Nemo Mabuɗi

(1) Amfani da jijiyoyin ciki azaman ƙwayar cuta yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kiwon lafiya na yanayin kamuwa da cuta.

(2) A cikin mutanen da ke jagorantar salon rayuwar ɗan luwaɗi, maza da mata, akwai haɗarin haɓaka da yawa na cututtuka daban-daban, duka masu cuta ne (HIV, syphilis, ciwon ciki, da dai sauransu), da tiyata da tabin hankali.

Gabatarwar

Bayani na gaba na masu gwagwarmayar LGBT + - motsi wata sanarwa ce cewa yin jima'i da jima'i irin wannan dabi'a ce ta halayyar mutum kuma, sakamakon hakan, ba shi da wani tasiri kan lafiya. Halayen halittar mutum da na ilimin mutum a jikin mutum da sakamakon bincike ya saba da taken. Halin ɗan kishili yana da alaƙa da haɓakar haɗarin cututtukan cututtuka daban-daban, waɗanda masu gwagwarmayar LGBT + suka yi shuru game da shi.

Lokacin da muke la'akari da wannan batun, zamu bincika waɗannan fannoni: (1) cin zarafin da aka danganta da jima'i da luwadi; (2) matsalar rashin luwaɗi.

Manyan janar na kiwon lafiya

A cewar Ruth da Santacruz (2017), mahimmancin bincike na kimiyya ya nuna cewa, idan aka kwatanta da kwayoyin, mutane waɗanda ke yin luwadi da rayuwar luwadi sun sami mahimmancin rashin daidaituwa ga lafiyar jiki da ta kwakwalwa. Latterarshe suna samun ƙarin matsalolin kiwon lafiya a rayuwa gabaɗaya, ciki har da kamuwa da cuta, gami da kwayar cutar HIV a cikin maza, asma, da ciwon suga a cikin mata (Corliss et al. Xnumx) da sauran cututtukan na kullum, haɓakar haɗarin cututtukan zuciya da ciwon daji, mafi girman yiwuwar samun nakasasshe da samari. Yara na cikin haɗari mafi girma na hayaki da tashin hankali. Akwai mafi ƙarancin mace-mace, musamman, ƙara haɗarin mace-mace ga mata, maza da maza na bisexual, yunƙurin kashe kansa, da kuma yanayin psychosocial, da yawa waɗanda a fili suke cikin halin ƙwaƙwalwa a cikin yanayi, kamar ƙara yawan damuwa, tashin hankali, raunin tunani, rashin damuwa da rikice-rikice masu dangantaka da haɓaka amfani da abubuwa masu motsa jiki, kadaici a cikin tsufa (Ruth et Santacruz 2017; Lick et al. Xnumx; Yarns et al. Xnumx) Duk da gaskiyar cewa ayyukan jima'i na tilastawa wanda ke haifar da damuwa na mutum ko rashin lafiyar psychosocial ba a jera su ba azaman cuta mai zaman kanta a cikin fitowar sabon rukuni na authoungiyar chiwararrun Masana Ilimin Haƙƙin Americanan Adam ta Amurka (“DSM-5”), wasu marasa lafiya da likitocin suna ɗaukar su a matsayin iri-iri. buri, kamar jaraba ga caca (Yarns et al. Xnumx).

Hadarin da ke tattare da yin luwadi

Maza masu kishi

Dangane da bincike mai mahimmanci, ma'amala tsakanin ɗan adam yana haɗuwa da haɗarin kiwon lafiya. Yin jima'i tsakanin maza yana yin jima'i da jima'i¹; a cikin ilimin kimiyya da kuma wallafe-wallafen shari'a, ana iya kiranta ana kiranta da jima'i (sodomy)Fischel xnumx, p. 2030; Zhakupova 2015, p. A543; Weinmeyer xnumx, p. 916; Dokar Hukunce-hukuncen Isra’ila, art. 347c) A mafi yawan halayen, ana amfani da fitsarar kansa ta hanyar jima'i tsakanin maza - dubura da dubura ana amfani da su ta hanyoyi da yawa. Dangane da sakamakon binciken Turai na maza da suka yi jima'i da maza, an yi aikin sadarwar farji a cikin 95% na duk abokan hulɗa, (EMIS 2010, p. 113). Wani binciken yayi nazari kan al'adar saduwa da maza masu luwadi da ba masu kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ba, waɗanda abokan aikinta sune jigilar kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV - an yi hulɗa da fitsari a cikin 99,7% na duk sadarwar jima'i (Rodger 2016, p. 177).

Bugu da kari, al'adar jima'i mara kariya ta kariya tsakanin mazajen da ke da luwadi, a cewar wasu kafofin, 41% (Valleroy 2000), 43% (Grov 2014), 56% (Nelson xnumx), 58% (EMIS 2010, p. 116). Amfani da kwaroron roba a cikin sadarwar jima'i tsakanin maza yana ta raguwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan (Hess 2017, p. 2814; Unemo 2017).

Hadarin da ke tattare da tsinkayewar tunani

Kusar ciki - sashi na karshe na jijiyar jikin mutum - an tsara shi ne don tarawa da fitar da jijiyoyi da najasa mai laushi. Tsarin narkewar ɗan adam yana da alaƙa da kasancewar ƙwayoyin symbiotic microorganisms a cikin ƙwayar hanji wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rushewar abubuwa daban-daban daga abinci (Quigley 2013) Wadannan microbes din cikin lafiyayyen mutum basu taba shiga gabar jini ba saboda kasancewar wani shingen ilimin halittar jiki wanda ya kunshi fatar mucous da bangon hanji (Faderl xnumx) Shiga ciki da kwayoyin cututtukan jini suke haifar da cututtuka daban-daban, gami da sepsis (Takiishi 2017; Kelly 2015).

Tsarin halittar jikin mutum da aikin jijiyoyin jiki ba su bayar da amfanin amfani da shi wajen saduwa da jima'i: fassarar tsararren ƙwayar cuta kamar yadda ta dace da ɗabi'ar farji ya saɓa wa tsarin halittar jikin mutum da na halitta. Ko da amfani da kwaroron roba, saduwa da ƙwayar cuta tana ɗaukar haɗari, galibi ga mai karɓa. Lokacin da aka bayyana ga dubura yayin aikin jima'i da aka ambata, kyallen masu taushi suna rauni. Wadannan kyallen takarda suna aiki don tara yawan jijiyoyin jiki yayin shirya su don fitowar sha'awa saboda jinkirin rikicewar hanjin ciki. Kwatanta dubura da farjin ba shi da mahimmanci: kyallen dubura dubura ba ta da karfi kamar ta da tsokar farjin, sashin jiki da aka tsara don aikin haihuwa. Kari ga haka, yanayin farjin kansa yana da tsafta fiye da yanayin dubura. Farji yana da mayukan halitta na musamman kuma cibiyar sadarwar tsokoki tana tallafa masa. An rufe gefen ciki daga cikin ƙwayar mucous membrane, wanda ya ƙunshi yadudduka da yawa na sel na ciki, wanda zai ba ku damar canja wurin goge baki ba tare da lalacewa ba kuma ku iya magance tasirin rigakafi. An rufe gefen ciki na dubura tare da membrane na bakin ciki wanda ya kunshi sel guda na sel na sel. Abubuwan kasusuwa na dubura ko yaushe sunada yawa ko marasa karfi yayin aiwatar da aikin jima'i na tsuliya. Ko da babu rauni bayyananne, microcracks da microcracks na mucosa suna ba da gudummawa ga shigar azzakari cikin farji, garkuwar maniyyi da ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin jini.

Masana kwararru sun lura cewa mazaje na ɗan luwadi suna da halayen sifar na hanji da dubura, saboda rashin amfani da kwayoyin halittar waɗannan gabobin (Kazal 1976) Hadaddun wadannan cututtukan ma an kira shi da cutar kwayar mahaifa.²; An jera shi a rage tsari na mita: conical condylomatosis, basur, proctitis, farji na farji da fistulas, ƙwanƙwasa ƙwayar cuta, amoebiasis, polyps, hepatitis na farji, ciwan ciki, amai, raunin hanji, jikin baƙi a cikin dubura, shigellosis, cututtukan ciki. dubura da kuma lymphogranulomatosis (Owen xnumx; Kazal 1976) Wasu marubutan sunyi Allah wadai da kalmar "bak'in hancin kwayar cuta ta hanji" bisa la'akari da cewa wasu daga cikin waɗannan rikice-rikice ana samun su a cikin hanji na mata, amma mafi yawan masu haƙuri da wannan ciwo sune mazajen da ke yin tsattsauran ra'ayi tare da wasu maza (Glenn 1994; Markell 1983).

Baya ga ganuwar dubura, farjin lafiyan, tsoka na shekara, shima yana wahala sakamakon rashi wanda, a wajen aikin lalacewa, ana rike jijiyoyin a cikin dubura. Sphincter na firikwensin yana da wasu matakan sauti da kuma iyawa, zai iya shimfiɗa a ɗan lokaci kaɗan don cire jijiyoyin mai laushi. Tare da maimaita raunin da ya faru, gogayya da tashin hankali, sphincter ya rasa sautinsa da ikon kula da ƙulli mai rufewa.

Dangane da abubuwan da muka gabata, munyi la’akari da matsaloli masu zuwa ta hanyar saduwa da ƙwayar cuta: (A) shigarwar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta daga rami na hanji zuwa cikin jini sakamakon tashin hankali; (B) rashin daidaituwa na rashin girma saboda shimfiɗa murfin danshi, da rauni zuwa bangon hanji; (B) rikicewar lalacewa ta hanyar amsawar rigakafi ga maniyyi.

A. Hadarin kamuwa da cuta

Cutar kanjamau tsakanin maza masu gay

Tare da saduwa da kwayar cuta ta mahaifa, hadarin watsa kwayar cutar kwayar halittar dan adam (HIV / AIDS) yana da matukar karuwa, wanda kuma yake da isasshen kaurin mucosa mai sauki (anal dinta)Baggaley 2010; Belec 1995; Levy 1993) Lokacin da aka fara gano kwayar cutar kanjamau a Amurka, a cikin 1981, an fara kiranta da sunan kishili, “Rashin kulawar garkuwa da kwayoyi (GRID)”³tunda 'yan luwadi sun lissafa sama da 90% na duk sabbin cututtukan da suka kamu da cutar (Altman 1982) Dangane da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka (NCHP) don shekara ta 2015, maza da suka yi jima'i da maza suna yin lissafin 67% na duk sabbin ƙwayoyin cutar HIV a Amurka da 82% na duk sabbin ƙwayoyin cutar HIV a cikin yara maza da maza sama da shekaru 13 (CDC 2015) Mitar cutar kanjamau a tsakanin wannan rukunin mutane shine 50 sau da yawa a cikin wasu rukuni (Bagby 2009). Hadarin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau tare da saduwa ta hanyar jima'i da ba ta kariya daga kariya ita ce lokutan 17,25 sama da ta hanyar jima'i mara kariya.Patel 2014).

A cikin 2007, NCHP ta buga rahoto wanda ya ba da ƙididdiga game da mace-mace da abubuwan haɗari don mace-mace (CDC 2007) A cikin adadin adadin mutuwar daga cutar kanjamau, an kirkiri abubuwan haɗarin da suka haifar da cutar kanjamau (alal misali, zubar da jini, luwadi, shan kwayoyi, da sauransu). Dangane da rahoton na 2007, saduwa da ɗan luwaɗi ita ce kawai hanyar da za a kamu da kwayar cutar kanjamau a cikin 59,2% na duk cututtukan kanjamau (CDC 2007, p. 19), kuma a cikin 2015 adadi ya kai 66,8% (CDC 2015, p. 18). Bayanan da aka gabatar a taron NCHP na kasa a 2010 sun nuna cewa yawan sabbin cututtukan ƙwayar cutar HIV tsakanin maza masu luwadi sun fi 44 lokutan girma fiye da na sauran maza (CDC 2010; Latsa CDC Saki xnumx) Dangane da rahoton NCHP na shekara ta 2010, maza masu luwaɗi sun lissafin 63% na duk sabbin maganganun kamuwa da cutar HIV da aka rubuta (CDC 2012) da 67% - na duk sabbin maganganu na kwayar cutar HIV a cikin shekara ta 2015 (Nelson xnumx) A Ostiraliya, mazan gay sun yi lissafin 80% na sabbin kwayoyin cutar HIV a cikin shekarar 2017 (Cibiyar Kirby 2017).

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa, bisa ga NCHPZ guda ɗaya na 2010-2016, yawan kamuwa da cuta tsakanin heterosexuals yana raguwa a kowace shekara (a cikin 2015, kusan 3 000 a kowace shekara), yayin da tsakanin 'yan luwadi ya kasance ba a canzawa - game da 26 000 a shekara (CDC 2016) Ganin cewa a cikin Amurka masu luwadi suna da kashi 2.3% kacal na yawan (Ward et al. Xnumx), Kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV a tsakanin su yana faruwa kusan sau 375 sau da yawa fiye da tsakanin heterosexuals. A halin yanzu, kawai 9% na kamuwa da cuta a cikin Amurka suna faruwa ta hanyar abokan hulɗar maza, yayin da luwadi, duk da ƙananan lambobinsu, suna da alhakin 67% na duk cututtukan HIV, kuma don 83% a tsakanin maza.

Ana yin irin wannan hoto a wasu ƙasashe.

Haka kuma, saboda yawan hadarin da ya kamu da cutar kanjamau tsakanin 'yan luwadi, an hana su bayar da gudummawar gabobin jiki da jini, har ma a cikin kasashen da aka hada dan luwadi cikin rayuwar jama'a (misali Amurka, Jamus ko Netherlands) (FDA 2017).

Hakanan, cutar kanjamau da cututtukan cututtukan da ke da nasaba suna daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwan fata da ake kira Kaposi's sarcoma: a Amurka, Kaposi's sarcoma da ke tattare da cutar kanjamau ana lura dashi musamman tsakanin mazajen da ke yin jima'i da maza (Kumar 2016; PDQ 2015).

HIV / AIDs ba shine kawai cutar jima'i ba (STD) wanda ya zama ruwan dare ga maza. Dangane da rahotanni daban-daban, maza masu luwadi suna da haɗarin haɗari na waɗannan STDs: syphilis (Biranen 2017), ciwan ciki (Fairley 2017b), chlamydia da venereal lymphogranulomatosis (Saxon xnumx; Annan 2009) hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya farjiCDC 2015; Lim xnumx), cryptosporidiosis (Hellard xnumx), Cutar Epstein-Barr (Hsu xnumx; Van Baarle 2000; Naher 1995), shigellosis (Danila xnumx; Thorpe a ciki Holmes xnumx, p. 549), salmonellosis da typhoid (Mai siyarwa 2003; Baker xnumx), papillomavirus (Patel 2017) Da ke ƙasa zamu lura da cikakken bayani wasu daga cikin jerin STDs.

Syphilis

Wasu marubutan suna kira cutar sikila wani sabon abu (bayan kwayar cutar HIV) a tsakanin masu luwadi (Spornraft-Ragaller 2014) Misali, a cewar King County na jihar Washington a Amurka na shekara ta 1999, 85% na maganganun cutar kwayar cutar an ruwaito su a tsakanin maza masu gay (CDC 1999) A matakin ƙasa a Amurka, abin da ya faru na farkon da sakandare a tsakanin maza na gay sun fi 46 fiye da na maza (CDC 2010) An sami ƙaruwa a cikin sababbin maganganu na cutar sihiri a tsakanin maza na gay a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata (Mayer 2017; Abara xnumx, p. 9).

Cutar baki

Akwai karuwa a cikin abin da ya faru na gonorrhea tsakanin maza kishili (Fairley 2017b) Lalacewar cututtukan ƙwayar cuta tsakanin mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza ya ninka har sau goma fiye da abin da ke faruwa na jabun a cikin jima'i na mace, har ma a ƙasashen da ke da tsarin kiwon lafiya na ci gaba (Fairley 2017a) A cikin maza masu luwadi, kamuwa da cuta da jijiyoyin jiki suna shafar cutar kansa da jijiyoyin hanji, kuma kamuwa da cuta ya ci gaba tare da alamu bayyanannu, ko kuma gaba ɗaya asymptomatally (Barbee 2014).

B. Hadarin lalacewa ga lafirin farji

Dangane da babban binciken Amurkawa, yin jima'i na jima'i yayin jima'i yana haifar da raguwar ƙwayar farji da rashin daidaituwa - Undepresis (Markland xnumx).

Binciken ya hada da bayanai daga mutane 4 da ke tsakanin shekaru 170-20 (mata 69 da maza 2) ... Bayan daidaitawa iri-iri don wasu abubuwan da ke tattare da rashin saurin fitsari, saduwa da al'aura ta kasance babban mai hango hangen nesa na rashin jin daɗin cikin maza (yawan yaduwa: 070 , 2, tare da tazarar amincewa na 100%: 2,8-95) da mata (yawanci: 1,6, tare da tazarar amincewa na 5,0%: 1,5-95) ... Kammalawa: sakamakon da aka samo yana tallafawa bayanin cewa saduwa da al'aura wani al'amari ne da ke haifar da rashin saurin matsala ga manya, musamman ga maza (Markland xnumx).

Rashin daidaituwa a jiki na nufin zubar da ciki na abubuwan ciki (feces, ruwa, gas) da kuma rashin iya jinkirta lalata lokacin har zuwa bayan bayan gidaPaquette xnumx) Rashin daidaituwa a cikin jiki yana ɗaukar haɗarin rikitarwa na sakandare, zai iya haifar da nakasa da mummunan matsalolin sirri na marasa lafiya, kuma magani shine aiki mai wahala (Saldana Ruiz 2017) Sakamakon jima'i na farji, "ta hanyar yarda da juna ya yi tsayayya da juna", na iya zama mummunan raunin hanji da ke bukatar saurin tiyata (Altomare 2017, p. 372). Saduwa da al'aura a cikin halaye da yawa yana haifar da ciwo mai zafi (Rosser 1998; Damon 2005; Hollows xnumx; Hirshfield xnumx)

B. Hadarin da ke tattare da Amsar Jigilar maniyyi

Magungunan Antisperm (ASA) - kwayoyin da ke jikin mutum ya samar da maganin kwaro na maniyyi (Krause 2017, p. 109). Samuwar ASA na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan raguwar haihuwa ko rashin haihuwa na haihuwa: ASA yana shafar aikin maniyyi, lalata hanyoyin hadi (canza yanayin tasirin acrosomal), fashewa da haɓakar tayin (2013) Nazarin kan nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin ASA da taɓar ciki tayi (Krause 2017, p. 164) Cui et al. Bayan gudanar da nazarin-meta game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin ASA da rasawar maza, ta rufe lamuran 1167 na rashin haihuwa, mun gano cewa a cikin maganganun 238 (20,4%) a cikin maza marasa haihuwa, ASA (Cui xnumx), da kuma Restrepo da Cardona-Maya suna nunawa a cikin bitarsu cewa ASA ita ce sanadin rasa haihuwa a cikin 10 - 30% ma'aurata marasa haihuwa (2013) A cewar Fijak et al, wannan nuna alama na iya zama mafi girma, tunda a cikin 31% na abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin haihuwa suna zama ba a bayyana ba, kuma ASA na iya taka rawa a cikin waɗannan shari'un da ba a bayyana ba (Fijak xnumx, 2018) Ana bincika maganin hana haihuwa na ASA yayin haɓaka abin da ake kira maganin rigakafin cutar rigakafi ga mutane (Krause 2017, p. 251), kazalika don rage da sarrafa yawan namun daji (Krause 2017, p. 268).

Yawancin marubuta sun nuna cewa maniyyi a cikin dubura yayin saduwa da kwayar cuta shine sanadin samuwar ASA a cikin mata da maza (Rao 2014Tom. 1, p. 311; Lu 2008; Bronson xnumx) Wolff et al. Samu cewa yawan gano asirin ASA a cikin maza maza masu luwaɗan ya kai 28,6% (Wolff xnumx) Nazarin da Witkin da abokan aikinsa suka gudanar ya nuna dangantaka tsakanin kasancewar ƙwayoyin cuta na maniyyi da ke yaɗar da jijiyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin jini na plasma a cikin maza masu luwadi idan aka kwatanta da masu magana da juna.Witkin 1983a) A cikin binciken da Mulhall da abokan aiki suka yi, yawan gano hanyar ASA a cikin maza waɗanda ke da kariyar saduwa ta hanyar karɓar-jinsi a cikin watannin 6 na ƙarshe sun kasance 17%, kuma 0% a cikin maza waɗanda ba su yin irin waɗannan lambobin sadarwa ba (Mulhall 1990) Koyaya, binciken da Sands et al bai yi ba ya nuna alaƙa tsakanin abokan luwadi da ASA ana bin su cikin maza (Sands xnumx) Koyaya, manyan masana a fagen rashin haihuwa na rashin imani sun yarda cewa, duk da karancin karatun da ake amfani dasu don yanke hukunci, amma da alama samuwar ASA a cikin maza masu karban maza cikin sadarwar masu lalata ta mace suna da girma sosai (Krause 2017, p. 142).

Hakanan ASA na iya zama a cikin jikin mutum yayin da aka keta shingen jini-testicular (ana tuntuɓar jini da ƙwayoyin semigenic) saboda cututtukan da ke ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i (duba sama: gonorrhea, da dai sauransu) - kirkirar ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayar cuta zuwa cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na jikinsu na maniyyi (Jiang xnumx; 2013; Francavilla xnumx, p. 2899).

Abin sha'awa, maniyyi mai alaƙa da ASA na iya haifar da samuwar ASA a cikin mata (Krause 2017, p. 166). Wannan gaskiyar tana da amfani na musamman na kimiyya da sha'awar asibiti, la'akari da bayanan cewa daga 45,6% zuwa 73% na maza maza sun yi jima'i da mata (Tao xnumx; Larmarange xnumx) Mazaje da marubuta sun ambaci irin wannan bayanan a bincikensu na al'adar maza a cikin mata kishili: a gare su, da alama yiwuwar saduwa da mace ɗan luwadi ya fi ta yawan maza.Fethers xnumx, shafuka 347 - 348).

Dangane da sakamakon dogon lokaci na ASA a cikin matsalar rashin haihuwa, Kirilenko et al rubuta:

"... A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya zama a bayyane cewa rashin ingancin maniyyi shine yake haifar da rashin samun ciki kawai, amma kuma ya lalata ci gaban mahaifa, rashin lafiyar haihuwa, har ma da kansar yara. Daga cikin yawancin dalilan da aka ba da shawara na rashin aiki maniyyi, lalacewar DNA na nukiliya shine mafi yawan nazari kuma ana karɓa da gaske azaman mahimmin abu wanda ke shafar ingancin amfrayo, haɓakar sa da kuma dasa shi. Binciken Meta-kan rawar da ke tattare da rarrabuwar halittar DNA ya nuna cewa hadarin zubar da ciki da rikicewar ci gaban mahaifa ya ninka har sau hudu tare da karuwar maniyyi na DNA (dabi'ar 15-30%, gwargwadon hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su), har bayan hanyoyin samar da inzor da injection intanettoplasmic maniyyi. Babban abin da ke haifar da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta irin wannan lalacewar ana daukar shi a matsayin overproduction na nau'in oxygen mai sa maye - ozone, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, wanda ke haifar da spermatozoa OS. Babban abin da ya fi haifar da damuwa na iskar shaye shaye a cikin tsarin haihuwar maza shi ne kamuwa da cuta da cututtukan kumburi da kuma ASA a cikin maza na urogenital fili ... ”(Kirilenko 2017).

Tabbas, binciken da ke kimanta alakar maza tare da maza a matsayin hadarin dake tattare da rashin haihuwa na mace zai fayyace wannan batun.

Baya ga matsalolin haifuwa, kulawar maniyyi na iya zama sanadin wasu rikice-rikice. Witkin et al.: Kwayar mako-mako na kwatancen zomo na maza tare da maniyyi na makonni 15 ya haifar da bayyanar ƙwayoyin rigakafi zuwa GM1 gangliosides. An samo nau'ikan rigakafi iri guda a cikin marasa lafiya na AIDS na kishili (Witkin 1983b), duk da haka, a wannan yanayin, ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don kowane yanke shawarwari mara ma'ana.

Osean luwaɗi suna da sinadarin thrombocytopenic purpura, gami da siffofi masu tsauri (Bender xnumx; Goldsweig 1986; Morris xnumx) Morris da abokan aiki sun ba da shawarar cewa mahaukacin jinin haila ya kasance ne sakamakon raunin da ke tattare da maniyyi na maniyyi (Morris xnumx).

Hadarin da ke tattare da wasu nau'ikan fasikancin tunani

Anal da buguwa ciki ko bugun hannu⁴ - al'adar saduwa da jima'i tare da gabatar da hannun a cikin duburaren hancin (Holland xnumx, p. 34). Dangane da binciken Turai na duniya, tsakanin 'yan luwadi da suka yi jima'i da abokan da ba su da kullun a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, 17,1% sun yi amfani da shigar azkar-manual a cikin aiki mai aiki, kuma 10,5% a cikin karɓar karɓar (EMIS 2010, p. 116). Dangane da binciken da aka yi a tsakanin maza masu gay, 7% na masu amsawa a Los Angeles, Amurka suna aikata fisting (NTS 1998) da 8% na masu amsawa a Sydney, Australia (Mawadaci xnumx).

Kwayar cutar mutum-mai aiki (duka da karfi ko kuma ta yarda) yana haifar da wasu manyan illolin jikin mutum da lalacewar yanayin narkewar abinci (Capeletti 2016) A cikin wani binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza, 14% sun yi fisting. Haka kuma, an gano hanyar haɗi tsakanin dunƙulen hannu da kwayar cutar HIV da STDs (Rice xnumx) Binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin mazan da ke kamuwa da kwayar cutar ta HIV ya kuma nuna cewa fantsama na daya daga cikin hadarin dake tattare da kamuwa da cutar HIV (Callander 2016).

Anal-baki lamba ko rimming⁵ - Ayyukan jima'i tare da motsa dubura tare da harshe da lebe. Dangane da binciken Turai na duniya, tsakanin 'yan luwadi da suka yi jima'i da abokan da ba na yau da kullun ba a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, 64,6% sun yi hulɗa ta hanyar magana da baki da kuma 76,0% a cikin aikin karɓar karɓar (EMIS 2010, p. 116).

A cikin wani binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin mazan da ke yin jima'i da maza, an yi amfani da rimming ta hanyar 85%, sannan kuma an bayyanar da wata dangantaka tsakanin rimming da STDs (Rice xnumx) A cikin binciken da Keystone da abokan aiki (1980), an gano cututtukan hanji a cikin 67,5% na maza maza da 16% na maza, ciki har da amoebiasis na hanji (27% da 1%, bi da bi) da giardiasis (13% da 3%, bi da bi) (bi da bi)Keystone 1980) Abin ban sha'awa, 17% na heterosexuals a cikin wannan samfurin sunyi aikin rashin lafiya, amma basu da magungunan hanji (Keystone 1980) Irin wannan lura yana nuna cewa cututtukan hanji a tsakanin masu luwadi suna da alaƙa ba kawai tare da aikin lalata eroticism ba, har ma da gaskiyar cewa suna aiki ne a matsayin tafukan ɓarin ciki na hanji, wanda bincike ya tabbatar da fiye da ɗaya binciken da aka sarrafa.Ezeh 2016) Abun hulɗa da baki yana da alaƙa da yawaitar kamuwa da cutar ƙwayar cuta ta mahaifa a cikin mazajen da ke yin jima'i da maza (Chow xnumx, 2016; Templeton xnumx).

Mata masu kishi

Sakamakon kiwon lafiya na ɗan kishili ga mata an bayyana shi kuma an yi nazari har ƙasa da na maza - wannan wani ɓangare ne saboda gaskiyar cewa kwayar cutar HIV tsakanin maza masu luwadi ta jawo hankalin zaki ga likita. Hakanan, wahalar yin nazari game da haɗarin kiwon lafiya a tsakanin mata masu luwadi shine saboda gaskiyar cewa yawancin matan da suka yi jima'i da mata suna yin jima'i da maza, kuma har zuwa 30% suna ci gaba da yin jima'i na namiji ()Marrazzo xnumx; Solarz 1999; O'Hanlan 1996; Skinner 1996; Ferris xnumx; Einhorn xnumx; Johnson 1987) Misali, a cikin wani bincike a wani asibitin STD na Australiya, 7% ne kawai na mata masu luwadi suka ce basu taɓa yin jima'i da mace ba (Fethers xnumx, p. 348). Wannan binciken ya kuma bincika adadin adadin ma'aurata maza na tsawon rayuwarsu: sun sami yawan mata kishili sau biyu kamar na maza.Fethers xnumx, p. 347). Yiwuwar yin jima'i da maza fiye da maza na 50 ya kasance lokacin 4,5 ya fi girma ga mata masu luwadi fiye da na maza, da kuma yiwuwar yin jima'i da wani ɗan luwadi da ke kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV ko kuma mai shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ya fi sau 3 girma (Fethers xnumx, shafuka 347 - 348).

Baya ga STDs, akwai haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan hanji da raunin da ya faru a cikin luwadi tsakanin mata. Dangane da binciken da mata masu luwadi ke da shi a garin Michigan, mace ta liwadi ta hada da: karfafawar bakin-farjin mace a yayin haila - abokin 38,1% na kararraki, motsawar bakin-mafita - 16,9%, azzakarin farji (ta hannu ko abubuwa) tare da zub da jini ko rauni - 2,4%, allura ta fitsari ko feces a cikin bakin ko farjin - 1,7% (Bybee xnumx) A cikin binciken da aka yi a cikin Turin na Italiya, 95,1% na matan da suka yi jima'i da mata sun nuna cewa sun yi jima'i lokacin haila (Raiteri 1994, p. 202), da 46,1% suna amfani da magudi a cikin saduwar jima'i (Raiteri 1994, p. 202). A cikin wani binciken, 7% na mata masu luwadi sun nuna cewa sun kasance suna yin gwajin motsa baki yayin magana cikin makonni biyu da suka gabata (Russel 1995) Dangane da wani binciken, 17% aikatawa-shigar azzakarin ciki - shigar da hannu cikin farjin farji ko farjin farji, 29% - motsawar bakin-mutum da 3% - murfin fiska (Bailey 2003, p. 148). A cikin binciken da Schick da abokan aiki suka yi, ƙwayar farjin farji a cikin watan da ya gabata an yi amfani da 14,5% na matan da suka yi jima'i da mata (Schick xnumx, p. 409).

Dangane da bincike, matan kishili suna da, idan aka kwatanta su da mata masu ƙwazo, ƙaruwar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta ƙwayar cuta (Bailey 2004; McCaffrey 1999; Skinner 1996; Berger 1995; Edwards xnumx), Lokutan 2,5 sama da na matan da suke magana da juna (Evans 2007).

Hadarin da ke tattare da rikicewar tunani

A cikin 2017, rukuni na masu bincike daga Jami'ar Seattle sun buga wani bincike na bayanai daga Binciken Gwajin Lafiya na Kasa (2013 - 2014)Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017). Binciken ya hada da maza da mata 33 masu shekaru 346 zuwa sama, wanda 50% mata ne 'yan luwadi da 1,34% maza' yan luwadi (Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017, p. 1335). Marubutan sun gano cewa 'yan luwadi da aka kwatanta da masu amsa na maza suna da wataƙila su bi salon rayuwa mara kyau, sun sha wahala daga fannoni daban-daban da suka haɗa da rigakafi, cututtukan mahaifa, bugun jini, raunin tunani, da dai sauransu. (Fredriksen-Goldsen 2017).

A cikin bincike-binciken na meta da aka gabatar ga binciken wannan tambaya ko shin akwai wata alaƙa tsakanin luwadi da ta haɗu tsakanin matasa da manya, waɗanda aka buga a mujallar Archives of General Psychiatry, an sami bayanan masu zuwa:

Masu nuna alamun haɗarin kashe kansa suna da alaƙa da jan hankalin ɗan kishili (Herrell 1999, p. 873). Ba shi yiwuwa wata babbar haɗarin kisan kai a cikin maza masu luwadi na iya zama kawai ta hanyar amfani da abubuwan ƙima ko wasu abubuwan ilimin halin dan adam (mahaukata).Herrell 1999, p. 867).

Sakamakon binciken ya tabbatar da shaidar da ke nuna cewa samari da luwadi da madigo suna da haɗarin kamuwa da matsalar rashin hankali, musamman halayyar kashe kansa da sauran rikice-rikice.Fergusson 1999, p. 876).

Dangane da samfurin bazuwar masu amsawa, Gilman da abokan aiki (2001) ƙididdigar cutar cuta a cikin watanni 12 da suka gabata ("tsararrakin watanni na 12") da haɗarin rayuwa ("haɗarin rayuwa") a cikin maza da mata da maza masu luwadi (Gilman xnumx).

Kwatanta manyan alamomin rashin hankalin hauka tsakanin maza da mata masu luwadi (Gilman xnumx).

Psychopathology	Rikice-rikice: masu amsa luwadi / maza	Hadarin rayuwa: :an kishili / Mawaƙan Juna
Rashin damuwa na Post-traumatic	21% / 6%	2,7
Rashin damuwa	40% / 22,4%	1,8
Ciwon mara	34,5% / 12,9%	1,9
Rashin daidaituwa	35,1% / 13,9%	2,0
Add buri ga kwayoyi	19,5% / 7,2%	2,4

Nazarin da Jorm da abokan aiki (2002) suka yi ya samo bayanai iri ɗaya kan mahimmancin da ke tsakanin masu sauraron ɗan luwaɗi na cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa kamar tashin hankali, rashin damuwa, halin kashe kansa da rikice-rikice masu illa (Jorm xnumx).

Karatuttuka daban-daban sun bayyana matakan tsuke bakin ciki na cututtukan mahaukata a tsakanin mutane masu luwadi (Sarki xnumx; Bradford xnumx; Pillard 1988).

Damuwa da Rashin damuwa

Ron Stoll, wani mashahurin mai binciken cutar kanjamau na Amurka na shekaru da yawa, ya ce "akwai manyan matsaloli na psychosocial tsakanin masu luwadi"Stall xnumx). Americanungiyar Amurkan "Medicalungiyar Likitocin 'Yan Luwadi da Madigo" a cikin kayan aikinta ta nuna cewa maza' yan luwaɗi suna iya fuskantar wahala da damuwa (Silenzio 2010), wanda aka tabbatar a yawancin karatu (Cochran xnumx; Sarki xnumx, 2008; Meyer 2003; Jorm xnumx; Gilman xnumx; Sandfort 2001; Fergusson 1999; Hershberger 1995; Berg 2008; Bostwick xnumx) A cikin binciken a cikin Netherlands, tsakanin maza maza masu luwadi, abin da ya faru na ɓacin rai a cikin shekara ya kasance lokutan 2,94 sama da na maza maza, kuma kasancewar tashin hankalin damuwa shine lokacin 2,61 mafi girma (Sandfort 2001) Wasu masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa mazaje masu luwadi suna da kusan rabin abubuwan da ke tattare da cutar tabin hankali - 42 - 49% (Mai gargadi xnumx).

Kashe kansa

Mutanen da ke jinsi biyu tare da sha'awar luwadi suna wakiltar ƙungiyar da ke da haɗarin kisan kai (Voroshilin 2012, p. 40). Binciken da Herrell da abokan aiki (1999) suka gano cewa, yawan liwadi yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da daban-daban waɗanda ke nuna alamun rashin lafiyar mutum: ga maza masu luwadi, haɗarin kashe kansa ya kasance lokacin 4,1 mafi girma, haɗarin kashe kansa ya kasance sau 6,5.Herrell 1999) Bayan daidaitawa na ƙididdiga don tantance sakamakon abubuwan kamar amfani da abu da alamomin damuwa, duk sakamakon kisan kai ya kasance masu ƙididdiga. Karatun da aka gudanar tsakanin matasa wadanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ‘yan luwadi sun bayyana adadin manyan mutanen da suka kashe kansu da kisan gilla a tsakanin su.Mathy xnumx) fiye da tsakanin samari da maza. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an buga sakamakon ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, a yayin da aka tsara fiye da 13 na dubban wallafe-wallafe game da wannan batun, sakamakon abin da aka zaɓa kuma ya yi nazarin ƙungiyar da ta fi dacewa ta hanyar 25 (Sarki xnumx) An gano cewa idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a a cikin mutanen da ke da sha'awar luwadi, akwai karuwar ninki biyu na haɗarin halin kisan kai; hadarin rashin jin daɗi da damuwa, giya da shan kwayoyi sun kasance sau ɗaya da rabi.Sarki xnumx) Musamman, daidaitawar ƙungiyoyin haɗari ta hanyar jinsi ya bayyana cewa, idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin darajar jama'a, tsakanin maza maza masu haɗari, haɗarin kashe kansa ya kasance lokacin 4,28 mafi girma; a tsakanin mata masu luwadi, hadarin dogara da barasa ya kasance lokacin 4 mafi girma, kuma shan kwayoyi ya kasance lokacin 3,5 mafi girma (Sarki xnumx) A cikin babban binciken da aka yi a Amurka, an gano cewa haɗarin halin kisan kai, rashin tausayi da cin mutumcin kansa (lalata kansu) a tsakanin matasa masu sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi sun wuce irin hadarin da ke tsakanin samari na maza, ba tare da la’akari da tseren masu amsa ba (Xangon 2014) Har ila yau, an lura da hatsarorin cututtukan kwakwalwa da halayen kisan kai tsakanin masu luwadi a cikin karatu a Australia (Swannell xnumx; Skerrett 2015), a Ingila (Chakraborty xnumx), a New Zealand (Skegg 2003), a Sweden (Björkenstam 2016) LGBT + masu ba da motsi na motsi wani lokacin suna danganta irin wannan bayanan don nuna bambanci. Koyaya, mun lura cewa an yi wannan binciken a cikin ƙasashe inda mutane masu sha'awar luwadi suka ji daɗin tallafi da kariyar kayan aikin gwamnati.

Magungunan kwayoyi

Dangane da bincike daban-daban, matakin shan kwayoyi a tsakanin masu luwadi ya fi na yawan jama'a yawanci, kwatankwacin kwatancen da aka yiwa maza (Padilla 2010; Halkitis 2009; Cochran xnumx; Sarki xnumx, 2008; Meyer 2003; Jorm xnumx; Gilman xnumx; Sandfort 2001; Stall xnumx; Fergusson 1999; Hershberger 1995), a cewar wasu rahotanni, 2 - 3 sau mafi girma daga tsakanin maza maza (Cochran xnumx; Ryan xnumx; Skinner 1994; Green xnumx). A cewar kungiyar Ba'amurke ta Likitocin 'Yan Luwadi da Madigo,' Yan luwadi sun fi saurin shan kwayoyi (Silenzio 2010) A cewar Grant da abokan aiki, maza masu luwaɗi sun fi fuskantar wahala da tilasta kwaɗar kwayoyi fiye da maza maza (Kyauta xnumx) Ga mata masu luwadi, haɗarin amfani da abu a cikin shekarar ya kasance sau 4,05 sama da na matan da maza suke magana (Sandfort 2001).

Alcoholism

Americanungiyar Baƙin Amurka "Medicalungiyar Likitocin 'Yan Luwadi da Madigo" ta nuna cewa a cikin' yan luwadi akwai ƙaruwar matakin shaye-shaye (Silenzio 2010) Menan kishili maza na da yawan abin da ke aukuwa na giya idan aka kwatanta da masu cutar sihiri (Irwin 2006; Wong xnumx; Stall xnumx) A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, karatuttukan sun nuna matukar matukar girman giya a tsakanin mata masu luwadi idan aka kwatanta da matan maza (Cassidy in McElmurry 1997; Eliason xnumx; Zazzabi 2005; Skinner 1996, 1994; Haas in Dan xnumx; O'Hanlan 1995; Rosser 1993; NGLTF 1993; Cabaj a ciki Lowinson xnumx, Cabaj 1996; Zauren 1993; Finnegan a ciki Engs 1990; Glaus xnumx).

Oncological cututtuka

Akwai shaidu masu ƙarfi cewa yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar daji ta fi girma a tsakanin “LGBT +” (Boehmer da Ronit 2015). Binciken da Zaritsky da Dibble yayi nazari game da samfurin nau'ikan 370 na mata masu luwadi tare da 'yan uwan ​​maza, an gano cewa mata masu luwadi suna da haɗarin haɓakar cutar mahaifa idan aka kwatanta da' yan uwansu mata - marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya faru ne sakamakon gaskiyar rashin haihuwa da kiba. tsakanin mata masu luwadiZaritsky 2010) Cutar katuwar ciki cuta ce ta dubura wanda ke da alaƙa da papillomavirus (Yanke xnumx) a kan asalin kwayar cutar ta HIV (Hleyhel xnumx) Mitar cutar daji ta maza a cikin maza masu yin hulɗa da ƙwayar cuta ta maza ta fi ta mitar ta yawan jama'a (Siegenbeek van Heukelom 2017; Chin-hong xnumx, 2005; Tseng 2003; Willett xnumx) A cikin babban binciken da Daling da abokan aiki suka yi game da haɗarin haɓakar ciwon kansa tsakanin maza, rufe lokacin daga 1978 zuwa 1985, al'adar kowane ma'amala ta luwadi ta ƙara haɗarin ta hanyar 50, kuma al'adar hulɗa ta kai tsaye ta hanyar haɓaka ta 33 (Yin kiran xnumx) Binciken tsari da kuma nazarin meta ta hanyar Machalek et al. Gano cewa yiwuwar cutar kansa tsakanin masu cutar da kwayar cutar ta HIV ita ce shari'oin 45,9 a cikin adadin 100 000, tsakanin mazincen da ba su kamu da cutar ba - 5,1 a cikin adadin 100 000 (Machalek xnumx), a cikin yawan jama'a - daga 1 zuwa 2 akan ƙungiyar 100 000 (Grulich xnumx).

Informationarin Bayani

Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani da cikakkun bayanai a cikin hanyoyin masu zuwa:

1. Masoyanci. Rashin lafiyar Lafiya na Luwaɗanci. Abin da Binciken Ilimin Likita da Ilimin Jiki. MassResistance, 2017
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5. Holland E. Yanayin Neman Jinsi: Yawaitar masu gwagwarmayar luwadi da Hakkin Addini. Mai ba da izini. New York-London-Shanghai. 2004. Babi na 2, 3, 6
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Bayanan kula

1 gabatarwar azzakari na abokin aiki mai aiki a cikin dubura ta abokin tarayya mai karɓa

2 Turanci: "cututtukan hanji na gay"

3 A halin yanzu, a karkashin matsin lamba na ƙungiyoyin jama'a na motsi na LGBT +, irin waɗannan ma'anonin maganganu azaman rashin daidaituwa na 'yan luwadi da cututtukan hanji na ɗan kishili ana ɗauka wariya ce. Babban ƙoƙarin cire kalmar "rashin ɗaukar hoto na 'yan luwadi" daga amfani da masanin ilimin halitta da ɗan gwagwarmaya Bruce Weller, wanda ya kafa Forceungiyar Ta'addanci ta (asa (Chuck 2003, p. 168).

4 daga Turanci Dunkulallen hannu ne dunƙulen hannu

5 daga Turanci "Rim" - rim

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Cibiyar Proctology Laser "ATLANTiK" tayi lura da cutar bakteriya ta hanji (cutar hanji ta hanji):

Harshen Lesbianism: haddasawa da sakamako

Jan Goland game da lura da liwadi (ganawar bidiyo ta musamman)