Helitaannada Furaha ah

(1) Isticmaalka mareenka caloosha iyo mindhicirka sida xubinta taranka waxay la xiriirtaa khataraha caafimaad ee cudurada faafa iyo naxdinta leh.

(2) Waxaa ka mid ah dadka hoggaaminaya qaab nololeedka khaniisiinta, ragga iyo dumarka labadaba, waxaa jira khataro badan oo kordhay oo ah cuduro kala duwan, oo labadaba la isku qaadsiiyo (HIV, waraabowga, jabtada, iwm), iyo qalliinka iyo dhimirka.

Horudhac

Bayaanka soo socda ee u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha LGBT + - dhaqdhaqaaqa waa bayaan in fal galmo isku jinsi ah uu u ekaan karo dabeecad jir ahaaneed ee qofka isla markaana, natiijada, saameyn kuma laha caafimaadka. Astaamaha jirka iyo jir ahaaneed ee jirka bini aadamka iyo natiijooyinka baarista ayaa ka hor imanaya halku dhigyada la midka ah. Akhlaaqda khaniisnimada ah waxay la xiriirtaa halista sii kordheysa ee cudurada kala duwan, oo dadka u ololeeya LGBT + ay ka aamusaan.

Markaan tixgalineyno mowduucan, waxaan falanqeyn doonnaa dhinacyada soo socda: (1) xadgudubyada la xiriira galmada khaniisnimada; (2) ciladaha khaniisiinta.

Tilmaamayaasha guud ee caafimaadka

Sida laga soo xigtay Ruth iyo Santacruz (2017), tiro aad u badan oo ah cilmi baadhis saynis ah ayaa tilmaamaysa, marka la barbar dhigo heterosexuals, shaqsiyaadka ku dhaqma khaniisnimada iyo qaab nololeed khaniisi ah inay diiwaan geliyeen sinaan la'aan xagga caafimaadka jirka iyo maskaxda. Tan dambe waxay la kulmaan dhibaatooyin caafimaad oo badan nolosha oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan cudurada, oo ay ku jiraan HIV ragga, neefta, iyo sokorowga dumarka (Corliss et al. Xnumx) iyo cudurada kale ee dabadheeraad, halista badan ee cudurada wadnaha iyo kansarka, jaaniska aad u sareeya ee naafo noqonaya da 'yarta. Da 'yarta ayaa khatar weyn ugu jira qiiqa sigaarka iyo rabshadaha. Waxaa jira heerar sare oo ah dhimashada, gaar ahaan, khatarta kordhaysa ee dhimashada haweenka, ragga iyo dumarka isku galmooda, iskuday dil, iyo sidoo kale duruufo nafsi ah oo aan loo baahnayn, qaar badan oo ka mid ah ayaa si cad maskax ahaan dabeecadda u ah, sida heerarka walaaca oo kordha, weerarada argagaxa, jahwareerka maskaxda, jahwareerka iyo cilladaha la xidhiidha kordhinta isticmaalka walxaha nafsadda, keli ahaanta da 'Ruth et Santacruz 2017; Lick et al. Xnumx; Yarns et al. Xnumx) In kasta oo ay xaqiiqda tahay in ficillo galmo khasab ah oo keena walaaca shaqsiyeed ama cillad nafsaani ah aan si rasmi ah loogu xusin cudur madax-bannaan daabacaaddii ugu dambeysay ee kala-soocidda Ururka Maskaxda Mareykanka ee ugu awoodda badan ("DSM-5"), bukaannada iyo dhakhaatiirta qaarkood waxay u arkaa inay yihiin noocyo kala duwan balwadaha, sida qabatinka khamaarka (Yarns et al. Xnumx).

Khataraha la xidhiidha galmada

Ragga khaniisiinta ah

Sida laga soo xigtay daraasado la taaban karo, isutagga galmada ee u dhexeeya ragga ayaa lala xiriiriyaa halista caafimaad. Galmo galmo oo ka dhaxaysa ragga ayaa ku dhaqma taabashada xubinta taranka¹; suugaanta sayniska iyo sharciga ah, taabashada xubnaha taranka waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa sodon (Fischel xnumx, p. 2030; Zhakupova 2015, p. A543; Weinmeyer xnumx, p. 916; Sharciga Ciqaabta Israel, farshaxanka. 347c) Xaaladaha badankood, faaligga faaligga ayaa lagu isticmaalaa xiriirka jinsiyeed ee ka dhexeeya ragga - futada iyo malawadka ayaa loo isticmaalaa siyaabo kala duwan. Marka loo eego natiijooyinka daraasad darasaad Yurub ku saabsan oo ragga la galmooday, taabashada xubinta taranka waxaa lagu dhaqmay 95% dhamaan xiriirada galmada, (EMIS 2010, p. 113). Daraasad kale ayaa baaray dhaqanka xiriirka galmada ee ragga khaniisiinta ah ee aan qabin HIV, kuwaas oo lammaaneyaasheedu ay yihiin kuwa sidaha cudurka HIV - taabashada xubnaha taranka waxaa lagu dhaqmay 99,7% dhamaan xiriirada galmada (Rodger 2016, p. 177).

Intaa waxaa sii dheer, dhaqanka ku-xirnaanta xubinta taranka ee aan ilaalin ee ragga ku kaca galmada khaniisiinta ah, sida laga soo xigtay ilo kala duwan, waa 41% (Valleroy 2000), 43% (Grov 2014), 56% (Nelson xnumx), 58% (EMIS 2010, p. 116). Adeegsiga kondhomka xubinta taranka ee xubnaha taranka ragga ayaa hoos u dhacday sannadihii ugu dambeeyay (Hess 2017, p. 2814; Unemo 2017).

Khataraha laxiriira xasaasiga cudurka

Habka malawadka - qaybta ugu dambeysa ee mareenka caloosha iyo xiidmaha - waxaa sida caadiga ah loogu talagalay uruurinta iyo ka soo bixida saxarada jilicsan iyo kaabiska. Habka dheefshiidka bini aadamka wuxuu la xiriiraa jiritaanka sheybaarada yar-yar ee sheybaarka ku jira xiidmaha ku jira xiidmaha taasoo gacan ka geysaneysa burburka walxaha kala duwan ee cuntada (Quigley 2013) Microbes-yada ku jira qofka caafimaadka qaba waligood ma galaan marinka dhiigga sababtoo ah jiritaanka xannibaadda jir ahaaneed oo ka kooban lakabka xabka iyo darbiga xiidmaha (Faderl xnumx) Galitaanka unugyada symbiotic-ka ee ku dhaca wareegga dhiigga ayaa sababa cudurro kala duwan, oo ay ka mid yihiin sepsis (Takiishi 2017; Kelly 2015).

Qaab dhismeedka xubnaha jirka iyo shaqada jir ahaan malawadka ma bixinayaan adeegsiga xiriirka galmada: tarjumaadda taabashada xubinta taranka oo u dhiganta siilka xubinta taranka ayaa ka soo horjeedda astaamaha jirka iyo bayoolajiga ee jirka bini aadamka. Xitaa isticmaalka cinjirka galmada, taabashada xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka waxay leedahay khatar weyn, gaar ahaan kan qaataha. Marka loo muujiyo malawadka inta lagu guda jiro waxqabadka galmada ee la soo sheegay, unugyadeeda jilicsan ayaa dhaawacmay. Unugyadan ayaa u adeegta inay isku uruursadaan isku-dhafnaan yar oo jilicsan marka loo diyaarinayo isu soo bax sababtuna tahay si tartiib tartiib ah xiidmaha xiidmaha. Isbarbardhiga malawadka xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka haweenka ayaa ah mid aan quseynin: unugyada malawadka marna ma xoog badna sida unugyada xubinta taranka, xubin unugyo ahaan loogu talagalay waxqabadka taranka. Intaa waxa u dheer, deegaanka siilka laftiisa ayaa aad uga nadiif badan deegaanka futada. Siilka ayaa leh saliidaha dabiiciga ah oo gaar ah waxaana taageera shabakad muruqyo ah. Dhinaca gudaha ee xubinta taranka waxaa daboola xuub qunyar ah, oo ka kooban lakabyo badan oo unugyada epithelial ah, oo kuu oggolaanaya inaad wareejiso jahawareerka isagoon waxyeello gaarsiinin isla markaana adkeysi u yeelan kara saameynta tallaalka ee shahwada. Dhinaca hoose ee malawadka waxaa ku daboolan xuub khafiif ah oo ka kooban hal lakab oo unugyada epithelial ah. Unugyada malawadka marwalba way ka badan yihiin ama waa yareeyaan inay ku dhaawacmaan hawsha galmada dabada. Xitaa maqnaanshaha dhaawaca la arki karo, microcracks iyo microcracks xuubka xabka ayaa gacan ka geysta gelitaanka halbawlayaasha microcalicles, borotiinka shahwada iyo microbes-ka dhiiga.

Takhasusleyaasha ayaa xusey in ragga khaniisiinta ah ay leeyihiin astaamo astaamaha xiidanka iyo malawadka, sababtuna tahay isticmaalka jir ahaaneed ee xubnahaan (Kazal 1976) Dhumucda cudurradan waxaa xitaa looyaqaanaa caloosha khaniisnimada ah.²; waxaa ku jira hoos-u-dhigga qaabka soo noqnoqoshada: conical condylomatosis, babaasiirta, borotokoolka, malawadka futada iyo futalka, maqnaanshaha burooyinka, amoebiasis, burooyinka, hepatitis viral, jabtada, waraabowga, dhaawacyada malawadka, jirka shisheeye ee malawadka, shigellosis, boogaha malawadka iyo dheecaanka qanjirada (lymphogranulomatosis)Owen xnumx; Kazal 1976) Qoraayaasha qaar ayaa dhalleeceeyay ereyga '' mindhicirka qalliinka 'syndrome' iyada oo ku saleysan in qaar ka mid ah dhibaatooyinkaas sidoo kale laga helo xiidmaha haweenka, laakiin bukaanka ugu badan ee qaba cudurkan waa ragga ku dhaqma falanqaynta galmada ragga kale (Glenn 1994; Markell 1983).

Ka sokow darbiyada malawadka, laf-dhabarta, muruqyada sanadlaha ah, ayaa sidoo kale la xanuunsaneysa hoos u dhaca kaas oo, ka baxsan hannaanka u-go'idda, saxarada waxaa lagu hayaa malawadka. Sphincter-ka laf-dhabarku wuxuu leeyahay heer cayiman oo cod ah iyo bayaan, wuxuu awoodaa inuu waxyar uboqdo si uun si uu uga saaro saxarada jilicsan. Dhaawacyada soo noqnoqda, kala-baxa iyo xiisadda, lafdhabarta ayaa lumiya codkiisa iyo awooddiisa si uu u ilaaliyo xidhitaan adag.

Iyada oo ku saleysan qodobbada hore, waxaan tixgelinaynaa dhibaatooyinka soo socda oo ay sababaan taabashada xubinta taranka: (A) galitaanka maaddada sheyga iyo fayraska ka soo baxa marinka malawadka ee ku dhaca wareegga dhiigga sababa kala jahawareerka; (B) isku-dheellitir la'aanta feker la'aanta jirka ee futada, iyo dhaawaca gidaarka xiidmaha; (B) cilladaha ka dhasha jawaab celinta tallaalka ee shahwada.

A. Halista cudurada

AIDS-ka ragga raga ah

Xiriirka xubnaha taranka, halista faafinta viruska difaaca jirka ee bina aadamka (HIV / AIDS) ayaa si aad ah u kordhay, kaas oo sidoo kale fududaynaya dhumuc ku filan oo malawadka malawadka ah (Baggaley 2010; Belec 1995; Levy 1993) Markii HIV / AIDS markii ugu horraysay laga helay Maraykanka, 1981, waxaa markii ugu horraysay loo magacaabay iskuduwaha khaniisiinta, “Yaraanshaha difaaca la xidhiidha khaniisiinta (GRID)”³maadaama khaniisiintu ay ku xisaabtameen in kabadan 90% dhamaan kiisaska cudurka cusub (Altman 1982) Marka loo eego Xarunta Qaranka ee Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada (NCHP) ee sanadka 2015, ragga la galmooda ragga waxay xisaabtaan 67% dhamaan cudurada cusub ee HIV ee Mareykanka iyo 82% dhamaan cudurada cusub ee HIV ee wiilasha iyo ragga. in ka badan 13 sano (CDC 2015) Inta jeer ee AIDS-ka ee kooxdan dadka ah waa 50 jeer inta jeer ee kooxaha kale (Bagby 2009). Khatarta infekshinka HIV oo lala yeesho galmada xubinta taranka galmada waa xNUMX jeer oo ka sareeya galmada siilka oo aan ilaalin (Patel 2014).

2007, NCHP waxay daabacday warbixin bixisay tirakoobyo ku saabsan dhimashada iyo sababaha halista ee dhimashada (CDC 2007) Tirada guud ee geerida ka timaadda AIDS-ka, ayaa waxaa la xisaabiyay qodobbada halista ah ee keenay cudurka AIDS (tusaale ahaan, dhiig ku shubista, khaniisnimada, qabatinka maandooriyaha, iwm.). Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinta 2007, xiriirka khaniisiinta ayaa ah habka kaliya ee lagu qaado cudurka HIV 59,2% dhamaan dhimashada AIDS (CDC 2007, p. 19), iyo 2015 tiradaasi waxay gaadhay 66,8% (CDC 2015, p. 18). Xogta lagu soo bandhigay Shirweynaha Qaranka ee NCHP ee 2010 waxay muujisay in soo noqnoqoshada baaritaannada cusub ee HIV ee ragga khaniisiinta ah ay ka badan yihiin 44 times ka sareeya tan ragga kale (CDC 2010; CDC Press Siideynta xnumx) Sida laga soo xigtay warbixinta NCHP ee sanadka 2010, ragga khaniisiinta ah waxay ku xisaabtameen 63% dhamaan kiisaska cusub ee cudurka HIV ee la diiwaan galiyay (CDC 2012) iyo 67% - dhamaan kiisaska cusub ee HIV sanadka 2015 sano (Nelson xnumx) Australia gudaheeda, ragga khaniisiinta ah waxay xisaabiyeen 80% kiisaska cusub ee HIV sanadka 2017 (Machadka Kirby 2017).

Waa wax xiiso leh, marka loo eego isla NCHPZ isku mid ah sannadihii 2010-2016, tirada caabuqyada ku dhaca heterosexuals ayaa sii yaraanaya sanad kasta (2015, qiyaastii 3 000 sanadkii), halka kuwa khaniisiinta ah ay weli is beddeleyn - qiyaastii 26 000 sanadkiiba (CDC 2016) Marka loo eego dadka khaniisiinta ah ee dalka Mareykanka ayaa keli keli ka ah 2.3% dadka (Ward et al. Xnumx), Infekshinka HIV dhexdooda dhexdooda wuxuu ku dhacaa ku dhawaad ​​375 jeer in kabadan inta udhaxeysa heterosexuals. Waqtiga xaadirka ah, kaliya 9% caabuqyada gudaha Mareykanka waxay ku dhacaan xiriirada isku jinsiga ah, halka khaniisiinta, in kasta oo ay yihiin tiro aad u yar, waxay mas'uul ka yihiin 67% dhammaan caabuqyada HIV, iyo 83% ragga dhexdooda.

Sawir la mid ah ayaa lagu arkay wadamada kale.

Intaa waxaa dheer, sababta oo ah dhacdooyinka aadka u sarreeya ee AIDS ee khaniisiinta, waxaa loo mamnuucay inay ku deeqaan xubnaha iyo dhiiga, xitaa wadamada ay khaniisiintu ku dhex galaan nolosha bulshada (tusaale ahaan, Mareykanka, Jarmalka ama Nederland) (FDA 2017).

Sidoo kale, AIDS-ka iyo xanuunada la xiriira cudurada ayaa laxiriira sababaha koritaanka burooyinka maqaarka ee xun ee loo yaqaan Kaposi's sarcoma: gudaha Mareykanka, Kaposi's sarcoma ee laxiriira AIDS waxaa badanaa lagu arkaa ragga galmada layeela raga (Kumar 2016; PDQ 2015).

HIV / AIDS kaliya mahan cudurada galmada la isugu gudbiyo (STD) ee ku badan ragga khaniisiinta ah. Marka loo eego warbixino kala duwan, ragga khaniisiinta ah waxay leeyihiin halis sare oo STDs soo socda: waraabowga (Magaalooyinka 2017), jabtada (Fairley 2017bCudurka 'chlamydia' iyo 'lymregranulomatosis'Saxon xnumx; Annan 2009) cagaarshowga fayras (CDC 2015; Lim xnumx), cryptosporidiosis (Hellard xnumx), Fayraska Epstein-Barr (Hsu xnumx; Van Baarle 2000; Naher 1995), shigellosis (Danila xnumx; Thorpe gudaha Holmes xnumx, p. 549), salmonellosis iyo typhoid (Iibiyaha 2003; Baker xnumx), papillomavirus (Patel 2017) Hoosta waxaan si faahfaahsan u ogaan doonaa qaar ka mid ah liiska STD-yada.

Waraabowga

Qoraayaasha qaarkood waxay waraafka ugu yeeraan cudur cusub (kadib HIV) faafa ee ku saabsan khaniisiinta (Spornraft-Ragaller 2014) Tusaale ahaan, sida laga soo xigtay King County ee Gobolka Washington ee Mareykanka muddo 1999 sano ah, 85% kiisaska waraabowga waxaa laga soo sheegay ragga khaniisiinta ah (CDC 1999) Heerka qaran ee Ameerika, dhacdooyinka syphilis ee asaasiga ah iyo kan sare ee ragga khaniisiinta ah waxay ka badan yihiin 46 jeer ka sareeya kuwa heterosexuals (CDC 2010) Waxaa soo kordhay kiisaska cusub ee waraabowga ragga raga ah khaniisiinta tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay (Mayer 2017; Abara xnumx, p. 9).

Jabtada

Waxaa ku soo kordha dhacdooyinka cudurka jabtada ragga khaniisiinta ah (Fairley 2017b) Jiritaanka jabtada ragga ragga ah ee galmada la yeelata waxay toban jeer ka badan tahay cudurka jabtada galmada galmada, xitaa wadamada leh nidaam caafimaad oo horumarsan (Fairley 2017a) Ragga khaniisiinta ah, infekshanka jabtada badanaa wuxuu ku dhacaa finanka iyo malawadka, infekshankuna wuxuu kudhamaadaa astaamo muuqda, ama guud ahaan asymptomatis (Barbee 2014).

B. Halista dhaawaca laf-dhabarta

Sida laga soo xigtay daraasad ballaaran oo Mareykan ah, ku-dhaqanka joogtada ah ee galmada xubinta taranka waxay horseedaa nabarro ku dhaca laf-dhabarka iyo kala-goyska feker-ka -Markland xnumx).

Falanqaynta waxaa kujiray xog laga helay 4 shaqsi oo da'doodu udhaxeyso 170-20 sano (69 haween ah iyo 2 rag ah) ... Kadib isbaddal badan oo badan oo lagu sameeyay arrimo kale oo laxiriira saxarada, saxarada xubinta taranka ayaa wali ah saadaal weyn oo ku saabsan saxarada saxarada ragga , 070, oo leh 2% kalsoonida kalsoonida: 100-2,8) iyo haweenka (heerka baahsanaanta: 95, oo leh 1,6% kalsoonida udhaxeysa: 5,0-1,5) ... Gabagabada: natiijooyinka la helay waxay taageerayaan bayaanka in taabashada xubinta taranka waa cunsur u horseedda saxarada saxarada dadka waaweyn, gaar ahaan ragga (Markland xnumx).

Xakamaynta saxarada waxaa loola jeedaa siidaynta qasabka ah ee waxyaabaha ku jira xiidmaha (saxarada, dareeraha, gaaska) iyo awood la'aanta dib u dhigida ku-sumowga illaa ay musqusha gaarayaan (Paquette xnumx) Cudur-xumada xasaasiga ah ee fekerku wuxuu leeyahay qatar dhibaatooyin kale, wuxuu u horseedi karaa curyaannimo iyo dhibaatooyin shaqsiyadeed oo daran bukaanka, daaweyntuna waa hawl aad u adag (Saldana Ruiz 2017) Dhaawacyada halista ah ee mindhicirka ee u baahan qalliin deg-deg ah ayaa laga yaabaa inay ka dhalato galmada xubinta taranka, "oo lagu fuliyo ogolaanshaha labada dhinac si aad u kacsan"Altomare 2017, p. 372). Xiriirinta xubinta taranka ee dumarka xaalado badan waxay keenaysaa xanuun daran (Rosser 1998; Damon 2005; Hollows xnumx; Hirshfield xnumx)

B. Khataraha la xiriira jawaab celinta shahwada

Kahortagayaasha antiisperm (ASA) - ka hortagga unugyada jirka ee jirka bini'aadamka ee ka hortaga sunta shahwada (Krause 2017, p. 109). Aasaasidda ASA waa mid ka mid ah sababaha hoos u dhaca dhalmada ama dhalmo la'aanta dhalmada: ASA waxay saameyn ku leedahay shaqada shahwada, carqaladeyso howlaha bacrinta (isbeddela habka falcelinta acrosomal), abuurista iyo horumarka uurjiifkaRestrepo 2013) Daraasadaha lagu sameeyay moodellada xayawaanka kaladuwan waxay muujiyeen cilaaqaad ka dhexeeya ASA iyo xumaanshaha uurjiifka (Krause 2017, p. 164) Cui et al. Ka dib markii aan sameynay falanqeyno meta-falanqeynta xiriirka ka dhexeeya ASA iyo dhalmo la'aanta ragga, oo daboolaya kiisaska 1167 ee dhalmo la'aanta ragga, waxaan ogaanay in kiisaska 238 (20,4%) ragga dhalmada ah, ASA (Cui xnumx), iyo Restrepo iyo Cardona-Maya waxay ku muujinayaan dib-u-eegistooda in ASA ay tahay sababta dhalmo-la’aanta 10 - 30% lammaanaha aan dhalan (Restrepo 2013) Sida laga soo xigtay Fijak et al, tilmaamahan ayaa laga yaabaa inuu xitaa ka sarreeyo, maadaama 31% kiisaska sababaha dhalmo-la'aanta weli aan la caddeynin, iyo ASA sidoo kale waxay door ka ciyaari kartaa kiisaskan aan la sheegin.Fijak xnumx, 2018) Saamaynta ka hortagga uurka ee ASA waxaa la baarayaa inta lagu gudajiro horumarka waxa loogu yeero Tallaalka kahortaga u-adkeysiga ee difaaca bini-aadamka (Krause 2017, p. 251), iyo sidoo kale si loo yareeyo loona xakameeyo dadka duurjoogta ah (Krause 2017, p. 268).

Tiro ka mid ah qorayaasha ayaa tilmaamaya in shahwadu gasho futada inta lagu guda jiro taabashada xubinta taranka ay sababa ASA labada jinsiba (Rao 2014Tom. 1, p. 311; Lu 2008; Bronson xnumx) Wolff et al. Waxay ogaatay in inta jeer ee baaritaanka ASA ee ragga khaniisiinta ah ay gaarayaan 28,6% (Wolff xnumx) Daraasad ay sameeyeen Witkin iyo asxaabtooda ayaa muujinaya xiriir ka dhexeeya jiritaanka dawooyinka antigens-ka iyo in ay ku wareegaan unugyada ka hortagga dhiigga ee Plasma dhiigga ragga ragga ah marka la barbar dhigo heterosexuals (Witkin 1983a) Daraasad ay sameeyeen Mulhall iyo asxaabta, inta jeer ee baaritaanka ACA ee ragga oo aan la ilaalinin xiriiriyaha xubinta taranka ee xubinta taranka inta lagu jiray bilaha 6 ee ugu dambeeyay wuxuu ahaa 17%, iyo 0% ragga aan ku dhaqmin xiriirada noocaas ah (Mulhall 1990) Si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasad ay sameysay Sands et al. Ma muujinin xiriir ka dhexeeya xiriiryada khaniisiinta iyo ASA ragga.Sands xnumx) Si kastaba ha noqotee, khubarada horseed u ah cilmiga dhalmada ee dhalmada ayaa aaminsan in, in kasta oo tiro ku filan oo daraasado ah lagu soo gabagabeynayo aan loo meel dayin, suuragalnimada samaynta ASA ee lammaaneyaasha dhagta ee xiriirka galmada falanqaynta xubnaha taranka waa mid aad u sarreeya (Krause 2017, p. 142).

ASA waxay sidoo kale ku samaysmi kartaa jirka marka carqaladeynta dhiiga-dhiiga laga qaado (dhiiga waxaa lala xiriiraa unugyada semigenic) cudurrada galmada la isugu gudbiyo (kor ka eeg: jabtada, iwm) - sameynta unugyada ka hortaga cudurada ka hortagga walxaha unugyada shahwada (Jiang xnumx; Restrepo 2013; Francavilla xnumx, p. 2899).

Waxa xiiso leh, shahwada oo la xidhiidha ASA waxay sababi kartaa samaynta ASA dumarka (Krause 2017, p. 166). Xaqiiqaddani waa mid xiiso gaar ah u leh cilmiga sayniska iyo caafimaadka, iyada oo la tixgelinayo xogta laga soo bilaabo 45,6% ilaa 73% ragga khaniisnimada ah ay galmo la leeyihiin haweenka (Tao xnumx; Larmarange xnumx) Qoraayaasha iyo wada-hawlgalayaasha ayaa ku soo qaatay xog la mid ah daraasaddoodii ku saabsan galmada dumarka khaniisiinta ah: iyaga, suuragalnimada xiriir galmo nin nin qaniis ah ayaa marar badan ka sareeyay dumarka khaniisnimada ah (Fethers xnumx, bogagga 347 - 348).

Marka la eego cawaaqibta mudada dheer ee ASA ee dhibaatada dhalmada, Kirilenko et al qor:

“... Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaa cadaatay in tayada liidashada shahwada ay sabab u tahay oo keliya maqnaanshaha uurka, laakiin sidoo kale ay dhibaato ku tahay koritaanka uurjiifka, dhaqan xumada lagu dhasho iyo xitaa kansarka carruurta. Sababaha badan ee hada la soo jeediyay ee ku saabsan shaqada shahwada oo xumaata, waxyeelada DNA-da Nukliyeerka ayaa ah mida ugu badan ee la daraaseeyay oo si isa soo taraysa loo aqoonsaday inay tahay qodob muhiim ah oo saamaynaya tayada uurjiifka, horumarkiisa iyo ku abuuristiisa. Falanqaynta Meta-ku saabsan doorka kala-goysyada DNA waxay muujisay in halista isuduwaha lafdhabarta iyo ciladaha koritaanka uurjiifka ay kordhaan afar jeer iyadoo ay kordhayaan kala-goysyada unugyada DNA (15-30% caadiyan, waxay kuxirantahay hababka loo adeegsado), xitaa kadib hababka dhalmo abuurka vitro iyo duritaanka shahwada shahwada. Habka hoggaaminta cudurada faafa ee waxyeelada noocan ah waxaa loo arkaa inuu yahay wax soo saar xad dhaaf ah oo noocyada oksijiinta firfircoon - ozone, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, oo horseed u ah shahwada 'OS'. Sababta ugu badan ee keenta walaaca 'oxidative system' ee habka taranka ragga waa cudurrada faafa iyo cudurada ku dhaca iyo ASA ee ku dhaca marinka urogenital-ka ragga ... ”(Kirilenko 2017).

Dabcan, daraasad lagu qiimeynayo xiriirka ay la leeyihiin ragga galmada la yeelanaya ragga taas oo ah qatar ku jirta dhalmada haweenka ayaa caddeyn doonta arrintan.

Dhibaatooyinka taranka ka sokow, shahwada malawadka waxay u badan tahay inay keento cilado kale. Indho-indheyn xiisa leh ayaa laga sameeyay Witkin et al.: Usbuuc kasta oo malawadka labka ah ee bakaylaha labka oo leh shahwada bakteeriyada ee usbuucyada 15 taasoo keentay muuqaalka unugyada difaaca jirka ee loo yaqaan 'GM1 gangliosides'. Unugyada ka hortagga ee la midka ah ayaa laga helay bukaanada khaniisiinta ah ee AIDS-ka (Witkin 1983b), si kastaba ha noqotee, kiiskan, baaritaan dheeri ah ayaa loogu baahan yahay wixii gabagabo ah oo aan shaki lahayn.

Khaniisiintu waxay leeyihiin isbadal dhiig oo kudhac ah 'purpura thrombocytopenic purpura', oo ay kujiraan qaabab daran (Bender xnumx; Goldsweig 1986; Morris xnumx) Morris iyo asxaabtiisu waxay soo jeediyeen in cilladaha unugyada jirka ee loo yaqaan 'hematologic aan caadi ahayn ay sabab u yihiin jawaabaha kahortaga shahwada ee loo yaqaan' spermogenic 'Morris xnumx).

Khataraha laxiriira qaababka kale ee cudurka shucuurta

Galitaanka gacanta iyo gacanta ama gacanta⁴ - ku celcelis galmo taabasho ah oo ku saabsan ku wareejinta gacanta malawadka (Holland xnumx, p. 34). Sida laga soo xigtay sahanka Yurub ee caalamiga ah, ka mid ah khaniisiinta galmada u galmooday lammaane aan caadi ahayn sanadkii la soo dhaafay, 17,1% waxay ku dhaqmayeen galida falanqaynta gulukooska ee doorka firfircoon, iyo 10,5% doorka qaabilaadda (EMIS 2010, p. 116). Marka loo eego sahannada ragga khaniisiinta ah, 7% jawaab bixiyaasha Los Angeles, USA waxay ku dhaqmaan timo-fidinta (NTS 1998) iyo 8% jawaab bixiyaasha Sydney, Australia (Richters xnumx).

Galitaanka gacan-ku-tallaalka (xoog iyo oggolaansho labadaba) waxay horseedaysaa dhaawacyo aad u weyn oo jidhka ka yimaadda xagga dheef-shiidka (Capeletti 2016) Daraasad lagu sameeyay ragga ragga ah oo galmada la yeelanaya, 14% waxay ku celcelin jireen murjinta. Intaa waxaa dheer, xiriir ka dhexeeya feedhka iyo HIV iyo STD-yada ayaa la aqoonsaday (Bariiska xnumx) Daraasad lagu sameeyay ragga khaniisiinta ah ee qaba HIV ayaa sidoo kale muujisay in fooristu tahay mid ka mid ah waxyaabaha halista u ah cudurka HIV (Callander 2016).

Xiriirka afka ama galka⁵ - Ku celcelinta galmada taabashada futada ee carrabka iyo bushimaha. Sida laga soo xigtay sahanka Yurub ee caalamiga ah, ka mid ah khaniisiinta galmada u galmooday lammaane aan caadi ahayn sanadkii la soo dhaafay, 64,6% waxay ku dhaqmeen xiriirinta afka ah iyo 76,0% doorka aqbalaadda (EMIS 2010, p. 116).

Daraasad lagu sameeyay ragga ragga ah oo galmada la yeelo, rimming waxaa ku dhaqmay 85%, xiriirna waxaa sidoo kale lagu muujiyey inta u dhaxeysa rimming iyo STDs (Bariiska xnumx) Daraasad ay sameeyeen Keystone iyo asxaabta (1980), ku dul-nooleyaasha xiidmaha ayaa laga helay 67,5% ragga khaniisnimada ah iyo 16% ragga, oo ay ku jiraan xiidmaha amoebiasis (27% iyo 1%, siday u kala horreeyaan) iyo giardiasis (13% iyo 3%, siday u kala horreeyaan) (Furaha 1980) Waxa xiiso leh, 17% heterosexuals ee muunaddan ku dhaqma ayaa daweeyey xannuun, laakiin ma lahayn dulin mindhicirka (Furaha 1980) Indha indhaynta noocan oo kale ah waxay muujinayaan in dulsaarka mindhicirka ee khaniisiinta ay la xiriirto kaliya ficil-celinta galmada xanuunka, laakiin sidoo kale xaqiiqda ah inay u adeegaan kaydka dulsaarka xiidmaha, kaas oo lagu xaqiijiyey wax ka badan hal daraasad la xakameeyay (Ezeh 2016) Xiriirka galmada afka ayaa sidoo kale lala xiriiriyaa inbadan oo ah infakshan ku dhaca xubnaha galmada ragga.Chow xnumx, 2016; Templeton xnumx).

Haweenka khaniisiinta ah

Cawaaqib xumada caafimaad ee habdhaqanka khaniisiinta ee dumarka ayaa la sharxay oo loo bartay ilaa xad ka yar kan ragga - tan waxaa qayb ahaan u sabab ah xaqiiqada ah in faafitaanka HIV ee ragga khaniisiinta ahi uu soo jiitay qayb libaax ka qaadashada daryeel caafimaad. Sidoo kale, dhibaatada ku jirta barashada cilladaha caafimaad ee haweenka khaniisiinta ah waxaa sabab u ah xaqiiqda ah in dumarka intooda badan ee galmo la galmooda ay galmada la yeeshaan ragga, iyo ilaa 30% ay sii wadaan inay yeeshaan galmada galmada (Marrazzo xnumx; Solarz 1999; O'Hanlan 1996; Maqaarka 1996; Ferris xnumx; Einhorn xnumx; Johnson 1987) Tusaale ahaan, daraasad lagu sameeyay bukaan-socod eegtada STD ee Australia, kaliya 7% dumarka khaniisiinta ah ayaa sheegay inaysan waligood galmo galmo sameynin (Fethers xnumx, p. 348). Daraasadani waxay sidoo kale eegtay celceliska tirada ragga ee lammaanaha inta ay noolyihiin: dumarka khaniisnimada ah waxay labanlaab ka badan yihiin dumarka khaniisnimada ah (Fethers xnumx, p. 347). Suurtagalnimada galmo in ka badan ragga 50 ayaa 4,5 jeer ka sareeya dumarka khaniisiinta ah marka loo eego dumarka khaniisiinta ah, iyo suuragalnimada in galmo lala yeesho nin khaniis ah oo qaba cudurka HIV ama qabatinka daroogada ayaa 3 jeer ka sareeya (Fethers xnumx, bogagga 347 - 348).

STDs ka sokow, waxaa jira halis ah in la is qaadsiiyo infekshannada ku dhaca xiidmaha iyo dhaawacyada galmada isku taga galmada. Marka loo eego sahan lagu sameeyay haweenka khaniisiinta ah ee ku nool Michigan, galmada khaniisiinta dumarka waxaa ka mid ah: kicinta xubinta taranka dumarka inta lagu gudajiro mudada caadada wehelka - 38,1% kiisaska, kicinta afka - 16,9%, galida dabada (gacanta ama walxaha) leh dhiigbax ama dhaawac - 2,4%, kaadida oo ku mudda afka ama siilka - 1,7% (Bybee xnumx) Sahan lagu sameeyay Talyaani Turin, 95,1% dumarka la seexday dumarka waxay muujiyeen inay galmo galmo sameeyeen mudada caadada (Raiteri 1994, p. 202), iyo 46,1% waxay ku dhaqmaan kicinta falka galmada (xiriirka galmada)Raiteri 1994, p. 202). Daraasad kale, 7% haweenka khaniisiinta ah waxay muujiyeen inay ku dhaqmayeen kicinta ficil-celinta afka labadii toddobaad ee ugu dambeysay (Russel 1995) Sida laga soo xigtay daraasad kale, 17% waxay ku celcelinaysaa xubinta taranka-siilka - gelinta gacanta siilka ama futada siilka, 29% - kicinta afka iyo xaragada '3%'Bailey 2003, p. 148). Daraasad ay sameysay Schick iyo asxaabteeda, xiniinyaha xubinta taranka ee bishii la soo dhaafay waxaa ku dhaqma 14,5% haweenka la galmooda haweenka (Schick xnumx, p. 409).

Sida laga soo xigtay daraasadaha, haweenka khaniisiinta ah, marka la barbar dhigo dumarka khaniisyada ah, waxaa kordhay jeermiga jeermiska xubinta taranka (Bailey 2004; McCaffrey 1999; Maqaarka 1996; Berger 1995; Edwards xnumx), 2,5 times ka sareeya tan dumarka dumarka ah (Evans 2007).

Khataraha laxiriira ciladaha maskaxda

2017, koox cilmi-baarayaal ah oo ka socda Jaamacadda Seattle ayaa daabacay falanqaynta xogta laga soo qaatay Xog-ururinta Wareysiga Caafimaadka Qaranka (2013 - 2014)Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017). Falanqaynta waxaa ka mid ahaa 33 rag iyo dumar 346 iyo wixii ka weyn, kuwaas oo 50% yihiin dumar khaniis ah iyo 1,34% ay yihiin rag qaniis ah (Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017, p. 1335). Qorayaashu waxay ogaadeen in khaniisiinta marka la barbar dhigo jawaabeyaasha jinsiga ay u badan tahay inay ku dhaqmaan qaab nololeed aan caafimaad qabin, oo ay la soo gudboonaadeen cuduro kala duwan oo ay ka mid yihiin cudurada ka hortagga, cudurada rheumatic, istaroogga, xanuunada maskaxda, iwm. (Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017).

Falanqaynta metalaad ee loogu talagalay daraasadda su'aasha ah in ay jiraan cilaaqaad ka dhexeeya khaniisiinta iyo cilmu-nafsiga ee dadka dhallin-yarada ah iyo dadka waaweyn, kuwaas oo lagu daabacay joornaalka Archives of Psychiatry General, xogtan soo socota ayaa la helay:

Muujiyeyaasha halista isdilitaanka ayaa si dhow ula xidhiidha soo jiidashada khaniisiinta (Herrell 1999, p. 873). Uma eka in halista si weyn u kordhaysa ee dabeecadda is-dilka ee ragga khaniisiinta ah ay sabab u tahay ku xadgudubka mukhaadaraadka ama cilmu-nafsiga kale ee la-isku-halleeyo (Herrell 1999, p. 867).

Natiijooyinka ayaa xaqiijinaya caddeynta ah in dhalinyarada khaniisiinta ah iyo kuwa jinsi khaniisiinta ah ay halis sare ugu jiraan dhibaatooyinka caafimaadka maskaxda, qaasatan isdilitaanka iyo dhibaatooyinka kale (Fergusson 1999, p. 876).

Iyada oo ku saleysan muunad muunad jawaab-bixiyeyaal ah, Gilman iyo asxaabtiisa (2001) waxay ku xisaabtameen cudur ku fiday bilihii lasoo dhaafay 12 ("12 bilood baahsan") iyo halista nolosha ("Khatarta nolosha") ee khaniisiinta iyo kooxaha khaniisiinta ah (Gilman xnumx).

Isbarbardhigayaasha tilmaamaha ugu waaweyn ee xanuunnada dhimirka ee u dhexeeya haweenka iyo khaniisiinta (Gilman xnumx).

Cilmu-nafsiga	Ka hortagga: jawaabeyaasha khaniisiinta / khaniisnimada / galmada	Khatarta Nolosha: Jawaabayaasha khaniisnimada / Dumar-galmo
Xanuunka walbahaarka kadib	21% / 6%	2,7
Cudurka welwelka	40% / 22,4%	1,8
Cudurka Murugada	34,5% / 12,9%	1,9
Dhibaatooyinka saameynta leh	35,1% / 13,9%	2,0
Qabatinka daroogada	19,5% / 7,2%	2,4

Daraasad ay sameeyeen Jorm iyo asxaabtooda (2002) waxay heleen xog la mid ah tan ugu weyneyd ee ka dhexeysa jawaab bixiyayaasha khaniisiinta ee cudurada sida jahwareerka, jahwareerka, isdilitaanka iyo xanuunada saameynta leh (Jorm xnumx).

Daraasado kala duwan ayaa daaha ka qaaday heerar sare oo ah xanuunada dhimirka ee ka dhex dhaca shaqsiyaadka khaniisiinta ah (King xnumx; Bradford xnumx; Pillard 1988).

Murugada iyo Xanuunada Welwelka

Ron Stoll, oo ah hogaamiyaha cilmi-baarista cudurka AIDS-ka Mareykanka sanado badan, wuxuu leeyahay "waxaa jira dhibaatooyin nafsaani-bulsho oo daran oo ka dhex jira khaniisiinta" (Stall xnumx). Hay'ada Mareykanka ee "Gay & Lesbian Medical Association" qalabkeeda waxay muujineysaa in ragga qaniisiinta ah ay u badan tahay inay ku dhacaan niyad jab iyo xanuunada walwalka (Silenzio 2010), kaas oo lagu xaqiijiyay tiro daraasado badan (Cochran xnumx; King xnumx, 2008; Meyer 2003; Jorm xnumx; Gilman xnumx; Sandfort 2001; Fergusson 1999; Hershberger 1995; Berg 2008; Bostwick xnumx) Daraasad lagu sameeyay Nederland, ragga ragga ah ee khaniisiinta ah, dhacdooyinka murugada niyadjabka sanadka oo dhan waxay ahaayeen 2,94 jeer oo ka sarreeya ragga is-galmoodka ah, iyo dhacdooyinka khalkhal la’aanta walwalku waxay ka sarreysay 2,61 times.Sandfort 2001) Baarayaasha qaarkood waxay soo jeediyeen in ragga khaniisiinta ah ay gaaraan kala bar kiisaska cilladaha dhimirka - 42 - 49% (Digniin xnumx).

Is-dilid

Dadka labada jinsiba leh ee leh khaniisnimada waxay matalaan kooxda khatarta ugu weyn ee isdilitaanka (Voroshilin 2012, p. 40). Daraasad ay sameeyeen Herrell iyo asxaabta (1999) waxay ogaadeen in soo jiidashada khaniisiinta ay si weyn ula xiriirto tusaleyaal kala duwan oo laxiriira dhibaatooyinka isdilka: ee ragga khaniisiinta ah, halista isdilitaanka ayaa ka badneyd 4,1 jeer, khatarta ah in la dilo waxay ahayd 6,5 times ka sareeya (Herrell 1999) Kadib isku-habeynta tirakoobka si loo qiimeeyo saameynta waxyaabaha ay ka midka yihiin isticmaalka maandooriyaha iyo calaamadaha niyadjabka, dhammaan natiijooyinka is-dilitaanka ayaa weli ah kuwo si weyn muhiim u ah. Daraasado lagu sameeyay dadka dhalinyarada ah ee isu aqoonsada inay yihiin khaniisiinta ayaa shaaca ka qaaday tiro aad u badan oo isdilid iyo iskudayo isqarxin dhexdooda ah (Mathy xnumx) in ka badan dhalinyarada dhalinyarada ah. Sannadkii 2008, natiijooyinka tirakoobka-falanqaynta tirakoobka ayaa la daabacay, inta lagu gudajiray taas oo in ka badan 13 kun oo daabacaad ah oo ku saabsan mowduucan la farsameeyay, taas oo ka dhalatay taas oo daraasadihii ugu saxda ahaa ee la soo xulay lagu xushay oo ay darseen 25 (King xnumx) Waxaa la ogaaday in marka la barbar dhigo tirada guud ee dadka ku jira rabitaanka khaniisiinta, ay jirto wax labo jibaar ka badan halista dhaqanka is dilka; halista niyad-jabka iyo jahwareerka, aalkolada iyo balwadda maandooriyaha ayaa hal iyo badh ka sarreysay (King xnumx) Gaar ahaan, khafiifinta kooxaha khatarta ku ah jinsi ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in, marka la barbar dhigo qiimaha celceliska bulshada, ragga ragga ah, qatarta is-dilitaanka ayaa ahayd 4,28 times ka sareysa; haweenka khaniisiinta ah, halista ku tiirsanaanta aalkolada ayaa ka sarreysa 4 jeer, iyo qabatinka maandooriyaha ayaa 3,5 jeer ka sareeya (King xnumx) Daraasad ballaaran oo Mareykan ah, waxaa lagu ogaadey in halista isdilitaanka, jahwareerka murugada iyo is-dilitaanka (is-dhaawicida) dhalinyarada da 'yarta ah ee khaniisiinta ay ka sare mareyso halista la midka ah dhalinyarada khaniisiinta ah, iyadoon loo eegin jinsiyada jawaabeyaasha (Lytle 2014) Khataraha cudurada maskaxda iyo isdilitaanka khaniisiinta waxaa sidoo kale lagu xusay daraasadaha Australia (Swannell xnumx; Skerrett 2015), gudaha England (Chakraborty xnumx), gudaha Niyuusiilaan (Skegg 2003), Iswidhan (Björkenstam 2016) Taageerayaasha LGBT + dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa mararka qaar u saamaxa xogta noocan oo kale ah takoor. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaan ogsoonahay in daraasadaha kor lagu soo qaaday lagu sameeyay waddammada ay ku jiraan dadka leh rabitaan khaniisiin ah oo ay ku faraxsan yihiin taageerada iyo ilaalinta hay'adda dawladda.

Qabatinka maandooriyaha

Marka loo eego daraasado kaladuwan, heerka balwadda maandooriyaha ee khaniisiinta ayaa ka sarreysa tan guud ahaan, iyo marka la barbar dhigo shakhsiyaadka isku galmooda (Padilla 2010; Halkitis 2009; Cochran xnumx; King xnumx, 2008; Meyer 2003; Jorm xnumx; Gilman xnumx; Sandfort 2001; Stall xnumx; Fergusson 1999; Hershberger 1995), sida ay sheegaan warbixinnada qaar, 2 - 3 times oo ka sarreeya ragga khaniisyada ah (Cochran xnumx; Ryan xnumx; Maqaarka 1994; Green xnumx). Sida laga soo xigtay ururka Mareykanka ee Gay & Lesbian Medical Association, ragga qaniisiinta ah waxay u badan tahay inay balwad yeeshaan (Silenzio 2010) Sida laga soo xigtay Grant iyo asxaabta, ragga khaniisiinta ah waxay u badan yihiin inay la ildaran yihiin xanuunada qasabka ah iyo qabatinka maandooriyaha marka loo eego ragga galmada isku galmooda (Deeqda xnumx) Haweenka khaniisiinta ah, halista isticmaalka maandooriyaha muddada sanadka ayaa ku jirtay 4,05 jeer oo ka sareysa dumarka jinsi ahaan loo galmoodo (Sandfort 2001).

Alcoholism

Hay'ada Mareykanka ee "Gay & Lesbian Medical Association" waxay muujineysaa in khaniisiinta dhexdooda uu ka jiro heer sare oo khamri cabid ah (Silenzio 2010) Ragga khaniisnimada ah waxay leeyihiin halis sare oo aalkolo marka loo eego heterosexuals (Irwin 2006; Wong xnumx; Stall xnumx) Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen heer aad u sarreeya oo ah aalkolada dumarka dumarka khaniisiinta ah marka la barbar dhigo dumarka khaniisiinta ah (Cassidy in McElmurry 1997; Eliason xnumx; Jiidid 2005; Maqaarka 1996, 1994; Haas gudaha Dan xnumx; O'Hanlan 1995; Rosser 1993; NGLTF 1993; Cabaj gudaha Lowinson xnumx, Cabaj 1996; Hoolka 1993; Finnegan gudaha Engs 1990; Glaus xnumx).

Cudurada Oncologiska

Waxaa jira caddayn xoogan oo ah in dhacdooyinka kansarku ay ka sarreeyaan tirada dadka "LGBT +" (Boehmer iyo Ronit 2015). Daraasad ay sameeyeen Zaritsky iyo Dibble ayaa baaray tusaalayaal lammaaneyaasha 370 ee dumarka khaniisiinta ah ee ay la wadaagaan gabdhaha khaniisiinta ah, waxaa la ogaaday in dumarka khaniisiinta ah ay leeyihiin halis sare oo ah inay ku dhacaan kansarka uterine marka loo eego walaashood - qoraayaashu waxay soo jeediyeen in tan ay ugu wacan tahay dhallaanka iyo cayilka. haweenka khaniisiinta ah ee sare (Zaritsky 2010) Cudurka 'anal carcinoma' waa kansar ku dhaca malawadka ee la xidhiidha papillomavirus (Jeega xnumx) ka hortagga asalka fayraska HIV (Hleyhel xnumx) Inta jeer ee cudurka 'carcinoma' ee ragga ku dhaqma taabashada xubnaha taranka uu aad uga badan yahay inta jeer ee ay ku dhacdo tirada guud ee dadka (Siegenbeek van Heukelom 2017; Chin-hong xnumx, 2005; Tseng 2003; Willett xnumx) Daraasad ballaaran oo ay sameeyeen Daling iyo saaxiibbada ku saabsan halista cudurka kansarka ka dhex dhaca ragga, oo daboolaya muddada min 1978 illaa 1985, ficil kasta oo galmo galmo ayaa kordhisay khatarta waqtiyada 50, iyo dhaqanka ku-xirnaanta xubinta taranka ee tooska ah ayaa kordhay jeer 33.Garaaca xnumx) Dib-u-eegis nidaamsan iyo falanqayn-muuqaal ah oo uu sameeyay Machalek et al. Waxaa la ogaaday in dhacdada kansarka laf-dhabarta ah ee khaniisiinta qaba cudurka HIV ay ahayd kiisaska 45,9 ee dadka ku nool 100 000, oo ka mid ah khaniisiinta aan cudurka qabin - 5,1 ee 100 000 dadweynaha (Machalek xnumx), guud ahaan dadka - laga bilaabo 1 ilaa 2 oo ku saabsan tirada 100 000 (Grulich xnumx).

Macluumaad Dheeraad ah

Macluumaad dheeri ah iyo faahfaahin ayaa laga heli karaa ilaha soo socda:

1. Massresistance. Khataraha Caafimaadka ee khaniisnimada. Waxa Soo Bandhigay Cilmi-baarista Caafimaadka iyo Maskaxda. MassResistance, 2017
2. Katz KA, Furnish TJ. Xanuunnada la Xiriira Cudurka Dheecaannada iyo Walaacyada Caafimaadka ee Ragga Ragga ah ee Ragga la Wanaagsan, Haweenka Wada Jirka la Yeela Haweenka, iyo Shakhsiyaadka Jinsiyeed. Kaydinta maqaarka. Oktoobar 2005, Vol 141, pp. 1303 - 1310
3. Boehmer U, Ronit U. Kansarka iyo Bulshada LGBT. Aragtiyo Gaar ah oo Khatarta ilaa Badbaadin ah. Springer, 2015.
4. Wolitski RJ, Stall R, iyo Valdiserri RO. Fursad aan sinnayn. Farqiga caafimaad ee saameeya ragga iyo khaniisiinta Mareykanka ah. New York: Jaamacadda Oxford University; 2008. Xnumx p
5. Holland E. Dabeecadda khaniisnimada: Xaqa loo leeyahay kuwa u dhaqdhaqaaqa khaniisnimada iyo xuquuqda diinta. iUniverse. New York-London-Shanghai. 2004. Cutubyada 2, 3, 6
6. Phelan JE, et al. Maxay muujineysaa Cilmi baarista: Jawaabta NARTH ee sheegashada APA ee ku saabsan khaniisnimada Warbixinta guddiga Latalinta Sayniska ee Ururka Qaranka ee Cilmi baarista iyo Daaweynta Khaniisnimada. Journal Of Galmada Aadanaha. Xnumx; Mugga 1. Bog 53.
7. Sprigg P., et al. Tooska tooska ah: waxa cilmi baaristu muujineyso khaniisnimada. Washington: Golaha Cilmi-baarista Qoyska (2004)

Ilaha macluumaadka ee aasaasiga ah

1. Bozhedomov V.A. et al. Pathogenesis ee bacriminta hoos u dhacday ee jawaab-celinta iswada ee ka hortaga shahwada. Obstetrics iyo Gynecology 2012. No.8-2. https://aig-journal.ru/ru/archive/article/11245
2. Voroshilin S.I. Cilladaha jihada galmada iyo dhaqanka isdilka: dhinacyada sharciga iyo bulshada. Suicidology 2012, 39-43.
3. Kirilenko Elena Anatolyevna, Onopko Victor Fedorovich. Cadaadiska Oxidative iyo dhalmada lab: aragtida casriga ah ee dhibaatada // Acta Biomedica Scientifica. - 2017. - T. 2, Maya. 2 (114). - ISSN 2541-9420.
4. Nikiforov O.A., Avramenko N.V., Mikhailov V.V. Ka hortagga antiisperm-ka sababaha keena dhalmada lab. Tixgelin, dariiqooyin casri ah oo lagu garto cudurka iyo daaweynta. Nafaqada dhabta ah ee sayniska dawooyinka iyo sayniska caafimaadka iyo ku celcelinta. - 2017. - T. 10, No.2 (24). DOI: 10.14739 / 2409-2932.2017.2.103821
5. Sizyakin D.V. Qaar ka mid ah farsamooyinka abuuritaanka dhalmo la'aan oo leh 'varicocele': Dis.k.m.s., 1996.
6. Abara WE, Hess KL, Neblett Fanfair R, Bernstein KT, Paz-Bailey G (2016) Isbeddellada Syphilis ee ragga ku galmooda ragga Mareykanka iyo Galbeedka Yurub: Dib-u-eegis nidaamsan ee Daraasadaha Casriga ah ee la daabacay inta u dhaxaysa 2004 iyo 2015. PLOS ONE 11 (7): e0159309. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159309
7. Altman L. Khilaafaadka cusub ee khaniisiinta waxay ka shaqeeyaan Saraakiisha Caafimaadka. New York Times. 1982 May 11;
8. Altomare DF. Dheecaan ka soo bood ah 371-376. Gudaha: A. Herold et al. (eds.), Coloproctology, Buug-yaraha Yurub ee Daawada. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2017. DOI 10.1007 / 978-3-662-53210-2_32
9. Annan NT, Sullivan AK, Nori A, et al Rectal chlamydia - oo ah kayd biyo ah oo caabuq aan la baadhi karin oo ku dhaca ragga galmada ku dhaca ragga galmada lagu kala qaado 2009; 85: 176-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2008.031773
10. Bagby D. Gay, sida ragga 50 jeer ayay u badan tahay inuu qabo HIV: CDC waxay ka warbixisaa xogta adag Shirka Qaranka ee Ka Hortagga HIV. Washington Blade 2009 Aug 28;
11. Baggaley RF, et al. Khatarta gudbinta HIV iyada oo loo marayo galmada futada: dib u eegis nidaamsan, falanqayn meta-ah iyo saameynta ka hortagga HIV, Journal International of Epidemiology, Volume 39, Issue 4, 1 August 2010, bogagga 1048 - 1063. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq057
12. Bailey JV, et al. Dhaqanka galmada ee dumarka lesbians-ka iyo dumarka labada jinsi ah. Infekshanka Galmada 2003; 79: 147 - 150
13. Bailey JV, Farquhar C, Owen C, Mangtani P. Infekshannada galmada waxaa lagu kala qaadaa dumarka galmada la yeelata. Infekshanka Galmada. 2004 Jun; 80 (3): 244-6.
14. Baker RW, Peppercorn MA. Cudurada galinta ee ragga khaniisiinta ah Farmashiyaha 1982 Jan-Feb; 2 (1): 32-42.
15. Bandoh R., Yamano S., Kamada M., Daitoh T., Aono T. Saameynta unugyada unugyada dhiiga dhaliya ee falgalka 'acrosome' ee shahwada aadanaha. // Fertil. Steril.-1992.-V.57.-P.387-392.
16. Barbee LA, Dombrowski JC, Kerani R, Dahab MR. Saamaynta tijaabada codkarinta nicic acid acid ee ku saabsan ogaanshaha cudurka jabtada iyo cudurada chlamydial ee ragga oo galmo la sameeya ragga bukaanada xarunta cudurada galmada la isugu gudbiyo. Gudbinta galmada Dis 2014; 41: 168 - 172
17. Barrett KE, et al. Dib u eegista Ganong ee cilmiga jir ahaaneed. 23rd Ed. 2010. Caafimaadka McGraw Hill. New york
18. Belec L, Dupre T, Prazuck T, et al. Kordhinta maqaarka ee loo yaqaan 'Cervicovaginal overproduction' oo gaar ah oo loo yaqaan 'IgG' oo ah fayraska iska-difaacidda bina-aadamka (HIV) wuxuu ka duwan yahay jawaabta gudaha ee IgA ee caadiga ah ama daciifka u ah infakshanka HIV, J Infect Dis, 1995, vol. 172 (pg. 691-97)
19. Bender BS, et al. Ragga khaniisyada leh dhiig-karka 'Thrombocytopenia' waxay leeyihiin naaqus kombiyuutar Fc Receptor-Specific Clearance-gaar ah. Dhiig, Vol 70. Ma jiro 2 (Ogast), 1987: pp 392-395
20. Berg MB, Mimiaga MJ, Safren SA. Walaacyada caafimaadka maskaxda ee khaniisiinta iyo ragga iyo dumarka isu galmooda ee doonaya adeegyada caafimaadka dhimirka. J Homosex. 2008; 54 (3): 293-306
21. Berger BJ, Kolton S, Zenilman JM, Cummings MC, Feldman J, McCormack WM. Bakteeriyada xubinta taranka ee lesbians: cudur galmada lagu kala qaado. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 Dec; 21 (6): 1402-5.
22. Björkenstam C, Andersson G, Dalman C, Cochran S, Kosidou K. Is-dilidda labada isqaba ee iswiidhan: Khatarta ma ku badan tahay lammaanaha isku jinsiga ah? Eur J Epidemiol. 2016 Jul; 31 (7): 685 - 90.
23. Bohring C. Dhalmo la'aan: ku aadida fahamka shahwada (auto) -imisnimada: Qiimaha falanqaynta proteomic (Eng.) // Waxyeelada Aadanaha. - 2003-05-01. - Vol. 18, iss. 5. - P. 915 - 924. - ISSN 0268-1161. - DOI: 10.1093 / humrep / deg207.
24. Bostwick WB, Boyd CJ, Hughes TL, et al. Cabbirada hanuuninta galmada iyo baahsanaanta jahwareerka iyo jahwareerka ka jira Mareykanka. Am J Caafimaadka Bulshada. 2009; 100 (3): 468-75
25. Bradford J, et al, “Sahaminta Daryeelka Caafimaadka Qaranka Lesbian: Sahammada loogu talagalay Daryeelka Caafimaadka Maskaxda,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62 (2): 228-242 (1994);
26. Breese, PL, Judson, FN, Penley, KA, Douglas, JM Jr (1995). Infekshinka bini-aadamka ee papilomavirus ee ragga iyo khaniisiinta ragga iyo dumarka ayaa ah: faafitaanka infakshanka nooca u gaarka ah iyo xiriirinta fayraska difaaca jirka ee bina-aadamka. Cudurrada Galmada la isugu Gudbiyo, 22 (1): 7-14
27. Unugyada antibiyootiga ee Bronson RA: qiimaynta halista ah iyo tilmaamaha caafimaad. // J. Dibad bax. Immunol.- 1999.- Dec; 45 (2) .- P.159-183.
28. Bybee D, Roeder V. Warbixinta Ururka Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Michigan iyo Waaxda Caafimaadka Bulshada ee Michigan. Amaaho: Waaxda Caafimaadka iyo Adeegyada Aadanaha ee Michigan; 1990. Baadhitaanka Caafimaadka Michigan Lesbian: Natiijooyinka La Xidhiidha AIDS. Waxaa lagusoo qaatay Solarz AL. Caafimaadka Lesbian: Qiimaynta hadda iyo jihooyinka mustaqbalka. Washington (DC): Saxaafadda Qaranka ee Warbaahinta (US); 1999. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45100/
29. Bronson R, Fleet HB. Cutubka 111-aad-Immunologically Dhexdhexaadinta Labka iyo Dheddig Fashilka Taranka. Gudaha: Mucosal Immunology (Daabacaadda Afraad), Saxaafadda Aqoonta; 2015, Bogagga 2157-2181, ISBN 9780124158474. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-415847-4.00111-7.
30. Cabaj R P. Ku xadgudubka maandooriyaha ee ragga khaniisiinta ah, ragga lesbianka ah, iyo kuwa waxyaabaha aan sharciga lahayn ku xadgudbay. Gudaha: Cabaj RP, Stein TS, tifaftirayaasha. Buug-tilmaameedka khaniisnimada iyo Caafimaadka Maskaxda. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, Inc.; 1996. pp. 783 - 799.
31. Cabaj R P. Ku xadgudubka maandooriyaha ee khaniisiinta iyo khaniisiinta bulshada dhexdeeda. Gudaha: Lowenson J, Ruiz P, Millman R, tifaftirayaal. Ku Xadgudubka Maandooriyaha: Buug dhammaystiran oo Buug ah. Baltimore, MD: Williams iyo Wilkins; 1992. pp. 852 - 860.
32. Callander, D., Prestage, G., Ellard, J. et al. Jid-ka-yar ee Jid-goynta ah: Baadhitaanno Sharaxaadda Ragga iyo ragga iyo dumarka leh ee 'Jidadka aan caadi ahayn' ee Gudbinta HIV. AIDS Behav (2016) 20: 2266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1289-x
33. Capeletti S, et al. Is bedbeddelka natiijooyinka ka soo baxa dhaawaca soo-gaadhista ee galmada iyo is-waafajinta galmada toosan: Dib u eegis nidaamsan. Journal of Forensic iyo Medicine Legal. Mugga 44, Noofembar 2016, bogagga 58-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2016.08.013
34. Cassidy MA, Hughes T L. Caafimaadka lesbian: Caqabadaha daryeelka. Gudaha: McElmurry BJ, Parker RS, tifaftireyaasha. Dib-u-eegista Sanadlaha ah ee Caafimaadka Haweenka. Cad. 3. New York: Ururka Qaranka ee Saxaafadda Nursing; 1997. bog. 67-87.
35. CDC 2016. Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada. Warbixinta la-socodka HIV-ga, 2016; vol. 28.
36. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html. Published November 2017
37. CDC (1999). Bakteeriyada La-Noqoto ee Cudurrada Galmada La-isugu-Gudbiyo ee Ragga ku Dhex Jirta Ragga - Ragga King, Washington, 1997- 1999, ”Warbixinta Toddobaadka iyo Naafada, CDC, 48 (35): 773-777
38. CDC 2010. Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada, Baadhitaanada HIV ee Maraykanka iyo Aagagga Ku-tiirsanaanta, 2011. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2010-vol-22.pdf
39. CDC 2012. Qiyaasta Dhacdada HIV ee Mareykanka, 2007 - 2010. Warbixinta Dheeraadka ah ee Korjoogteynta HIV 2012; 17 https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2012-vol-24.pdf
40. CDC 2015. Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada, Baadhitaanada HIV ee Maraykanka iyo Aagagga Ku-tiirsanaanta, 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-surveillance-report-2015-vol-27.pdf (Waxaa Xaqiijiyay 01.01.2018)
41. War-Saxaafadeedka CDC 2010. Xarumaha Xakamaynta Cudurrada (2010). Falanqaynta CDC waxay bixisaa Muuqaal cusub oo ku saabsan Faafinta Khilaafaadka ee HIV iyo Syphilis ee u dhexeeya ragga ragga ah ee 'US' iyo ragga iyo dumarka. War-Saxaafadeed. https://www.cdc.gov/stdconference/2010/msmpressrelease.pdf
42. CDCP 2007. Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada. Warbixinta la-socodka HIV / AIDS, 2007. Xajmiga 19. Atlanta: Waaxda Caafimaadka iyo Adeegyada Aadanaha ee Mareykanka, Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada; 2009; p. 19. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/.
43. Chakraborty A, McManus S, Brugha TS, Bebbington P, King M. Caafimaadka maskaxda ee dadka aan heterosexual ee England. Br J Psychiatry. 2011 Febraayo; 198 (2): 143-8. doi: 10.1192 / bjp.bp.110.082271
44. Chamley, LW & Clarke, GN Semin Immunopathol (2007) 29: 169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-007-0075-2
45. Charlotte J. Patterson Ph.D, Anthony R. D'Augelli Ph.D. Buug-gacmeedka cilmu-nafsiga iyo jihaynta galmada. - OUP USA, 2013 - 332 p. - ISBN 9780199765218.
46. Chin-Hong P, et al. Ka-hortagga da'da-la-noqoshada Ka-hortagga Kansarka Kansarka ee ragga khaniisnimada ah: Daraasadda EXPLORE, JNCI: Journal of Machadka Kansarka Qaranka, 97 Volume, Issue 12, 15 June 2005, bogagga 896 - 905, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji163
47. Chin-Hong P, et al. Xilliga-Gaarka ah ee Cudurka Feejignaanta Fircooniga ee Sanbaloollaha Cudurka Dadweynaha ee Cudurka HIV-Nacaybka ah ee Ku Galmo Galmo La Yeelanaya Ragga: Ragga Daraasadda Daraasadda ah, joornaalka Cudurrada Infekshinka ah, mugga 190, Issue 12, 15 Diseembar 2004, bogagga 2070 - 2076,
48. Chow EP, Cornelisse VJ, Akhri TR, et al. Isticmaalka Saliva sida saliidaha oo loo isticmaalo galmada futada waa qatar u horseedi karta infekshanka futada ee ragga ku dhaca galmada, farriin cusub oo caafimaadka bulshada ah: sahamin qeybaha guud ah. Infekshanka Galmada 2016; 92: 532 - 6
49. Chow EPF, et al. Infekshanka Galmada 2017; 93: 499 - 502. doi: 10.1136 / sextrans-2017-053148
50. Chuck S. Gay iyo arrimaha lesbian. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 168.
51. Cochran SD, Ackerman D, Mays VM, Ross MW. Halista ka timaadda isticmaalka daroogada aan dawada ahayn iyo ku tiirsanaanta ragga iyo dumarka khaniisiinta ah ee firfircoon ee dadweynaha Mareykanka. Qabatinka 2004; 99: 989 - 98. [La daabacay: 15265096]
52. Cochran SD, Sullivan JG, Mays VM. Kalasooca dhibaatooyinka maskaxda, cillad nafsaani iyo adeegyada caafimaadka dhimirka ayaa loo istcimaaliyaa dumarka qaangaarka ah, khaniisnimada iyo dadka waaweyn ee lab iyo dheddigga ee Mareykanka. J Consult Clin Psychol 2003; 71: 53 - 61. [La daabacay: 12602425]
53. Corliss HL, et al. Khatarta Nooca Sonkorowga Nooca '2' ee ka dhex jira dumarka naagta liita, Bisexual, iyo Heterosexual: Waxyaabihii laga helay Kalkaaliyeyaasha Caafimaadka ee Daraasadda II. Daryeelka Sonkorowga. 2018. DOI: 10.2337 / dc17-2656.
54. Cui Dong et al. Ka hortagga antiisperm ee ragga dhalmada leh iyo saamaynta ay ku leeyihiin qiyaasaha shahwada: Dib u eegis nidaamsan iyo falanqayn-meta // Clinica Chimica Acta. - T. 444. - S. 29 - 36. - DOI: 10.1016 / j.cca.2015.01.033.
55. Daling JR, Weiss NS, Hislop TG, Maden C, Coates RJ, Sherman KJ, Ashley RL, Beagrie M, Ryan JA, Corey L. dhaqamada galmada, cudurada galmada lagu kala qaado, iyo dhacdada kansarka futada. N Engl J Med. 1987 Oct 15; 317 (16): 973-7.
56. Damon, W. & Rosser, BRS (2005). Anodyspareunia ee ragga u galmooda ragga: Saamaynta, saadaaliyayaasha, cawaaqib xumada iyo horumarinta shuruudaha ogaanshaha cudurka DSM. Joornaalka Galmada iyo Daaweynta Guurka, 31, 129 - 141
57. Danila RN, et al. Laba Cudur oo Shuban Bixin ah oo Dhexmara Ragga Ragga La Jooga, Ragga - Aagga St Paul, Cudurada Cudurada Fudud, Cilmiga 59, Issue 7, 1 October 2014, Bogagga 987 - 989, https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu478
58. Drabble L, Midanik LT, Trocki K. Warbixinno ku saabsan isticmaalka khamriga iyo dhibaatooyinka la xiriira khamriga ee ka dhexeeya kuwa isqaba, kuwa labada jinsi u galmooda iyo kuwa isku jinsiga ah: natiijooyinka laga soo qaatay Sahanka Qaranka ee Alcohol 2000. Joornaalka Daraasadaha ku Saabsan Khamriga 2005: 111-120
59. Edwards A, Thin RN. Cudurrada galmada ee lagu kala qaado galmada 'lesbians'. 1990 May; 1 (3): 178-81.
60. Eggert-Kruse W., Bockhem-Hellwig S., Doll A., Rohr G., Tilgen W., Runnebaum B. Ka hortagga antibiyootiga xuubka afka ilmagaleenka ee dadka aan la qaybin karin. Reprod.-1993.-V.8.-P.1025-1031.
61. Einhorn L, Polgar M. dabeecadda halista ah ee HIV-ga ee dumarka khaniisiinta ah iyo dumarka labada jinsi ah. Waxbarashada iyo Ka Hortagga Aids-ka. 1994; 6 (6): 514 - 523.
62. Eliason M J. Daryeelidda naagaha lesbian, khaniisnimada, ama bukaanka labada jinsi u leh: Arrimaha la xiriira kalkaalisooyinka daryeelka caafimaad ee muhiimka ah. 1996; 19 (1): 65 - 72.
63. EMIS 2010: Sahaminta Internet-ka ee Ragga-Yaan-Ku-Galmo-la-Raggu Waxyaabaha laga helay waddamada 38. Stockholm: Xarunta Yurub ee Ka Hortagga iyo Xakamaynta Cudurrada, 2013.
64. Evans AL, Scally AJ, Wellard SJ, Wilson JD. Ka hortagga jeermiska 'bakteeriyada' 'lesbians' iyo dumarka khaniisyada ah ee bulshada dhexdeeda. Infekshanka Galmada. 2007 Oct; 83 (6): 470 - 5.
65. Ezeh PA, Christopher M, Edogbanya PRO, Edor SP. Khaniisnimada: Dib u eegis ku saabsan Saamaynta Caafimaadka. MAYFEB Journal of Medicine Vol 1 (2016) - Bogagga 1-16
66. Faderl M; iyo al. (Abriil 2015). "In la hubiyo cayayaanka: lakabka xab-xabku sida qayb muhiim u ah ilaalinta homeostasis xiidmaha." Nolosha IUBMB. 67 (4): 275-85. doi:10.1002/iub.1374. PMID 25914114.
67. Fairley CK, et al. Fikir cusub oo ku saabsan xakameynta cudurka jabtada ee MSM: miyir beelida afka ayaa ka jawaabeysa? Curr Curin Infect Dis. 2017b Nov 25. doi: 10.1097 / QCO.0000000000000421.
68. Fairley CK, Hocking JS, Zhang L, Chow EP. Faafinta jeermiska Jabtada ragga oo galmo la yeelata ragga. Cudurka Degdegga ah ee 'Incg Infect Dis 2017a'; 23: 102 - 104.
69. FDA 2017. Tilmaamaha Maamulka Cuntada iyo Dawooyinka. Talooyinka dib loo eegay ee Yaraynta Khatarta Virus-kicinta Cudurrada Aadamiga ku dhaca ee Dhirta iyo Waxyaabaha Dhiiga - Su'aalaha iyo Jawaabaha. https://www.fda.gov/biologicsbloodvaccines/bloodbloodproducts/questionsaboutblood/ucm108186.htm (Waxaa Xaqiijiyay 11.06.2017)
70. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Betterrais AL. Jiheynta galmada ma la xiriirtaa dhibaatooyinka caafimaadka maskaxda iyo is-dilitaanka dhalinyarada? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56: 876 - 80. [La daabacay: 10530626]
71. Ferris DG, Batish S, Wright TC, et al. Walaac caafimaad lesbian ah oo la iloobey: neoplasia makaanka afkiisa. J Fam Practice 1996; 43: 581 - 4.
72. Fethers K, et al., "Infekshannada galmada la isugu gudbiyo iyo dabeecadaha halista ah ee ku dhaca haweenka galmada leh," Xanuunada galmada la isku gudbiyo, 76 (5): 345-349 (2000).
73. Fijak M, iyo al. Cudurka faafa, caabuqa iyo 'autoimmune' ee dhalmo la'aanta: sidee moodooyinka jiirka ah loogu wargaliyaa daaweynta bukaan socodka? Hum Cusboonaysiinta Cusboonaysiinta. 2018 Apr 10.doi: 10.1093 / humupd / dmy009. [Epub ka hor daabacaadda]
74. Fijak M, et al. Shahaadada gaarka ah ee Imtixaanka. Immune Infertility.Springer 2017. - P. 97 - 107. DOI: 10.1007 / 978-3-319-40788-3_5.
75. Finnegan DG, McNally E B. Haweenka Lesbian. Gudaha: Engs RC, tafatiraha. Haweenka: Khamriga iyo Maandooriyaha kale. Dubuque, IA: Shirkadda Daabacaadda Kendall / Hunt; 1990. pp. 149 - 156.
76. Fischel JJ. Penumbra Sodomka. J Homosex. 2017; 64 (14): 2030-2056. doi: 10.1080 / 00918369.2017.1293403.
77. Francavilla F, Santucci R, Barbonetti A, Francavilla S. Kahortagayaasha antiisistm-ka dabiiciga ah ee ragga: faragelinta bacriminta iyo saameynta caafimaad. Cusboonaysiin. Hogaanka biosci. 2007 May 1; 12: 2890-911. Dib u eegis
78. Francavilla F., Romano R., Santucci R., La Verghetta G., D'Abrizio P., Francavilla S. Waxyaabaha ka hortaga sunta ka hortagga sunta ee ragga: faragelinta dhalmada iyo saameynta daaweynta.// Front. Biosci.- 1999.-V.1 (4) .- P: E9-E25.
79. Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ, Shui C, Bryan AEB. Xaaladaha Caafimaadka daba-dheeraada iyo Tilmaamayaasha Caafimaadka ee Muhiimka ah Waxaa ka mid ah ragga waaweyn ee 'Lesbian', 'Gay', iyo kuwa Laba-jinsi u leh Dadka Waaweyn ee Mareykanka, 2013-2014. Am J Caafimaadka Bulshada. 2017 Aug; 107 (8): 1332-1338. doi: 10.2105 / AJPH.2017.303922.
80. Gilman SE, Cochran SD, Mays VM, Hughes M, Ostrow D, Kessler RC. Khatarta cuduradda maskaxda ee ka dhex dhaca shakhsiyaadka ka warbixinaya lammaaneyaasha galmada la wadaaga ee Daraasadda Daraasaadka Qaranka ee Sharciga Naafada. Am J Caafimaadka Dadweynaha 2001; 91: 933 - 9. [La daabacay: 11392937]
81. Glaus K O. Alcoholism, ku tiirsanaanta kiimikada iyo macmiilka lesbian. Haweenka iyo Daaweynta. 1989; 8 (2): 131 - 144.
82. Glen E. Hastings iyo Richard Weber, "Isticmaalka ereyga 'Gay Bowel Syndrome,'" waxay ugu jawaabeen warqad loo diray tifaftiraha, Dhakhtarka Qoyska Mareykanka, 49 (3): 582 (1994).
83. Goldsweig HG, et al. Thrombocytopenia ee Ragga khaniisyada ah. Joornaalka Mareykanka ee Hematology 21: 243-247 (1986)
84. Deeqda JE, et al. Tilmaanta galmada ee ragga leh qamaarka cudurada: fiditaanka iyo sumcadda cudurada maskaxda ee muunada raadinta. Compr Psychiatry. 2006; 47 (6): 515 - 518.
85. Cagaar, KE iyo Feinstein, BA (2012). Isticmaalka maandooriyaha ee khaniisiinta, khaniisiinta, iyo kuwa labada jinsi ku dheehan tahay: Cusboonaysiinta cilmibaarista ku saleysan dawooyinka iyo saameynta daaweynta. Cilmu-nafsiga ee Dabeecadaha Maandooriyaha, Vol 26 (2): 265-278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025424
86. Grov C, Rendina HJ, Parsons JT. Isbarbar-dhigga saddexda koox ee 'MSM' oo laga soo qaaday dhinacyada isu galmooda, baararka / naadiyada, iyo Craigslist.org: Saameynta cilmi-baarayaasha iyo bixiyeyaasha. Waxbarashada AIDS-ka iyo kahortaga: daabacaadda rasmiga ah ee Ururka Caalamiga ah ee Waxbarashada AIDS. 2014; 26 (4): 362-382. doi: 10.1521 / aeap.2014.26.4.362.
87. Grulich AE, et al. Cudurka faafa ee kansarka futada. Caafimaadka galmada 2012. 9 (6) 504-508 https://doi.org/10.1071/SH12070
88. Haas A P. arrimaha caafimaadka lesbian: Dulmar guud. Gudaha: Dan AJ, tifaftire. Dib-u-dhigida Caafimaadka Haweenka: Cilmi-baarista iyo Tababbarka Multidisciplinary. Kun Oaks, CA: Daabacadaha Daweynta; 1994. bog. 339-356.
89. Halkitis PN, Mukherjee PP, Palamar JJ. Naqshadaynta Longitudinal ee isticmaalka methamphetamine iyo dabeecadaha halista galmada ee khaniisiinta iyo ragga iyo dumarka. AIDS Behav. 2009; 13 (4): 783-91.
90. Hall J M. Lesbians iyo aalkolada: Qaababka iyo isbarbar yaaca fikradaha caafimaadka iyo aaminsan lesbians-ka. Joornaalka Daawooyinka Cilmi-nafsiga. 1993; 25 (2): 109-119.
91. Hass GG Jr, Cines DB, Schreiber AD. Ma-dhalaysnimada Immunologic: Aqoonsiga bukaannada qaba antiistem antibody. Engl J Med 1980 cusub; 303: 722
92. Hellard M, et al. Sababaha halista ah ee keena infekshinka 'Cryptosporidium' ee ragga ku galmooda ragga. Infekshanka Galmada. 2003 Oct; 79 (5): 412-4.
93. Hendry WF, Stedronska J., Hughes L., Cameron KM, Pugh RGB Daaweynta isteeroydhiska ee ku-takri-falka ragga ee ay sababaan unugyada antiisperm-ka. //Lancet.- 1979.- V.2, - P.498-501.
94. Herrell, R., Goldberg, J., run, WR, Ramakrishnan, V., Lyons, M., Eisen, S. iyo Tsuang, T. (1999) hanuuninta galmada iyo hanashada guur Daraasad 'cotwin' ee ragga waaweyn. Kaydinta taariikhda dhimirka, 6 (10): 867-874
95. Hershberger SL, D'Augelli AR. Saameynta dhibanaha ee caafimaadka maskaxda iyo isqarxinta dumarka lesbian, khaniisiinta, iyo dhalinyarada isku galmooda. Dev Psychol 1995; 67: 65 - 74.
96. Hess, KL, Crepaz, N., Rose, C. et al. Isbeddellada Habdhaqanka Galmoodka ee Ragga Dhexmara Ragga (MSM) ee Wadamada Dakhliga Sare, 1990 - 2013: Dib-u-eegis Nidaam ah. AIDS Behav (2017) 21: 2811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1799-1
97. Hirshfield S, Chiasson MA, Wagmiller RL, et al. Cilmiga Galmo ee Jaantuska Internetka ee Ragga Maraykanka ah ee Ragga la Galmooda. Joornaalka daawada galmada. 2010; 7 (9): 3104-3114. doi: 10.1111 / j.1743-6109.2009.01636.x.
98. Hleyhel M, et al. Khatarta kansarka-u-qeexidda kansarka-ka qeexida shakhsiyaadka qaba cudurka loo yaqaan 'HIV-1' ee France inta u dhaxaysa 1997 iyo 2009: natiijooyinka ka yimid koox Faransiis ah. AIDS 2014 Sep 10; 28 (14): 2109-18.
99. Holland E. Dabeecda khaniisnimada: Xaqiijinta u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha khaniisnimada iyo xuquuqda diinta. iUniverse, 2004
100. Hollows K. Anodyspareunia: cillad galmo cusub? Sahaminta galmada futada. 2007. Volume 22, 2007 - Caddadka 4, Bogagga 429-443
101. Hsu, W., Chen, J., Chien, Y., Liu, M., Adiga, S., Hsu, M., Yang, C. iyo Chen, C. (2009). Saamaynta Madaxbanaan ee EBV iyo Sigaarka Sigaar ku Caan ka ah Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Daraasad Dabagelis X-20-sano ah oo ku saabsan Ragga 9,622 oo aan lahayn Taariikhda Qoyska ee Taiwan. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Preview, 18 (4).
102. Irwin TW, Morgenstern H, Parsons JT, et al. Aalkolada iyo dhaqanka galmada ee HIV waxay ku dhex jiraan ragga dhibaatada khamriga la xiriira ee ragga la galmooda: Daraasad heer heer ah oo ku saabsan xogta daba-galka taariikhda. AIDS Behav. 2006; 10 (3): 299-307.
103. Sharciga Ciqaabta Israel 5737-1977, art. 347c.
104. Jiang Y, et al. Isuduwaha unugyada ka hortaga shahwada oo qaba cudurada qanjirka 'prostatitis': Dib u eegis habaysan iyo falanqaynta aaladda. Journal of Immunology Immunology. 2016; 118: 85-91
105. Johnson SR, Smith EM, Guenther SM: Isbarbar dhig ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka daryeelka caafimaadka dumarka iyo dumarka iyo dumarka labada jinsi ah. Sahamin laga sameeyay haweenka 2,345 J Reprod Med 32: 805, 1987
106. Jorm AF, Korten AE, Rodgers B, Jacomb PA, Christensen H. Jihaynta galmada iyo caafimaadka maskaxda: natiijooyinka sahanka jaaliyadaha ee dadka waaweyn iyo da 'dhexe. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 423 - 7. [La daabacay: 11983639]
107. Kazal H, Sohn N, Carrasco J, Robilotti J, Delaney W. 1976 Xanuunka mindhicirka ee gay: xiriirka 'clinico-pathologic correlation' ee kiisaska 260. Annals of Clinical iyo Shaybaarka Sayniska. Vol.6, Issue 2. : 184 - 92.
108. Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP. Jebinta caqabadaha: microbiome mindhicirka, wareegga mindhicirka iyo xanuunnada la xiriira culeyska maskaxda. Xudduudaha Wadnaha ee Wadnaha. 2015; 9: 392. doi: 10.3389 / fncel.2015.00392.
109. Keystone JS, Keystone DL, Proctor EM. Infekshannada faafa ee faafa ee ku dhaca ragga khaniisiinta ah: baahsanaanta, astaamaha iyo qodobbada gudbinta. Joornaalka Ururka Caafimaadka ee Kanada. 1980; 123 (6): 512-514.
110. King M, McKeown E, Warner J, Ramsay A, Johnson K, et al. Caafimaadka maskaxda iyo tayada nolosha ragga iyo dumarka khaniisiinta ah ee ku nool England iyo Weelishka: daraasad la xakameeyay, qayb-qaybis ah. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 183: 552 - 8. [La daabacay: 14645028]
111. King M, Semlyen J, Tai SS, Killaspy H, Osborn D, Popelyuk D, et al. Dib-u-eegis habaysan oo ku saabsan ciladda maskaxda, is-dilitaanka, iyo ula kac waxyeelo nafsiyan ah oo loo gaysto dadka lesbian, khaniisnimada iyo dadka labada jinsi wadaaga. BMC Maskaxda. 2008 Aug 18; 8: 70.
112. Machadka Kirby. HIV, cagaarshowga fayras iyo infakshannada galmada lagu kala qaado ee Australia: Warbixinta kormeerka sanadlaha ah ee 2017. Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, 2017. https://kirby.unsw.edu.au/report/annual-surveillance-report-hiv-viral-hepatitis-and-stis-australia-2017 . Helitaanka 11 Dec 2017.
113. Krause, Walter KH; Naz, Rajesh K. Dhalmo-la aanta: Saamaynta Falcelinta Immune ee Feejignaanta Aadanaha (2nd Edition ed.). Xagaaga 2017. ISBN 978-3-319-40788-3.
114. Kumar A, Nautsch D. Kaposi's Sarcoma ee Rectum ee Ragga khaniisiinta ah ee qaba HIV-AIDS. ACG Case Report Journal. 2016; 3 (4): e192. doi: 10.14309 / crj.2016.165.
115. Kurnosova T., Verbitsky M., Markin A. Baadhitaanka xasaanada kahortagga antispermal ee lammaanaha guurka ku dhaca ee lagu daaweynayo koorsada IN bacriminta VITRO (IFET) .// AJRI.-1998.-V.40.-P.252.
116. Larmarange J, Wade AS, Diop AK, et al. Ragga Ragga Sameeya Ragga (MSM) iyo Sababaha La Xiriira In Aan Cinjirka La Isticmaalin Markii Ugu Dambeysay Ee Galmoodka Ninka Iyo Haweeneyda Reer Senegal. Jones JH, ed. PLOS KELIYA. 2010; 5 (10): e13189. doi: 10.1371 / joornaalka.pone.0013189.
117. Levy JA. Gudbinta HIV iyo waxyaabaha saameeya horumarka AIDS, Am J Med, 1993, vol. 95 (pg. 86-100)
118. Lick DJ, et al. Welwelka dadka laga tirada badan yahay iyo Caafimaadka Jir ahaaneed ee ka dhexeeya Beelaha laga tirada badan yahay Aragtiyaha ku saabsan sayniska cilmi nafsiga. 2013. Xajmiga 8, iss. 5. P. 521 - 548. DOI: 10.1177 / 1745691613497965.
119. Lim, S. K. (1977). "Doorka habdhaqanka galmada iyo kuwa aan galmo ahayn ee gudbinta cagaarshow B," Br J Vener Dis (B40) ee aan la taaban karin, p.190;
120. Lu JC, et al. Ka hortagga Antisperm Antiis and Infertility. Khabiirka Rev Clin Immunol. 2008; 4 (1): 113-126.
121. Lynch DM, Howe SE. Isbarbardhigaya ELISA toos ah iyo mid aan toos ahayn oo loogu talo galay cabirista sunta ka hortagga sunta ee shahwada. J Androl. 1987; 8: 215.
122. Lytle MC, De Luca SM, Blosnich JR. Saameynta aqoonsiyada isdhaafsiga ee is-wax yeelada, dabeecadaha isdilka, iyo niyadjabka khaniisiinta, khaniisiinta, iyo shaqsiyaadka labada jinsi ah. Isdil Halista ah Behav. 2014 Aug; 44 (4): 384 - 91.
123. Machalek DA, et al. Infekshanka 'papillomavirus' ee bini-aadamka iyo nabarrada neoplastic ee nambarka leh ee ragga ku dhaca galmada: dib-u-fiirin habaysan iyo falanqayn kooban. Bukaanka loo yaqaan 'Lancet Oncology'. Mugga 13, Issue 5, May 2012, bogagga 487-500
124. Marconi M., Weidner W. (2009) Goobta iyo Sababaha Halista ah ee Waxsoosaarka Antibodies Antisperm Antibodies Production ee Ragga Dadku. Gudaha: Krause W., Naz R. (eds) Dhalmo-la'aanta Talaalka. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01379-9_8
125. Markell EK, et al., "Cudurka Inestinal Parasitic Inndrome ee ragga khaniisnimada ah ee Carwada San Francisco ee Caafimaadka," Western Journal of Medicine, 139 (2): 177-178 (Agoosto, 1983).
126. Markland AD, et al. Is-dhexgalka galmada iyo Khariidad-xumada Fecal: Caddaynta laga soo qaatay 2009 - 2010 Baadhitaanka Caafimaadka Qaranka iyo Baadhitaanka Nafaqada. Joornaalka Mareykanka ee Gastroenterology (2016) 111, 269 - 274 (2016) doi: 10.1038 / ajg.2015.419
127. Marrazzo, JM iyo K. Stine, taariikhda caafimaadka taranka ee lesbians: saameynta daryeelka. Joornaalka Mareykanka ee Takhtarka & Haweenka, 2004 (190): p. 5-1298
128. Martin-Du Pan RC, Bischof P., Campana A., Morabia A. Xiriirka udhexeeya cunsuriyada etiological iyo wadarta guud ee tirada unugyada shahwada ee bukaanka 350. // Arch. Androl.- 1997.- Noof-Dec; 39 (3) .- P.197-210.
129. Mathy RM, Cochran SD, Olsen J., Mays VM Dhimirka Bulshada & Cudurka Maskaxda. Horudhaca daabacaadda internetka; 2009. Xiriirka ka dhexeeya calaamadaha cilaaqaadka u janjeedha galmada iyo is-dilka: Danmark, 1990 - 2001.
130. Mathy R. Suicidality iyo jiheynta galmada ee shanta qaaradood: Aasiya, Australia, Yurub, Waqooyiga Ameerika, iyo Koonfurta Ameerika .. a;. Joornaal caalami ah oo ku saabsan galmada iyo daraasadaha jinsi. 7 (23): 215 - 225. 2002; 215 - 225.
131. Mayer KH, et al. Sababaha Sociodemographic iyo Clinical Clinical oo laxiriira kordhinta bakteeriyada galmada ku faafida cudurada galmada Baadhitaanada ragga ku galmooda raga waxay galaangal kuhelaan xarunta caafimaadka bulshada ee Boston (2005 - 2015). Madasha Furan Cudurrada Cudurka Fudud. 2017; 4 (4): ofx214. doi: 10.1093 / ofid / ofx214.
132. McCaffrey M, Varney P, Evans B, Taylor-Robinson D. Jeermiska xubinta taranka dumarka ee lesbians: caddeynta jiritaan la'aanta galmada. Int J STD AIDS. 1999 May; 10 (5): 305-8.
133. Meyer IH. Cunsuriyada, walbahaarka bulshada, iyo caafimaadka maskaxda ee khaniisiinta, khaniisiinta, iyo dadka labada jinsiba leh: arrimaha fikradda iyo caddeynta cilmi baarista. Psychol Bull 2003; 129: 674 - 97. [La daabacay: 12956539]
134. MORRIS L. Autoimmune Thrombocytopenic Purpura ee Ragga khaniisyada ah (Eng.) // Annals of Medicine Gudaha. - 1982-06-01. - Vol. 96, iss. 6_part_1. - ISSN 0003-4819. - DOI: 10.7326 / 0003-4819-96-6-714.
135. Mulhall BP, Fieldhouse S, Clark S, Carter L, Harrison L, Donovan B, Short RV (1990) Kahortaga shahwada ka hortagga ee ragga khaniisiinta ah: baahsanaanta iyo xiriirinta dhaqanka galmada. Genitourin Med 66: 5 - 7
136. Naher, N., Lenhard, B., Wilms, J. iyo Nickel, P. (1995). Baadhista fayraska 'Epstein-Barr virus DNA' ee ku-xoqidda ragga khaniisiinta qaba HIV. Diiwaangelinta Cilmi-baarista Jirka, 287 (6): 608-611
137. Naz RK, Mange AC Antisperm antiisies: asal ahaan, sharciyeyn, iyo reac falgalka shahwada ee dhalmo la'aanta bini-aadamka. // Fertil. Steril.- 1994.- Jun; 61 (6) .- P.1001-1013.
138. Nelson Kimberly M., Pantalone David W., Gamarel Kristi E., Carey Michael P., iyo Simoni Jane M. Correlates ee Waligood Tijaabinta Cudurka HIV Waxaa ka mid ah galmada Internet-ka ee Jinsi Ahaan, Bisexual, iyo Ragga kale ee Ragga la Galmooda. Mareykanka. Daryeelka Bukaanka ee AIDS-ka iyo STDs. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2017.0244
139. NGLTF (Hawlaha Qaranka Gay iyo Lebian Force Task Force). Washington, DC: Howlaha Qaranka iyo kuwa Lebian; 1993.
140. NTS 1998. Arimaha La-talinta ee Lesbian iyo Talooyin. Xarunta Qaranka ee Cilmi-baarista Bulshada ee Ragga Wicitaanka Warbixinta Bulshada 96: Sahanka Qaranka ee Telefoonka ee Ragga Ragga la Galmooda (1998) Waxaa laga heli karaa: http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1847173 Accessed 08.10.15
141. O'Hanlan KA, Crum C P. Human papillomavirus-la xiriirta afka ilmagaleenka intraepithelial neoplasia kadib galmada lesbian. Dhalmada iyo dumarka. 1996; 4 (Qaybta 2): 702-703.
142. O'Hanlan K A. Caafimaadka lesbian iyo khaniisiinta: Aragtiyo loogu talagalay daaweynta dhalmada / dhakhtarka dumarka. Dhibaatooyinka xilligan ka jira umulisada, dumarka iyo taranka. 1995; 18 (4): 93-136.
143. Dhibaatooyinka caafimaad ee kufsiga dhalinyarada. Xusuus-qorka Xannaanada Caafimaadka Dhallin-yarada. 6 (4). 1985; 278 - 85.
144. Padilla Y, Crisp C, Rew DL. Ogolaanshaha waalidka iyo adeegsiga daroogada sharci darrada ah ee khaniisiinta, khaniisiinta, iyo dhalinyarada isku galmooda: Natiijooyinka sahanka qaran. Soc Work. 2010; 55 (3): 265-75.
145. Paquette IM, Varma MG, Kaiser AM, Steele SR, Rafferty JF. Bulshada Mareykanka ee Kutubka Qalliinka Kalkaaliyeyaasha Caafimaadka iyo Kalkaaliye Caafimaad ee Daaweynta Xukunka Feker-la'aanta. Khilaafaadka Khilaafaadka. 2015; 58: 623 - 636.
146. Patel P, Borkowf CB, Brooks JT, Lasry A, Lansky A, Mermin J. Qiyaasida ficil kasta ee halista gudbinta HIV: dib u eegis nidaamsan. AIDS 2014; 28 (10): 1509 - 19.
147. Patel P, et al. Ka hortagga, dhacdada, iyo sifeeynta cudurka halista sare ee papillomavirus (HPV) ee ku dhaca ragga qaba HIV ee Daraasadda SUN, joornaalka Cudurrada Infekshinka, 2017, jix607, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix607
148. Pattinson HA, Mortimer D. Xaddiga shahwadda waxay dusha ka saartaa unugyo lab ah lammaaneyaasha is-qaba sida lagu go'aamiyay baaritaanka immunobead. Fertil Steril. 1987; 48: 466.
149. Gudiga Tafaftirka Daaweynta Dadka Waaweyn ee PDQ. Kaposi Sarcoma Treat-ment (PDQ®): Nooca Xirfadle Caafimaad. Soo Koobid Macluumaadka Kansarka ee PDQ https://www.cancer.gov/types/soft-tissue-sarcoma/hp/kaposi-treatment-pdq La Cusbooneysiiyay Oktoobar 1, 2015. Bethesda (MD): Machadka Qaranka ee Kansarka (US); 2002 - 2015.
150. Phelan J, Whitehead N, Sutton P. Maxaa Cilmi Baaris ah: Jawaabta NARTH ee sheegashada APA ee ku saabsan khaniisnimada. Journal of Jinsi Aadanaha. 1st ed. 2009; 93.
151. Pillard RC, "hanuuninta galmada iyo jahwareerka maskaxda," Annals Psychiatric Annals, 18 (1): 52-56 (1988)
152. Quigley E. M. (2013). "Bakteeriyada mindhicirka ee caafimaadka iyo cudurrada." Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 9:560–9.
153. Raiteri R, Fora R, Gioannini P, Russo R, Lucchini A, Terzi MG, Giacobbi D, Sinicco A. Seroprevalence, qodobbada halista iyo dabeecadda HIV-1 ee kujira tusaale muunad u ah lesbianska Turin. Daawaynta xubnaha taranka dumarka. 1994; 70 (3): 200 - 205.
154. Mabaadi'da Rao K. & Tababbarka tiknoolajiyadda taranka ee la caawiyey (3 Vols), Volume 1. Madhalaysnimo. Jaypee Walaalaha Caafimaadka Daabacayaasha 2014. p. 311.
155. Reller ME, et al. Isu-gudbinta galmada ee qandhada loo yaqaan 'typhoid fever': cudur faafa oo badan oo ka dhex dhaca ragga oo galmo la sameeya ragga. Cudurada faafa ee cudurada. 2003; 37: 141 - 144.
156. Restrepo B, W. Cardona-Maya Antisperm antiisies iyo ururka dhalmada (Eng.) // Actas Urológicas Españolas (Ingiriis Edition). - 2013: Vol. 37, iss. 9. - P. 571 - 578. —DOI: ​​10.1016 / j.acuroe.2012.11.016.
157. Rice CE, Maierhofer C, Fields KS, Ervin M, Lanza ST, Turner AN. Wixii ka dambeeya galmada galmada: Dhaqanka galmada ee ka dhexeeya MSM iyo ururada HIV iyo cudurada kale ee galmada lagu kala qaado. Joornaalka daawada galmada. 2016; 13 (3): 374-382. doi: 10.1016 / j.jsxm.2016.01.001.
158. Richters J, de Visser RO, Badcock PP, et al. Naqshadaynta, bixinta galmada, iyo nashaadaad kale oo galmo: daraasadda labaad ee australia ee caafimaadka iyo cilaaqaadka. Caafimaadka galmada, 11 (2014), pp. 461-471
159. Rodger AJ, et al. Waxqabadka Galmada oo aan lahayn kondhom iyo halista gudbinta HIV ee lammaanaha Serodifferent Marka lammaanaha HIV-ka ah uu Adeegsanayo Daaweynta Kahortaga Xanuunka Dhimirka. JAMA. 2016; 316 (2): 171 - 181. doi: 10.1001 / jama.2016.5148
160. Rosser BR, et al. Cudurka loo yaqaan 'Anodyspareunia', galmada lama-yaqaanka u ah: daraasad ansax ah oo ku saabsan galmada xanuunka dhagta xanuun badan iyo wada-xiriirka isu-taga galmada ee ragga khaniisiinta ah. J Galmo Guurka Ther. 1998 Oct-Dec; 24 (4): 281-92.
161. Rosser S. Waa la iska indhatiray, la iska indhatiray, ama hoos loo dhigay: Cilmi baaris ku saabsan caafimaadka lesbian iyo daryeelka caafimaadka, Joornaalka Ururka Haweenka ee Daraasaadka. 1993; 5 (2): 183-203.
162. Russell JM, Azadian BS, Roberts AP, Talboys C A. Pharyngeal flora oo ku nool galmo firfircoon. Joornaalka Caalamiga ah ee S TD iyo AIDS. 1995; 6 (3): 211 - 215.
163. Ruth R, Santacruz E. LGBT Cilminafsiga iyo Caafimaadka Maskaxda: Baadhitaan soo kordhaya iyo Horumar. ABC-CLIO, 2017. 297 p.
164. Ryan CM, Huggins J, Beatty R. Maandooriyaha ayaa loo adeegsadaa ciladaha iyo halista infekshinka HIV ragga ragga khaniisiinta ah. J Stud Alcohol 1999; 60: 70 - 7. [La daabacay: 10096311]
165. Saldana Ruiz N, Kaiser AM. Xasilooni darro fekerka - Caqabadaha iyo xalalka. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2017; 23 (1): 11-24. doi: 10.3748 / wjg.v23.i1.11.
166. Sandfort TG, De Graaf R, Bijl RV, Schnabel P. Dabeecad isku jinsi ah iyo cilladaha dhimirka: natiijooyinka Baadhitaanka Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Netherlands iyo Daraasadda Dhacdada (NEMESIS). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58: 85 - 91. [La daabacay: 11146762]
167. Sands M, Phair JP, Hyprikar J, Hansen C, Brown RB (1985) Daraasad ku saabsan antiisperm antibody ee ragga khaniisiinta ah. J Med 16: 483 - 491
168. Saxon C, Hughes G, Ison C, ee kooxda 'LGV Case-Finding Group' ee UK. Asymptomatic Lymphogranuloma Venereum ee Ragga isku galmooda Ragga, Boqortooyada Midowday. Cudurada faafa ee soo baxa. 2016; 22 (1): 112-116. doi: 10.3201 / eid2201.141867.
169. Schick V, et al. Akhlaaqda galmada iyo istaraatiijiyada yareynta halista ee haweenka muhaajiriinta ah ee dumarka is-qaba. Infekshanka Galmada 2012; 88: 407 - 412. doi: 10.1136 / sextrans-2011-050404
170. Shulman S, Mininberg DT, Davis JE. Arrimo muhiim ah oo ku sabsan dhalmada. J Urol. 1978; 119: 231.
171. Siegenbeek van Heukelom ML, Marra E, de Vries HJC, van der Loeff MFS, Prins JM. Dhibaatooyinka halista ah ee nabarrada is-miidaaminta sare ee is-miyir-qabka ah ee MSM-HIV-ga: miyuu baaritaanka la bartilmaameedsanayaa? AIDS (London, England). 2017; 31 (16): 2295-2301. doi: 10.1097 / QAD.0000000000001639.
172. Silenzio V. Top 10 Waxyaabaha Ragga Qaniisiinta ah ee ay tahay inay kala hadlaan Bixiyaha Daryeel Caafimaadkooda [Internetka]. San Francisco: Ururka Caafimaadka ee Gay & Lesbian; 2010. Waxaa laga heli karaa: http://www.glma.org/_data/n_0001/resources/live/Top%20Ten%20Gay%20Men.pdf
173. Skegg K, Nada-Raja S, Dickson N, Paul C, Williams S. Tilmaam galmo iyo is-dilis xagga ragga iyo dumarka ah. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Mar; 160 (3): 541-6.
174. Skerrett DM, Kõlves K, De Leo D. Dadweynaha LGBT ma waxay halis ugu jiraan in ay is dilaan Australia dhexdeeda? Natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista iyo saameynta. J khaniisnimada. 2015; 62 (7): 883-901. doi: 10.1080 / 00918369.2014.1003009.
175. Skinner CJ, Stokes J, Kirlew Y, Kavanagh J, Forster GE. Daraasad lagu xakameynayo kiisaska caafimaadka galmada ee lesbians. Genitourin Med. 1996 Aug; 72 (4): 277-80.
176. Skinner WF, Otis M D. Isticmaalka mukhaadaraadka iyo qamriga ee ka dhasha khaniisyada iyo khaniisyada qalliinka koofurta Mareykanka: Cudurka faafa, isbarbardhiga, iyo natiijooyinka habka Mashruuca Triology. Journal of khaniisnimada. 1996; 30 (3): 59 - 92.
177. Skinner, WF (1994). The prevalence iyo saadaalintiisa dadka ee isticmaalka sharci darrada ah ee daroogada sharci darrada ah ee liisanka iyo liisanka ee ragga 'Lesbian' iyo 'Gay Men'. Joornaalka Mareykanka ee Caafimaadka Dadweynaha 84: 1307-1310
178. Solarz AL. Caafimaadka Lesbian: Qiimaynta hadda iyo jihooyinka mustaqbalka. Washington (DC): Saxaafadda Qaranka ee Warbaahinta (US); 1999. Waxaa laga heli karaa: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45100/ doi: 10.17226 / 6109
179. Spornraft-Ragaller P. [Syphilis: faafitaanka cusub ee MSM]. MMW Fortschr Med. 2014 Jun 12; 156 Suppl 1: 38-43; kedis 44.
180. Stall R, Mills TC, Williamson J, Hart T, Greenwood G, Paul J, et al. Isu-tagga dhibaatooyinka ka dhasha dhibaatooyinka caafimaad nafsaani-bulsho iyo u nuglaanta u nuglaanta HIV / AIDS ee ka dhex dhaca ragga magaalooyinka ku galmooda ragga. Am J Caafimaadka Bulshada. 2003 Jun; 93 (6): 939 - 42.
181. Stall R, Paul JP, Greenwood G, et al. Isticmaalka khamriga, isticmaalka maandooriyaha iyo dhibaatooyinka la xiriira khamriga ee ragga iyo dumarka galmada: Daraasadda Caafimaadka Ragga ee Magaalooyinka. Qabatinka. 2001; 96 (11): 1589-601
182. Stewart, Chuck (2003). Arimaha Gay iyo Lesbian. ABC-CLIO.
183. Swannell S, Martin G, Bogga A. Ujeeddada isdilitaanka, isku dayga isdilitaanka iyo is-dilka isqorista ee ragga isku jinsiga ah, khaniisnimada, ragga iyo dumarka isu galmooda / khaniisnimada ah: Waxyaabaha ka soo baxay daraasad qaran oo Australia ah. Aust NZJ Psychiatry. 2016 Febraayo; 50 (2): 145-53. doi: 10.1177 / 0004867415615949.
184. Takiishi T, Fenero CIM, Câmara NOS. Caqabadda uur-ku-taallada iyo microbiota mindhicirka: Qaabeynta jawaabahayaga is-difaaca ee nolosha oo dhan. Caqabadaha goysyada 2017 Sep 6: e1373208. doi: 10.1080 / 21688370.2017.1373208. [Epub ka hor daabacaadda]
185. Tao J, et al. Ku galmoodka dumarka ka mid ah ragga ku galmooda ragga Shiinaha: fiditaanka iyo dhaqamada galmada. STDS daryeelka bukaanka AIDS 2013 Sep; 27 (9): 524-8. doi: 10.1089 / apc.2013.0161. Epub 2013 Aug 9.
186. Tasdemir I., Tasdemir M., Fukuda I., Kodama H., Matsui T. Saameynta unugyada shahwada-iska-ilaalin kara unugyada iswada iyo kalsiyum-ionophore (A23187) oo ay kicisay ficil-celinta acrosome.// Int. J. Fertil.- 1995-V.40.-P.192-195.
187. Templeton DJ, Jin F, McNally LP, et al. Cudurka halista ah, dhacdooyinka iyo qodobada halista ee jabtada jabtada ee kooxda bulshada ee HIV ku saleysan ee ragga khaniisiinta ah ee magaalada Sydney, Australia. Infekshanka Galmada 2010; 86: 90 - 6
188. Thorpe, CM iyo Keutsch, GT (1999). "Cudurrada bakteeriyada ee loo yaqaan 'Enteric pathogens virus: Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter,' ee KK Holmes, PA Mardh, et al., (Eds.), Cudurrada Galmada la isugu Gudbiyo (Daabacaadda 3rd), New York: Qeybta Xirfadlayaasha Caafimaadka Caafimaadka McGraw-Hill. Xnumx
189. Magaalooyinka JM, et al. Sababaha caafimaad ee laxiriira isutagaaga waraabowga ragga ee galmoodka galmada: daraasad isweydaarsi isweydaarsi ah. Infekshanka Galmada. 2017 Nov 30. Py: sextrans-2017-053297. doi: 10.1136 / sextrans-2017-053297.
190. Tseng HF, iyo al. Qodobbada khatarta ah ee kansarka futada: natiijooyinka daraasadda xakamaynta kiisaska-ku-saleysan dadweynaha. Kansarka wuxuu keenaa xakameyn. 2003 Nof; 14 (9): 837-46.
191. UNAIDS 2014. Warbixinta GAP. Barnaamijka Wadajirka ah ee Qaramada Midoobay ee HIV / AIDS (UNAIDS). http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/07_Gaymenandothermenwhohavesexwithmen.pdf
192. Unemo M, Bradshaw CS, Hocking JS, et al. Infekshannada galmada lagu kala qaado: caqabadaha hor yaalla. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: 30310 - 30319
193. Valleroy Linda A., et al., "Ka-hortagga HIV iyo halista ku jirta ee wiilasha dhallinyarada ah ee ragga la seexda," JAMA 284 (July 12, 2000): 203.
194. Van Baarle, D. (2000). "Fayraska sare ee Epstein-Barr nooca 2 ee ragga khaniisiinta ah waxaa sababa gudbinta galmada," J Infect Dis, p. 2045.
195. Ward B, et al. Jiheynta Galmoodka iyo Caafimaadka Waxaa ka mid ah Sahanka Wareysiga Caafimaadka Qaranka ee Dadka Waaweyn ee Mareykanka, 2013. Warbixinta Tirakoobka Caafimaadka Qaranka. 77th ed. 2014 Jul 15.
196. Warner J, McKeown E, Griffin M, Johnson K, Ramsay A. Qiimeyaasha iyo saadaasha cudurka maskaxda ee ragga khaniisiinta, ragga lesbianka ah iyo ragga iyo dumarka labadaba. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185: 479 - 85. [La daabacay: 15572738]
197. Weinmeyer R. Qaanuunka Sodon ee Mareykanka. Mentor Virtual. 2014 Nov 1; 16 (11): 916-22. doi: 10.1001 / virtualmentor.2014.16.11.hlaw1-1411.
198. Willett CG. Kansarka Taranka Caloosha Hoose, mugga 1. BC Decker Inc., Hamilton: London; Xnumx
199. Witkin SS, et al. Soo-qaadista 'antibody to asialo' GM1 by shahwada iyo dhacdada ay ku dhacdo seeraha ragga khaniisiinta ah ee leh cilladda difaaca liidata (AIDS). Clin Exp Immunol. 1983b; 54 (2): 346 - 350. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1535871/
200. Witkin SS, Sonnabend J. Immune waxay ka jawaabtaa shahwada ragga ee khaniisiinta ah. Fertil SteriI1983a; 39: 337-42.
201. Wolfe JP, De Almeida M., Ducot B., Rodrigues D., Jouannet P. heerar aad u sareeya oo ka hortaga shahwada ayaa sababi kara isdhexgalka shahwada oo ay ku dheehan tahay taranka dadka. Steril.-1995.-V.63.-P.584-590.
202. Wolff H, Wolf-Bernhard S. Antisperm ka hortaga dhalmada iyo ragga khaniisiinta ah: xiriirka ka dhexeeya serologic iyo natiijooyinka kiliinikada. Dhalmada iyo nuglaanta. Mugga 44, Issue 5, Noofembar 1985, bogagga 673-677. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)48986-7
203. Wong CF, Kipke MD, Weiss G. Khataraha halista u ah isticmaalka aalkolada, isticmaalka badan, iyo cabbitaanka xad dhaafka ah ee ragga dhalinyarada ah ee galmada la taga ragga. Addict Behav. 2008; 33 (8): 1012-20
204. Yarns BC, et al. Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Dadka Waaweyn ee LGBT. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2016 Jun; 18 (6): 60. doi: 10.1007 / s11920-016-0697-y.
205. Zaritsky E, Dibble SL. Sababaha halista ah ee kansarka taranka iyo naasaha ee ragga waaweyn ee dumarka lesbianka ah. J Dumarka Caafimaadka (Larchmt). 2010; 19: 125-131.
206. Zhakupova T, et al. Saameynta Qaar ka mid ah Waxyaabaha Ku Saabsan Qaabdhismeedka Morphological ee Shahwada oo ku Jirta Tooska Intestine Inta lagu gudajiro Baaritaanka Caafimaadka - Baaritaanka Caafimaadka Sodon. Caafimaadka qiimaha. 2015 Nov; 18 (7): A543. doi: 10.1016 / j.jval.2015.09.1721.

---

Ogeysiis

1 soo bandhigida guska lammaanaha firfircoon ee malawadka lammaane maqalka ah

2 Ingiriis: "caloosha qalliinka gay"

3 Waqtigan xaadirka ah, cadaadiska ururada bulshada ee dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT +, qeexitaannada noocaas ah sida iska-xaddid la'aanta khaniisiinta iyo xannuunka xiidmaha ayaa qaddarin kala-sooc ah. Dadaallo weyn oo meesha looga saarayo ereyga 'is-tallaal la'aanta dadka khaniisiinta ah' ayaa la isticmaalay by biologist iyo u dhaqdhaqaaqa Bruce Weller, aasaasaha Task Force Gay Task Force (Chuck 2003, p. 168).

4 oo Ingiriis ah Fistu waa feedh

5 oo Ingiriis ah "Rim" - Rim

---

Xarunta Proctology Laser "ATLANTiK" dalabyo daaweynta cudurka mindhicirka gay (cudurka caloosha khaniisnimada):

Lebianiyaanka: sababaha iyo cawaaqibta

Jan Goland oo ku saabsan daaweynta khaniisnimada (wareysiga fiidiyowga gaarka ah)