V. Lysov
E-maylka: sayniska4truth@yandex.ru
Waxyaabaha soosocda badankood waxaa lagu soo daabacaa joornaal lagu qiimeeyay asaaga ah. Daraasadaha casriga ah ee dhibaatooyinka bulshada, 2018; Cilmiga 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "Qulqulka iyo kahadalnaanta isticmaalka ereyga 'khaniisiinta' khudbadaha sayniska iyo dadweynaha".
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Helitaannada Furaha ah

(1) Habdhaqan xasaasi ah oo ku wajahan khaniisnimada ayaan ka soo bixin shuruudda baarista ee cabsi-cuqdadeedka oo ah fikrad cilmi-nafsi. Ma jiro fikrad nosolog ah oo ah "khaniisnimada", waa erey hadal jeedin siyaasadeed.
(2) Adeegsiga ereyga "khaniisnimada" waxqabadka sayniska si loogu muujiyo dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee mowqifka muhiimka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa isku jinsi waa qalad. Adeegsiga ereyga "khaniisnimada" ayaa xadka u horseedaya caado u nugul dareenka khaniisiinta iyadoo lagu saleynayo caqiidada fikradaha iyo qaababka muujinta gardarada, u beddelashada aragtida wadaagga xagga gardarada.
(3) Baarayaasha waxay ogaadeen in adeegsiga ereyga "khaniisnimada" uu yahay mid lagu cabiro xubnaha bulshada ee aan aqbalin kor u qaadida qaab nololeedka khaniisiinta ee bulshada dhexdeeda, laakiin aan dareemin nacayb ama cabsi aan macquul aheyn ee shaqsiyaadka khaniisiinta ah.
(4) Marka lagu daro aaminsanaanta dhaqanka iyo ilbaxnimada, aasaaska dabeecad muhiim u ah dhaqdhaqaaqa isku jinsiga ah, sida muuqata, waa nidaamka difaaca habdhaqanka - falcelin xagga noolaha ah nacayblagu soo saaray geedi socodka isbeddelka aadanaha si loo hubiyo ugu badnaan nadaafadda iyo waxtarka taranka.

Ereyada: khuraafaad, "khaniis nacayb", karaahiyo ah, halis ah, habka difaaca habdhaqanka, khalkhalgelinta

HORDHAC

Qeyb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah bulshada dhexdeeda, waxaa jira fikir xasaasi ah oo ku wajahan waxqabadka jinsi isku mid ah, heerka cabirka muujinta taas oo si weyn ugu kala duwan: ka taageerida mucaaradka sharciga ah iyo isku dayga ah in la beddelo hay'adda guurka si loogu daro shuraako isku jinsi ah ilaa kiisaska rabshadaha ka dhanka ah shakhsiyaadka muujinaya ka tirsan bulshada "LGBTKIAP +" (Kohut 2013; Gray 2013) Qaab dhismeedka dhaqdhaqaaqa "LGBTKIAP +", dabeecad xumo daran, iyadoon loo eegeyn heerka muuqashadeeda iyo sababaha, waxaa loogu magac daray waxa loogu yeero. "Hooyooyinka"Adams xnumx) Sida laga soo xigtay Qaamuuska Ingiriisiga Oxford, neologism “homophobia” wuxuu ka yimaadaa ereyada "khaniisnimada" iyo "cabsi-cuqdadeed" (Qaamuusyada nool ee Oxford). Ereyga "homophobia" waxaa si aad ah loogu adeegsadaa warbaahinta iyo dhaqanka caanka ah: cilmi baare Nungessor wuxuu yiri:

"Homophobia" waxay noqotay fikrad siyaasadeed oo guud oo loo adeegsado in loola jeedo aragti kasta oo aan fiicnayn oo ku wajahan dadka khaniisiinta ah ... "(Nabadoon xnumx, p. 162).

«Nacaybka loo yaqaan 'Homophobia' xitaa waxaa loo isticmaalaa hadallada siyaasadeed ee xiriirka ka dhexeeya isgaarsiinta casriga ah (EPRDF 2006). Sidaa darteed, adeegsiga ereyga "homophobia" si loo sharxo aragtida xasaasiga ah ee ku wajahan qiyamka dhaqdhaqaaqa "LGBTQIAP +" waxay ku saleysan tahay laba mabda 'oo muhiim ah: (1) waxay abuureysaa isku xirnaan wadaag ah oo udhaxeysa FALANQAAD kasta oo qatar ah oo ku wajahan khaniisnimada iyadoo ay jirto cilad cuqdad leh, oo leh cilmu-nafsiyeed; (2) waxay siisaa fikrado diidmo ah waxayna cuqdad gelisaa shakhsiyaadka u dooda fikrad aan ka ahayn tan dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBTQIAP +.

Sida dhaqtarka cilmiga sharciga Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin iyo qoraayaasha wada shaqeeya waxay wax ku qorayaan shaqadooda:

"Most Ku dhowaad wixii dood ah ee lala yeelanayo dacaayadaha khaniisnimada, markii aan la oggolaanno iyaga, maanta waxaa ka mid ah in si toos ah loogu dhajiyo astaamaha" homophobe ", iyada oo aan la tixgelinaynin nuxurka iyo qaabka, heerka xaqiiqda iyo sharciga ee qiil u helidda qiimeynta muhiimka ah ee khaniisnimada. Wadamo badan, kuwa muujiya aragtida adag ee khaniisnimada waxaa loo diidaa xorriyadda ra'yiga iyo xorriyadda hadalka, maahan oo keliya inta lagu jiro doodaha dadweynaha, laakiin guud ahaan, isku day kasta oo ay ku muujinayaan aragtidooda warbaahinta. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira baaqyo dadweyne oo lagu takoorayo dadkaas oo kale: in loo diido xaqa ay u leeyihiin inay galaan waddamo kale, inay xiraan, iwm. Wadahadalka noocaas ah iyo fasiraadda nooca mabda'a ah ee dhamaan sharciga iyo maxkamada iyo mabda'a dulqaadku kaliya ma ahan mid gebi ahaanba aan la jaan qaadi karin mabaadi'da iyo heerarka dimoqraadiyadda, laakiin intaa waxaa sii dheer, waa inay keenaan jawaab deg deg ah oo ka timaada gobolka, oo aan xaq u lahayn inuu ka laabto xaaladda sharciga iyo siyaasadeed ee caalamiga ah dartiis xaaladda siyaasadeed. mabaadi'da dastuuriga iyo sharciga ee sinnaanta dhammaan dadka hortiisa sharciga iyo maxkamadda. Ereyada "homophobe", "homophobia" waa khalad, calaamado cliche-sumado lagu dhajiyay dhaleecayn kasta oo fikirka fikirka khaniisnimada (iyadoo aan loo eegin qaabka iyo heerka cudurdaarista dhaleeceynta sida), iyo sidoo kale qof kasta oo ka soo horjeedda in xoog lagu soo rogo fikirka khaniisnimada ee ragga iyo dumarka (oo ay ku jiraan kuwa yaryar). Erayadani waxay matalayaan sumado qiimeyn fikradeed oo ka kooban waxyaabo aan fiicneyn waxaana loo adeegsadaa sidii muran aan caqli gal ahayn oo loogu talagalay ujeeddooyinka wax isdaba marinta si loo yareeyo oo loo aflagaadeeyo diidmada (...) Xaqiiqdii, dadka aan aqbalin qaab nololeedka qaniisnimada, balwadaha iyo aaminsanaanta ayaa ka soo horjeedda dacaayadaha dadweynaha ee khaniisnimada ma jiraan "cabsi", taasi waa, cabsi badan oo xannuun badan oo dadkaas ka dhigaysa inay ka baqaan khaniisiinta. Dadka aan aqoon u lahayn eraybixinta caafimaad ee gaarka ah waxay macnaha ereyga "homophobe" la wadaagi karaan neecow jireed oo loo qabo nin iyo dad guud ahaan (laga bilaabo Latin homo - man). Ujeedo aan caqli gal aheyn ee qallooca maskaxda (cabsida) dadka aan wadaagin qaniisnimada caqiido kaliya maahan farsamo anshax xumo ah, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa loola jeedaa in lagu bahdilo sharafta aadanaha ee dadka noocaas ah, laguna xanto ... ”(Ponkin 2011).

Si sax ah ayuu u sharraxayaa habka riixista isagoo eedayn dusha uga tuuraya "khaniisiinta" khabiir Sergei Khudiev:

“... Qof kasta oo ku dhiirada inuu diido gabi ahaanba fikradaha qaniisnimada qummanaanta waxaa isla markiiba la kulmaya calaamadeyn iyo cay cay ah. Haddii aad ka hesho galmo isku jinsi ah wax aan sharci ahaan lagu dhiirrigelin karin, isla markiiba waxaa lagugu dhawaaqi doonaa xanaaq, dulqaad la'aan, xagjirnimo, dib u dhac iyo colaad, cunsuri, faashiiste, Ku Klux Klan, Taliban, iyo wixii la mid ah iyo wixii la mid ah. Farsamo fudud laakiin wax ku ool ah oo loogu talagalay khalkhalgelinta shucuurta waxay isticmaashaa dhowr farsamooyin si caddaalad ah u muuqda. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa laguu soo bandhigay doorasho khaldan - ama ciqaab adag ayaa la galiyaa khaniisnimada, ama ku dhiirrigeli hab kasta oo suurtagal ah Haddii aad ka soo horjeeddo xukunnada dilka ah ee lala xiriirayo dadka isku jinsiga ah, markaa waa inaad u noqotaa ictiraafka ururada isku jinsiga ah ee guurka. Farsamo kale - “xumaanfalayaal qayaxan (tusaale ahaan, Naasiyiintii) ayaa ka soo horjeeday khaniisnimada - adiguba waad diidantahay - marka waxaad tahay Naasiyiin. Haddii aadan rabin in laguu tixgeliyo Naasi, ku raac aragtidayada. Midka saddexaad wuxuu ku dhawaaqayaa dambi kasta oo laga galo khaniisiinta - tusaale ahaan, xaalad ah in nin dhalinyaro ah oo jirkiisa ka ganacsada uu dilo macmiilkiisu - sida muujinta "khaniisnimada", wuxuu ku dhawaaqayaa wax kasta oo diidmo ah inuu yahay "homophobia" oo sidaas awgeed wuxuu u kala saaraa qof kasta oo diiddan dambiilayaal. Cadaadiskan shucuureed looma tixgelin karo wax aan ka ahayn muujinta muranka caddaalad darrada ah, laakiin dhibaatadu waxay tahay iyada oo si isa soo taraysa loogu soo rogayo qasab dowladeed; Wadamo badan oo yurub ka mid ah, ku qanacsanaanta aragtida qaniisiinta waxaa loo arkaa "kicinta nacaybka" iyo dambi maxkamad la soo taagayo. Si kastaba ha noqotee, caqli-galnimada eedeymaha noocan oo kale ah ayaa soo ifbaxaya isla marka aan dhibaatada qaadno si aan uga fikirno ugu yaraan shan daqiiqo. Daalibaan waxay si xun u ciqaabaan cabitaanka khamriga; Tan macnaheedu ma waxaa weeye in qof kasta oo aan oggolaan khamriga uu yahay Taalibaan uuna damacsan yahay inuu bulshada u soo bandhigo shareecada Islaamka. Dadka (labada jinsiba) ee ku kasbada lacagta dhillanimada badanaa waxay noqdaan dhibanayaal dambi - tani ma waxay ka dhigan tahay in qof kasta oo tilmaama in qaabkan lacag lagu kasbado ay khaldan tahay oo uu khatar ku taageero dambiilayaasha? Ma jiraa qof diida isticmaalka maandooriyaha miyaa lagu eedeyn karaa nacaybka kulul ee uu u qabo dadka daroogada qabatimay? ... "(Khudiev 2010).

SIDEE HOMOPHOBIA UGU DALBATAY

Cilmu-nafsiga Ameerika iyo u dhaqdhaqaaqa "LGBTKIAP +" - dhaqdhaqaaq (Ayaale 2002; Grimes 2017) George Weinberg tixgeliyey abuuraha ereyga 'khaniisiinta' 'isla markaana ah qoraaga aragtida fikirka cilmu-nafsiga ee fikirka hal-abuurka leh ee khaniisnimada (Halkudhag 2004; Weinberg xnumx) Wareberg wareysi lala yeeshay daabacaada khaniisiinta, Weinberg ma uusan bixin jawaab cad oo ku saabsan sababta uu ugu noqday xubin firfircoon dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBTKIAP +, wuxuu yiri:

"In kasta oo aanan khaniis ahayn, haddana waxaan si xor ah ugu noolahay howlahayga galmoodka ah, iyo waliba nashaadaadyo kale oo aanan door bidin inaan wax ka qorin" (Ayaale 2002).

Weinberg wuxuu naftiisa ugu yeerayaa qofka soo saaray fikradda ah in masayrka iyo baqdintu ay dhalleeceeyaan khaniisnimada bartamihii-1960s, iyadoo loo diyaar garoobayo khudbad ka jeedinaysa Shirka Ururka Xeebta ee Xeebta-Bari (Ayaale 2002; Grimes 2017) Wuxuu fikirkiisa la wadaagay dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha "LGBTKIAP +", dhaqdhaqaaqa Jack Nichols iyo Lige Clark, oo markii ugu horreysay u adeegsaday ereyga '' homophobia '' maqaal loogu talagalay joornaalka 'galmada' ee loo yaqaan 'Screw' (23 bishii Maajo 1969 ee sanadka), taas oo macnaheedu ahaa cabsi laga qabo ragga aan khaniisnimada ahayn. in lagu qaldami karo khaniisiinta - tani waxay ahayd markii ugu horreysey ee magaca ereyga lagu daabaco (Grimes 2017; Halkudhag 2004) Dhowr bilood kadib, eraygan waxaa loo adeegsaday cinwaanka 'The Times' (Grimes 2017).

1971, Weinberg qudhiisa ayaa markii ugu horreysay adeegsaday ereyga "khaniisiinta" maqaal cinwaankiisu yahay "Ereyada Dhaqanka Cusub" ee toddobaadlaha "Gay" (Grimes 2017). Akhrinta maqaalkan kadib, Weinberg saaxiibkiis Kenneth T. Smith (Weinberg xnumx, bogga 132, 136) dhammaadkii 1971 wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ku xusay ereyga "homophobia" daabacaad cilmiyaysan oo uu ku soo jeediyay cabir gaar ah oo lagu cabbiro falcelinnada shakhsiga ah ee shakhsiyadeed ee ay keeneen xiriirka lala yeeshay shakhsiyaadka khaniisiinta ah (Smith 1971) Ugu dambeyntiina, 1972, Weinberg wuxuu ka faalloodaa fikirka cilmi-nafsi ee "khaniisiinta" ee buugga "Bulshada iyo Caafimaadka khaniisnimada" (Weinberg xnumx) Sannadkii ku xigay, Weinberg wuxuu noqday mid ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha munaasabadaha dadweynaha oo ay soo abaabusho American LGBTKIAP +, dhaqdhaqaaq u horseeday go’aanka Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Maskaxda ee Mareykanka inay ka saaraan ogaanshaha "khaniisnimada" liiska tirakoobka cudurada maskaxda ee 1973 (Grimes 2017) In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in ereyga "khaniisnimada" oo markii dambe dhaleeceeyey taageerayaasha iyo kuwa ka soo horjeeday dhaqdhaqaaqa "LGBTKIAP +", Weinberg wuxuu weli ahaa qof ku adkeysan kara xukunkiisa inta ka hartay noloshiisa wuxuuna ku adkeystay inuu ku jiro "khaniis-nacaybka" ee qaybta cilladaha maskaxda (Weinberg xnumx).

CODSIYADA ISTICMAALKA ISTICMAALKA

Waqti dheeri ah oo laga soo qaatay shaqadii sayniska ee ugu horeysay (1971 - 1972), macnaha ereyga “khaniisiinta” wuxuu ku kala duwan yahay astaamaha shakhsiyadeed ee shakhsiyadeed (Smith 1971) iyo cabsi aan caafimaad lahayn oo aan sabab lahayn (Weinberg xnumx) wixii fikir xumo ah (oo ay kujirto, tusaale ahaan, khilaafaad u ogolaanaya lammaane isku jinsi ah inuu korsado caruurta) (Costa 2013) George Weinberg shaqadiisu waxay adeegsatay ereyga "khaniisiinta" dareenka cabsida ah in lala xiriiro khaniisiinta, hadaan ka hadaleynay khaniisiinta laftooda, markaa "khaniisiinta" macnaheedu waa nacaybkooda nafsadooda (Weinberg xnumx) Dhowr sano ka dib, Morin iyo Garfinkle waxay ku qeexeen "khaniisnimada" sida qof aan u arkin qaab nololeed khaniisiin ah oo u dhigma hab-nololeedka khaniisiinta (Morin xnumx).

Sannadkii 1983, Nunger wuxuu xusay:

"..." homophobia "waxay noqotay fikrad siyaasadeed oo guud oo loo adeegsado in lagu muujiyo aragti kasta oo aan fiicnayn oo ku wajahan dadka khaniisiinta ah ..." (Nabadoon xnumx, p. 162).

Isla sanadkaas, Fyfe wuxuu ku tilmaamay “khaniisiinta” aragti xumo iyo nacaybka loo qabo khaniisiinta (Fyfe xnumx) Hudson iyo Ricketts waxay xuseen in "ereyga" khaniisiinta "uu bilaabay in ay si aad ah ugu adeegsadaan khubarada iyo kuwa aan ku takhasusayba si loola jeedo cadaawad kasta oo loo gaysto shaqsiyaadka khaniisiinta ah taas oo lumisay macnaheeda asalka ah" (Hudson xnumx, p. 357). 1991, tiro baadhayaal ah ayaa ku qeexay "khaniisnimada" "midn nacayb takoor iyo takoorid ah" (Bell xnumx; Haaga xnumx), iyo Reiter waxay u aqoonsatay "inay nacayb u tahay dhaqan-dhaqan"Reiter 1991) Shan sano ka dib, Young-Bruehl wuxuu xustay in "khaniisnimadu ay tahay nacayb aan loo jeedin shakhsiyaad gaar ah, laakiin laga soo horjeedo falalka gaarka ah" (Dhalinta-Bruehl 1996, p. 143). Kranz iyo Cusick ayaa markii dambe ku qeexay "khaniisyada" "cabsi aan macquul ahayn oo ku saabsan khaniisiinta" (Kranz 2000) Sannadkii 2005, O'Donohue iyo Caselles waxay xuseen in labaatankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, ereyga "khaniisiinta" uu u fidiyo dhaqan kasta oo xun, aaminaad ama ficil ku wajahan khaniisiinta (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 68).

Qaab dhismeedka cilmiga sayniska ee cilmiga maskaxda, cabsida (phobic syndrome) waxaa loola jeedaa nooc ka mid ah walwalka neerfaha, cabirka ugu weyn ee go'aaminta taas oo ah cabsi aan sabab lahayn oo joogto ah (ama walaac), taas oo aan la xakamayn karin isla markaana aan looga soo kaban karin xaaladaha qaarkood (Kazakovtsev 2013, p. 230). Shakhsiga cabsi-cuqdadeedku wuxuu isku dayaa qaab kasta oo suurogal ah inuu ka fogaado taabashada shay ama xaalad sababa cabsi-cuqdadeed oo uu ku dhaco xiriir la mid ah walaac iyo walaac daran. Taageerida xaqiiqada ah in fikirka xasaasiga ah ee ku wajahan waxqabadka khaniisiinta uusan aheyn cabsi-cuqdadeed, Haaga (1991) marka la barbar dhigo nacaybka iyo cabsi-cuqdadeedka, fal-celinta lagu sharxay warbaahinta 'is-diidmo' waxay la kulmaan shuruudaha nacaybka (eeg shaxda hoose) (Haaga xnumx).

Shaxda 1: Isbarbardhiga Cunsuriyada iyo Phobia marka loo eego D.A.F. Haaga [30]

Nooca	Cunsurinimo (oo loo maleynayo “khaniis nacayb ah)	Culeyska dhabta ah (neurosis)
Falcelin shucuureed	xanaaq, xanaaq	walwal, cabsi
Falanqaynta shucuurta	joogitaanka ujeeddooyin	sharaxaad la'aan, sabab la’aan
Ficil ficil	gardarada	ka fogaanshaha si kasta
Ajandaha guud	mucaaradka bulshada	no
Ujeedada diiradda si loo takhaluso xaalad aan fiicnayn	walax nacaybka	nafteena

Iskudayo kala duwan ayaa loo soojeediyay qaab si loo cabbiro heerka fikradaha xun ee khaniisiinta - iyadoo la adeegsanayo tijaabooyin nafsi ah (Smith 1971; Hudson xnumx; Lumby xnumx; Milham 1976; Logan 1996) Sahannada Grey iyo asxaabtooda iyo Costa iyo asxaabtooda ayaa daaha ka qaaday dhowr darajo oo kala duwan oo loo soo jeediyay in lagu cabiro hab-dhaqanka dadka heterosexual ka ah dadka muujinaya dhaqanka khaniisiinta (Costa 2013; Gray 2013) Dhammaan hababka qiimeynta ee la soo jeediyey waxay leeyihiin hal dib u dhac asaasi ah - la'aanta koox isbarbar dhig inta lagu gudajiray horumarintooda: ansaxinta dhamaan tijaabooyinka lasoo jeediyay waxay ku saleysan yihiin isbarbar dhig koox koox jawaabeed ah oo muujisay qiimayaal aad u sareeya oo kaliya oo si uun laxiriira fikirka xun ee khaniisiinta (tusaale ahaan, diiniya, u codeynta xisbiyada midigta dhexe). Sida laga soo xigtay O'Donohue iyo asxaabta, cilladdan ayaa laga ciribtiri karaa marka la barbardhigo koox jawaabeyaal ah oo lagu xukumay rabshado shaqsiyaad muujinaya anshax xumo (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 77). Markaa, marka la eego dhibaatooyinka badan ee nafsiyeed ee midkasta oo ka mid ah hababka qiimaynta ee la soo jeediyey, indha indhaynta iyo gunaanadyada lagu saleeyay hababka qiimayntan waa shaki (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 77). Guud ahaan, ma cada in waxa loogu yeero. "Hoormobia": isku raacsiga macnaha erayga "khaniisiinta", oo aan la arkin maanta, waa muhiimada aasaasiga ah marka la eego, waa aragtiyo kaladuwan oo aad u kaladuwan, laga soo bilaabo guud ahaan (tusaale ahaan, indheergaradka) ilaa qaas ah (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 82).

Waa in la ogaadaa in sida saxda ah ee sayniska, loo adeegsaday ereyga 'khaniisiinta' ay dhibaato ku jirto marka loo eego ugu yaraan afar sababood. Marka hore, caddeynta la hayo waxay muujineysaa in cadaawad loo qabo khaniisiinta gudaha gaar ah Xaaladaha runtii waxay noqon karaan cabsi-cuqdadeed xagga garaadka caafimaad ahaan, sida claustrophobia ama arachnophobia. Si kastaba ha noqotee, shakhsiyaadka intooda badan ee leh fikradaha cadaawadda leh ee dadka isku jinsiga ah waxay la kulmaan jawaabaha jir ahaaneed ee dabeecada cabsi-cuqdadeedka (Gaashaaman xnumx) Dhaqdhaqaaqa 'LGBTKIAP +' ee hadda jira, adeegsiga ereyga 'khaniisiinta' sinaba uma kala sooci doono labadan dowladood. Marka labaad, adeegsiga ereyga 'khaniisiinta' aragtida aragtida Weinberg wuxuu bixiyaa in tani tahay xaalad caafimaad ahaan shaqsi ahaanteed, hase yeeshe, daraasadaha ayaan xaqiijin tan, laakiin waxay muujinayaan xiriir cad oo ka dhexeeya aragtida dhaqanka dhaqameed ee kooxda iyo xiriirka bulshada (Kohut 2013) Marka seddexaad, cabsi-cuqdadeedka ku jira fikradda caafimaadku waxay la xiriirtaa falcelin aan fiicnayn iyo waaya-aragnimo ku xad-gudub ku ah howlaha bulsheed ee caadiga ah ee qofka (Jadwalka 1), laakiin cadaawad loo qabo khaniisiinta wax saameyn ah kuma yeelato howlaha bulshada ee caadiga ah ee dadku (Halkudhag 2000, 1990) Tan afraad, isticmaalka siyaasad ahaan loo adeegsado fikradda "khaniisiinta" waxay ka dhigantahay cadaawadda xagga khaniisnimada iyo ifafaalaha sida, cunsuriyadda ama jinsiga (EPRDF 2006). Si kastaba ha noqotee, cunsuriyadda ama jinsiga ayaa ah ifafaale looga soo horjeedo kuwa xambaarsan astaamo gaar ah oo lagu go'aamiyay cilmiga nafleyda kuwaas oo aan ku xirnayn habdhaqanka kuwa sida (sida takoorka ka dhanka ah Caucasians ama ragga). Waxa loogu yeero "homophobia" qaab dhismeedka dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBTKIAP + waa aragti cadowtinimo leh oo aan loola jeedin xanbaareyaasha astaamaha bayoolojiga, laakiin ficillada (dabeecadda), si ka sii saxan, xagga muujinta dhaqanka noocaas ah, taas oo ah leexsiga doorka jinsi ee la aasaasay ee galmada iyo / ama bulsho ahaan. Ma jiro xitaa ra'yi la isku raacsan yahay oo loo arko inuu yahay khaniis - qof si joogto ah ugu dhaqma xiriirada isku jinsiga ah ama aad u yar; yaa lagu qasbay inuu galo xiriir isla jinsi ah ama si iskaa ah u sameeya, oo isku tilmaama inuu yahay "khaniis" ama aan ahayn, iwm. iwm. Xaqiijinta bayaankan - oo ku saabsan habdhaqanka, ee ma ahan jihada naf ahaaneed ee dabeecadaha xun - waa khaniisnimada shaqsi aan si cad u soo bandhigin dhaqanka khaniisnimada iyo inuu ka tirsan yahay bulshada "LGBTKIAP +" ma la kulmayo wax saameyn bulshada ah, taas oo aan macquul aheyn marka ay dhacdo ifafaale noocan oo kale ah sida cunsuriyadda.

XIRIIRKA SHURUUDAHA SIYAASADA SIYAASADDA

Maaddaama erayga "cabsi-cuqdadeedka" uu leeyahay macne caafimaad oo cad oo macnaheedu yahay xaalad cabsi la'aan aan la xakameyn karin (baaritaan caafimaad), u-qaadashada dabeecadda xasaasiga ah ee khaniisnimada maaddaama cabsi-cuqdadeedka uusan lahayn caddeyn cilmi ah. Tusaale ahaan, dabeecadda xasaasiga ah ee farshaxanka casriga ah marka loo eego aragtida anshaxa sayniska lama dhihi karo "avant-garde phobia": dabeecad noocan oo kale ah waxay muujineysaa oo keliya aragtiyo dabiici ah oo shaqsiyeed. Kiisaska kharribaadnimada ee la xidhiidha shaqooyinka farshaxanka waa dhacdo aan la aqbali karin oo leh heer sare itimaalku, waxay ka marag kacayaan xadgudubyo maskaxeed oo gaar ah oo kharribaad ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, ahmiyada weyn ee kiisaska noocan oo kale ah ee kharribka ah ee lagu qiimeeyo shaqooyinka noocaas ah iyo, gaar ahaan, dhammaan kuwa aan jeclayn shaqooyinkaan farshaxanimo, waxay la mid yihiin eber.

Mowqif adag oo dhinacyada quseeya LGBTKIAP + dadaallada dadweynaha - dhaqdhaqaaqa, looma kala sooco inuu yahay mid xadgudub ku ah Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka ama Ururka Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Mareykanka (ICD 1992; DSM 2013) Sababaha kor lagu soo sheegay, adeegsiga ereyga 'khaniisiinta' ee la xiriira aragtida taban ee khaniisnimada ayaa dhalleeceeya qorayaal badan (Halkudhag 2004, Herek gudaha Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Gaashaaman xnumx), iyo taa bedelkeeda, ereyo badan ayaa lasoo jeediyay: "heterosexism, khaniis-nacayb, khaniis-nimo, khaniisnimo, sino-nacayb, is-nacayb, khaniisnimo, effeminophobia, faraxumeyn, cambaarayn galmo, cunsurinimo galmo" iyo kuwo kale oo badan (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx; Sears 1997).

Si kastaba ha noqotee, ereyga "khaniisiinta" ayaa weli si firfircoon loogu isticmaalaa warbaahinta, dhaqanka caanka ah, iyo xitaa suugaanta sayniska si loogu muujiyo dabeecad xasaasiyad ku ah khaniisnimada. Connie Ross, tifatiraha mid ka mid ah joornaalada bulshada khaniisiinta ah, ayaa sheegtay inaysan ka tagi doonin adeegsiga ereyga "khaniisiinta" sababta oo ah qaladnimadeeda xagga sayniska ah, maadaama ay u aragto howsha ugu weyn inay tahay "u halganka xuquuqda khaniisiinta" (Taylor 2002).

Smithmyer (2011) wuxuu muujiyey waxyaabaha soo socda:

"… Adeegsiga erayga 'homophobia' waa caburin cadaadis ah oo lagu wajahayo xubnaha bulshada ee difaacaya qeexitaanka soo jireenka ah ee guurka, laakiin ma necbaan dadka khaniisiinta ah (…) Adeegsiga eraygan waa mid xadgudub ah (…) iyo sumcad dilid (…) Ereyga" homophobic "waa khiyaano siyaasadeed oo loo adeegsado sharciga iyo maxkamadaha labadaba ..." (Smithmyer 2011, p. 805).

Holland (2006) ayaa xustay in:

"... Xitaa tirakoob fudud oo ku saabsan cudurka Aids-ka ee ragga khaniisiinta ah ayaa dhaliya eedeymo ah 'homophobia' ..." (Holland xnumx, p. 397).

Iyada oo laga yaabo inay ku dhowdahay 100%, warbixintan ayaa sidoo kale markiiba lagu sheegi doonaa "khaniisiinta" taageerayaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa "LGBTKIAP +".

2009, gabadhii ku guuleysatay billada quruxda quruxda badan ee California Kerry Prechan ayaa ka qeybgashay cayaaraha Miss America. Kadib jawaabteeda su’aal ka timid khaniisiinta xeerbeegtida ah in guurka khaniisiinta ah lagu sharciyeeyo Ameerika, waa laga eryey tartanka oo laga xayuubiyay cinwaankeedii Miss California.

Jawaabta Kerry Preghan waxay u horseeday cadhada dhamaan “siyaasad ahaan saxda ah” warbaahinta reer galbeedka, waxaa lagu eedeeyay aflagaado, waxay codsatay in ay ereyadeeda dib ugu soo celiso oo ay ugu yeerato "qaniinyo carrab la '"Prejean 2009) Maxaa loogu talagalay? Prezhan wuxuu u soo bandhigay inuu khaniisiinta dhigo?

Maya, waa tan jawaabteeda afcelintu:

“… Hagaag, waxaan u maleynayaa inay aad u wanaagsan tahay in Mareykanku mid ama mid kale doortaan. Waxaan ku nool nahay waddan aad ka dooran karto guurka dadka isku jinsiga ah ama guurka dhaqanka. Waadna ogtihiin waxa, dhaqankeenna, qoyskayga, waxay ila tahay aniga inaan aaminsanahay in guurku u dhexeeyo nin iyo naag. Ma doonayo inaan cid ku xumeeyo, laakiin sidan ayaa la igu soo koriyay ... ”(AP 2009).

LGBTKIA + u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha, dhaqdhaqaaqa Kirk iyo Madsen, ayaa ku dooday in isticmaalka ereyga "khaniisiinta" uu ahaa mid si weyn waxtar ugu leh istiraatiijiyad siyaasadeed si loo beddelo mowqifka bulshada ee khaniisiinta:

“… Olole kasta oo lagu doonayo in lagu kasbado naxariista dadweynaha, khaniisiinta waa in loo soo bandhigaa sidii dhibanayaal u baahan badbaadin, si khaniisiinta isu galmooda ay u liicaan damaca milicsiga ah ee ku aadan doorka ilaaliyeyaasha… Gaysiga waa in lagu muujiyaa inay yihiin dhibanayaal bulshada… Waa in la muujiyaa: sawirrada garaafka ee ragga khaniisiinta ah; Riwaayad shaqo la'aan iyo guri la'aan, luminta haysashada carruurta iyo bahdilaadda dadweynaha: liistada ayaa socota ... Ololeheennu waa inuusan dalban taageero toos ah oo ku saabsan dhaqanka khaniisiinta, taa bedelkeed, waa inaan aasaasnaa la dagaallanka midabtakoorka oo ah hawsha ugu weyn ...Kirk 1987).

Buug la sii daayay dhawr sano ka dib, Kirk iyo Madsen waxay ku nuuxnuuxsadeen:

"... In kasta oo ereyga 'homophobia' uu noqon doono mid sax ah, 'homophobia' wuxuu u shaqeeyaa si ka wanaagsan hadal ahaan ... isagoo ku muujinaya qaab kiliiniko ah oo ah in dareenka lidka ku ah khaniisnimadu ay la xiriirto cilladooda nafsi ahaaneed ee caafimaad darrada ah iyo nabadgelyo darrada ..." (Kirk 1989, p. 221).

SHARAXADA DHAQANKA

Noocyo kaladuwan oo sababi kara oo ku aaddan waxqabadka khaniisiinta ayaa la soo jeediyey: shaqsi (Smith 1971), anshax (O'Donohue gudaha Wright xnumx), dabeecad (Gray 1991) xasaasi ah (Bell xnumx), tusaalaha miyir-qabka ama miyir-beelka (Halkan ka dhegeyso Gonsiorek xnumx), cabbaar (MacDonald 1973), dhaqan (Reiter 1991) Feejignaan aad u yar marka la eego daabacaadaha sayniska iyo caanka ah waxaa la siiyaa moodallo reflex nooloji.

Indho indhayn la sameeyay ayaa noo oggolaanaya inaan ka maleyno fikradaha ku saabasan hababka bulsheed ee hoose ee fikradaha xun ee xagga khaniisiinta. Ellis iyo asxaabtiisa (2003) waxay barteen ardayda 226 ee takhasuska nafsiyan ka soo qaatay seddex jaamacadood oo Ingriis ah, kuwaas oo, iyagoo adeegsanaya laba cabir oo kaladuwan, oo qiimeynaya aragtida ku wajahan dadka khaniisiinta ah iyo aragtida hab-socodka bulshada ee la xariirta dhaqdhaqaaqa isku jinsiga ah (arrinta ogolaanshaha diiwaangelinta iskaashiga, korsashada carruurta, iwm. .) ()Ellis 2003) In kasta oo in ka badan kala badh jawaab bixiyaasha ay tilmaameen inay ogolaadeen weedho guud oo qeexaya khaniisnimada in ay tahay ifafaale dabiici u ah qofka, haddana tiro aad u yar oo jawaab bixiyaasha ah ayaa isku raacay weedho gaar ah (tusaale ahaan, "lamaanaha lamahan guurka, khaniisiinta waa u adeegi karaan ciidanka, caruurta waa in wax la baro fikradda dabiicadda khaniisnimada ”, iwm) ()Ellis 2003129). Steffens (2005) wuxuu daraasad ku sameeyay 203 arday Jarmal ah iyagoo adeegsanaya habab gaar ah si loo qiimeeyo dabeecadaha furan (miyir qabo) iyo kuwa qarsoon (suuxsan) ee khaniisnimada (Steffens xnumx) Shaqadan, dabeecad miyir leh ayaa lagu bartay iyadoo la adeegsanayo su'aalo weydiin kala duwan, iyo dabeecad miyir la 'ayaa lagu bartay iyadoo la adeegsanayo tijaabada ururada qarsoon.

Waxaa la ogaaday in inkasta oo dareenka miyir-qabka ee khaniisnimadu uu ahaa mid aad u wanaagsan markii ugu horreysay, aragtida miyir la'aantu ay aad uga sii xumaatay. Dhaqan wanaagsan oo ku saabsan khaniisnimada ayaa waliba xiriir la leh aqoonsiga khaniisiinta ee jawaabeyaasha. (Steffens xnumx, p. 50, 55). Inbar iyo asxaabta (2009) waxay muujiyeen in xitaa shaqsiyaadka naftooda u arkaa inay yihiin koox dad jecel jinsi isku jinsi ah, ayaga oo aan miyir la'ahayn waxay neceb yihiin inay dhunkadaan dadka isku jinsiga ah (Inbar 2009).  

Waxaa sii dheer, dadka qaar khaniisiinta wadata waxay gartaan diidmada dabiiciga ah ee khaniisnimada:

"... Necbaanshaha khaniisnimada ee aadanaha waa heer diidmada falcelinta ..." (Mironova 2013).

Bayaanka ugu dambeeya wuxuu leeyahay sharaxaad cilmi ah. Qorayaal badan ayaa aaminsan in inta lagu gudajiro isbeddelka, waxa loogu yeero. nidaamka difaaca habdhaqanka - isku dhafan jawaab celin jawaab celin miyir miyir miidhan ah, oo loogu talagalay in laga ilaaliyo waxyeelada cudurada cusub iyo ku dul-nooleyaasha (Schaller in Forgas xnumx; Faulkner 2004; Park 2003; Filip-crawford xnumx).

Nidaamka difaaca habdhaqanka wuxuu ku saleysan yahay dareen diidmo ah oo shuruud la'aan ah: shakhsiyaadka ka tirsan kooxaha bulshada ee aan la aqoon, iyo gaar ahaan kuwa ku dhaqma ficillada aan dabiiciga ahayn ee ku saabsan cunno qaadashada, nadaafadda iyo jinsiga, waxay leeyihiin khatar sare oo ah wareejinta cusub (iyo, sidaa darteed, khaasatan khatarta) wakiilada faafa. Marka, marka lala xiriiro shakhsiyaadkaas, nidaamka difaaca habdhaqanka waa la hawlgaliyaa, waana karaahiyo dabiici ah (Filip-crawford xnumx, p. 333, 338; Curtis 2011a, 2011b; Curtis 2001) Tan iyo markii firfircoonaanta galmada ee udhaxaysa shakhsiyaadka isku jinsi ah ama noocyada kala duwan ee bayoolojiga, iyo sidoo kale ku lug lahaanshaha maydad ama shakhsiyaad aan qaan gaarin, iwm, waxay matalaan wax aan tarmo ahayn, dabeecadda galmada ee aan dabiiciga aheyn, falcelinta dadka badankood muujinta dabeecadda noocaas ah waa diidmo looga hortago suurta galnimada iyo xiriir galmo aan waxtar laheyn oo lala yeesho shaqsiyaadkaas. Xiriirka nacaybka iyo fikradaha xun xun ee ku saabsan taranka, oo ay ku jiraan khaniisiinta, waxqabadka galmada ayaa lagu muujiyay daraasado badan (Mooijman 2016; Bishop xnumx; Terrizzi 2010; Olatunji 2008; Cottrell xnumx;  Halkudhag 2000; Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). Saameynaha ka soo horjeedka sidoo kale waa kuwo xiiso leh - dareen macmal ah oo nacayb ah ayaa ka sii daraya heer aan miyir qabin aragtida ku saabsan sawirada leh mawduucyada qaniisiinta (Dasgupta xnumx).

Baqdin waa nidaam laqabsasho oo loo sameeyay si loo kicinayo dabeecadda loogu talagalay in laga fogaado halista cudurka (Schaller in Forgas xnumx; Curtis 2004, 2011b; Oaten xnumx; Tybur 2009; Fessler xnumx) Nidaamkan la-qabsiga ayaa lagu soo saaray xayawaanka si loo fududeeyo aqoonsiga shayga iyo xaaladaha la xiriira halista cudurka, iyo, sidaas awgeed, in la sameeyo hab-dhaqan nadaafadeed, iyadoo la yareynayo halista taabashada ku-dul-noolayaasha micro iyo macro; marxaladda kala guurka ee bulshada aadanaha una gudubto qaab daran, shaqooyinka nacaybka ayaa sidoo kale qaatay dabeecad bulsheed, iyagoo bixinaya ujeeddo lagu ciqaabayo dhaqan ka soo horjeedka bulshada iyo ka fogaanshaha kuwa ku xadgudba caadooyinka bulshada (Chapman 2009; Haidt 1997) Miller (1997) wuxuu aaminsan yahay in kuxigeenku had iyo jeer u horseedo wax karaahiyo ah. Wuxuu xusey in xun, wax karaahiyo ah, jilayaasha xun iyo falalka ay cambaareynayaan falcelinta dareenka ah ee nacaybka, iyadoo aan loo adeegsan niyad jab heer sare ah (Curtis 2001) Fal-celinta shaqsiyeed ee kacsigu way kala duwan tahay iyadoo ku xidhan shaqsiyadda qofka iyo waaya-aragnimadiisa, iyo sidoo kale caadooyinka dhaqameed ee maxalliga ah iyo caadooyinka dhaqankooda (Curtis 2011b) Curtis (2011) wuxuu bixiyaa liis ku saabsan cudurrada faafa ee sababa fal-celinta wada-jirka ah ee nacaybka, oo ay ku jiraan AIDS, waraabowga, iwm. (Curtis 2011a) Gray iyo asxaabtiisaba waxaa lagu xusay dib-u-eegistooda (Gray 2013, p. 347) in fikirka qotada dheer ee khaniisnimada uu la xiriiro dabeecad xumo xagga caabuqa HIV iyo dadka qaba HIV / AIDS.

Waxa jira dhowr indho indhayn ah oo ku saabsan xidhiidhka u dhexeeya nacaybka iyo xukunka miyir-la’aanta ah (Zhong 2006, 2010; Schall xnumx): ficilada iyo shakhsiyaadka ku xadgudba caadooyinka bulshada badanaa waxay keenaan karaahiyo (Curtis 2001), ficilcelinta jirka ee la mid ah iyo firfircoonaanta gobollada maskaxda ayaa lagu arkay muuqaal ahaan iyo dhaqan ahaan (bulsho ahaan) kacsanaan (Chapman 2009; Schaich xnumx) Olatunji wuxuu xusayaa in dareenka aasaasiga ah ee nacaybka uu la xiriiro kacsi galmo sababtuna tahay falcelinta jir ahaaneed ee guud, sida mataga (Olatunji 2008, p. 1367). Fessler iyo Navarette waxay farta ku fiiqeen "waxay u muuqataa in xulashada dabiiciga ahi ay sameysay farsamo ka difaacaya jirka infekshannada iyo sunta, iyo sidoo kale waxay baabi'ineysaa dabeecadda galmada ee yaraynaysa guusha bayoolajiga" (Fessler xnumx, p. 414). Haidt iyo asxaabtuba waxay tilmaamayaan in kasta oo ciriiriga aasaaska ahi uu yahay nidaam lagu baabi'inayo cuntooyinka khatarta ku ah, bulshada bina aadamka waxay u baahan tahay inay ka saarto waxyaabo badan oo ay ka mid yihiin dhibaatooyinka galmada iyo dhibaatooyinka bulshada (Haidt 1997).

Qaar ka mid ah nashaadaadka galmada ama galmoodka suurtagalka ah ayaa sidoo kale karaahi ahTybur 2013; Rozin 2009) Tybur iyo asxaabtu waxay ku doodayaan in sababta oo ah xiriir galmo oo xambaarsan halista cudurada faafa ee cudurada, cilaaqaadka galmada ee aan keenin faa iidooyinka taranka ama xambaarta halista cudurada hidaha (sida xiriirka galmada ee dadka isku jinsi ah, caruurta, iyo dadka waayeelka ah, ehelkaaga), waxay horseedaysaa xaqiiqada ah in qofku uu halis ugu jiro infekshin, isla mar ahaantaana aanuu helin fursad kasta oo lagu horumariyo waxtarka taranka dhalmada (Tybur 2013) Taasi waa, xiriir galmo isku jinsi ah oo qeexitaan leh ayaa meesha ka saaraya suurtagalnimada taranka, waana sababtaas sababta fikradda aad u saarta xiriirka lamaanaha ay sababto nacayb maskaxeed (Filip-crawford xnumx, p. 339; Curtis 2001).

U muuqashada nacaybka ficil-celinta khaniisnimada ayaa sidoo kale lala xiriiriyaa qatarta hanashada sumowga, habkan habdhaqan ahaan ayaa loogu hawl galaa si qarsoodi ah, jihada ayaa ah in laga fogaado khatarta taabashada jirka ee xanuunada iyo rabitaanka "nadiifinta" (Golec de zavala xnumx, p. 2).

SOURCESKA BAARLAMAANKA

1. Kazakovtsev B.A., Holland V. B., ed. Cilladaha maskaxda iyo dhaqanka. M.: Prometheus; 2013.
2. Mironova A. Waxaan ahay nin jinsi khaniis ah waxaana ka soo horjeedaa dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT. "Echo Moskvy." 31.05.2013. Helitaanka Janaayo 27, 2018: http://echo.msk.ru/blog/cincinna_c/1085510-echo/
3. Ponkin I.V., Kuznetsov M.N., Mikhaleva N.A. Xuquuqda qiimeynta lama huraanka ah ee khaniisnimada iyo xayiraadaha sharci ee saaran soo rogista khaniisnimada. 21.06.2011. http://you-books.com/book/I-V-Ponkin/O-prave-na-kriticheskuyu-oczenku-gomoseksualizma-i
4. Khudiev S. Guurku ma noqon karaa jinsi isku mid ah? Radonezh. 03.02.2010. http://radonezh.ru/analytics/mozhet-li-brak-byt-odnopolym-46998.html
5. Adams M, Bell LA, Griffin P, eds. Barida Kala Duwanaanta iyo Cadaaladda Bulshada. 2nd ed. New York: Jadwalka joogtada ah; 2007. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203940822
6. AP 2009 (Associated Press) .Carrie Prejean waxay sheegtay in laga codsaday inay raali galin ka bixiso hadalada guurka khaniisiinta, laakiin ay diidey. New York Daily News. Abriil 27, 2009.
7. Ayyar R. George Weinberg: Jacaylku waa Shirqool, Deviant & Magical. 01.11.2002. GayToday. La helay Janaayo 27, 2018. http://gaytoday.com/interview/110102in.asp    
8. Bell NK. AIDS iyo haweenka: Joogtada ah arrimaha anshaxa. Waxbarashada iyo Ka Hortagga Aids-ka. 1989; 1 (1): 22-30.
9. Wadaad CJ. Jawaabta shucuurta ee ragga jinsiga ku kacsan sawirka qaniimada. Journal of khaniisnimada. 2015; 62: 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2014.957125
10. Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada. (Xnumx) Syphilis MSM (Ragga Ragga la Galmooda Ragga). Helitaanka Janaayo 2014, 27: http://www.cdc.gov/std/syphilis/stdfact-msm-syphilis.htm  
11. Xarumaha Xakamaynta iyo Ka Hortagga Cudurrada. (Xnumx) HIV ragga iyo naagta iyo khaniisyada. Helitaanka Janaayo 2015, 27:http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/group/msm/index.html#refb
12. Chapman H, Kim D, Susskind J, Anderson A. Dhadhan xumo: caddaynta asalka afka ah ee nacaybka akhlaaqda. Sayniska. 2009; 323: 1222-1226. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1165565
13. Costa AB, Bandeira DR, Nardi HC. Dib-u-eegis habaysan oo lagu sameeyo aaladaha lagu cabiro isku-lamaan iyo dhismayaasha la xiriira. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2013; 43: 1324 - 1332. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12140
14. Cottrell CA, Neuberg SL. Dareenka shucuur ee kaladuwan ee kooxaha kaladuwan: Qaab-ku-dhaqan-ku saleysan hanjabaad ku saleysan nacaybka. Journal of Shakhsiyadda iyo cilmu-nafsiga bulshada. 2005; 88: 770-789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.88.5.770
15. Curtis V, Aunger R, Rabie T. Caddaynta in nacaybku ay u soo baxday si looga ilaaliyo halista cudurka. Talaabooyinka bulshada boqortooyada B. cilmiga bayoolaji. 2004; 271 (4): 131-133. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0144
16. Curtis V, Biran A. Wasakh, wasakh, iyo cudur: nadaafad ma ku leedahay hidde-sidedeena? Fiiri Biol Med. 2001; 44: 17 - 31. https://doi.org/10.1353/pbm.2001.0001
17. Curtis V, de Barra M, Aunger R. Disgust sidii nidaam la-qabsi leh hab-dhaqanka ka-fogaanshaha cudurka. Phil Trans R Soc B. 2011a; 366: 389-401. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0117
18. Curtis V. Maxaan wax karaahiyo ah u lahayn. Phil Trans R Soc B. 2011b; 366: 3478-3490. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0165
19. Dasgupta N, DeSteno D, Williams LA, Hunsinger M. Fanaaniinta ololka nacaybka: Saamaynta shucuurta dhacdooyinka qaaska ah ee nacaybka muuqda. Dareenka 2009; 9: 585-591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0015961
20. Ellis SJ, Kitzinger C, Wilkinson S. Aragtida ku wajahan Lesbians-ka iyo ragga khaniisiinta ah iyo Taageerida Xuquuqda Aadanaha ee Lesbian iyo Gay ee ka dhexeysa Ardayda cilmi nafsiga. Journal of khaniisnimada. 2003; 44 (1): 121-138. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v44n01_07
21. Qaamuusyada nool ee Oxford. Qeexitaanka khaniisiinta ee Ingiriisiga. Asal ahaan. Waxaa la Helay Janaayo 27, 2018. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/homophobia
22. Go'aanka baarlamaanka Yurub ee khaniisiinta Yurub. P6_TA (2006) 0018. Janaayo 18, 2006. Strasbourg. Waxaa la Helay Janaayo 27, 2018. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2006-0018+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN
23. Faulkner J, Schaller M, Park JH, Duncan LA. Qaababka looga-fogaado cudurka iyo aragtida nacaybka ee hadda jira. Geedi socodka kooxda iyo Dhaqanka isku dhexdhaca. 2004; 7: 333-353. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430204046142
24. Fessler DMT, Eng SJ, Navarrete CD. Xasaasiyadda sareysa ee seddexda bilood ee ugu horreysa uurka: caddeyn taageeraysa mag-dhawga prophylaxis hypothesis. Evol Hum Behav. 2005; 26: 344-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.12.001
25. Fessler DMT, Navarrete CD. Kala-soocidda domain-gaar ah ee dareenka nacaybka dhammaan wareegga dhiigga. Evolution iyo Dhaqanka Aadanaha. 2003; 24: 406-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(03)00054-0
26. Filip-Crawford G, Neuberg SL. Khaniisnimada iyo Pro-Gay Ideology sida Pathogens? Saamaynta Nidaamka Faafida Cudurka Faafa ee Lagu Fahmo Habdhaqanka Ka-Hortagga Dhaqanka. Shakhsiyadda iyo Dib u eegista Maskaxda Bulshada. 2016; 20 (4): 332-364. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315601613
27. Fyfe B. “Qulqulka” ama khaniisiinta khaniisiinta dib loo eegay. Arch Sex Behav. 1983; 12: 549. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01542216
28. Golec de Zavala A, Waldzus S, Cypryanska M. Cunsuriyad ku wajahan ragga khaniisiinta ah iyo baahida loo qabo nadiifinta jirka. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 2014; 54: 1-10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.04.001
29. Gray C, Russell P, Blockley S. Saamaynta ku saabsan caawinta dhaqanka ee xidhashada aqoonsiga hoomada. Joornaalka Ingiriiska ee cilmu-nafsiga bulshada. 1991; 30 (2): 171-178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1991.tb00934.x
30. Grey JA, Robinson BBE, Coleman E, Bockting WO. Dib-u-eegis Nidaamsan ee Qalabka Cabiraada Muuqaalada Ku Saabsan Ragga kufsan. Saxafiga Cilmi baarista Jinsiga. 2013; 50: 3-4: 329-352. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.746279
31. Grimes W. George Weinberg wuxuu ku dhintey 87; Loogu talagalay 'Homophobia' Ka dib Markay Arkatay Cabsida Gays. The New York Times. 22.03.2017. Waxaa la Helay Janaayo 27, 2018.https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/us/george-weinberg-dead-coined-homophobia.html
32. Haaga DA. "Hooyooyinka"? Journal of Akhlaaqda Bulshada iyo Shaqsiyadda. 1991; 6 (1): 171-174.
33. Haddock G, Xildhibaanka Zanna, Esses VM. Qiimaynta qaabdhismeedka fikradaha cadaalad daraadeed: Kiisaska aragtida ku wajahan khaniisiinta. Journal of Shakhsiyadda iyo cilmu-nafsiga bulshada. 1993; 65: 1105-1118. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.65.6.1105
34. Haidt J, McCauley C, Rozin P. Kala duwanaanshaha shaqsiyadeed ee xasaasiga u ah nacaybka: Miisaanka ururinta toddobada qaybood ee looyarada neceb. Shakhsiyadda iyo Kala Duwanaanta Shakhsiyeed. 1994; 16: 701-713. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90212-7
35. Haidt J, Rozin P, McCauley C, Imada S. Jirka, nafsadda, iyo dhaqanka: xiriirka nacaybka iyo akhlaaqda. Cilmu-nafsiga iyo Bulshooyinka Soo Koray. 1997; 9 (1): 107 - 131. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133369700900105
36. Xigasho GM. Ka baxsan “Hooyootisbia”: Ka fakirida Kufsiga Galmada iyo Dhaleeceynta qarnigii Labaatanaad. Nidaamka Jinsiga ee Galmada. 2004; 1 (2): 6 - 24. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2004.1.2.6
37. Xigasho GM. Dhaleeceynta, nacaybka, iyo rabshadaha ka dhanka ah lesbians iyo ragga khaniisiinta ah Gudaha: Gonsiorek J, Weinrich J, eds. Khaniisnimada: Saamaynta cilmi baarista ee loogu talagalay siyaasada guud. Newbury Park, CA: Sage; 1991: 60-80
38. Xigasho GM. Macnaha guud ee rabshadaha khaniisiinta: Qoraallada ku saabsan heterosexism-ka dhaqanka iyo maskaxda. Journal of Rabshada Shaqsiyadeed. 1990; 5: 316-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626090005003006
39. Xigasho GM. Cilmu-nafsiga ee nacaybka galmada. Tilmaamaha hadda jira ee sayniska cilmi nafsiga. 2000; 9: 19-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00051
40. Holland E. Dabeecda khaniisnimada: Xaqiijinta u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha khaniisnimada iyo xuquuqda diinta. New York: iUniverse; Xnumx
41. Hudson WW, Ricketts WA. Istaraatiijiyad lagu cabbirayo khaniisnimada. Journal of khaniisnimada. 1988; 5: 356-371. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v05n04_02
42. Inbar Y, Pizarro DA, Knobe J, Bloom P. Xasaasiga nacaybka wuxuu saadaalinayaa diidmada dareenka kacsiga. Emot Wash DC. 2009; 9 (3): 435-439. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015960
43. Noocyada Tirakoobka Caalamiga ah ee Cudurada iyo Dhibaatooyinka Caafimaadka la Xiriira. Dib-u-eegida 10th. Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka. 1992. http://apps.who.int/classifications/icd10/browse/2016/en
44. Kirk M, Erastes P (Hunter Madsen wuxuu u adeegsaday "Erastes Pill" sida shisheeyaha). Is-dhaafsiga Mareykanka Tooska ah. Tilmaanta Nofeembar 1987. Helitaanka Janaayo 27, 2018: http://library.gayhomeland.org/0018/EN/EN_Overhauling_Straight.htm      
45. Kirk M, Madsen H. After the ball: sidee Mareykanku uga guuleysan doonaa cabsida iyo nacaybka ay u qabaan khaniisiinta '90-meeyadii. Doubleday; 1989
46. Kitzinger C. Dhismaha bulshada ee lesbianism. London: Sage; 1987.
47. Kohut A, et al. Wadajirka caalamiga ah ee khaniisnimada. Mashruuca Muuqaalada Caalamiga ah ee Pew. 04.06.2013, cusbooneysiiyay 27.05.2014. Helitaanka Maarso 1, 2018. http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2014/05/Pew-Global-Attitudes-Homosexuality-Report-REVISED-MAY-27-2014.pdf
48. Kranz R, Cusick T. Gay Xuquuqda. New York: Xaqiiqooyinka Faylka, Inc; 2000.
49. Logan CR. Niyad jab? Maya, Homopredjudice. Journal of khaniisnimada. 1996. Xajmiga 31 (3), 31-53. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v31n03_03
50. Lumby ME. Niyad-jab: Dalbashada cabir sax ah. Journal of khaniisnimada. 1976; 2 (1): 39-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J082v02n01_04
51. MacDonald AP, Huggins J, Young S, Swanson RA. Fikradaha ku wajahan khaniisnimada: Ilaalinta anshaxa galmada ama heerka laba jibaaran? Journal of latalinta iyo cilmi nafsiga. 1973; 40 (1): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0033943
52. Milham J, San Miguel CL, Kellog R. Xaqiiqada - Falanqaynta Falanqaynta fikradaha ku wajahan labka iyo dhedigga Lab iyo Dheddig. Journal of khaniisnimada. 1976; 2 (1): 3-10. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v02n01_01
53. Mooijman M, Stern C. Markay Arki Qaadashadu abuureyso hanjabaad dhiirigelin leh: Kiiska isqurxin, dabeecadda jinsi ee isku jinsi ah, iyo aragtiyaha ka soo horjeedka geyiga. Shakhsiyadda iyo Bulshadda Bulshadeed Bulsho. 2016; 42 (6): 738-754. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167216636633
54. Morin SF, Garfinkle EM. Ragga khaniisiinta ah. Journal of Arimaha Bulshada. 1978; 34 (1): 29-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1978.tb02539.x
55. Nungessor LG. Falalka Khaniisnimada, Jilayaasha, iyo Aqoonsiyada. New York: Praeger; 1983
56. O'Donohue WT, Caselles CE. Niyad-jabinta: Fikradaha, Qeexitaanka, iyo Arimaha Qiimaha. Gudaha: Wright RH, Cummings NA, eds. Isbeddellada burburka ku dhaca Caafimaadka Maskaxda: Wadada si wanaagsan looga fikiray waxyeellada. New York iyo Hove: Jadwalka joogtada ah; 2005: 65-83.
57. Oaten M, Stevenson RJ, Case TI. Nacayb ahaan habka looga fogaado cudurka. Psychol Bull. 2009; 135: 303-321. https://doi.org10.1037/a0014823
58. Olatunji bo. Nacayb, indho sarcaad, iyo fikradaha muxaafidka ah ee ku saabsan galmada: Caddayn tusaalaha dhexdhexaadinta khaniisiinta. Journal of Research in Shaqsiyada. 2008; 42: 1364-1369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.04.001
59. Park JH, Faulkner J, Schaller M. Waxay ku dhaqaaqeen hababka ka-fogaanshaha cudurka iyo hab dhaqanka hadda ka hor imanaya ee bulshada ka soo horjeedda: Dabeecadaha cadaalad-darrada ah iyo ka fogaanshaha dadka itaalka darran. Journal of Akhlaaqda aan dhaqanka aheyn. 2003; 27: 65- 87. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910408854
60. Prejean C (2009). Wali taagan: Sheekadii Aan Ka Ahayn ee Dagaalkeyga Ka dhanka ah Xanta, Nacaybka, iyo Weerarada siyaasadeed. Mareykanka: Daabacaadda Regnery.
61. Reiter L. asalka horumarka asalka neceb khaniisiinta ragga iyo dumarka. Joornaalka Shaqada Bulshada ee Clinical. 1991; 19: 163-175.
62. Rozin P, Haidt J, Fincher K. Af ahaan iyo akhlaaq ahaanba. Sayniska. 2009; 323: 1179-1180. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170492
63. Schaich Borg J, Lieberman D, Kiehl KA. Cudur faafa, isnacayb, iyo dembiga: baarista qaabdhismeedka neefafka ee nacaybka iyo akhlaaqda. J Cogn Neurosci. 2008; 20: 1529-1546. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20109
64. Schaller M, Duncan LA. Habka difaaca dabeecadda: isbeddelkiisa iyo saameynta cilmi nafsiga ee bulshada. Gudaha: Forgas JP, Haselton MG, von Hippel W, eds. Evolution iyo maskaxda bulshada: cilmu-nafsiyeed horumarineed iyo garashada bulshada New York: Saxaafadda cilmi-nafsiga; 2007: 293 - 307
65. Schnall S, Benton J, Harvey S. oo leh damiin saafi ah. Psychol Sci. 2008; 19: 1219-1222. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02227.x
66. Sears J, Williams W. Ka gudubka heterosexism iyo khaniisiinta: Xeeladaha shaqeeya. New York: Columbia University Press; Xnumx
67. Difaaca SA, Harriman RE. Cabsida khaniisnimada ragga: Jawaabaha Cardiac ee ragga ragga ah ee hoose iyo sare. Journal of khaniisnimada. 1984; 10: 53 - 67. https://doi.org/10.1300/j082v10n01_04
68. Smith KT. Nacayb-guurka: Astaan ​​shaqsiyan ku dhisan tahay. Warbixinnada cilmi nafsiga. 1971; 29: 1091 - 1094. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1971.29.3f.1091
69. Smithmyer CW. Adoo u fiirsanaya ereyga khaniisiinta iyo waxyaalaha uu ka soo jeedo u yahay hub lagu dulminayo kuwa qiimeeya guurka dhaqanka. Journal of aragtiyaha kale ee cilmiga bulshada. 2011; 3: 804-808.
70. Steffens MC. Fikradaha Cad ee La Yaab Leh ee Ku Saabsan Naciimayaasha iyo ragga ragga ah. Journal of khaniisnimada. 2005; 49: 2: 39-66. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v49n02_03
71. Taylor K. Majirto wax cabsi ah oo laga qabo 'khaniisiinta,' sheegashada daraasadda. Blade Washington. 30.04.2002.
72. Terrizzi JAJr, Shook NJ, Ventis WL. Nacayb: Saadaalin ku saabsan dhawrista bulshada iyo fikradaha ka soo horjeedda jinsiga (khaniisiinta). Shakhsiyadda iyo Kala Duwanaanta Shakhsiyeed. 2010; 49: 587-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.024
73. Buugga Baadhista iyo Tirakoobka ee Xanuunnada Maskaxda. 5th ed. Ururka Maanka Mareykanka. Xnumx
74. Tybur JM, Lieberman D, Griskevicius V. Microbes, gogol dhaaf, iyo akhlaaqda: kaladuwanaanshaha shaqsiyadeed ee sedexda qaybood ee nacayb ah. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009; 97: 103. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015474
75. Tybur JM, Lieberman D, Kurzban R, Descioli P. Disgust: Waxqabadka iyo qaab dhismeedka. Dib u eegista cilmi nafsiga. 2013; 120: 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030778
76. Weinberg G. Homophobia: Ha Mamnuubin Ereyga - Ku Dhig Tusmarka Cilladaha Maskaxda. Warqad Tifatire. Huffington Post.06.12.2012. Waxaa la Helay Janaayo 27, 2018. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/george-weinberg/homophobia-dont-ban-the-w_b_2253328.html
77. Weinberg G. Bulshada iyo qaniisiinta caafimaadka qabta. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press Doubleday & Co; 1972.
78. Dhalinta-Bruehl E. Cilmiga Anshax xumada. Harvard University Press. Kaamil, Massachusetts; 1996.
79. Zhong CB, Liljenquist K. Nadiifinta dembiyadaada: akhlaaqda halista ku jirta iyo nadiifinta jirka. Sayniska. 2006; 313: 1451 - 1452. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1130726
80. Zhong CB, Strejcek B, Sivanathan N. Is-nadiifintiisu waxay bixin kartaa xukun anshax xumo ah. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2010; 46: 859 - 862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.04.003