti "hapana mutsauko", 4 chete yaive nemuenzaniso wakakwana wemumiriri wekuita zvirevo zvakadaro. Vatatu vavo (Wainright naPatterson 3, 2004, 2006) vakashandisa muenzaniso mumwechete wevachiri kuyaruka makumi mana nevana vanonzi vakakurira muvarume vakaroorana. Sullins, zvisinei, akawana kuti vazhinji vevachiri kuyaruka vari mumuenzaniso uyu (2008 kunze kwe44) vaigara nevabereki vevarume vakasiyana (!), Uye kazhinji ava vaiva vabereki vavo chaivo. Mushure mekuvabvisa kubva kumuenzaniso, vatori vechikamu vakasara vakaratidza zvakanyanya kuipa psychometric zviratidzo zvekushushikana uye kuzvimiririra kupfuura vezera ravo kubva kumhuri dzepabonde (kunyangwe kuita kwechikoro kwaive nani zvishoma).

Kuongorora kwaSullivan kwakaratidza kuti kuroora kana murume kana murume 'kunokanganisa vana, uye kana mwana akareba aine "vabereki" vanoita zvepabonde, zvinonyanya kukuvadza. Kuenzaniswa nevana ve "vasina kuroora" vabereki vanoita ngochani, zviratidzo zvinoshungurudza zvevana vane "vabereki" vaive mu "kurara" kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi vanowedzera kubva ku50% kuenda ku88%; kutya kwemazuva ese kana kuchema kunowedzera kubva ku5% kuenda ku32%; mucherechedzo mucherechedzo kuchikoro unoderera kubva ku3,6 kuenda ku3,4; uye kushungurudzwa kwevabereki kwevabereki kunowedzera kubva zero kusvika 38%.

"Kunyangwe paine humbowo hwakakura hwezvakasiyana, APA inoenderera mberi ichiti:" Hapana ongororo yakawana kuti vana vavabereki vanoita ungochani vakaderera munzira ipi neipi kuvana vevabereki. Ongororo iyi inoratidza pachena kuti chirevo ichi manyepo. Kune avo vakagutsikana kuti pakanga pasina misiyano, iyo data kubva kune ino kudzidza ichave isingatarisirwi uye ingangoita isina kunaka. Idzi data, zvisinei nekuti dzakasimbiswa, dzakachinjwa kana kutenderwa nekutsvagisa mune ramangwana, zvinoratidza kuti ruzivo rwakawanda nezvehukama hwakadai rwakaipa, uye isu tangotanga kuyedza kunzwisisa kuti vabereki vaviri vevanhurume nevanhukadzi vakaita sei vana ”(Sullins 2015c).

Chidzidzo chechina (Rosenfeld 2010), kuenzanisa vana zviuru zvitatu nemazana mana nemakumi manomwe nevana vevabereki vanoita zvechingochani, chakavakirwa pamuenzaniso weCensus 3, umo vanopfuura makumi mana muzana e "vangochani" vakanyatso kurongeka vakaroorana, zvichikonzera kusarurana kwakakomba mune zvakawanikwa. Masayendisiti akawana chikanganiso ichi chinoshamisa akanyevera vamwe vavo kuti mazhinji emhedziso yezvidzidzo anovimba nemuenzaniso uyu haana kururama (Nhema 2007). Rosenfeld pamwe anga asingazive nezvazvo, kana kuti akasarudza kuzviramba. Douglas Allen, uyo akashandisa muenzaniso weCanada, akatadza kuburitsa zvawanikwa naRosenfeld uye akapikisa mhedzisiro yake:

Takatorwa pamwechete, mhedzisiro yedu yakasiyana zvakasiyana neiyo yekutanga kudzidza. Vana vanogara mumhuri dzevane murume nemukadzi-vane huwandu hwakasiyana kubva kuvana mumhuri dzechinyakare nedzedzimba dzevakadzi. Kukosha kwemisiyano kwakaringana gakava riripo parizvino uye remangwana, uye inoratidza kudiwa chaiko kwekutsvagisa ...Allen 2012)

Sullivan anonongedza kuti mune dzakawanda zvidzidzo zvichishandisa zviyedzo zviviri zvine mativi maviri, kushomeka kwezvehukoshi kwakadudzirwa nenzira isakafanira seuchapupu hwe "kusavapo kwemisiyano", kunyangwe paine mutsauko wakakura mukufungidzira uye kusiyana mukukura kwemhedzisiro. Maererano naye, izvi "zvidzidzo", zvakahwanda kuseri kwesainzi-saini dhizaini, hazvitevedze sainzi, asi zviri pachena zvimwe zvetsika nemagariro zvibodzwa.

Zvakare, hapana kana mumwe wavo anotarisa mhedzisiro yenguva refu yehukadzi hwepabonde. Mushure mekugadzirisa nyaya iyi nekucherechedza hupenyu hwevana vanorerwa nevarume vanoita zvechingochani kwemakore gumi nematatu, Sullins akawana kuti njodzi yavo yekushushikana mukukura yakapetwa kaviri yevana vanorerwa nemurume nemukadzi (13% maringe ne51%) , uye njodzi yekuda kuzviuraya yakakwira zvakapetwa ka20 (5% maringe ne37%). Vadzidzi vevanochani vakaroora vakaratidzawo kuwedzera kufutisa mitengo: 7% kana 72%, iyo inogona zvakare kuve nehukama nekushushikana (Sullins 2016).

Pakutanga, Sallins akawana kuti vana ve "vabereki vanoita ngochani" vanotambura nematambudziko epfungwa kakapetwa kakawanda sevana vevabereki vane murume kana murume (Sullins 2015b).

Senguva dzose, tsamba dzakawanda dzetsamwa dzakatsigira kuti chinyorwa chacho chakashandiswa kuita nharo "dzaivenga", uye kuti munyori, aine hunhu hweCatholic, pamwe ainyepedzera mhedzisiro. Kukwidza tsitsi uye chiratidzo chemamiriro emunhu anofungidzirwa kuti anoita kuti munhu asarurwe uye asatendeseka anorohwa nehunyengedzi hunyengeri. Nhaurirano dzakadaro hadzina kurasika uye dzakaipa, nekuti hadzinei nehunhu hwenyaya uye dzinotungamira kubva pakuongororwa kwakadzama kwemamiriro ezvinhu, vachinongedzera kusaruro. Idi chokwadi chekuti muKatorike anoteedzera kuisa imwe nharo hazviiti kuti nharo yacho pachayo kubva munzvimbo ine maonero haina kurongeka. Dr. Sallins vakapokana nekuremekedzwa kwekushoropodzwa, uye nekudaro vatevedzeri vakatadza kubvisa research yake.

Sangano reAmerican Psychological Association (APA) rinoti vana vakarerwa muvarume nevakadzi vakaenzana kana kuti vakakwirira kudarika vana vari muvarume vakasiyana-siyana maererano nekukura kwepfungwa nekugara zvakanaka.

Zvisinei, sezvakaonekwa naPurofesa Paul Sullins, zvinenge zvese zvidzidzo zvakataurwa neAAPA zvakaitwa pamasampuli maduku, asina mumiririri uye naizvozvo migumisiro yavo haina kuvimbika. Kana tikasabvisa zvidzidzo zvese zvisiri zvinomiririra, zvidzidzo zvegumi chete zvinosara izvo zvakashandisa masampuli asina kujairika. Pakati pavo, vana chete havana kuwana chakaipa muvana kubva mukurerwa muvarume vakaroorana, uye vamwe 10 vakakuvadzwa.

Kuenzaniswa nevana vanobva kumhuri dzakasiyana-siyana, vana vanochengetwa nevarume vakaroorana vanopfuura kaviri njodzi yezvinetso zvepfungwa, kusanganisira kuora mwoyo, kuzvidya mwoyo, maitiro akaipa, hukama husina kunaka hwevezera uye kusakwanisa kuisa pfungwa. Tiri kutaura nezvemwana wechishanu wega wega. Ivo vane mukana wakapetwa kaviri wekuonekwa vaine dambudziko rekukura, iro rinosanganisira, asi risingaganhurirwe, kuremara pakudzidza kana kutadza kutarisisa hyperactivity disorder.

Mugore rapfuura, vana vanobva kune varume nevakadzi vakaroorana vaive nemukana wakapetwa kaviri wekuona chiremba kana kutora mishonga yezvinetso zvepfungwa. Vane mikana ye2 yakawanda yekubatwa pabonde nevabereki kana vamwe vanhu vakuru, uye 10 nguva yakawanda yekumanikidzwa kuita zvepabonde ivo vasingadi.

Pane mukana mukuru wekuti vana ava vakatosangana nekurambwa kweukama hwemubereki mumwe chete vasati vatanga kugara nevabereki vengochani. Asi ivo vanowanzosangana kumwe kuparara kwemhuri voenda kune mumwe murume wechitatu, nekuti varume nevakadzi vanorambana kakawanda kupfuura varume kana vasikana.

Chinhu chinonakidza ndechekuti vana vanobva kumurume nemukadzi vane mukana wakapetwa katatu kuti vapedze chikoro chesekondari, kunyangwe vaine mamakisi epamusoro avhareji. Paul Sullins anotsanangura gangaidzo iri nokutaura kuti panguva yechidzidzo, varume nevakadzi vakaroorana vaiziva kuti vakanga vachitariswa, uye naizvozvo vakaedza nepavaigona napo kuti varatidze divi ravo rakanakisisa kuitira kuti vazviratidze ivo pachavo nevarume vakaroorana vose zvavo nenzira yakanaka. . Pamusoro pezvo, zvibodzwa zvepamusoro zvakawanikwa kubva kuboka revana vakarerwa nevabereki ngochani kubva pakuzvarwa. Pane mukana mukuru wekuti vana ava vakaitwa pamuviri kuburikidza nekupa mari. Uye kana amai vakasarudza urume kuti vabate mwana wavo asati aberekwa, vanotsvaka mupi wepamusoro-avhareji—ane dhigirii reDhigirii kana IQ yepamusoro. Uye sezvo ava vana vakasarudzwa nokuda kwoungwaru, vanogona kukarirwa kuva namano endangariro anoshamisa kupfuura avhareji yechiverengero chavagari vapasi.

Asi munguva yokuyaruka, vana ava vanenge vasingachanyanyi kuva neukama hwepabonde kana kuti vazvifungidzire vari muukama hwemangwana hunosanganisira pamuviri kana kuroorana.

Sevanhu vakuru, vana vevabereki vanoita zvepabonde vane mikana ye 2 yakawanda yekutambura nekuora mwoyo, 4 nguva yakawanda yekufunga nezvekuzviuraya, kunyanya kusvuta, kushandisa mbanje, uye kunyanya kusungwa. Ivo vane mukana wekuita hupombwe kakapetwa katatu, 3 nguva yakawanda yekusashanda uye kugamuchira zvikomborero.

Vakadzi vakarerwa nevarume vanoita zvechingochani vane mukana wakapetwa kaviri wekuroorwa kana kudanana nemunhu anopfuura makore matatu nezera re30, uye mukana wakapetwa katatu wekuti vangave vakamboita pamuviri.

Nezvikonzero zvisingazivikanwi, kukuvadzwa kwevana kwakakura kana vabereki vavo vane zvepabonde vakaroorana. Zvinotoshamisa ndezvokuti, kuroorana kwevarume nevakadzi kunounza kuvana zvakasiyana chaizvo nezvinopiwa newanano yemurume nemukadzi. Vana vanogara nevabereki vakaroorana vane mitezo yakasiyana vanowanzoita zviri nani, nepo avo vanogara nevabereki vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yokubereka nayo vanowanzoita zvakashata. Ngozi yekubatwa chibharo uye kushungurudzwa kwevana inowedzerawo kana vabereki vane mitezo imwechete vakaroorana.

Nokudaro, kurera vana vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano sezviri pachena kunoisa vana panguva yakaoma. Muvanhu vakaroorana vane ngochani, mwana mumwe nomumwe zvechokwadi achanyimwa kutarisira mumwe kana vaviri vevabereki vake vokubereka, izvo zvinozotungamirira kumigumisiro ine ngwavaira pakukura kwake nekugara zvakanaka.

Vamwe vana vanobva mumhuri dzine ngochani vanotaura zviitiko zvinotyisa zvekushungurudzwa uye kusagadzikana, asi chichemo chinowanzozivikanwa ndechekuti kunyangwe vaine vanaamai vane rudo, vaigara vachinetseka uye vachinzwa vasingakodzeri kana vasina hukama nababa vavo.

Vabereki vaviri vekubereka vari muwanano ine kusawirirana kwakaderera ndiyo yakanakisa sarudzo yekukura uye kugara zvakanaka kwemwana. Kuvapo kwevabereki vese vekubereka ndiko kufanotaura kune simba kwemhedzisiro yakanaka kuvana.

Dr. Sullins

Iyo njodzi yekurochani drive

Pasinei nekufungidzirwa kwevanotsigira LGBT + - kufamba kunofungidzirwa kuti zvidzidzo hakuzviratidze mutsauko pakati pevana vakarerwa nevarume kana vakadzi nevarume vanobva kumhuri dzechivanhu, izvi zvidzidzo zvine hukomba hwesimba. Pamusoro pezvo, izvi zvimwe chete zvidzidzo zvinoratidza mutsauko wekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi uye kukwezva zvepabonde kwevana kunounzwa muvakomana nevarume nevakadzi vanobva kuvana kubva kumhuri dzechinyakare. Mumwe anozivikanwa anotsvaga dzidzo yemwana Diana Baumrind akataura kuti:

"... Zvinogona kushamisa kana ... hunhu hwepabonde hwevana husina kuumbwa pasi pesimba rehunhu hwevabereki vavo ..." (Baumrind 1995, peji. 134).

Stacey naBiblarz vakacherechedzawo.

"... Humbowo hukuru hwehuchapupu hwakaunganidzwa mumunda wezvidzidzo zvevanhukadzi uye zvebonde hazvitsigire vatsigiri veiyi dzidziso yekuti kubereka nevarume kana vakadzi vanoita zvepabonde hakuite kuti vana vafarire ..." (Stacey xnumx, peji 177) Zvingashamise kana ... hunhu hwepabonde hwevana husina kuumbwa pasi pesimba rehunhu hwevabereki vavo ... ”.

Stacey naBiblarz vakaita ongororo yezvidzidzo zve21, izvo zvavakasarudza maererano nemaitiro ekusangana ezvigaro zvehunhu hwekukosha uye kuwanikwa kwedata pakuonekwa kwekuumbwa kwemagariro evana vevanochata-nevarume vakaroora.Stacey xnumx, peji. 159). Stacey naBiblarz vakawana kuti kutsvagira kunopokana neshoko rekuti "hapana mutsauko" kana tasvika pane zvido zvepabonde uye kuzivikanwa kwevakomana kune vana vadiki (Stacey xnumx, peji. 176):

"… Vanyori vezvidzidzo zvese makumi maviri neshanu vanenge vakabvumirana muchirevo chekuti havana kuwana mutsauko muzviratidzo zvebudiriro kana mashandiro evana. Pane kupokana, kunyatsoongorora kwedu mhedzisiro yakawanikwa kunoratidza kuti mune zvimwe zviratidzo - kunyanya zvine chekuita nehunhu uye zvebonde - hunhu hwevabereki hwevabereki hwakanyanya kukosha kuvana vavo kupfuura izvo zvinotaurwa nevatsvakurudzi ... Vana vakarerwa nevabereki veungochani vanonyanya kutarisana nekuumbwa kwehomoerotic zvido, kuita hukama hweungochani uye kurarama hupenyu hweungochani ... "(Stacey xnumx, peji. 167, 170, 171).

Rekers naKilgus ndevepfungwa imwechete saStacey naBiblarz, vachitaura mutsauko mukuumbwa kwevatano pakati pevakadzi nevarume nevarume mumhuri dzechivanhu (Rekers 2001, p. 371-374, 379-380).

Muchidzidzo cheGolombok uye Tasker mu1996, vana vavanamai vane murume kana murume nevarume vanoita zvengochani vakafunda kwenguva yakareba - kutanga vaine makore gumi, uyezve pazera ramakore makumi maviri nemana (Golombok 1996) Izvo zvakaonekwa kuti mukukura, 36% yevana veanamai vanoita ungochani vakashuma vane hunhu hwekuita ungochani hwekusiyana kwakasiyana, nepo pakati pevana vevanaamai vanoita zvepabonde, pakanga paine 20%. Nekudaro, pane iyo yakaratidzwa nhamba yevana, hapana wevana vevanaamai vanoita zvevakomana nevarume vakapinda muhukama, asi pakati pevana vevanaamai vanoita zveungochani 67% vakave nehukama (Golombok 1996, mapeji 7 - 8).

Kuongororwa kwakaitwa naBailey nevamwe vake (1995) vakaongorora vana vakuru vevanhurume uye vanowana kuti 9% yevanakomana vavo ngochani uye bisexual, iri kakawanda kukwira kupfuura kuwanda kweungochani muhuwandu hwevanhu.Bailey 1995).

Zvinotokosha kutaurwowo Chidzidzo cheSarantakos (1996), icho chakafananidza hunhu hwakawanikwa kubva kuvadzidzisi vevana vakaunzwa nevarume vanoita zveungochani vachienzaniswa nevana vanobva kumhuri dzechivanhu (Sarantakos 1996).

"... Sekureva kwevadzidzisi, vamwe vana kubva kune vevanhukadzi-vakaroorana vakavhiringidzika nehunhu hwavo uye nekunzwisisa izvo zvainzi ndizvo chaizvo uye zvinotarisirwa kwavari mune mamwe mamiriro. Izvo zvakataurwa kuti vasikana vanobva kuna vanababa ngochani vanoratidzira akawanda "echikomana" maitiro uye hunhu kupfuura vasikana vanobva kuvabereki vanoita bonde. Zvakarehwa kuti vakomana vazhinji vemai ngochani amai vaive vakadzikadzi mune hunhu hwavo uye hunhu kupfuura vakomana vevabereki vanoita bonde. Kuenzaniswa nevakomana vevabereki vanoita zvepabonde, ivo vaifarira zvikuru matoyi, zviitiko zvemitambo nemitambo inowanzo sarudzwa nevasikana; "ivo kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura vakomana vanobva kumhuri dzechinyakare vaichema mune imwechete mamiriro anoshungurudza uye kazhinji vaitsvaga rairo kuvadzidzisi vechikadzi ..." (Sarantakos 1996, peji. 26).

Richard Redding mune yake 2008 basa regore rinoti:

"... Zvidzidzo zviripo zvinoratidza kuti vana vanorerwa nevarume vanoita zveungochani vanogona kukudziridza kukwezva kunotungamira kuhukama uye kuita zvepabonde kusiri kufanana ..." (Kuderedza xnumx).

Mukuongorora kwaTracy Hansen, kwakanyatso sanganisira zvidzidzo pfumbamwe zvakaburitswa nevanyori vakavimbika kusangano reBNBT +, iro rakaongorora vana vakadarika makore 18, varerwa nevaroora, zvakawanikwawo kuti pakati pevana ava nhamba yakakura kwazvo vanhu vasina murume / murume (Hansen xnumx) Idzo data yakawanikwa muCameron kuongororwa, iyo yaisanganisira zvidzidzo zvevanakomana veanababa vanoita ngochani (Cameron 2009) Idzo data yakawanikwa mune meta-kuongororwa naWalter R. Schumm (2010) - kana uchienzaniswa nevana vanobva kumhuri dzechinyakare, kuvana vanounzwa nevarume vane varume kana vakadzi, mukana wekutora mararamiro eungochani hwakanyanya.Schumm xnumx) Idzo data yakawanikwa mukuongororwa kwevana veanamai vanochani vanoitiswa naGartrell nevamwe vavo (Gartrell xnumx).

Mutori venhau vanoita zveungochani, Milo Yannupolos, akati angafara kuva nevana, asi haadi kuvakurira mubatanidzwa weungochani, nekuti zvido zvepabonde zvevakawanda zvinoenderana nedzidzo nenzvimbo, uye nokudaro haadi kuve nemhosva yekuti vana vake vatadze. vakawana yakanakira sarudzo yekusimudzira uye havana kuva nehukomana

Moira Greylandakaberekerwa mumhuri maive amai vevatezvara uye baba vari ngochani, vanotaura nezvekuwedzera kwe "tsika dzengochani":

“Musiyano mukuru pakati petsika dzevane ngochani neungochani kuvimba nekutenda kuti bonde rekutanga rakanaka uye rinobatsira, pamwe neruzivo rwechivimbo ASATI a "kanganiswa" nekukwezva kumusikana ... Zvitendero chaizvo zvevabereki vangu zvaive izvi: munhu wese ngochani nemasikirwo, asi nzanga dzengochani dzinovabvisa uye nekudaro dzinovatadzisa. Bonde rekutanga rinomutsa muvanhu chishuwo chekuita bonde nemunhu wese, uye izvi zvinozovabatsira kuti vave "ivo vega", vabvise kuvengwa kwevanhukadzi uye kutungamira kutanga kweutopia. Izvo zvakare zvichaparadza inovengwa mhuri yenyukireya neayo paternalism, zvebonde, zera (hongu, izvi zvakakosha kune vanobiridzira vana) uye mamwe ese maisms. Kana vana vakakwana vakaitwa bonde vachiri vadiki, ungochani hunongoerekana hwaita "zvakajairika" uye huchigamuchirwa, uye fungidziro yechinyakare yekutendeka inonyangarika. Sezvo bonde riri rechisikigo uye chakabatana chikamu chehukama chero hupi, zvipingamupinyi pakati pevanhu zvinonyangarika uye utopia ichauya, nepo mugumo wemadinosaurs wakamirira "tsika yehupombwe". Sekutaura kwamai vangu, "Vana vanorohwa nenyundo mumisoro yavo kuti havadi bonde ... Vabereki vaviri vaida kuti ndive ngochani uye vakavhunduka nehukadzi hwangu. Amai vangu vaindishungurudza kubva pamakore matatu kusvika pagumi nemaviri ekuberekwa. Kuyeuka kwangu kwekutanga baba vangu vachiita chimwe chinhu kunyanya chisimba kwandiri ndipo pandakava nemakore mashanu. " (Faust 2015).

Zviratidzo zvevanhu vakakurira mu “mhuri” dzebonde chaidzo

Muna Kurume 2015, vanhu vatanhatu vakakurira mu "vakadzi" nevarume "vanechisimba vakaendesa kumatare" mugwaro repamusoro. Mumwe wavo, Purofesa weNyika University of California kuNorthridge uye Mutungamiriri weInternational Institute for the Kudzivirirwa Kodzero dzeVana, Robert Lopez, mune yake statement inogovera zviitiko zvega uye nyaya dzevamwe. Anotaura nezve kutambudzika kwepfungwa, kunzwa kwekusakwana uye kusazivikanwa kushuva baba vake, avo vatenzikadzi vamai vake vaisakwanisa kutsiva. Muzvinafundo anoti mifananidzo yemhuri dzeungochani munhepfenyuro inogadzirwa uye inodzorwa zvine hungwaru. Lesbians vane hutano husina hanya nezvehunhu hwevana vavo, akadaro, sekusimbiswa nemutori wenhau Sally Cohn mu chinyorwa yakanzi "Ndiri ngochani uye ndinoda kuti mwana wangu ave ngochani futi." Apo vamwe vana vaiverenga maAdventures aTom Sawyer uye vachiona Oliver Twist, akamanikidzwa kuverenga mabhuku evanhukadzi uye kuona mafirimu evanhukadzi. Lopez anozvizivisa saiye "bisexual," uye bonde rake rekutanga bonde rakaitika pazera regumi nematatu nevarume vaviri vakuru. 

Kana mwana wemurume kana murume kana murume wake akaona kuti ana amai vake uye akabereta, asi asina baba, uye akataura kusagutsikana kana godo revana kubva kumhuri dzechinyakare mune izvi, anopomerwa kutaura "zvinopesana", "Uye maitiro ayo" anotengesa "iyo yese LGBT nharaunda.

"Iko kutsvagurudzo" kubvumirana "maererano nekubereka kwevakomana nevanhurume nevanhukadzi kune zvakakanganisa zvakati wandei. Chikanganiso chikuru ndechekufungidzira kuri pasi peiyo nzira. Nzanga inoziva sei kuti mufaro chii, "unoshongedza" kana "wakabudirira" mwana? Mumipimo yakadai, chishuwo chakanyanya kuna amai nababa, nezvekwavari uye nerusununguko kubva kuzviziviso zvekunyepedzera zvakagadziriswa nevezvematongerwo enyika hazvipo.
Vana vazhinji vanozvarwa uye vanokura vasina kumanikidzwa nemutemo kugutsa zvinodiwa nevakuru kubhadharirwa rusaruro rwekare. Kusiyana navo, vana vavabereki ngochani vane mutengo wemisoro yavo. Ndidzo "zvivakwa" zvevakaroo vakaroorana uye, maererano, nharaunda ngochani. Kunze kwekunge ivo vasina ruzivo, ivo vanoziva kuti nharaunda yeungochani inovaona se “pfuma” yavo kunyange kana vakura. Vana vevano ngochani vanowanzoita mapropu anoratidzwa kune veruzhinji kuratidza kuti "mhuri dzechingochani" dzakasiyana neechani. Ini ndaiziva nyaya kana vakuru vachikwevera vana kuti vape nemusoro ufakazi hwenhema kuvakuru vezvemitemo uye kudare.
Mutongi Jeffrey Sutton akatonga kuti vakaroora kana vakadzi vakaroora havagoni kurera vana zvisingaite kupfuura ivo varume. Anoziva sei izvozvo? Patova nenguva shoma yapfuura kubvira pamutemo wekuroora kana kuroorwa. Haana kuziva izvo zvido zvevana, uye mune yangu ruzivo - haana chokwadi ”(Lopez 2015).

Chokwadi, kutarisira kubereka kwakaenzana kubva kuvanhu venharaunda inozivikanwa ne kusagadzikana kudyidzana uye kuwedzera kupindwa muropa kuzviuraya, kusagadzikana kwepfungwa, kudhakwa, kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka, mhirizhonga mudzimba и pedophilia - iri, kuiisa zvinyoro-nyoro, isiriyo. Uyezve, mumwe wevabereki muvakaroorana murume kana murume asingazivikanwe ndiusingazive mwana.

Zviri mukunakisisa kwemwana kurerwa naamai vake nababa. Mutemo uyu unotsigirwa nematambudziko mazhinji uye matambudziko emanzwiro uye epfungwa anosangana nevana vazhinji vari nherera kana vakarerwa mumubereki mumwe kana mhuri dzevabereki: dzakaderera hutano hwepanyama uye hwepfungwa, dzidzo, kugutsikana kwehupenyu, kunzwira tsitsi uye kuzvivimba, pamwe nekuwedzera dzimba nekushungurudzwa pabonde, kupindwa muropa nezvinodhaka, hurombo uye kubereka kunze kwewanano. Kutama kubva kumhuri yechinyakare mumakumi emakore apfuura hakuna kuvandudza hupenyu hwemwana, uye hapana dhata kusvika parinhasi inoratidza kuti kubereka murume kana murume kwakasiyana nenzira imwechete kune mubereki mumwe kana mhuri dzekurera (nepo paine humbowo hwekuti ivo vakaderera kwavari). Kumisikidzwa kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi "michato" inoshandura chinzvimbo chisina kunaka chevana vanobva kumhuri dzakadai kuita "zvakajairwa" zvakaiswa mumutemo kumwana wese akarerwa nevarume vanoita bonde. Kudanana kweungochani kunozeya zvido zvemwana, kugadzira pfungwa dzakamonyaniswa nezvehukama pakati pevane vanhukadzi uye, pamwe zvingangoita, kusvika kure, kusati kwadzidzwa mhedzisiro inozozviratidza mune ramangwana. Zvidzidzo zvepakutanga zvichifananidza vana kubva kumhuri dzevabereki nevana vane vabereki vakarambana zvakawanawo musiyano kudzamara kushungurudzika kwekurambana kwaita kuti inzwe mukukura.

Mamiriro ezvinhu evana mumhuri dzeLGBT akatanga kukurumidza kushata muma80s, apo mushandirapamwe we "kodzero dzengochani" uye kunyoreswa kwe "gay marriage" yakapinda muchikamu chinotyisa. Vana vadiki veLGBT vakaudza Lopez kuti nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzakavaranga sei nekunzwa kusuwa kwekuzvarwa nekushaikwa kwemubereki. Mumwe mwana, akaberekwa kupfurikidza naamai vapashure kuna baba vangochani, akanyunyuta kunyanzvi yake yendangariro yengochani kuti ainzwa kusuwa zvikuru paZuva raAmai. Nokuda kweizvi, chiremba wepfungwa akamupomera "homophobia" uye akamumanikidza kukumbira ruregerero kuna baba vake. Maererano naLopez, vana vemhuri dzepabonde imwechete havagoni kutaura chokwadi pamusoro pehuduku hwavo kunyange pavanokura. Vazhinji vavo havazombotauri pachena nekuda kwemamiriro ekutya uye BURITTING iyo mushandirapamwe wekunyoresa "wanano yengochani" yakagadzira.

Lopez pachake akatambudzwa nekuda kwezvakazarurwa zvake. Akanzi "mhandu wekuenzana", "gakava," "muparidzi wekuvenga uye anopesana neAmerica tsika." Mabhii akakura-bapiro reruboshwe uye mablogiki akabatana mukuparadza mukurumbira waLopez: Huffington Post, Right Wing Watch, Frontiers LA nevamwe. Mushandirapamwe wekudyidzana wemasangano eLBBT pamwe neredhiyo yavo ine hushamwari zvakaita kuti Lopez arambidzwe hurukuro. Akaiswa pasi peboka rekurwiswa mumuviri, anogara achitsungirira kutukwa kubasa, kumitambo yemagariro akasiyana siyana uye nemusangano wehunyanzvi. Pamusoro pekudzvinyirira kwakafanana kwakaitwa nevaratidziri vekuruboshwe kwakaitika kumhuri nhanhatu dzebonde dzakavhara mhosva. Ndokusaka vamwe vanopfuura zana vakasarudza kuramba vasingazivikanwe.

Ruzivo rwekuwedzera

Rumwe ruzivo neruzivo zvinogona kuwanikwa mune zvinotevera zvinyorwa:

1. Dent gw Hapana Musiyano?: Kuongororwa kweKufanana-Kwepabonde Kubereka. Ave Maria Mutemo Wongororo. 2011.
2. Kim cc Mhedzisiro yekusangana kweBonde-Imwechete paVana: Kuongorora uku. Nhaka Yenhaka. Chinyorwa Chepfupi Nha. 3643 | June 19, 2012.
3. Byrd D. Conjugal Muchato Unosimudzira Hutano Hwevanhu uye Sangano Rokuvandudza. Mu: Kukuvara chii?: Kunyoreredza kuroodza kana kuroorwa chaiko kunokuvadza vanhu, mhuri kana nzanga? 16, 32 (Lynn D. Wardle ed., Lanham, Md: University Press of America, 2008).
4. Allen dw (2013). Chikoro chekupedza chikoro chepamusoro pakati pevana veedzinhurume-dzimba dzimba. Ongororo yeEconomics yeImba, 11 (4), 635-658.
5. Sullins D. Zvinetso zveManzwiro pakati pevana Nevabereki Vese-Zvepabonde: Kusiyana neDudziro (Ndira 25, 2015). Briteni Journal yeDzidzo, Sangano uye Behavioral Science 7 (2): 99-120, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500537
6. Phelan je Kurangarirwa kwaVanababa Vavo neNgochani neVarume Vevarume vane ungochani. Psychological Reports Vol 79, Chinyorwa 3, mapeji. 1027 - 1034.https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.1027
7. Schumm wr Kudzokorora uye kuongororwa kwekutsvagiridza pane Kufanana-Bonde Kubereka uye Kubvumidza. Psychol Rep. 2016 Dec; 119 (3): 641-760. Epub 2016 Sep 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116665594
8. Cameron P, Cameron K, Landess T. Kukanganisa neAmerican Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, uye National Education, Sangano mukumiririra ungochani mune zvemitemo pfupiso nezve Amendment 2 kuUS Supreme Court. Psychol Rep. 1996 Oct; 79 (2): 383-404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383
9. Glenn T. Stanton, Dhairekitori, Fundo dzeMhuri Shanduro http://factsaboutyouth.com/posts/are-children-with-same-sex-parents-at-a-disadvantage/
10. Heather barwick (2015) Nharaunda Inodiwa Gay: Vana Vako Vari Kukuvadza https://thefederalist.com/2015/03/17/dear-gay-community-your-kids-are-hurting/

Notes

1. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kunyange kududzwa.
2. Kuwedzeredzwa kwemhedzisiro yekuongororwa kweMarx (2012) yakapihwa mune basa: Kim CC Mhedzisiro yekusangana kweBonde-Imwechete paVana: Kuongorora uku. Nhaka Yenhaka. Chinyorwa Chepfupi Nha. 3643 | June 19, 2012.
3. Semuenzaniso: Helen Barrett naFiona Tasker, "Kukura Nevabereki Vane Ngochani: Maonero e101 Gay Madzibaba pane Vana Vawo 'uye Vanasikana' Zvakaitika," Dzidzo nePwere Psychology, Vol. 18, Aiwa. 1 (2001), mapeji. 62 - 77
4. Semuenzaniso: Gary J. Gates, "Shanduko Yemhuri uye Kurera Vana Pakati peVanochani-Varume Vakadzi," Focus yemhuri, Nguva yechando 2011, National Council pamusoro pehukama hwemhuri.
5. Yakazara ye49 zvidzidzo zvakafundwa, asi mu27 zviitiko pakanga pasina mapoka ekuenzanisa zvachose.
6. Ndokunge, yakanga isiri "bofu kudzidza" inodzivirira rusarura uye kuzviita mukutarisa mhedzisiro.
7. "Kutendeseka chaiko kwemaitiro esainzi-science research process kuri kutyisidzirwa neruzhinji rwekunyepedzera uye nekurwiswa kwevatori venhau isu taona munhau iyi" ona Smith 2012

Bibliographic source

1. Amato PR. The kugara kwevana vane ngochani uye lesbian vabereki. Soc Sci Res. 2012 Jul; 41 (4): 771-4.
2. Anderssen N. et al., "Zvabuda muVana vane Vabereki veLesbian kana ngochani: Ongororo Yezvefundo kubva ku1978 kuenda ku2000," Scandinavia Journal of Psychology, Vol. 43 (2002), p. 348;
3. Andersson G, et al., 2006. Kuwanda kwevanhu vanoita zvevakomana kana vakadzi muNorway neSweden. Demology 43, 79 - 98, p. 89 uye p. 96
4. Bailey JM, et al. Kuita Zvepabonde kweVadiki Vacheche veGay Madzibaba, 31 KUSIMBISA PSYCHOL. 124 (1995)
5. Bartlett T, "Inokakavara Gay-Parenting Study Ine Zvakashata Zvakashata, Mutori Wenhau Anowana," Rondedzero yeDzidzo yepamusoro, Chikunguru 26, 2012
6. Baumrind D. Dudziro yezvezvepabonde: Kutsvagorora uye Zvemagariro Migariro. Developmental Psychology, 31 (1), 130-136.
7. Biblarz T, et al., 2010. Hunhu hwevabereki hwunoita sei? Chinyorwa cheMuchato uye Mhuri 72 (1), 3 - 22., P. 17
8. Byron J., et al. Mhinduro YeSainzi Yemagariro Kune Iyo Regnerus Kupokana. Baylor University. 20.06.2012. http://www.baylorisr.org/2012/06/20/a-social-scientific-response-to-the-regnerus-controversy/
9. Cameron P. Gay mababa mhedzisiro pavana: wongororo. Psychol Rep. 2009 Kubvumbi; 104 (2): 649-59. DOI: 10.2466 / pr0.104.2.649-659
10. Eggebeen DJ. Chii chatinogona kudzidza kubva kuzvidzidzo zvevana vanorerwa nevarume kana vakadzi vanoita zvevakadzi? Soc Sci Res. 2012 Jul; 41 (4): 775-8.
11. Ferguson A. Kutsiva kweiyo nyanzvi dzemagariro. Mwero weSvondo. 30.07.2012. https://www.weeklystandard.com/andrew-ferguson/revenge-of-the-sociologists
12. Gartrell NK, et al., Vechidiki veU.S. National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Zvepabonde, Kuzvibata, uye Kuita Zvepabonde Kuzivikanwa, 40 ARCH. SEXUAL BEHAV. 1199 (2011)
13. Gates GJ et al. Tsamba kuvagadziri uye kuraira edhi dzeSocial Science Research. Soc Sci Res. 2012 Nov; 41 (6): 1350-1. doi: 10.1016 / j.ssresearch.2012.08.008.
14. Golombok S., Tasker F. Vabereki Vane Simba Here Kuita Bonde kweVana Vavo? Tsvagurudzo Kubva kuYakareba Kuongorora Kwemhuri dzeLesbian, 31 KUSIMBISA PSYCHOL. 3 (1996)
15. Hansen T., Ongororo uye Kuongororwa Kwezvidzidzo Zvekutsvagira Kunoongorora Kunakirwa kweBonde kweVana Vakamutswa Nevanhurume (June 30, 2008), http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.567.5830&rep=rep1&type=pdf
16. Hoff, Colleen C., Beougher, Sean C., 2010. Zvibvumirano zvepabonde pakati pevakaroo varume varume. Archives eBonde Kuita Bonde 39, 774 - 787.
17. Kim CC Kubata Kwekufanana-Kwebonde Kuberekera Kune Vana: Kuongorora uku. Nhaka Yenhaka. Chinyorwa Chepfupi Kwete. 3643 | June 19, 2012.
18. Lerner R., Nagai AK Hapana Pasi: Izvo Zvidzidzo Zvisingataurire Nezvekuita Bonde-Kubereka. Muchato Mutemo Project, Washington, DC Ndira 2001
19. Lerner R., Nagai AK, "Hapana Chikamu: Izvo Zvidzidzo Zvisingatiudze Nezvekuita Bonde Kwevanhurume," Mutemo Wemuchato, 2001, http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49675281
20. Makaki L. Kufanana-pabonde kuva mubereki uye zvinobuda muvana: Kuongorora kwepedyo kweAmerican kwepfungwa kusangana kwepfupi pane vakadzi vanoita zvevakadzi nevarume. ZveSainzi Sayenzi. Vhoriyamu 41, Chinyorwa 4, Chikunguru 2012, Mapeji 735-751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.006
21. Marquardt E., et al. Iyo shanduko muDanho reVabereki Kusimudzika Kwakaitika Pasi Pose Pakati Pekodzero Dzevakuru uye Zvinodiwa zvevana. Kukwikwidza Kwenyika Dzese kubva kuKomisheni pane Ramangwana Revabereki. Situiti yeAmerican values ​​1841 Broadway, Suite 211 New York. 2006. https://www.imfcanada.org/sites/default/files/elizabeth_marquardt_revolution_in_parenthood.pdf
22. Meezan W., et al., "Gay Kuroora, Kuita Bonde Kune Vamwe, uye Vana veAmerica," Ramangwana reVana, Vol. 15, Aiwa. 2 (Kudonha 2005), mapeji. 97 - 116, http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/15_02_06.pdf (yakawanikwa June 8, 2012); https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16158732
23. Nock S. "Afidavit yaSteven Lowell Nock," Halpern v. Gweta Guru, Ontario Superior Dare Rekutongwa, Dare Faira Nha. No.684 / 00, 2001, http://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/general/2010/08/12/Exhibit_C.PDF
24. Osborne C. Kumwezve kutsanangura pamapepa kwakaitwa naMarks naRegnerus. Soc Sci Res. 2012 Jul; 41 (4): 779-83.
25. Patterson, CJ, 2005. Lesbian uye ngochani vabereki nevana vavo: pfupiso yezvakawanikwa pakutsvaga. Lesbian uye Gay Parenting: American Psychological Association
26. Perrin EC uye Komiti yePfungwa Dzepfungwa dzeMwana neVemhuri Hutano, "Ruzivo rwehunyanzvi: Kukopwa kana kweChipiri-Mubereki Kubvumirwa NaVabereki Vese Vepabonde," Pediatrics, Vol. 109, Aiwa. 2 (Kukadzi 2002), mapeji. 341 - 344;
27. Potter D. 2012. "Mhuri-Dzevabereki Dzemhuri Dzemhuri uye Kuwana kweVadzidzi Kudzidza." Chinyorwa Chemuchato uye Mhuri 74: 556-571
28. Redding RE, "Ndicho Chaicho Nezve Bonde: Vakadzi-Bonde Kuroora, Lesbigay Kuva Mubereki, uye Psychology reKusemesa," Duke Zvinyorwa zveGender Law & Policy, Vol. 15, Kwete. 127 (2008) mapeji 127-192;
29. Regnerus M. Vabereki hukama hwepamoyo uye hwehukama, kusagadzikana kwemhuri, uye zvinotevera zvehupenyu zvabuda zvevana vakuru: Kupindura vanotsoropodza vekutsva kwemhuri mhuri kudzidza pamwe nekuwedzera kuongororwa. Soc Sci Res. 2012a Nov; 41 (6): 1367-77. doi: 10.1016 / j.ssresearch.2012.08.015
30. Regnerus M., "Vabereki Ukama-hwehukama Hukama, Kugadzikana Kwemhuri, uye Inotevera Inotevera Mhedzisiro yeVakuru Vana: Kupindura Vanotsoropodza veMhuri Nyowani Zvidzidziso Kudzidza neKuwedzera Kuongorora," Social Science Research 41, kwete. 6 (2012b): 1367 - 77.
31. Rekers GA, Kilgus M. Zvidzidzo zveungochani Kubata Mubereki: Kudzokorora Kwakakosha, 14 REGENT LAW REV. 343, 382 (2001 - 02).
32. Richwine J, Marshall JA. Iyo Regnerus Kudzidza: ZveSainzi Sayenzi pane Nyowani Mhuri Zvimisheni Met neIntolerance. Backgrounder. HAPANA 2736, Gumiguru 2, 2012. https://www.heritage.org/marriage-and-family/report/the-regnerus-study-social-science-new-family-structures-met-intolerance
33. Rosenfeld M, et al. 2012. "Kutsvaga Wawakaroora: Kuuya kweInternet seMutungamiriri weNzvimbo" American Sociological Ongorora 77: 523-547.
34. Rosenfeld M. 2010. "Nontraditution Mhuri uye Kufambira Mberi kweVana Kupfuura Chikoro." Demology 47: 3: 755 - 775.
35. Rosenfeld, Michael J., 2010. Mhuri dzisina mhirizhonga uye kufambira mberi kwevana kuburikidza nechikoro. Demology 47, 755 - 775
36. Sarantakos S., Vana muZvirevo zvitatu: Mhuri, Dzidzo, uye Kubudirira Kwemagariro, 21 KUSVIRA. AUSTL. 23 (1996)
37. Schumm WR Vana Vengochani More Apt Kuve ngochani? Mhinduro kuMorrison uye kuCameron Yakavakirwa pakuongororwa kweaka wanda Source yeData, 42 J. BIOSOCIAL SCI. 721, 737 (2010)
38. Schumm WR Statistical Zvinodiwa Kuti Zvinyatso Kuongorora A Null Hypothesis. Psychological Reports, 2010, 107, 3, 953-971. DOI 10.2466 / 02.03.17.21.PR0.107.6.953-971
39. Scott Rose, "Vhura Tsamba kuUniversity yeTexas Pamusoro pePurofesa Mark Regnerus 'Akafadza Unethical Anti-Gay Study," Iyo New Civil kodzero Movement (blog), June 24, 2012a
40. Scott Rose, "BOMBSHELL: Mupepeti Darren Sherkat Anotendera Peer Ongororo Kukundikana Kweisingabvumike, Anti-Gay Regnerus Study," Iyo New Civi l Rights Movement (blog), Chikunguru 27, 2012b
41. Scott Rose 2012c, "BOMBSHELL: Sherkat Admits." Iwo masampula akanyorwa ane mativi kubva kuSherkat's Chikunguru 15 email kuRose iyo yakazonyanya kutumirwa naRose paNew Civil kodzero dzeMusangano, asi izvo kutumira hazvichawanikwe. Yakatarisana
42. Smith C, "Inodzidzisa Auto-da-Fé," Chinyorwa Chekutanga Kwefundo yepamusoro, Chikunguru 23, 2012, http://chronicle.com/article/An-Academic-Auto-da-F-/133107/
43. Stacey J et al., "(Sei) Kuita Zvepabonde Kwevabereki Kunokosha?," American Sociological Review, Vol. 66, Aiwa. 2 (Kubvumbi 2001), mapeji. 159 - 183;
44. Stacey J, Biblarz TJ. (Sei) Kuita Zvepabonde Kwevabereki Kunokosha?, Vol. 66, Aiwa. 2 (Kubvumbi, 2001), mapeji. 159-183. DOI: 10.2307 / 2657413
45. Tasker F, "Vanamai veLesbian, Vanababa veGay, uye Vana Vawo: Ongororo," Kufambira mberi uye Behaisheral Pediatrics, Vol. 26, No.3 (June 2005), mapeji. 224 - 240;
46. Wood P. Iyo Campaign Yekusvibisa Regnerus uye iyo Assault paPeer Ongororo. Dzidzo Mibvunzo. 2013; vhoriyamu 26, nhamba 2: 171-181. doi: 10.1007 / s12129-013-9364-5