Inta badan sheyga hoose waxaa lagu daabacay warbixin falanqeyn ah. "Hadalka dhaqdhaqaaqa khaniisiinta marka loo eego xaqiiqada cilmiga ah". doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Helitaannada Furaha ah

(1) Waxaa jira saldhig weyn oo sal ballaadhan oo cimilo ahaaneed iyo caddeyn caafimaad oo muujineysa soo jiidashada khaniisiinta aan loo baahnayn in si muuqata looga takhalusi karo.
(2) Xaaladda muhiimka ah ee wax ku oolnimada daaweynta daaweynta dib-u-celinta waa kaqeybgalka wargelinta bukaanka iyo rabitaanka isbedelka.
(3) Xaaladaha badan, soo jiidashada khaniisiinta, oo dhici karta inta lagu jiro qaangaarnimada, ayaa baaba'da iyada oo aan raad lagu helin da'da qaan gaarka ah.

Horudhac

Daryeel gaar ah oo loogu talagalay dadka doonaya inay ka takhalusaan soo-jiidashada khaniisiinta aan loo baahnayn (NGV) waxaa loo yaqaan daaweynta baxnaaninta, SOCE.¹ ama daaweynta magdhawga. Sidoo kale, kaalmada noocan ah waxaa loo yaqaan dib-u-eegis, beddelaad, hetero-ku-adkeysi ama daaweynta dib-u-noolaashaha.

Tan iyo xaqiiqooyinka kiliinikada ee ku saabsan ku guuleysiga soo jiidashada soo jiidashada khaniisiinta iyo u gudbista nolosha heterosexual waxay si daran u wiiqayaan khuraafaadka "isukeenida" iyo "xasaanadda" khaniisiinta, oo dhista dhammaan hadallada siyaasadeed ee dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha khaniisiinta, waxay sameeyeen dadaalo badan oo ay ku beeninayaan daaweynta magdhawga, iyagoo daaha ka qaaday. Waxay u tahay wax aan faa'iido lahayn oo aan waxyeello u lahayn, iyo kuwa ku shaqeysta sida kuwa caadeysteyaasha ah iyo kuwa ku takhasusay diinta. Mid ka mid ah tilmaamaha joogtada ah ee "LGBT +" dhaqdhaqaaqa ayaa ah sheegashada in kaalmada khabiirku ay u badan tahay inaysan baabi'in karin GBV. Qoraalkan run ma ahan.

Ciribtirka NVG adoo la shaqeynaya takhasusleyaal

Sannadkii 1973, ka saarista egosyntonic (i.e. waa loo aqbali karaa bukaanka) khaniisnimada liiska dhibaatooyinka maskaxda, Ururka Caafimaadka Maskaxda ee Mareykanka ayaa daabacay dukumintigasida ay u: 

"... Hababka casriga ah ee daaweynta ayaa u oggolaanaya qayb muhiim ah khaniisiinta doonaya inay beddelaan jihada ay u leeyihiin inay sidaa yeelaan ..." (Xawaaraha, 1973).

Qoraalkan waxaa ansixiyay Golaha Ururka, Gudiga Tixraaca iyo Golaha Ammaanada - gole ka kooban dhalinyaro jinsi wadayaal ah oo si wada jir ah ugu codeeyay majaajilista khaniisiinta. APA waxaa hagayay Mabda 'Leona Tyler'taas oo ay ku dheehan tahay hadalada cilmi-nafsi-yaqaannada cilmi-nafsiga waa inay ku saleysan yihiin oo keliya xogta sayniska iyo khibradda xirfadeed ee dhabta ah. Sida Madaxweynihii hore ee Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga ee Mareykanka, Nicholas Cummings, wuxuu marqaati furayaa, oo u dhow sanadaha 90, ururka wuxuu ka tanaasulay mabda'aas si uu u raalli galiyo ajandaha siyaasadeed.

Fiidiyowga Ingiriisiga

Si kastaba ha noqotee, 2009, Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga ee Mareykanka ayaa daabacaya tilmaamaha loogu talagalay cudurka dhimirka iyo daaweynta casriga ah, taas oo la sheegay soo socda:

"Caddaymaha cimilada ee dhowaanta waxay muujinayaan in jiheynta khaniisiinta ay run ahaantii wax ka beddeli karto macaamiisha dhiiran, iyo in isku dayga ku saabsan daaweynta buugga aaney keenin waxyeelo shucuureed." 
(Cilmu-nafsiga Muhiimka ah iyo Daaweynta (2009), 3d ed. p. 468, 

Si kastaba ha noqotee, dhowr bilood ka dib, oo ay wehelinayaan isbarbar yaridu, APA waxay daabacdaa qoraal ah in daaweynta dib-u-celinta aysan waxtar lahayn (APA 2009) Waa bayaankan in u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha LGBT + tixraacaan - dhaqdhaqaaqyada ka wada hadlaya suurtagalnimada in saamayn daaweyn ah ku yeelan karto soo-jiidashada khaniisiinta. Kooxo ka mid ah xubnaha APA oo iyaguna xubno ka ah ururka xirfadleyda xulashada ikhtiyaariga ah ee Daaweynta Therapeutic Choice², iyada oo laga jawaabayo qoraalka APA isla isla sanadkaas ayaa daabacay dib u eegis lagu sameeyay bayaanka APA, kaas oo liis gareeyay waxyaabihii ka dhimanaa warbixinta APA ee xulashooyinka ilaha xulasho (Phelan 2009a, p. 45), adeegsi aan sabab lahayn oo loogu talagalay aasaaska daaweynta teraab-celinta (Phelan 2009a, p. 48), adeegsiga heerarka labanlaabmay (Phelan 2009a, p. 49), iyo kuwa kale.

Marka, waa maxay dhab ahaan lagu cadeeyay bayaanka APA, hadaad si taxadar leh u falanqeyso? Gunaanadka guud wuxuu ahaa cambaareynta daaweynta daaweynta mid aan waxtar lahayn oo waxyeello leh. Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii aad eegto bogagga ugu dambeeya ee gabagabada, waxaad arki kartaa xaqiiqooyinka qorayaasha warbixinta lagu qasbay inay ogaadaan si looga fogaado been-abuurka, laakiin kuma jiraan xaqiiqooyinkan faallooyinka iyo bayaanada saxaafadda:

"... Waxaan ogaanay in qaabab kala duwan iyo hababka casriga ah ee daaweynta magdhawga aan si wanaagsan loo baarin. Marka la eego xaddiga xaddidan ee cilmi-baarista qaab ahaan lagu kalsoonaan karo, ma soo gabagabeyn karno in qaababka casriga ah ee daaweynta mag-dhowga ay waxtar u yihiin iyo in kale ... ”(APA 2009, p. 43).

Maxay khabiirada APA uga hadlayaan nuxurka? Xaqiiqda ah in aysan helin caddeyn cad oo ah in daaweynta dib-u-celinta aysan waxtar lahayn. Si fudud uma hayaan xog sax ah si ay u gaaraan gunaanadkan, in kasta oo ay sameeyeen wax kasta oo suurtagal ah si loo naaquso, sida ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah iyada oo la xaddidaayo xaddiga falanqaynta ee sayniska, ahmiyadda dariiqa daraasadaha ee aan u dhigmin tarjumaadda xun ee daaweynta daaweynta³. Ugu dambeyntiina, kana mid ah xaqiiqooyinka ku taxan isla dukumintiga APA, waxaa jira caddeyn keliya oo ah in daaweynta magdhawga - si dabiici ah loo helo xaalado gaar ah, midka ugu weyn oo ah rabitaanka bukaanka inuu beddelo - waa mid wax ku ool ah. Dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha LGBT + - dhaqdhaqaaqyadu waxay isku dayayaan inay ku xiraan soo jiidashada jinsi isku midka ah bayoolajiga iyo hiddo-wadayaasha, iyagoo ku doodaya inaysan awoodin in la beddelo, laakiin mowqifkani wuxuu ka hor imanayaa natiijooyinka daraasadaha kala duwan ee lagu xusay bayaanka APA.

Tixgeli xigashooyinka ka yimid dukumintiga APA:

"Adams HE Adams iyo Sturgis (1977) waxay falanqeeyeen toddobo daraasadood oo ay ku tilmaameen inay yihiin kuwo lagu xakamaynayo qaab ahaan waxayna ogaadeen in 34% 179 qof ay hoos u dhacday soo jiidashada qaniisiinta…. Daraasadaha ay ku tilmaameen inay tahay mid farsamo ahaan aan la xakamayn karin, waxay ogaadeen in 50% 124 qof ay hoos u dhacday soo jiidashada qaniisiinta (p. 36)

- McConaghy (1976) wuxuu ogaadey in ku dhawaad ​​kalabar ragga soo maray mid ka mid ah afarta qaab dawayn ay sheegeen inay hoos u dhacday xiisaha galmo ee ragga kadib bilaha 6. Kaqeybgalayaasha badankood waxay ogaadeen inuu hoos u dhacay xiisaha galmo ee ragga isla marka daweynta la helo (p. 3)

- McConaghy iyo Barr (1973) waxay ogaadeen in kala bar ragga la daweeyey ay sheegeen hoos u dhac ku yimid khaniisiinta (p. 38).

- Tanner (1975) waxay ogaatay inay sabab u tahay daweynta, heerka ficil kicinta khaniisiinta ay hoos u dhacday iyada oo laga jawaabayo kicinta aragtida (p. 38).

- Birk iyo asxaabta (1971) waxay ogaadeen in 62% ragga la daaweeyay ay muujiyeen hoos u dhac ku yimid khaniisiinta (p. 38).

- McConaghy iyo asxaabtiisa (1981) waxay soo sheegeen in 50% jawaab bixiyaasha daaweyntu ay sheegeen hoos udhaca rabitaanka galmada kadib 1 sanad (p. 38).

- Daraasad kale, HE Adams iyo Sturgis (1977) ayaa sheegay in 68% kaqeybgaleyaasha 47 ay soo sheegeen hoos udhaca waditaanka khaniisiinta (p. 37).

- McConaghy (1976) wuxuu ogaadey in sanad kadib daaweynta, 25% ragga gabi ahaanba ay joojiyeen falalka khaniisiinta, 50% ragga inta jeer ay hoos udhacday, iyo 25% ay isbadashay (p. 38).

- Daraasad kale, McConaghy iyo Barr (1973) ayaa sheegay in 25% ragga helay daaweynta ay hoos u dhigeen waxqabadkoodii khaniisiintii kadib 1 sanadkii (p. 38).

- Tanner (1975) ayaa soo sheegay inuu hoos u dhac weyn ku yimid waditaanka khaniisiinta dartiis daweynta awgeed (p. 38).

- Bancroft (1969) wuxuu xusey in 4 ee 10 ee ragga loola dhaqmay ay yareeyeen howlihii khaniisnimada intii dabagalku socday. Freeman iyo Meyer (1975) ayaa soo sheegay in 7 ee ragga 9 daraasadooda ay ka gaabsadeen waxqabadka khaniisiinta 18 bilood kadib daaweynta (p. 38).

- Marka loo eego daabacaadaha kale ee leh kiisaska kiliinikada iyo kiisaska daraasadda, waxaa jiray hoos u dhac ama la la'yahay waxqabadka khaniisnimada ee kuwa daaweynta ku jira (Gray 1970; Huff 1970; B. James 1962, 1963; Kendrick & McCullough 1972; Larson 1970; LoPiccolo 1971; Segal & Sims 1972 ) (p. 39) ... "(APA 2009).

Markaa, xitaa APA ma aha gabagabadeeda in daaweyntu aan waxtar lahayn. Karti 30 - 50% waa mid si weyn ugu filan qaab kasta oo cilmi baaris ah, haddii kaliya laga saaro astaamaha qaabkan oo ah “aan faaiido lahayn”.

Intaa waxaa dheer, NARTH waxay daabacday warbixin u gaar ah sanadkaas, Maxaa Cilmi Baadhis ah: Jawaabta NARTH ee Sheegashada Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga Mareykanka (APA) ee ku saabsan khaniisnimada.Phelan 2009b) Warbixintan, dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay daabacadaha ayaa loo sameeyay qaab qeexitaan ah oo ku saabsan xaalado caafimaad oo laga soo qaaday ficil ahaan, tijaabooyin la xakameeyay iyo indho indhayn boqollaal sano ee la soo dhaafay.

In ka badan 100 daabacadaha luqadda Ingiriisiga ah ee sharraxaya natiijooyinka guuleysta ee daaweynta dib-u-habeynta ayaa lagu muujiyey jadwalka hoose.

Xigasho	Nooca daaweynta	natiijada
Carl Jung soo xigtay Fordham 1935	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee nin khaniis ah
Gordon 1930	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee bukaanka khaniisiinta ah
Stekel 1930	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee afar bukaan oo khaniisiin ah
Anyie xnumx	farsamooyinka hypnosis	xusey waxtarka dhaqamada ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
London 1950	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee labada nin ee khaniisiinta ah
Allen 1952	daaweynta dhimirka	ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee labada khaniisiinta,  rag iyo dumar
Poe 1952	la-qabsiga daaweynta	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee nin khaniis ah
Caprio xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka	ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee haweenka khaniisiinta ah: "inbadan oo ka mid ah bukaannadaydii hore ee lesbian-ka waxay ii sheegeen muddo dheer daaweynta kadib… in aysan waligood ku noqon doonin qaab nololeed khaniisiin ah»(P. 299)
Eliasberg 1954	daaweynta kooxda	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 12, guul ayaa laga gaadhay kiisaska 5 (42%)
Bergler 1956	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee bukaanka khaniisiinta ah ee 100, oo u dhigma 33% dhammaan kiisaska daaweynta
Eidelberg gudaha Lorand xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka	daaweynta guusha leh ee bukaanka 2 ee ka soo jeeda 5 (40%)
Ellis 1956	daaweynta dhimirka	daaweynta guusha leh ee bukaanka 40 (18 ♂, 12 ♀)
Berg 1958	daaweynta dhimirka	daaweynta guusha leh ee bukaanka Xnumx
Hadn xnumx	daaweynta kooxda	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 3, guul ayaa laga gaadhay kiiska 1 (33%)
Hadfield xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka	daaweynta guusha leh ee bukaanka Xnumx
Ross 1958	isku darka farsamo yaqaan	xusey waxtarka dhaqamada ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
Robertiello 1959	daaweynta dhimirka	daaweynta guusha bukaanka khaniisiinta ah
Ellis 1959	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee nin khaniis ah
Monroe 1960	therapy psychodynamic oo leh farsamo urur lacag la’aan ah	ku guuleysiga daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee xnumx
Finn xnumx	isku darka farsamo yaqaan	xusey waxtarka dhaqamada ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
Glover 1960	daaweynta dhimirka Xaaladaha 7 kiisaska daaweynta hoormoonka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta bukaannada 113, guul laga gaadhay 44%
Beukenkamp xnumx	daaweynta shakhsi ahaaneed iyo kooxeed	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee nin khaniis ah
Stevenson xnumx	tababarka xaqiijinta	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta guusha leh ee ragga khaniisiinta ah
Bieber xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta bukaannada 106, guul laga gaadhay 27%
Koofiyadaha 1962	daaweynta dhimirka	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 45; hagaajinta (joojinta dhaqanka khaniisiinta) waxaa lagu gaadhay kiisaska 7 (16%)
Ovesey 1963	daaweynta dhimirka	sharaxay si guul leh daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee xnumx
Buki xnumx	isku darka ka farsamo yaqaanka	xusey waxtarka dhaqamada ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
Cappon 1965	daaweynta dhimirka	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 150, guusha waxaa lagu gaadhay 30% ragga, 50% dumarka, iyo ka mid ah bukaanada bisexual - 90%
Mayerson gudaha Marmor xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta bukaannada 19, guul ayaa laga gaadhay 47% kiisaska
Mintz xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 10, guusha waxaa lagu xusay 3 (30%)
Koob xnumx	daaweynta hab dhaqanka iyo farsamooyinka rogrogmada	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 36, guul ayaa laga gaadhay kiisaska 25 (69%)
Hadn xnumx	daaweynta kooxda	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta bukaannada 32, guul laga gaadhay 38%
Kaye xnumx, p. 633	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta haweenka khaniisiinta ah ee 15, guul ayaa laga gaadhay 8 (55%)
Alexander 1967	farsamooyinka hypnosis	xusey waxtarka dhaqamada ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
Roper xnumx	farsamooyinka hypnosis	xusey waxtarka dhaqamada ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
MacCulloch 1967	daaweynta aversive	Guul laga gaaro daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee xnumx
Kraft xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka iyo nidaam diidmo nidaamsan	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Serban 1968	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	ku tilmaamay guusha bukaannada khaniisiinta ah ee 'Xnumx'
Miller 1968	isku darka farsamo yaqaan	xusey waxtarka dhaqamada ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
Ramsay xnumx	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Freud 1968, p. 251	daaweynta dhimirka	ku guuleysiga daaweynta bukaanka 2 ee ka yimid 4 (50%)
Jacobi 1969	daaweynta dhimirka	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 60, guusha waxaa lagu xusay 6 (10%)
Wuxuu soo qaatay 1969	daaweynta aversive	wuxuu ku tilmaamay guusha daaweynta 60% bukaanka khaniisiinta ah
McConaghy 1969	daaweynta aversive	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Lamberd 1969	daaweynta dhimirka	ku tilmaamay guusha bukaannada khaniisiinta ah ee 'Xnumx'
Bergin 1969	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Ovesey 1969	daaweynta dhimirka	ku tilmaamay guusha ay gaareen ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 'Xnumx'
Wallace xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Larson xnumx	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay waxtarka habkaan sida ay u dhaqmayaan, laakiin ma uusan siinin tirada saxda ah
Birk xnumx, p. 37	daaweynta kooxda	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 26, guul ayaa laga gaadhay kiisaska 9 (35%)
Huff xnumx	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Bancroft gudaha Gubasho xnumx	Hababka quusitaanka	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 15, guul ayaa laga gaadhay kiisaska 5 (33%)
Kraft xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka iyo nidaam diidmo nidaamsan	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
McConaghy 1970	daaweynta aversive	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Mandel xnumx	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay waxqabadka qaab ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
Hatterer xnumx	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 149, guul ayaa laga gaadhay kiisaska 49 (34%)
Sanadkii 1971dii	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay guusha 37% kiisaska
Bieber gudaha Kaplan 1971	daaweynta kooxda	wuxuu ku tilmaamay guusha 40% kiisaska
Truax 1971	daaweynta kooxda	wuxuu xusay waxqabadka habka marka la barbardhigo kooxda xakamaynta
Hadn xnumx	daaweynta kooxda	wuxuu ku tilmaamay guusha 30% kiisaska
Birk xnumx	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	ku tilmaamay guusha xnumx%
Pittman xnumx	daaweynta kooxda	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 6, guusha waxaa lagu gaadhay kiisaska 2 (33%)
Feldman xnumx, p. 156	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 63, guul ayaa laga gaadhay 29% kiisaska
Van den Aardweg 1971	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 20, guul ayaa laga gaadhay kiisaska 9 (42%)
Shealy xnumx	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Kendrick xnumx	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay waxqabadka qaab ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
Segal 1972kii	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay waxqabadka qaab ku saleysan ku dhaqanka
McConaghy 1972	daaweynta aversive	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Barlow xnumx	daaweynta dabeecadda, daaweynta tooska ah	ku tilmaamay guusha xnumx%
McConaghy 1973	firfircoonaanta farsamayaqaannada	ku tilmaamay guusha xnumx%
1973kii	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 10, guul ayaa laga gaadhay 90% kiisaska
Herman 1974	farsamooyinka celceliska	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 3, guul ayaa laga gaadhay 33% kiisaska
Birk xnumx, p. 41	daaweynta kooxda	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta bukaannada 66, guul ayaa laga gaadhay 52% kiisaska
Bancroft xnumx	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	ku tilmaamay guusha xnumx%
Kanton-Dutari 1974	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka, daaweynta kahortagga	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 54, guusha waxaa lagu gaadhay kiisaska 48 (89%)
Orwin 1974	daaweynta aversive	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Tanner xnumx	daaweynta aversive	wuxuu ku tilmaamay waxtarka qaabka ragga ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 8
Freeman xnumx	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	ku tilmaamay guusha xnumx%
McConaghy 1975	daaweynta aversive	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Kanton-Dutari 1976	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka, daaweynta kahortagga	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta dhameystiran ee guuleysta ee 11 ee 22 kiisaska ragga khaniisiinta ah (50%)
Callahan gudaha Krumboltz 1976	Farsamooyinka quusitaanka	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Phillips 1976	farsamooyinka desensitization systemic	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Sannadkii 1978-kii, p. 406	daaweynta dhimirka	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 44, guusha waxaa lagu gaadhay 20 (45%)
James 1978	farsamooyinka desensitization systemic	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Bieber xnumx, p. Xnumx	daaweynta dhimirka	qeexay daaweynta loogu talagalay bukaanka in kabadan 1000 bukaanada khaniisiinta ah;
Birk gudaha Marmor xnumx	daaweynta kooxda	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 14, guul ayaa laga gaadhay kiisaska 10 (71%)
Pradhan xnumx	daaweynta hab dhaqanka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay daaweynta ragga khaniisiinta ah ee 13, wax ku oolnimada lagu arkay 8 (61%)
Cafiso 1983	farsamooyinka hypnosis	ku tilmaamay guul nin khaniis ah
Van den Aardweg 1986a; 1986b	daaweynta garashada	sharaxay daaweynta bukaanka 101, guusha waxaa lagu xusay 30%, hagaajinta - 60%
Siegel 1988	daaweynta dhimirka	ku tilmaamay daaweynta haweenka khaniisiinta ah ee 12, guusha waxaa lagu xusay 50%
Berger 1994, p. 255	daaweynta dhimirka	ku tilmaamay guusha bukaannada khaniisiinta ah ee 'Xnumx'
Consiglio 1993	daryeelka xoolo-dhaqatada	wuxuu ku tilmaamay kumeelgaar dhameystiran waxqabadka heterosexual in 85%
MacIntosh 1994	daaweynta dhimirka	falanqaynta kiisaska daaweynta 1215 ee bukaanka khaniisiinta ah, guusha waxaa lagu arkay 23%, iyo 84% saameyn weyn oo daaweyn ah ayaa lagu xusay
Schaeffer xnumx	daryeelka xoolo-dhaqatada	waxaa lagu sharxay in kooxda kaqeybgaleyaasha 140, ee 29% ay u gudubtay dhammeystir u noqoshada waxqabadka galmada
Nicolosi 2000	daaweynta dhimirka, daryeelka xoolo dhaqatada, tababarka	waxaa lagu sharxay in kooxda bukaanka 882 (ragga 689 iyo haweenka 193) ee 34,3% kiisaska kala-guur dhammaystiran oo gaar ah ama ku dhowaad waxqabadka jinsiga ah la xusay. Daaweynta ka hor, 67% waxay muujisay soo jiidasho khaniisiin gaar ah; daaweynta ka dib, 12,8%.
Shidlo 2002	daaweynta dhimirka	qorayaashu waxay bilowgii dhigeen himilada daraasadda si loo ogaado waxyeelada daaweynta teraab-celinta. Tusaale ahaan, xayeysiisyada lagu helo xubnaha waxaa lagu meeleeyay joornaalada khaniisiinta ah cinwaanka “Naga Caawiya Soo Bandhigida Dhibaatada! " Qorayaashu waxay sharraxeen koox ka mid ah bukaannada 202 (182 ragga iyo dumarka 20), kuwaas oo 12,9% u tixgeliyeen u guuritaanka dhaqdhaqaaqa howsha jinsiga inuu guuleysto.
Xawaaraha 2003	daaweynta dhimirka, daryeelka xoolo dhaqatada	baaray koox ka mid ah bukaannada 200 (ragga 143 iyo dumarka 57) kuwaas oo soo maray daaweynta dib-u-celinta oo u arka natiijooyinkooda inay guuleystaan. Dhammaan jawaab bixiyaasha waxay xustay jiritaanka soo jiidashada galmo galmo, ee 17% ragga iyo 54% dumarka soo jiidashadaasi waxay ahayd mid aan caadi aheyn. Kahor daaweynta 46,% ragga iyo 42% haweenka waxay muujiyeen soo jiidasho khaniisiin gaar ah, daaweynta ka dib - 0%.
Karten 2006, looma daabicin isha-dib loo eegay	daaweynta dhimirka	baaray koox ka mid ah ragga '117' ee qaata daaweynta aargudashada. Hoos u dhac weyn oo ku yimid soo jiidashada khaniisiinta laga bilaabo 4,81 illaa 2,57 ee cabirka Kinsey ayaa la xusay
Cummings 2007, looma daabicin isha-dib loo eegay	daaweynta dhimirka	isagoo ka hadlaya shirka NARTH ayaa laga soo sheegay 2005 in 1959 - 1979 Khaniisiinta 18000 waxay u leexdeen xaruntiisa oo leh dhibaatooyin kala duwan, kuwaas oo qiyaastii ah 1 600 ujeedadiisu ahayd inay beddelaan hanuunkooda galmada. Intii lagu gudajiray daaweynta, bukaanno badan ayaa maray isbadal wanaagsan oo dhanka maskaxda ah, taas oo ka dhalatay taas oo 2400 ka mid ahi ay noqdeen isku galmo.
Jones 2007	daryeelka xoolo-dhaqatada	Waxaa lagu sharaxay kooxda kaqeybgaleyaasha 73 ee 15% hoos u dhac weyn kuyimid khaniisiinta iyo koror aad u weyn oo ku saabsan galmada galmada
Phelan 2017	daaweynta dhimirka	wuxuu ku tilmaamay koox ka mid ah ragga '30', kaas oo sanad ka dib markii la dhammaystiray daweynta, waxaa lagu xusay: soo jiidashada galmada gaar ahaan tan jinsiga ka soo horjeeda - 23% (0% daaweynta ka hor), inta badan jinsiga ka soo horjeeda - 17% (0% daaweynta ka hor), taas oo markaa shahaadada jinsiga ka soo horjeedda waa 10% (0% daaweynta ka hor).

Soo koobid caddeyn la heli karo ilaa maanta, waxaan dhihi karnaa celcelis ahaan sedex meelood meel dadka ka qeybqaata daaweynta cilminafsiga waxay soo sheegaan waayitaan buuxa ee soo jiidashada khaniisiinta iyo sameynta soo jiidashada jinsi ka soo horjeedda, seddexaad - isbedel weyn oo ku wajahan soo jiidashada galmada iyo horumarka guud ee ladnaanta nafsiga iyo shaqeynta bulshada, iyo marka seddexaad la soo gudbiyo natiijo la’aan. Arrinta ugu muhiimsan ee daaweynta dib-u-habaynta lagu guuleysto ayaa ah rabitaanka bukaanka, ka warqabka sababaha u soo jiitay jinsikiisa iyo baahiyaha shucuureed ee salka ku haya.

Hay'adaha caafimaadka ee reer galbeedka ee ka soo horjeedda daaweynta soo jiidashada jinsiga ee aan loo baahnayn iyada oo loo marmarsiyoonayo in ay "waxyeello u geysan karto" ay runtiina khiyaameeyaan dadweynaha iyagoo aan sharxin: 

(1) All Adeegyada dhimirka ee dhammaan dhibaatooyinka shaqsiyeed iyo shaqsi ahaaneedba way dhib badnaan karaan; 
(2) sayniska mas'uulka ah weli ma uusan muujinin in halista waxyeellooyinka daaweynta daaweyntu ay tahay mid la mid ah, ama isku mid ah, ama ay ka yar tahay halista noocyada kale ee teraabiyada cilminafsiga. (Sutton 2015

Cilmi baaris showin ku dhawaad ​​5 - 10% bukaannada ay marayaan daaweynta teraabiyada cilminafsiga waxaa laga yaabaa inay la kulmaan “saameyn xun” - taasi waa, xaaladdooda oo ka sii dareysa. Waxyaabaha ka hortaga-daaweyntu waxaa ka mid ah tayada hooseysa ee xiriirka ka dhexeeya dadka, dulqaad hooseeya walaaca, dhiirrigelin hoose, iwm.

Galmadu waxay keentaa kala duwanaanshiyaha iyo fayoobaanta ragga

Sida saynisyahannadu LGBT u been abuuraan gunaanadka cilmi-baadhista daaweynta dib-u-celinta

Si lama filaan ah u baabi'inta soo jiidashada khaniisnimada

Ku soo noqo sannaddii '1916', Freud qormadiisa "Leonardo da Vinci: Daraasad cilmi nafsi oo cilmi nafsi ah oo ku saabsan Xilliga Infantile Reminiscence" ayaa xustay:

"... Anaga oo si toos ah u fiirineyna kiisaska shaqsiga ah, waxaan awoodnay inaan muujino in nin u muuqda inuu ka jawaabi karo kaliya dhiiri galinta ragga wuxuu runtii jawaab ka bixiyaa dhiirrigelinta dheddigga, sida shaqsi kasta oo caadi ah, laakiin markasta oo uu ku farxo xiisaha ragga ..." (Freud 1916, III: 14).

U fiirsashadaan waxaa taageeray cilmi baarista casriga ah (Duufaano 1980, Tolman & Diamond 2014)

Sannadkii 1992, Shechter wuxuu ku tilmaamay kiis kumeelgaar ah isbadal kadhexeeya khaniisiinimo iyo jinsi galmo nin oo galay koorsada daaweynta cilminafsiga, laakiin aan ahayn NVH, laakiin sabab kaleXerada 1992) Ninkii wuxuu joojiyay xiriirkii uu la lahaa lamaanaha galmada, wuxuu joojiyay howlihii khaniisnimada, wuxuu sameeyay khiyaali jinsi ah oo uu la lahaa dumarka. Kadib markii uu bilaabay galmo naag, wuxuu ku sifeeyay xaaladiisa ereyada:

“Can't Ma ka jeexi karo nafsadeeda iyaduna way jeceshahay! ... Qof ma aniga oo kale ah, si lama filaan ah ma u noqon karaa khaniis lab iyo dheddig? ... "(Xerada 1992, p. 200).

Baarayaasha Michael iyo asxaabtii sanadka 1994, oo ku saleysan natiijooyinka falanqaynta daraasad ballaaran, ayaa waxay ogaadeen in shaqsiyaadka qaarkood, soo jiidashada khaniisiinta, dabcan, iyada oo aan loo adeegsan daaweynta daaweynta, inay noqdaan kuwa isu galmooda (Michael 1994).

Lisa Diamond, cilmi baadhe ku takhasusay cilmu-nafsiga da'da, xubinna ka ah guddiga khibradda leh ee APA, oo aan qarinaynin doorbidkeeda khaniisiinta ah, ayaa ku soo koobtay natiijooyinka sanadihii badnaa ee ay soo shaqeysay wareysi ay la yeelatay saynisyahano cusub:

"Galmada waa la beddeli karaa ... waa inaan aqbalnaa xaqiiqda ah in galmada ay is beddeli karto" (Grossman xnumx)

Maqaal ku soo baxay joornaalka joornaalka ee cilmi baarista galmada, dheeman ayaa soo koobay cilmi baaris, oo sida ay tahay 26 - 45% ragga iyo 46 - 64% haweenku waxay soo sheegaan isbedel ku yimaada waditaanka galmada muddada waqtiga (laga bilaabo 3 ilaa 10 sano), oo badankood soo sheegis isbeddel, soo sheegay isbadal ku yimid khaniisnimada. (Diamond 2016).

Waa in la ogaadaa in liddi ku ah hadalada propagandada LGBT, dabeecadda rabitaanka galmada ayaa bedeli karta heterosexally iyo khaniis ahaan. Kiisaska shaqsiyaadka galmada isu galmoodo inay noqdaan khaniisnimo dartood musuqmaasuq iyo caajisnimada xiriirka galmada (Krafft-Ebing 1909kii), iyada oo ay weheliso muddo dheer oo galmo la aan ah lamaanaha ka soo horjeedda, iyo sidoo kale natiijada kadeedis (Meijer 1993) Xaqiiqada bayoolajiga ujeeddo ahaan shaki la'aan waxay muujineysaa in maydka dhammaan waxyaabaha nool ee galmada loogu talagalay xiriirka jinsi-wadaaga. Si kastaba ha noqotee, qaar ka mid ah naasleyda sare, oo ay ku jiraan aadanaha, waxay leeyihiin awood ay ku fuliyaan ficillo galmo xaaladaha qaarkood oo ka gudba qaab dhismeedka heteronormativity, ma aha oo kaliya jinsi ahaan, laakiin sidoo kale wax walboo galmo ah guud ahaan. Daraasaduhu waxay muujinayaan in nooca iyo xooga riyada fekerka ee qofka uu si weyn u go'aamiyo jihada galmoodkiisa (Lacag & Tucker 1975, Duufaano 1980)

Si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasado ayaa muujiyey in soo jiidashada galmo galmo ay ka xasilloon tahay ugu yaraan 25 jeer marka loo eego khaniisnimada. Baarayaasha Savin-Williams iyo Ream waxay sameeyeen kormeer muddo dheer ah oo ay ku samaynayeen indha indhaynta dhallinta qaan gaarka ah laga soo bilaabo da'da 17 sano oo ay qiimeeyeen sida astaamaha horumarka galmada isu beddelaan. Waxay ku ogaadeen in 75% dhalinyarada qaangaarka ah ee muujiyey xiisaha khaniisiinta ee shahaadada kasta ee da'da 17-21 sano, markii dambe si gaar ah ayaa u soo jiidatay galmo galmo, halka 98% dhalinyarada ay muujinayaan soo jiidashada galmo galmo inay sii ahaato mustaqbalka (Savin-Williams 2007).

Whitehead iyo Whitehead's (2007) waxay dhammaystireen dib u eegis faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan daraasadihii Savin-Williams iyo Ream (2007), Michael iyo asxaabtii (1994), iyo kuwa kale, waxayna ku soo gabagabeeyeen in xaaladaha qaarkood danaha qaniisnimada ay noqdaan kuwa isu galmooda iyada oo aan wax saameyn ah lahan (Caddaan 2007)

Daraasad ay sameeyeen Ott iyo asxaabtooda (2011) natiijada ka soo baxda falanqaynta koox da 'yarta ah ee 13 840, waxaa la ogaaday in 66% kuwa sheegta inay "hubin" rabitaankooda galmada markii dambe inay noqdaan khaniisiin khaas ah (Ott xnumx).

Sidoo kale, falanqaynta kiisaska isdhaafsiga lafdhabarta ah ee khaniisiinta iyo galmada khaniisiinta ah, oo laga heli karo suugaanta suugaanta, ayaa lagu fuliyay 2007 ee Sorba (Sorba xnumx, bogagga 61 - 73).

Daaweynta khabiirada iyo sheekooyinka daaweynta guusha leh ee NGV

1956 waa dhakhaatiir cilminafsiyeed heer sare ah waqtigiisa Edmund Bergler qoray kuwan soo socda:

"10 sano ka hor, waxa ugu wanaagsan ee saynisku bixin karay wuxuu ahaa dib uheshiisiinta khaniisiinta" aayahiisa ", si kale haddii loo dhigo, ka takhalusida dareenka miyirka leh ee dambiga. Khibradda cilmi-nafsiga ee ugu dambeysay iyo cilmi-baaris ayaa si aan shaki ku jirin u caddeeyay in masiirka loo maleynayo in aan laga noqon karin ee khaniisiinta (mararka qaarkood xitaa loo aaneeyo xaalado bayooloji iyo hormoonno aan jirin) dhab ahaantii ay tahay qayb-daaweyn lagu beddeli karo neurosis. Rajo xumida daweynta ee waagii hore si tartiib tartiib ah ayey u sii lumaysaa: maanta teraabiyada cilminafsiga ee cilmu-nafsiga ayaa daaweyn karta khaniisnimada ”... Ma daaweyn karnaa khaniis kasta? - Maya Shuruudaha qaarkood ayaa lagama maarmaan ah, iyo tan ugu muhiimsan, rabitaanka khaniisnimada in la beddelo ...

Muuqaalka koowaad, cilad-galintan galmada waxaa sida caadiga ah lagu daraa is-dilid miyir-qab ah oo daran, taas oo lama huraan u ah isu-muujinta banaanka goobta galmada, maadaama ay dabooleyso shakhsiyadda oo dhan. Cadowga dhabta ah ee khaniisiinta ma ahan khaladnimadiisa, laakiin jaahilnimadiisa in la caawin karo, waxaa sii dheer maskaxchismkiisa maskaxeed, taas oo ka dhigaysa inuu ka fogaado daaweynta. Jaahilnimadan waxaa si dabiici ah u taageera hogaamiyaasha khaniisiinta ... ”(Bergler 1956).

Borofisar cilminafsiyeedka Nikolai Vladimirovich Ivanov (1907 - 1976), mid ka mid ah aasaasayaashii cilminafsiga Ruushka, wuxuu aqoonsaday saddex arrimood oo muhiim u ah daaweynta guusha ee soo jiidashada khaniisiinta: (1) dabeecadda bukaanka - miyuu iska caabin karaa soo jiidashada, miyuu culeys ku yahay soo jiidashadiisa, miyuu ka warqabaa inay ku habboon tahay, Miyey saadaalinaysaa cawaaqib bulsheed haddii ay dhacdo tanaasul in la soo jiito? (2) jiritaanka bukaanka ee qibradda qaniisnimada - duruufahaan waxaa u tixgeliyay N. V. Ivanov inuu yahay go'aan muhiim ah. Haddii bukaanku yahay nin dhalinyaro ah ama gabar ah, oo soo jiidashada khaniisiinta uu wali yahay riyo iyo saaxiibtinimo jilicsan - waxaa loo baahan yahay nidaam teknoloji ah oo deg deg ah, kaasoo noqon doona mid balanqaad leh, kaasoo horseed u ah dib u habeyn dhameystiran oo soo jiidasho ah oo ku saabsan jiheynta jinsi ahaan loo galmoodo; (3) koox ka mid ah arrimo kale oo gudaha ah iyo dibedda ah oo saamaynaya bukaanka - ka warqabka bukaanka ee xilliga isugudbinta (tusaale ahaan, muuqaal galmo oo aad u xoog badan iyada oo aan wax shuruud ah ku xidhnayn khaniisnimada kahor bilawga baaluqnimada, si kale haddii loo dhigo hagaajinta galmada); Dhibaato xagga maskaxda ah oo ku timid qofka ku nool lammaane khaniis ah ama yeelanaya khibrad khaniisiin ah, joogitaan soo jiidasho galmo isku mid ah, iwm. (Ivanov 1966, p. 134).

Professor Ivanov wuxuu u arkaa "dastuur" ama dhaqan xumada inay tahay sababaha ka hortaga daaweynta daaweynta (laakiin halkaan, aragtida maandhayaha, looma baahna in la diido daaweynta); rajo “kiniini” (mucjiso); shakiga bukaanka (taasi waa, dhab ahaantii, rabitaan firfircoon oo aan loo beddelin).

Xaaladahaas oo dhan, Ivanov wuxuu soo jeedin lahaa bukaanka in si wanaagsan "uu u diido daaweynta, isagoo tixraacaya xaqiiqda ah inuusan lahayn baahi gudaha ah si uu u noqdo mid ka duwan, wuxuu soo jeedinayaa bukaanka inuu ku soo laabto dhaqtarka marka noloshu lafteeda si adag oo cabsi lehna ay u keento su'aasha xanuunka badan ee suurtagalnimada dheeraad ah. Jiritaanka qalloocnaan, markii uu qofka oo dhammi doonayo inuu cudurka ka takhaluso ”Ivanov 1966, p. 134).

Ardayga Ivanov, Dr. Yan Genrikhovich Goland, wuxuu ku dabaqay fikradaha macalinku inuu ku horumariyo hab wax ku ool ah oo joogto ah oo lagu daaweeyo soo jiidashada khaniisiinta, kaas oo uu si guul leh u isticmaalay ilaa maantadan la joogo. Daaweyntu waxay ka kooban tahay saddex tallaabo:
1) abuurista xaalad ku takhasusay galmada-nafsi ahaaneed taas oo dareen aan kala sooc lahayn loo jeediyo dadka lab iyo dheddig ahaanba;
2) sameynta aragtida qurxinta dumarka iyo soo jiidashada iyada.
3) cilaaqaadyo dhow oo lala yeesho haweeney, xoojinta hanuunin galmo.
Goland waxay aqbashay daaweyn kaliya qaniisyada khaniisiinta ah ee muujiya rabitaan daacad ah in laga takhaluso danahooda khaniisiinta ah, iyo wargeliyaa ku saabsan guusha daaweynta ku dhawaad ​​100%.

Baaraha Maraykanka ah Jeffrey Satinover wuxuu ku raacsan yahay xogtan, iyadoo loo eegayo, taas oo ah, koox si taxaddar leh loo soo xulay oo ah shakhsiyaad dhiirigelin sare leh, heerka daaweynta ku-guuleysiga ah ee ku-meel-gaarka ah waxay ku dhowdahay 100%, halka muunad aan sabab lahayn, natiijada guuleysata ay ku saabsan tahay 50% (Satinover xnumx, p. 51).

Dhakhtarka maanka mareykanka Joseph Nicolosi (1947 - 2017) waxay horumarisay hab wax ku ool ah oo daaweynta aargoosiga, oo ku saleysan fikradda ah in soo jiidashada khaniisnimada ay ka dhalato waxa loogu yeero "aqoonsiga lamaanaha" ee ay ka dhasheen mid ka mid ah lab ama dheddig, taageero waalidnimo iyo facooda sameynta aqoonsiga jinsiga, iyo sidoo kale dhiirrigelinta firfircoon ee galmada. tijaabinta bulshada (Nicolosi 1991, 1993, 2009) Nicolosi wuxuu kaloo daabacay tiro waraaqo saynis ah oo daabacan asxaabta dib loo eegay.⁴.

Cilmi-nafsiga Isbaanishka Elena Lorenzo Rego⁵ si guul leh u caawinta khaniisiinta da 'yarta ah ee doonaya caawimaad. Dhaqankeeda, durba waxaa jiray tiro badan oo kiisas ah oo ah joojinta qaab nololeedka khaniisiinta iyo u gudubka cilaaqaadyada lala yeelanayo jinsi / ka soo horjeedda (Portaluz 2014).

Mid ka mid ah takhasuslayaasha caanka ku ah Ruushka ee ku takhasusay daaweynta NGV ee Bariga Yurub waa dhakhaatiirta cilmu-nafsiga ee Kiev iyo cilmi-nafsi yaqaanka Professor Garnik Surenovich Kocharyan.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, muujinta dadka badan oo si guul leh uga tagay qaab nololeedkooda khaniisiinta ah isla markaana sameeyay soo jiidasho galmo khaniisiin ah ayaa la daabacay. Tusaale ahaan, W. Aaron wuxuu ku qoray qormooyinkiisa gaarka ah:

"... 20 sano waxaan ahaa khaniis (...) maanta, sanado badan kadib (...) Waxaan hogaamiyaa nolosha khaniisnimada waxaanan ku raaxeystaa ..." (Haaruun 1972, p. 14).

Tusaalooyinka kale qaarkood ayaa lagu soo bandhigay shaqooyinka. Rekers (1995), Worthen (1984), Konrad (1987), Comiskey (1988), Judkins (1993). Breedlove (1994), Xoog (1994), Davies (1993), Goldberg (2008), Pabon (2015), Baley (xnumx), Glatze (2007). Ku saabsan tusaalayaasha taariikhiga ah ee 100 ee diidmada guusha leh ee khaniisiinta waxaa lagu bixiyay buugga 'Voices of Hope': Maalmaha dambe ee Shahaadada Quduuska ah ee ku saabsan Soo-jiidashada Lamaanaha - An Anthology of Cilmiga Injiilka iyo Casharka Shakhsiyadeed (2011) (Mansfield xnumx).

Caddeymo badan iyo muujinta ayaa laga soo aruuriyay baraha bulshada kuwaasoo mideeya dadka si guul leh uga takhaluso soo jiidashada khaniisiinta iyo qaab nololeedka khaniisiinta, tusaale ahaan,Bedelay","Codadka Isbedelka","Codadka Rajada"Iyo"Codka codka".

Khuraafaad ku saabsan Daaweynta Aversive

"LGBT +" - oraah hadal ah oo loogu talagalay in lagu kala garto daaweynta baxnaaninta, khuraafaadka in, hore, ilaa 1970s, khaniisiinta waxaa loola dhaqmay si gaar ah markay ka gudbeen koronto hadda jirta maskaxda, oo leh meel caan ah. Badanaa waad maqli kartaa oo looga golleeyahay sidii meesha looga saari lahaa naxariis iyo naxariis ee ka dhex jirta dadka jaahiliinta ah ee taariikhda ku nool, sidii kuwii ka horreeyay dadka rabitaanka khaniisiinta ah lagu tuuray xoog ku dhawaad ​​kursi koronto ah.

Tani waa been. Waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu cabsi geliyo isla markaana lagu niyad jabiyo khaniisiinta iskudayaya in ay helaan fursad ay kaga takhalusaan NGV. Warbixinta kor ku xusan (Phelan 2009b) si qancin leh waxay u muujineysaa in ragga iyo haweenka daneynaya baabi'inta NVH ay si guul leh ku gaareen hadafkoodii iyagoon “ku gudbi karin korantada hadda jirta maskaxda”. Xilligii '1970's', tani waxay ahayd xaqiiqooyin cilmiyeed oo caan ah, oo saxaafadda dhexe ay si xor ah wax uga qortay.

Tusaale ahaan, maqaal ku soo baxa wargayska The New York Times ee ka soo baxay sanadkii 1971 ee cinwaankiisu yahay "khaniisiin badan ayaa caawiyay inay noqdaan khaniisiin" waxay ka hadlayaan habab kala duwan oo daaweyn ah - cilmi nafsi ahaan, daweyn kooxeed, qaab isku jir ah, iwm.:

“… Iyadoo la adeegsanayo habab kala duwan oo cilmi nafsi ah, daaweeyayaashu waxay ogaadeen in dhalinyarada khaniisiinta ah ee go’aansada inay badalaan u jeedkooda galmada ay leeyihiin fursad aad u fiican oo guul ah. Intaa waxaa dheer, daaweeyayaashu waxay soo sheegaan inay ka caawiyeen 25-50% bukaanadooda khaniisiinta ah inay gaaraan hagaajinta jinsiga, iyadoon loo eegin da 'ama dhiirigelinta ugu horreysa (...) (…) [Dr. Lawrence] Hatterer wuxuu isku dayaa inuu bukaankiisa ka caawiyo inay fahmaan asalka dhaqankooda qaniisnimada isagoo baaraya xiriirka qoysaska iyo waaya-aragnimada carruurnimada. Isla mar ahaantaana, wuxuu isku dayaa inuu beddelo habdhaqanka qaniisnimada isagoo la shaqeynaya bukaankiisa si loo aqoonsado loona ilaaliyo dhinacyada nolosha ee kiciya dhacdooyinka qaniisnimada, laguna beddelo dhiirrigelinta jinsiga iyo xiriirka. Wuxuu tusaale ahaan soo jeedin karaa in bukaanku ka waantoobo booqashada baararka khaniisiinta ah isla markaana uu tago baararka caadiga ah, ama uu ku beddelo qaawanaanta qaniisiinta iyo sawirrada ragga sawirrada dumarka.

Dhakhtarku wuxuu sheegay in mid ka mid ah bukaanka 30-sano jir ah uu sameeyay sixitaanka galmada galmada oo dhameystiran seddexdii bilood ee daaweynta. Nin aan lahayn qibrad galmo galmo khaniisnimada ah ayaa bilaabay daaweynta isagoo qarka u saaran inuu isdilo, isagoo qeyb ka ah ninkii uu la noolaayay laba sano. "Ka dib sagaal kalfadhi oo keliya oo ah 45 daqiiqadood iyo 27 oo dhagaystay duubitaannada, ninku wuxuu ku hawlanaa oo uu la yeeshay xiriir galmo oo guul leh oo uu la yeesho gacalisadiisa dhowr jeer usbuucii," ayuu yidhi Dr. Hatterer.

Qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee daaweynta waa in lagu wargaliyo bukaanka in ay jirto fursad lagu bartilmaameedsado dhibaatadiisa.

Machadka cilmiga dabeecadda ee Jaamacadda Temple, Dr. Joseph Walp iyo asxaabtiisu waxay isku dayaan inay si gaar ah ula dhaqmaan khaniisiinta iyaga oo wax ka beddelaya falcelintooda iyagoo adeegsanaya qaabab dhaqameed.

"Weerarkooda seddex geesoodka ah" wuxuu saameeyaa khaniisiinta 'cabsida ay ka qabaan taabashada jirka ee haweenka, soo jiidashada ragga, iyo guud ahaan cabsida ay ka qabaan dadka dhexdooda. Tusaale ahaan, si looga takhaluso cabsida haweenka, bukaanku wuxuu galayaa xaalad nasasho qoto dheer ka dibna wuxuu barayaa dumarka. Si loo tirtiro xiisaha galmada ay u qabaan ragga, bukaanada waxaa sidoo kale ku dhaca culeysyo noocaas ah oo "kacsanaan ah" sida shooga korantada oo fudud iyadoo la soo bandhigayo sawirrada ragga qaawan ... "(Xayeesi xnumx).

Marka, halkan waa - xuska korantada hadda jirta! Runtii maxaa dhacay?

Daawada dhexdeeda, runti waxaa jira hab daaweyn oo sidan oo kale ah oo looga gudbayo korantada ku socota maskaxda bukaanka muddo ah 0.1 illaa 1 ilbiriqsiyo - waxaa loo yaqaan daaweynta electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Qaabkan waxaa loo soo jeediyey 1938 si loogu daweeyo ciladaha daran ee iskudhexyaaca (Wilson 2017) ECT wali waxaa loo isticmaalaa maanta in lagu daaweeyo xanuunada dhimirka ee kaladuwan ee noocyada kale ee daaweynta aysan laheyn saameyn la rabay. Sida lagu xusay dib-u-eegista joornaalka asaaga ah ee dib loo eegay Clinical Psychopharmacology iyo Neuroscience:

“… Daaweynta korantada elektiroonigga ah waa hab waqti-baaris ah oo lagu daaweeyo cudurrada dhimirka ee kala duwan. Tobannaan sano, habka ECT wuxuu helay horumar badan. In kasta oo dhaleeceyn badan la iska sheego, ECT wali waxaa si joogto ah loogu isticmaalaa dhaqan ahaan kiliinikada ... ”(Singh iyo Kumar Kann 2017).

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, qiyaastii bukaanka 1 milyan oo bukaan ah sanadkiiba waxay u adeegsadaan daaweynta korantada elektarooniga ah si ay ula tacaalaan cudurro kala duwan oo maskaxda ah iyo cudurada neerfaha, sida caadiga ah niyadjabka daran, catatonia iyo manic syndrome. Sida BBC Psychology ay qortay:

"... Daaweynta korantada elektiroonigga ah waxay caawisaa bukaanada 80% kiisaska - laakiin cuqdada la xiriirta habkan waxay soo jeedineysaa in ECT aysan ka caawinayn dadka oo dhan inay caawin karto ..." (Riley 2018)

Dabcan, waxaa jira dood kulul oo ku saabsan wax ku oolnimada, amniga iyo anshaxa ECT. Laakiin iyagu muhiimad kuma leh mawduuca - ECT weligeed si rasmi ah looguma isticmaalin daaweynta khaniisiinta.

Sawirada argagaxa leh ee jahwareerka leh ee dadka garaacaya siidaynta korontada iyo tixraacyada dabeecadda Jack Nicholson ee filimka "Duulimaadka Cuckoo's Nest" ee sanadka 1975, oo ay ka buuxaan ilaha "LGBT +" - dhaqdhaqaaqa mowduuca daaweynta - kuma lug laha arrinta.

Naxdinta korantada iftiinka ee lagu sharraxay qodobka kore ee ku xusan The New York Times waxay la xiriirtaa habka daaweynta dabinta. Daaweynta ka-hortagga ah maahan daaweynta elektroconvulsive. Marka la isticmaalo daweynta kacsashada, korantada korantada laguma gudbiyo maskaxda bukaanka.

Daaweynta ka-leexashada, oo ku saleysan xaalad-caafimaadeedka caadiga ah ee Pavlov, waxay ku hawlan tahay sameynta diidmo si ay u kacdo dhiirrigelinta aan loo baahnayn ee heerka qaboojinta xaaladda. Habkan waxaa loo isticmaalay in si iskaa ah looga takhaluso balwadaha, cabsi-galinta, gardarrada, cilado galmo iyo xitaa buufis (McGuire iyo Vallance 1964) Tan waxaa lagu gaaraa iyada oo lagu xidho xanaaq aan loo baahnayn (sigaar, khiyaali galmo, sino, iyo wixii la mid ah) oo leh dareeno xun (xanuun, lallabo, cabsi, iwm). Korantada hadda jirta waxaa soo saaray aalad ka shaqeysa batteriga 9-volt, halkaas oo bukaanku laftiisu uu dhigayo heer dheecaan ah oo loo dulqaadan karo, kaas oo lagu gudbiyo xargaha korantada ee garka sare ama aagga lugta hoose (iyada oo aan loo eegin aagga taranka).

Waxay ahayd habkan daaweynta dabiibka ah ee loo adeegsaday oggolaanshaha bukaannada si looga takhaluso HBV. Markii lagu jiray sannadihii 70, daweynta dabeecadda ayaa caan ku noqotay sumcadda, iyo qoryaha murugada leh ayaa loo iibiyay xitaa isticmaalka guriga.

Marka laga reebo xaalado dhif ah, daweynta dabaysha leh ee korantada ku shaqeeya ayaan maanta loo isticmaalin daaweynta NGV sababa la xiriira dhowr dulinimo oo la xiriirta xasillooni darrida saameynta. Daaweynta aversive waxaa loola jeedaa daaweynta dabeecadda, taas oo, sida magaceedu u dhigan yahay, ay la macaamilayso dabeecad - i.e. calaamadaha dibedda ee dhibaatada. Xallinta dhibaatooyinka ku saleysan sababaha maskaxda ka hooseeya (sida khaniisnimada), wax-ku-oolnimadeeda uma badna inay muddo-dheer ahaato, maadaama shaqadu aysan ahayn mid lagu tirtirayo sababaha jira, laakiin lagu xakameynayo astaamaha muuqda. Feejignaanta shuruuduhu waxay ku soo baxaan shuruudo gaar ah wayna baaba'aan markay maqan yihiin. Markaa, si loo joogteeyo ka-falcelinta xaalad-joogta ah ee xaalad-kicinta ee kicinta gaar ah, xoojinta joogtada ah ee tii hore ayaa lagama maarmaan ah. Maqnaanshaha xoojinta qaab dhismeedka ah, baabi'inta fal-celinta xaaladda ku jirta ayaa la sii saadaalin karaa. Sidaa daraadeed, daraasadda 1968 ee sanadka ayaa muujisay inay sabab u tahay daaweynta leexinta ee leexashada jinsiga, horumar ayaa ka dhacay 23 ee kiisaska 40 (57%), laakiin markii la hubiyey sanad ka dib waxay soo baxday in guul buuxda la ilaaliyay oo keliya kiisaska 6 (15%) (Bancroft iyo Calaamadaha 1968) Heerarka hagaajinta ee transvestites, fetishists, iyo sadomasochist ayaa sarreeya, natiijooyinku kuma yarayn soo-saarka khaniisiinta, aadna way u hooseeyaan dadka transgender. Marka la barbardhigo, bukaannada dhammaystiray tababarka daaweynta 'pshododynamic' waxay sii ahaan jireen jinsi ahaan iyo labaatan sano ka dib (Bieber iyo Bieber 1979, p. 416).

Daaweynta aversive waa qayb ka mid ah heerarka daaweynta ee dowladda dhexe waxaana loo isticmaalaa in lagu daaweeyo dhibaatooyin dhowr ah. Khubaradu waxay isku raaceen in isticmaalka dawaynta dawaynta (aversive therapy) ay suurtogal tahay mararka qaarna xitaa loo baahan yahay, laakiin si loo gaaro natiijooyinka ugu wanaagsan uguna xasilloon, waxaa loo baahan yahay in lagu qaado hababka kale ee daaweynta cilminafsiga.

Waa in la ogaadaa in dadka u ololeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa "LGBT +", iyaga oo dalbanaya in la mamnuuco dhammaan qaabab kasta oo loola dhaqmo soo jiidashada khaniisiinta aan loo baahnayn, iyaga oo tixraacaya "naxdin iyo jirdil" la sheegay in ay la kulmaan shaqsiyaad la sheegay in ay qaateen daweynta noocan ah. Tusaale ahaan, inta lagu gudajiro dhageysiyada ku saabsan mamnuuca daaweynta daaweynta magdhowga ee maxkamadda Mareykanka ee 2013, caddeynta Briil Goldani (nin maray baaritaan caafimaad iyo sharci oo loogu beddeley naag). Marka loo eego marag-kacyadan, markii uu jiray 13 sano (1997 sano), waalidkiis waxay si xoog ah ugu direen "xero edbinta khaniisiinta masiixiyiinta ah" ee loo yaqaan "Dariiqa Saxda ah" ee Ohio, halkaas oo carruurta lagu qasbay inay xaadiraan adeegyada kiniisadda nacaybka badan iyo niyadda sawirrada khaniisiinta ah. , waxaa lasiiyay isu diyaarinta hiddo-wacyigelinta xididdada iyo koronto-hayeyaasha leh hadda waxaa lagu dabaqay gacmahooda muddo laba saacadood ah. Waxay u egtahay runtii mid naxdin iyo naxdin leh: "Xero gay gay Christian."

Si kastaba ha noqotee, baaritaan buuxa, ma jirin wax caddeyn ah oo lagu taageerayo eedeymaha loo haysto Goldani, midkoodna carruurta kale ee la sheegay in lagu daweynayo xerada lama soo bandhigin, jeegga xeer ilaaliyaha ma uusan xaqiijin jiritaanka kaam noocaas ah. Meesha kaliya ee ay ku yaalliin "xero dib-u-habeyn jinsiyeed" oo loo yaqaan "Tilmaamaha runta ah" waxay ahayd ... filim Hollywood ah oo 1999-kii ah, oo uu agaasime ka yahay haweeney u dhalatay lesbian, oo ay ku jilayaan ganacsade caan ah oo loo yaqaan 'transproite transpute' RuPaul (Doyle 2013; Sprigg 2014) Caadi ahaan, wax dacwad ah lagama soo oogin been abuurka Goldany.

Tusaale kale oo aad u lamid ah ayaa laxiriira khaniisnimada Samuel Brinton, oo waalidkiis ku eedeeyay "inuu garaacayo khaniisnimada" markii uu ahaa cunug, oo sidoo kale u diray xero la mid ah "asluub", halkaas oo "lagu muday irbado dhuuban dhuunta hoostiisa" waxay u gudbiyeen qalabka korantada, baraf iyo kuleyl diiriya xubnaha taranka iyadoo la daawanayo sawirrada khaniisiinta. ” Bixinta (bixinta) wareysiyada wareysiyada, Brinton wuxuu sii kordhayay iftiinka dabka, iyo faahfaahinta jirdilka bini-aadamka ayaa noqotay mid aad iyo aad u xun. Si kastaba ha noqotee, hubinta ereyadiisa, xitaa kuwa ka socda dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha kale ee "LGBT +", ma soo bandhigin wax kasta oo xaqiijin kara wuxuu yidhi - taa bedelkeeda, waxyaabo badan oo is burinaya iyo xaqiiqooyin been ah ayaa la helay (Sprigg 2014).

Beenta been abuurka ah waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu cabsi geliyo oo lagu kadeedo khaniisiinta kuwaas oo bilaabaya inay raadiyaan qaabab looga takhaluso soo jiidashada jinsi isku mid ah, taas oo ka hortagaysa inay ku noolaadaan nolol buuxda (waana jiraan kuwa badan). Beentaani waa mid geeri ah: inta badan dhammaan khaniisiintii hore waxay soo tebiyaan in fikradooda isdilka ahi aysan ka imaan cadaawadda deegaanka, laakiin ay ka timid naftooda necbashada iyo dareenkooda rajo la’aanmaxaa yeelay waxay ku qanciyeen inaysan haysan dariiq ay wax ku beddelaan.

Xaqiiqada dadka kicisay waxay awood u leeyihiin inay si joogto ah ula jebiyaan khaniisnimada isla markaana noqdaan kuwa isku galmooda ah waxay wiiqaysaa aasaaska u ah hadallada khaniisiinta, kaas oo sheeganaya in khaniisnimadu ay tahay mid aan lagaranaynin isla markaana aan baddeleynin, sida isirka, sidaa darteedna dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha LGBT ma quudhsanayaan xitaa sheekooyinka ugu caqliga badan.

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Ogeysiis

1 Ingiriis: "dadaallada isbeddelka hanuuninta galmada" - "dadaallada lagu beddelayo jihada galmada"

2 Urur hore oo cilmi baaris iyo dawayn loogu sameeyay khaniisnimada (NARTH)

3 tusaale ahaan, dalbo shuruudaha ugu adag ee wax ku oolnimada, iska ilow kiisaska kiliinikada shaqsiyadeed ee daaweynta waxtarka leh, laakiin tixgeli kiisaska la midka ah ee natiijooyinka xun, iwm.

4 https://www.josephnicolosi.com/published-papers/

Xnumx Elena Lorenzo Rego

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Macluumaad Dheeraad ah

Macluumaad dheeri ah iyo faahfaahin ayaa laga heli karaa ilaha soo socda:

1. https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#WitnessesPhelan JE, et al. Maxay muujineysaa cilmi baarista: Jawaabta NARTH ee sheegashada APA ee khaniisnimada Warbixinta guddiga latalinta sayniska ee tIsbahaysiga Qaranka ee Cilmi-baarista iyo Daaweynta Qaniisnimada. Journal of Jinsi Aadanaha. 2009b; Mugga 1.
2. Byrd AD, Phelan JE Xaqiiqada iyo khuraafaadka ku saabsan farsamooyinka kala-fogeynta ee Hore ee Daaweynta Soo-jiidashada Galmo aan La rabin. Isbahaysiga xulashada daweynta iyo is-dhexgalka cilmiga ah, 2005.
3. Goobta daweeyeyaasha heteroaffirmative-ka: https://iftcc.org/
4. Goobta dadka soo jiidashada u leh jinsiga isku jinsiga ah, kuwaas oo u suurtagashay in ay isbeddello gaadhaan: https://changedmovement.com/
5. Caddeynta Isbedelka: https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#Witnesses

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