Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa izvi zvakaburitswa mupepanhau Russian Journal of Dzidzo uye Psychology: Lysov V. Sayenzi uye ngochani: kusarura kwezvematongerwo enyika mune yazvino kudzidza.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

“Kuzivikanwa kwesainzi yechokwadi kwakabiwa neakaipisisa
mapatya hanzvadzi - "fake" sainzi, iyo
Iyo ingori tsika yezano.
Pfungwa idzi dzakatora chivimbo icho
"ndezvechokwadi sainzi rechokwadi."
kubva mubhuku raAustin Rousse Fake Science

Summary

Zvirevo zvakaita sekuti "chikonzero chehungochani chave charatidzwa" kana "kukwezva kweungochani hakugone kuchinjwa" zvinogara zvichiitwa pazviitiko zvesainzi zvakakurumbira uye paInternet, zvakanangwa, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, kune vanhu vasina ruzivo rwesainzi. Muchinyorwa chino, ini ndicharatidza kuti nharaunda yesainzi yemazuva ano inotongwa nevanhu vanogadzira maonero avo ezvematongerwo enyika mumabasa avo esainzi, zvichiita kuti maitirwo esainzi ave akarerekera divi rimwe chete. Aya maonero anofungidzirwa anosanganisira zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvematongerwo enyika, kusanganisira maererano nezvinonzi. "vadiki pabonde", kureva kuti "ungochani ndiyo inojairwa mutsauko wepabonde pakati pevanhu nemhuka", kuti "kukwezvana ngochani kwakazvarwa uye hakugone kuchinjwa", "mukadzi chivakwa chemagariro chisingaganhurirwe kumhando yebhinari", nezvimwe. zvichingoenda zvakadaro. Ini ndicharatidza kuti maonero akadaro anoonekwa seyechokwadi, akagadzikana, uye akasimbiswa mumazuva ano ezvesainzi kuMadokero denderedzwa, kunyangwe pasina humbowo hwesainzi hunomanikidza, nepo mamwe maonero anobva angonzi "pseudoscientific" uye "manyepo," kunyangwe paine humbowo hunomanikidza. shure kwavo. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kutaurwa sechikonzero chekusarura kwakadaro - inhaka inoshamisa yemagariro uye nhoroondo yakakonzera kubuda kwe "sainzi taboos", kurwisana kwakanyanya kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakakonzera hunyengeri, "kutengesa" kwesainzi kunotungamira mukutsvagirwa kwekunzwa. , nezvimwewo. Kana zvichibvira kudzivisa zvachose kusarura mune zvesainzi zvinoramba zvichinetsa. Nekudaro, mumaonero angu, zvinokwanisika kugadzira mamiriro eiyo yakakwana equidistant sainzi maitiro.

Nhanganyaya

Muna Kubvumbi 2017, iro ruzivo ruzivo USA Nhasi rakaburitsa vhidhiyo yakanzi The Psychology yeUkushaya mbereko (USA Nhasi kuburikidza neMSN) Iyi nyaya yakataura nyaya yevaroora vatatu vaisakwanisa kubereka vana kunyange nebonde refu vasina kubata - izvo zvinoreva kuti vakatambura nekushaya mbereko, zvinoenderana nerondedzero yeWorld Health Organisation (Zeger-Hochshild 2009, p. 1522). Mumwe nemumwe wevakaroorana akagadzirisa dambudziko rekusabereka mune imwe nzira - nekuda kweiyo in vitro fetiraiza, kutora uye kushandiswa kwaamai vechikadzi. Vhidhiyo yacho yakagadzirwa zvine mutsindo uye yakagadzirwa nenzira yakasarudzika yesainzi, uye nhoroondo yevaviri vaviri yakarondedzerwa zvakadzama.

Nekudaro, iyo USA Nhasi media media, nenzira yakajairika uye isina chikamu chidiki chekuseka kana kubereka rationality, yakanyora vaviri vaviri pakati pevaviri vakaroora vane matambudziko ekurapa (akaremara kubereka mabasa uye nhengo). Vanyori vevhidhiyo iyi pamumhanzi unonakidza vakanyatsotsanangudza vateereri kuti dambudziko re "kusagona kubereka" kwevaviri vakaroora vekuAmerica vakaroora - Dani naWill Neville-Reyben - ndeyekuti "havana chibereko" (Nherera 2017) Sezvingabvira, USA Nhasi inobvuma kuti kune imwe chikamu chevateereri vayo, kubata kumeso kwakadaro kwechimiro chemuviri wechikadzi neechikadzi kwaive kusati kwazivikanwa. Imwe nzira kana imwe, imwe yenyaya huru dzenhau yaive nharo yekuti inishuwarenzi yekurapa inofanirwa kuvharira zvakaburitswa nevaroorani kuti vape kurapwa kwekusabereka.

Mameseji eichi chimiro, azere nekusabereka, uye haana kujairika muAtlantic media, uye, zvakadaro, ari kuwedzera kuwanikwa mune ruzivo rweRussia uye yakakurumbira sainzi nzvimbo. Chirevo pamusoro pe "chinoratidzwa chibereko chakakonzeresa ungochani" kana "chiuru chimwe chete nehafu chemarudzi ehupombwe" chinoiswa kumitambo inozivikanwa yesainzi kune vechidiki.

Mune chino chinyorwa, ini ndinoratidza kuti munharaunda yemazuvano yesainzi vanhu vanoparura maonero avo akasununguka mumabasa avo esainzi, vachiita sainzi yakanyanya kusarura. Aya maonero akasununguka anosanganisira nhevedzano yemashoko anoparadzira nezvezvinonzi "Zvepwere" ("LGBT"), kureva, kuti "ungochani hunhu hwakajairika hwebonde pakati pevanhu nemhuka", "kukwezva-munhukadzi humwe munhukadzi uye haugone kuchinjwa" etc.

Gare gare mune rugwaro ini ndichataura maonero akadai seBPBT propaganda¹. Panguva imwecheteyo, pane maonero uye maonero anopesana nezviri pamusoro, ndichavaidza LGBT-vanofungidzira. Ini ndicharatidza kuti kutsigira kweLBBT munharaunda yazvino yezvidzidzo inoonekwa seyakare, inoshingirira uye yakanyatsosimbiswa, kunyangwe pasina humbowo hunogutsa hwesainzi, nepo LGBT mirangariro yakanyeperwa uye yakanyorwa se "pseudo-sainzi" uye "manyepo", kunyangwe kana vakatsigirwa chokwadi chinogutsa.

Sayenzi uye Zvematongerwo enyika

Chekutanga chakakosha mamiriro ekunzwisisa iyo sainzi ndeyokuziva kuti ndeyipi nzira yesainzi. Nzira yesainzi inematanho akati wandei: (1) kuisa mubvunzo (chii chinofanira kudzidzwa): kutarisisa chinhu nechinhu, zvinangwa nezvinangwa zvechidzidzo; (2) shanda nemabhuku: iko kudzidza kwezvinhu panhaurwa iyi zvakatoongororwa nevamwe; (3) kukudziridzwa kwepfungwa: kuumbwa kwekufungidzira nezvekuti maitiro ari pasi pekudzidza anoenderera mberi uye chii chinogona kuitika kana chave pachena; (4) kuyedza: kuyedza hypothesis; (5) kuongororwa kwemhedzisiro: kuverenga zvakabuda muedzo uye kuona kuti kwakatungamirwa kwakasimbiswa sei uye, pakupedzisira, (6) mhedziso: kuunza kune imwe mhedzisiro yekuedza uye kuongorora.

Iyi nheyo yekudzidza yakave hwaro hwekutsvagisa kwesainzi kwemazana emakore, uye nzira yaro inonzwisisika, uye yechinangwa yakabvumira vanhu kuwana mhedzisiro inonakidza.

Nekudaro, sekureva kwakaita kwaProfessor Henry Bauer muna 1992, vesainzi uye, kunyanya, iyo yakakurumbira sainzi nzvimbo iri kuramba ichiramba nzira yesainzi kuti vatevedzere nepfungwa dzakasununguka senzira yakasarudzika yeku “dudzira” nesainzi nyika yakatenderedza (Bauer 1992) Nekudaro, nzira huru yesainzi yakaderedzwa kusvika kune inotevera: (1) tsananguro yedambudziko uye, sezvinobvira, kudzivisa zvinyorwa "zvakarambidzwa", semuenzaniso. dzinza uye murume nemukadzi semagariro akasarudzika, "kuita zvepabonde" sekuvaka munharaunda; (2) kutsvaga kwezvakatodzidziswa nevamwe, uye kusarudzwa kwezvibodzwa zvisingapikisane nemafungiro aripo; (3) kukudziridzwa kwepfungwa: fungidziro yekutsanangurwa kwedambudziko risingapikisane nepfungwa dzakasununguka; (4) kuyedza: hypothesis yekuedza; (5) kuongororwa kwemhedzisiro: kufuratira nekudzikisira kukosha kwe "zvisingatarisirwi" mhedzisiro uchiwedzera uye kudzokororazve "zvinotarisirwa" mhedzisiro; uye pakupedzisira; (6) mhedziso: kuziviswa kwemhedzisiro inonakidza “kutsigira” pfungwa dzakasununguka. Muzvinafundo Bauer haasi iye ega ane hanya nekuchinja uku kwesainzi.

Semuenzaniso, mhedziso dzakafanana nezve mamiriro azvino esainzi akaitwa naProfessor Ruth Hubbard (Hubbard naWald 1993), Muzvinafundo Lynn Wordel (Wardle 1997, 852), Dr. Stephen Goldberg (Goldberg 2002), Dr. Alan Sokal naDkt Gene Brichmont (Sokal naBrichmont 1998), American publicist Kirsten Powers (Masimba 2015), naDr Austin Ruse (Simuka 2017).

Purofesa Nicholas Rosenkrantz weGeorgetown Law School uye Purofesa Jonathan Haidt weNew York University vakatotanga Heterodox Academy, chirongwa chepamhepo chakanangana nedambudziko repfungwa dzehumwe uye kuramba kune akasiyana maonero muAmerican masangano edzidzo yepamusoro.Heterodox academy.nd).

Dr. Bret Weinstein akasiya Evergreen State College mushure mekunge aramba kutora chikamu chinonzi "Zuva Rekushaiwa" - apo vamiriri vedzinza nemadzinza kunze kwevaCaucasian vanogamuchirwa kuyunivhesiti - akapwiswa nevadzidzi vakatsamwa uye nevatsigiri.Weinstein xnumx) Gare gare, pamwe chete nemunun'una wake, Dr. Eric Weinstein nemamwe masayendisiti, akatanga nharaunda, achiseka achiti "Intellectual Dark Web" (Bari xnumx) Mutori wenhau Bari Weiss akarondedzera iyi nzanga sezvinotevera: “Kutanga, ava vanhu vakagadzirira kudzivirira zvakasimba murangariro wavo, asi panguva imwe cheteyo gakava rehurumende, pamusoro penhau dzinenge dzose dzakakodzera: rudzidziso, kubvisa pamuviri, kutama, chimiro chendangariro. Chechipiri, munguva iyo mafungiro ane mukurumbira pamusoro penyika nezviitiko zvakatipoteredza zvinowanzoramba chokwadi chaicho, munhu wese akatsunga kuramba vanoparadzira pfungwa dzezvematongerwo enyika. Uye chechitatu, vamwe vakabhadhara mutengo wekuda kutaura dzimwe pfungwa nekudzingwa kubva kuzvikoro zvedzidzo izvo zvave kuwedzera kuvengana nemafungiro asina kujairika - uye kutsvaga vateereri vanogamuchira kune imwe nzvimbo" (Bari xnumx).

Kune avo vasina kumbobvira vafarira dambudziko iri, kutonga kwehunhu hwematomatiki musainzi kungaratidzika sezvisina musoro. Ivo vanogona nemaune kutenda kuti musayenzi yemazuva ano chete izvo zvokwadi izvo zvakasimbiswa zvisingazivikanwe ndezvechokwadi chete, uyezve zvimwe zvese zvakanangana nekufungidzira, fungidziro, dzidziso nemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika. Zvakangodaro, iko kufungidzira kwekufungidzira, fungidziro, dzidziso uye zvemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika "zvaratidza chokwadi" zvinoonekwa mukuwedzera matambudziko akasiyana (Bauer 2012, c. 12), mamwe acho ane kurutsa kukuru kwevanhu. Semuenzaniso, kukwezva ngochani "kusiana kwehunhu hwevanhu," kana kuti kusiri kwepanyama (kusabereka) kutsauka kwehunhu pamwe nekukwezva zvepabonde kuvana, mhuka, kana zvinhu zvisina upenyu? Mune izvi zvinhu, pamwe nevamwewo, nzira yesainzi yave iri mhirizhonga yekuona kwezvematongerwo enyika (Wright uye Cummings 2005, p. XIV).

Chimbofunga zvinotevera: nhasi, mudzidzo, vaongorori vanoti vane izvo zvinonzi Zvitendero zve "Zvinofambira mberi" zvinopfuura izvo zvinoti izvo "zvinodzivirira" zvitendero (Mabhora 2016) Rondedzero inokatyamadza yemabhuku-akaongororwa nevezera anoburitsa nyaya yakafanana inogona kuwanikwa mudhorobha reHeterodox Academy nharaunda yataurwa pamusoro apa (Heterodox Academy nd Peer-Yakaongororwa Tsvagiridzo) Uye LGBT manyepo ekuona ndezvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakosha zvezvino "kufambira mberi" mafungiro ezvekusununguka.

Muhurukuro yepachivande, mumwe wangu wandinoshanda naye, anodzidzira nezvepfungwa uye Ph.D. mune rimwe ramaguta makuru muRussia (akandibvunza kuti ndisataure zita rake nekuti anotya mhedzisiro yekusangana neimwe pfungwa) akandiudza nekuseka nezvenzira yakapusa yesainzi "yemazuva ano" yesainzi, kuti tongai nenyaya dzinoenderana neungochani: chose chinoratidza chero chokwadi chakanakira ngochani chinoratidzwa nemuenzaniso wesainzi chinangwa uye inzira yakanaka yesainzi. Nekudaro, zvese zvinoratidzira kusava nechokwadi nezveungochani zvinonzi "pseudoscience kubva kurudyi-mapapiro ekunyanyisa" (hurukuro yemunhu, Gumiguru 14, 2018). Mune mamwe mazwi, mu "sainzi yemazuva ano" kusahadzika "zvakajairika" zveungochani zvino fanika kukahadzika "kufambira mberi" kwekutamira shure netsika yakakurumbira. Kugadzika ichi chiitiko, chete kupusa kwekutarisa kwemazuva ano kuzivikanwa sainzi hurukuro kwakakwana. Hurumende dzenyika dzakapfuma uye dzakapfuma zvisiri zvehurumende dzinotanga zvimwe zvinotenderwa maererano neungochani, sekunge ichi chisingazive uye chokwadi chiri pachena, chakadai sekuti vakadzi chete ndivo vanogona kubereka vanhu (kunyangwe ndichitya kuti mune izvo zviri kuitika mumunda we "transgenderism" nhasi , uyu muenzaniso uchashoropodzwa kwazvo).

Kutsiva iyo yesainzi neyezvematongerwo enyika yakarurama

Vamwe vanopokana kuti gakava rezvematongerwo enyika uye reruzhinji rinofanirwa kutarisisa huwandu wenyaya nekuda kwenhoroondo inovava yenhoroondo yevanhu. Asi chokwadi chesainzi hachinei nechematongerwo enyika. Pane misiyano iri pachena yezvipenga pakati pemadzinza evanhu (phenotypes) (2005), pane misiyano yakajeka yezvipenyu pakati peve bonde remunhu (Evans naDeFranco 2014) zvichingodaro. Chokwadi, chokwadi chakadai chakashandiswa senge “nharo” dzekupara mhosva dzakaipisisa uye hutsinye munhoroondo yose yevanhu, uye vanhu uye nzanga vanofanirwa kugara vachifunga izvi. Iko hakuna kupokana kwekusaenzana.

Zvisinei, mapeji anosuruvarisa ataurwa pamusoro apa haaponesi kuvapo kwehupenyu hwe phenotypes uye kusiyana kwepabonde muvanhu, nokuti zvinoitika muzvisikwa uye zvakagadzirirwa biologically. Semuenzaniso, murume haakwanise kubereka nekuda kwehunhu hwehupenyu hwemuviri wake (kusavapo kwechibereko, chekutanga, sezvakataurwa neUSA Today). Tinogona kungodzivisa kutaura nezvazvo, kupenya pamusoro peizvi zviri pachena zvinhu zvakasikwa, kana kushandura zvinoreva izwi rekuti "mukadzi" - izvi hazviwedzeri chinhu kune chokwadi chisingazununguki chesainzi. Chokwadi chesainzi chiripo zvisinei nekuturikirwa kwazvinoitwa nevane pfungwa dzedzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika, zvisinei nekuti dzakanyorwa mune chero kuziviswa kana kupatsanurwa kwezvirwere, uye zvisinei nekururama kwezvematongerwo enyika.

Mune kufunga kwangu, kuiswa kwechiratidzo chakaenzana pakati pe "kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika" nesainzi nderimwe rematambudziko makuru enguva yedu, uye chokwadi ichi chinotadzisa hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi. Vamwe vaongorori vane mafungiro akafanana (Hunter 2005) Zvinoenderana neduramazwi reHarperCollins muBritain Chirungu, "kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika" zvinoreva "kuratidza zvinofambira mberi, kunyanya nekuramba kushandisa izwi rinoonekwa serinogumbura, rusarura kana kutsoropodza, kunyanya nezve dzinza uye vakadzi" (Collins Chirungu. nd) Uye sekududzirwa kwaWebster dhaidha rekuti "Humburusa Imba" reAmerican English, "kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika" "... kunoonekwa semutemo, kuzvipira kuita dzidziso inofambira mberi panhau dzedzinza nerevakadzi, tsika dzebonde kana ecology" (Duramazwi / Thesaurus nd).

Vemumabhizimusi vekumusha Belyakov pamwe nevanyori vanyori vakatsanangura "kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika" pasina pfungwa isina kukodzera:

"... Kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika ndechimwe chezvigadzirwa zverudzi rwevanhu vanoteedzera tsika, tsika, kusanzwisisika, kupatsanurana munharaunda uye kuuya kwekuzivikanwa. Democracy mune munharaunda yakadai inoratidzika senge tsika senzanga, zvichireva kwete simba revazhinji, asi kunyanya kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevadiki vese, pasi kune iye wega. Muchokwadi, kunyange nyika yedemokrasi yakanyanya haigoni kudzivirira kodzero dzose dzakaziviswa nahwo uye kuve nechokwadi chekuzadziswa kwezvinangwa zveumwe neumwe wenharaunda. Chifungidziro chemhinduro yedambudziko iri ndiko kushandiswa kwakapararira kwemitauro yekururamisa kwezvematongerwo enyika, uko kunopa zano rekushandisa mazwi iwayo uye mataurire ane chekuita nerudzi uye zera, zera, hutano, hukama hwemagariro, uye kutaridzika kwevamiriri vemamwe mapoka emagariro avanofunga kuti anogumbura uye anosarura. Nekudaro, "inyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika" kudaidza murume mutema kuti "American American", muIndia "wekuAmerica", munhu akaremara "kukunda matambudziko nekuda kwehunhu (mumuviri anopokana), uye murume wakakora" akatenderedza " vakatarisana), varombo - "varombo", munhu anopinda muroti - "muunganidzi wezvinhu zvakarambwa" (varamba vanounganidza), nezvimwewo kudzivirira kusarura kwe "hupombwe", kana "vanhu vane tsika dzisiri dzechinyakare" maitiro ”(zvakare ezvematongerwo enyika dzakarongeka), zvisati zvaitika agaetsya kushandiswa kwavari Somuenzaniso, shoko rokuti "ngochani" uye "ngochani." "Zvepabonde" morphemes, zvinonzi zvichireva kukwirira kwevarume pamusoro pevakadzi, zvakawanikwawo zvinogumbura. Mazwi etymologically ane hukama neiyo midzi "murume" (sachigaro), mukuru (mukuru), muridzi wemoto (fireman), postman (postman) anotsanangurwa kuti arege kubviswa pakushandiswa mukufarira sachigaro, maneja, murwi wemoto, mutakuri wetsamba, . Nechikonzero chimwe chete, izwi rekuti mukadzi kubva zvino rinofanira kunyorwa se “mukadzi” (kana kunyangwe vagari vekuAmerican), uye panzvimbo pemadimikira iye, ake, anofanira kugara achishandisa iye, iye (iye, iye). Kuti udzivise kuratidzwa kweanopropcerrism inokanganisa mhuka nezvirimwa, mazwi anoti mhuka dzinovaraidza (zvipfuyo) uye zvidyarwa mumba (zvirimwa zvemumba) zvinomiririra munhu saiye muridzi zvinokurudzirwa kutsiviwa neshamwari dzemhuka (shamwari dzezvipfuyo) uye shamwari dzeboka ...Belyakov naMatveychev 2009).

Nekudaro, "kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika", kana isu tikabvisa izwi iri kubva mu "zvematongerwo enyika rakarongeka", zvinoreva chimwe chinhu kunze kwerudzi rwekuremekedza.

Dzimwe tsika dzetsika dzekuruboshwe-dzakasununguka dzakasarudzika zvikave tsika dzese kubva kwadzo hakuna munhu ane kodzero yekudzoka, vangave masainzi, vadzidzisi kana vadzidzi. Chero nyanzvi yesainzi inoda kuzadzisa kuzivikanwa uye mari inofanira kushandisa mutauro we "zvematongerwo enyika kurongeka." Nekudaro, "kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika" dzimwe nguva kunonyatsodaidzwa kuti "kusununguka kwehumambo", kuchisimbisa hunyengeri hwevanodzidzisa sevasununguko vachiita sevanyori "Coppedge 2017).

Zviri pachena kuti "kururamisa kwezvematongerwo enyika" kunokanganisa sainzi zvakanyanya, nekuti kunoparadza zvese zvetsika nesainzi tsika. Aya maitiro anogona kuve akajairirwa sekudenga, kuvhurika, kusakendenga, kusahadzika, izvo zvinotorwa kurerutswa mune sainzi sosi nenyaya, pamwe nekutendeka kutendeseka uye kushaiwa kwehunyengeri. Nekudaro, nhasi izvo zvakange zvakatorerwa moyo hazvichiri kutariswa saizvozvo. Pakupedzisira, kupokana kuti chimwe chinhu chisinga fungidziki uye chisina chokwadi chakaratidzirwa panguva apo pane humbowo hunopupikisa kune zvinopesana (izvo zvinozivikanwa kune vanokwanisa uye vasina rusununguko masayendisiti) zvinongova zvisina kuvimbika uye zvisingatendeseki.

Pachiitiko ichi, mutori wenhau Tom Nichols akati:

"... Ndiri kutya kuti tiri kubva kune zvakasarudzika kusagadzikana maererano nezvirevo zvevanyanzvi vakasiyana-siyana mukutsakatika kwemaonero eunyanzvi seizvi: kusvika pakufutirwa neGoogle, zvichibva paWikipedia uye yakadzivirirwa nemablogi nenyanzvi dzehunyanzvi uye vafambi, vadzidzisi uye vadzidzi vanoziva uye vanofarira ... "(Nichols xnumx).

Wikipedia uye Youtube sosi ye "zivo"

Wikipedia ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinonyanya kushanyirwa paInternet, dzinozviratidza se "encyclopedia" uye inogamuchirwa nevazhinji vasiri nyanzvi pamwe nevana vechikoro seyambiro isingabvunze chokwadi. Iyo saiti yakatangwa muna 2001 namuzvinabhizimusi weAlabama anonzi Jimmy Wales. Asati atanga Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales akagadzira chirongwa cheInternet Bomis, icho chaigovanisa zvinonyadzisira zvakabhadharwa, chokwadi icho chaanoshingairira kuedza kubvisa kubva muhupenyu hwake (Hansen xnumx; Schilling xnumx).

Vanhu vazhinji vanofunga kuti Wikipedia yakavimbika, nekuti "chero mushandisi anogona kuwedzera chinyorwa kana kuronga chinyorwa chiripo." Ichi ichokwadi chechokwadi - kutaura zvazviri, chero ruzivo rwunoita zvisingaenderane nehurombo uye rworuboshwe-rwabvu runofungidzirwa dzidziso ruchafungirwa nekuda kwekuvapo kwematanho asina kusimba ekuratidza chinyorwa pasi payo pane chinzvimbo cheicho chinodaidzwa varevereri - vanyori vanomiririra dzimwe dzakasununguka mafambiro, semuenzaniso, murevereri kubva ku "LGBT +" - bato rinogona kugadzirisa kana kuramba zvigadzirwa (Jackson 2009) Nekudaro, kunyangwe paine mutemo wepamutemo weinofungidzirwa kuti kusarerekera, Wikipedia ine rusununguko rwakasimba uye rusarura rwakasarudzika.

Mune chinyorwa mune FrontPageMagazine magazine, David Swingle akaongorora uye akaratidza kuti chirongwa cheWikipedia chinopa pfungwa yevanoona vanogara vachisimbisa uye vanogara vachirongedza, vamwe vacho (kunyanya munzvimbo dzekurwidzana munharaunda) vanoita zvekuratidzira vari kuda kupesvedzera maonero eruzhinji (Swingle xnumx) Semuenzaniso, Swingle yakaverengerwa:

"... Enzanisa [Wikipedia zvinyorwa] nezvaAn Coulter²) uye nezvaMichael Moore (Michael Moore³) Icho chinyorwa pamusoro peCoulter chaive nemazwi e9028 (pa9 yaAugust 2011 yegore). Pamari iyi, mazwi e3220 aive muchikamu chinonzi "Contradictions and Criticism", icho chakarondedzera zviitiko zvakati naCoulter uye akanokora mazwi evatsoropodzi vakamushoropodza, kunyanya pakati pevakasiya uye veanosunungura. Ndokunge, 35,6% yechinyorwa chakapihwa kuna Ann Coulter yakazvipira kuiratidzira muchiedza chakashata, kupokana uye izere nekushoropodzwa.

Kune rimwe divi, chinyorwa pamusoro peMoore chaive nemazwi e2876 (ayo akaenzana akaenzana neavhareji vhoriyamu yezvinyorwa nezvematongerwo enyika paWikipedia), ayo mazwi e130 aive muchikamu "Contradictions". Iyi ndiyo 4,5% yeye yakazara Moore chinyorwa.

Izvi zvinoreva here kuti muverengi "asina kubatwa" anotenda kuti Coulter ane kupokana kanokwana kana kupfuura Moore? ... "(Swingle xnumx).

Mune chinyorwa chake, mutori wenhau Joseph Farah anonyora kuti Wikipedia:

"... haazi chete anoparadzira kusavimbika uye kusarura. Uyu mutengesi anogovanisa wenhema uye kuchera, senge nyika isina kumboziva ... "(Farah 2008).

Uye zvakare, Wikipedia inokurudzirwa zvakanyanya nevekubhadhara veruzhinji uye nevatambi vekuremekedza mukurumbira vanobvisa chero chokwadi chisina kunaka nezvevatengi vavo uye varatidze zvakasarudzika (Grace 2007; Gohring 2007) Kunyangwe kurongeka kwakabhadharwa kwakadaro kusiri kubvumidzwa, Wikipedia inoita zvishoma kutevedzera mitemo yayo, kunyanya kune vakawanda vanopa.

Wikipedia akabatana naye, Larry Sanger, akasiya basa iri, akabvuma kuti Wikipedia haitevedze zvayo yakaziviswa kusarerekera (Arrington 2016).

Muongorori Brian Martin anonyora mune rake basa:

"...Pasinei nekutevedzera zita kugwaro revashandisi, kurongeka kwakarerekera kwakarongeka kunogona kuitika muWikipedia, iyo inogara ichichengetwa. Matekiniki ekugadziridza kwakarerekera kwekupinda kweWikipedia anosanganisira kudzima ruzivo rwakanaka, kuwedzera ruzivo rwakaipa, kushandisa kwakarerekera kusarudzwa kwezvinyorwa, uye kuwedzeredza kukosha kwemisoro chaiyo. Kuchengeta rusaruro mune yekupinda, kunyangwe ichinongedzwa nevamwe vashandisi, nzira dzakakosha dzinosanganisira kusagadzirisa yekupinda, kusarudza kutevedzera mitemo yeWikipedia, uye kuvharira vapepeti...” (Martin 2017).

Zvese zveWikipedia zvinyorwa paLBBT + zvinofanirwa kubvumidzwa neizvo zvinonzi varevereri, uye chero chokwadi chinopesana navo chinobviswa kubva pane izvo zvinoshandiswa. Iyo yekumiririra kutonga ye LGBT + mumiriri inosungirwa yezvinyorwa zvese zveLBBT +, uye ndiye murevereri anosarudza izvo zvichabudiswa uye zvisingazodi. mutongi Wikipedia.

Nekudaro, zvese zvinyorwa zveWikipedia zvine chekuita neLGBT + zvakarerekera, kuzvisarudzira, uye zvinomiririra chete mubatanidzwa weruzivo rwakanyatsogadziriswa kubva kazhinji zvinokatyamadza kana zvisingawanzo zvesainzi, zvinyorwa zvehunyanzvi. Izvo hazvigoneke kwete chete kuwedzera chinyorwa chitsva, kana kuwedzera kune chinyorwa chiripo, asi kunyangwe kushandura izwi rimwe chete kana zvichipesana nedzidziso isina kutaurwa "yakanaka kana isina".

Inenge mazana matatu emimwe mienzaniso yekubatanidzwa kweWikipedia, kusanganisira pane iyo nyaya yeLBBT +, zvakanyorwa padandemutande reConservapedia (Conservapedia 2018).

Semuenzaniso, muWikipedia, kwenguva yakareba kwazvo, chinyorwa pamusoro pemaitiro emhando imwechete pakati pemhuka (iyo pachayo ine rusarura, ona Chitsauko 2) yaive neshoko risinganzwisisike nezve "marudzi 1500 emhuka dzechingochani", yakaunzwa neWikipedia sechokwadi chesainzi - kunyangwe ichokwadi kuti hapana zvinyorwa zvinopa nhamba idzi. Asi izvo, chirevo ichi chekushambadzira chakavambwa nemushandi weNorway Museum of Natural History anonzi Petter Böckmann panguva yesangano rekuratidzira iri muna 2006, iro Böckmann uye yakaunzwa iye mune Wikipedia chinyorwa muna 2007. Makore gumi nematanhatu chete gare gare, ruzivo rwacho rwakabviswa: panguva yekukurukurirana, Böckman haana kukwanisa kupa kwaanobva uye akabvuma kushomeka kwechirevo: 

Pakupedzisira, sekureva kweVatambi veWikipedia:

“… Wikipedia webhusaiti yakazvimiririra yeWikimedia Foundation yakachengetedzwa pachivande uye inochengetwa chete neWikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustee. Wikipedia neWikimedia Foundation vakasununguka kuseta yavo yavo mitemo pamusoro pekuti ndiani anokwanisa kunyora nekugadzirisa zvinyorwa pawebhusaiti ... Sewebhusaiti yakavanzika, Wikipedia ine kodzero yekuvhara, kurambidza uye neimwe nzira kudzora kugona kwemumwe muverengi. verenga kana kugadzirisa zvirimo zvesaiti chero chikonzero, kana kunyangwe pasina chikonzero ... Iyo Wikimedia Foundation ine kodzero yese yekuchinja mitemo yayo chero chikonzero chayinoona ichidikanwa - kana kunyangwe pasina chikonzero, nekuda kwekuti "unoda" ... "(Wikipedia: Kutaura Kwemahara 2018).

Ndiyo "encyclopedia" iyi ndiyo sosi huru ye "ruzivo" nezve nyika yakatenderedza kune huwandu hukuru hwevechidiki ...

Kumwe kunobva ruzivo rwevakadzi vemazuva ano ndeye YouTube vhidhiyo yekubata sevhisi, inova neiyo Google huru sangano. Webhusaiti yeYouTube yakazvimisikidza pachayo seyemahara yakasununguka inofungidzira kuti haikoshese kutaura kuri kufarira LGBTKIAP +, kana mataurirwo anotsikisa rhetoric ye LGBTKIAP +. Izvi hazvina kudaro.

Mumakore achangopfuura, YouTube yakawedzera kupomerwa mhosva yekuvhiringidza maitiro ekuchengetedza (Carlsson 2018) Kubvumidzwa paYouTube kwakaiswa pasi peshanyo “PragerU” uye mamwe maratidziro anoratidza iwo maonero ari akasiyana nemaonero evasununguri vepfungwa.

FoxNews vatori venhau vakataura iyo YouTube YouTube yemukati memo yakauya mukutanga kwavo muna Kubvumbi 2017, iyo inorondedzera maitiro ekuongororwa kwemavhidhiyo kunoitika. Chimwe chezvikonzero icho chiyero chekuongorora paYouTube hachisi pachena kune vanhu vazhinji ndechekuti kambani yakangwara zvakakwana kuti isabvisa vhidhiyo yega yega iyo inoda kuferefeta. Pane kudaro, "yakadzora nzira" inounzwa kune akawanda mavhidhiyo.⁴. Vhidhiyo dzakadaro dzinovharwa pamashopu, zvikoro, raibhurari, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji haigone kutariswa nevadiki nevashandisi vasina kunyoreswa. Zvemukati masaiti zvirimo zvinotumirwa nemaune kumagumo, saka zvakawoma kuwana. Mukuwedzera, ivo vakavezwa nedhimoni: avo vakavatumira havagone kuwana mari pavari, zvisinei nehuwandu hwemaonero.

Fungidzira, semuenzaniso, kuti New York Times yakamira kutengesa kune newsagent - iwe unogona, zvirokwazvo, uwane, asi chete nekunyorera. Uye, nekuwedzera, - zvakasarudzika zvemahara. Ndokunge, vaparidzi vakarambidzwa kuita mari kutengesa mapepanhau. Zviripachena, zviito zvakadaro zvaizowira pasi petsananguro yeku censorship.

Ndeipi nzira yekuongorora kweYou mavhidhiyo? Sezvakataurwa mune memo, kuferefetwa kunosanganisira, ndinotora, "gakava rezvechitendero kana chauvinistic zvemukati", uyezve "zvinopesana zvakanyanya, zvinogutsa zvinhu." Hapana tsananguro yezvairi - gakava rezvechitendero, chauvinistic, chitendero kana chirevo - hazvipiwe. Iyi sarudzo inoitwa neYouTube, uye ine zvematongerwo enyika sezvazvinogona.

FoxNews inotaura muenzaniso: YouTube yakawana iyo PragerU chiteshi "chinotsamwisa" kuedza kupokana kusahadzika pakupomerwa rusaruraganda pakati peAmerica mapurisa. Kana iwe usingatarise mapurisa ese eAmerica seanosarurana, zvino, zvinoenderana neYouTube, iwe unogovana "zvinopesana zvakanyanya, zvinogutsa zvinhu." Saka vhidhiyo "PragerU" yakagarwa nedhimoni uye, kutaura idi, ichizivikanwa kuti inomutsa ruvengo. Panguva imwecheteyo, mavhidhiyo anozviti "zvakashata chena zvakashata" anoramba aripo paYouTube pasina zvinorambidzwa.

Memo inopa kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwekuti YouTube inotora kupi ma censors. Gwaro rinotsanangura kuti kambani yakazvipira ku “sununguko yeuridzi, kusanganisira iwo mabhenefiti ari chigadzirwa chakasiyana uye chakabatana.” Pakati pevaya vakapihwa YouTube YouTube kuti ienderane nepamusoro pe "zvakanyanyisa" yaive sangano rinopa runyararo, kusanganisira "LGBT +" maonero, - "Southern Poverty Law Center" (Kufuridzira; Thiza 2018).

Kutambudza Vanotadza

Huwandu, hwakatsigirwa mari zvakanaka uye, semhedzisiro, mapoka ane simba pamwe nemasangano akaita seSouthern Poverty Law Center, vachishandisa ruzivo rwekutanga kwema1970 yezana ramakore rapfuura (ona Chitsauko 14), vanogadzira mamiriro ezvinhu umo chero mutauri, kunyangwe nesainzi akapokana , isingawirirane neyakagwinya we "LGBT +", njodzi yekurasikirwa yakawanda - kubva pabasa kusvika kuhutano. Kunyangwe pakatanga nguva ye "sainzi huru" uye "kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika", vatsvagiri vanotsigira maonero akapesana ne "bato guru rebato" vane njodzi yekupomerwa "undemocracy," "hutsinye uye hutsotsi" (Marmor xnumx), "Kusazvidavirira, kusarudzana uye kusarura" (Isa 1986) Kupomera kwakadaro kunotsigirwa ne "mainini tsika" munhau uye kuratidza bhizinesi.

Muzvinafundo Robert Spitzer (1932–2015) aive mumwe wevakakoshesesa zviitiko panguva yekukatyamadza kwekutungamira kwehutungamiri hweAmerican Psychiatric Association muna 1973, vachiita nhamburiko yese kusabvisa ungochani kubva kuhurongwa hwekushushikana kwepfungwa, Spitzer akagadzirira "LGBT" kufamba, pamwe kupfuura vamwe, kuwana ruremekedzo uye masimba kubva LGBT nharaunda (Bayer 1981).

Zvisinei, anenge makore makumi matatu akazotevera, pamusangano weAmerican Psychiatric Association muna 30, Spitzer akataura nezvezvakabuda muongororo yake yapfuura kuti "zvikamu makumi matanhatu nezvitatu kubva muzana zvevakadzi uye makumi mana muzana muzana evakadzi vakawana hukama hwakanaka," kureva kuti, "vakaramba vakasimba, vachidanana. kuwana kugutsikana kwakakwana kubva kuhukama hwepamoyo nemudiwa wavo, akaiswa kanomwe mamaki manomwe pane gumi-point sikero, kurara nemukadzi waunoita bonde naye mu cr. kanenge mwedzi nomwedzi, uye kana kutombo fungidzira nezvehukomana kana munhukadzi ”; gare gare, mhedzisiro dzakaburitswa mudura renhoroondo Archives of Bonde Kuzvibata (Spitzer 2001; 66a). Izvi zvaive zvakapesana neBPBT manyepo ekunyepedzera nezve hunhu hunofungidzirwa hwekuda ungochani. Helo yakatanga kutenderedza Spitzer: "Nhasi, gamba rejaya rinongoerekana rava Judhasi" (van den Aarweg 44). Chinyorwa chaSpitzer chakashoropodzwa zvine hunyoro nevanhu vane mukurumbira vanodzora ekurapa vakadai sa A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kenneth Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, naRoger Worsington (Rosik 7).

Sezvineiwo, sekucherechedzwa kwavakaitwa naDr Christopher Rowickick, zvimwe zvezvakatsoropodzwa zvebasa raSpzerzer 2003 zvaive zvinotevera: chidzidzo ichi chakavakirwa pakubvunzurudzwa kubva pane imwe sampuli yakatorwa kubva kumasangano anopa mazano uye National Association yeZvekudzidza uye Kurapa kweungochani (NARTH) (Wilde 2004 ) Uhwu huwandu hwepamusoro hweunyengeri: basa rakaburitswa mhinduro yeLBBT-yakatsoropodzwa nekushandisa nzira imwechete yakashandiswa muBPBT basa rekudzivirira, semuenzaniso kudzidza kwaShidlo naSchroeder kwaivawo pamishumo yevo (Shidlo na Schroeder 2002 ) Muchokwadi, zvese sainzi yepfungwa uye humwe hunhu hwesainzi hunotsamira pakukurukurirana pachako uye kuzvireurura nezvezvinhu zvekutsvaga. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu chikuru chetsigiro dzekudzivirira dzeBMBT pamusoro pevana vanorerwa nevanochata nevarume vari pabonde zvinovakirwa pamasampuleti madiki akaunganidzwa nemasangano eungochani (Makumi 2012)

Mukupedzisira, mushure memakore gumi ekuvenga kuvenga, Spitzer akazvipira. Pazera ramakore makumi masere, akanyorera tsamba kune vanyori veDura reShumba Behaviour achimubvunza kuti abvise chinyorwa (Spitzer 80). Akakumbirawo ruregerero kunharaunda yese yeungochani "nekukuvadza." Dr. van den Aardweg anoyeuka hurukuro parunhare naPurofesa Spitzer, imwe nguva mushure mekuburitswa kwechinyorwa chake muna 2012, mavakataura nezvekuedza kuramba vatsoropodzi: (Spitzer 2003b): "Ndakamubvunza kana achizoenderera mberi nekutsvaga kwake, kana kuzomboedza Anoshanda nevanhu vane zvinetso zvechingochani vari kutsvaga "neimwe nzira" rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi, ndiko kuti, rubatsiro nerutsigiro kuitira kuti vachinje zvido zvavo zveungochani kune vanoita ungochani ... Mhinduro yake yanga isina kujeka. Kwete, haachazobatazve pachinhu ichi. Akapotsa apunzika pamoyo mushure mekurwiswa kwakaipisisa kwaiitwa nevarume vehondo nevarume vake. Yakanga iri rwizi rweruvengo. Munhu anogona kuputswa chaiko nekusangana neizvi zvinoshungurudza. " (Spitzer 2003b).

Mumwezve muongorori ane basa rake rinowanzo bvunzurudzwa nevarume vanoita zveungochani ndiProfessor Charles Roselli weYunivhesiti yeOregon. Muzvinafundo Roselli anodzidza mashandiro eurobiobi mumhando dzemakwai. Mumatanho ekutanga ebasa rake, Muzvinafundo Roselli akaita ongororo kudzidza hunhu hwehukama hwemakwai epamba. Akakurudzira kuti mamwe mahomoni emukati emukati asina kukodzera anogona kukanganisa maitiro epabonde emakondohwe. Mune zvinyorwa zvake zvekutanga nezvenyaya iyi, zvidzidzo zvePurofesa Roselli zvakangotarisa mukuvandudza kwekupfuya kwegwai uye nemhedzisiro yehupfumi, uye Roselli akabvuma mhosva yekudzidza hunhu hwevanhu pabonde mumhando dzemhuka, achiti: "Zvidzidzo zvine chinangwa chekunzwisisa izvo zvinodzora maitiro ehupombwe uye kubereka. Makwai akakosha pakufudza makwai. Ruzivo rwunowanikwa pane mahormone, neural, genetic uye zvakatipoteredza zvinhu izvo zvinosarudza zvido zvevakaroorana vanoita zvepabonde zvinofanirwa kubvumira sarudzo iri nani yemakwai kubereka uye, semhedzisiro, ine kukosha kwehupfumi. Nekudaro, ichi chidzidzo chinewo kukosha kwakawanda kwekunzwisisa kukura uye kudzora kwekurudziro yekuita zvepabonde uye kusarudzwa kwewavo mhando dzakasiyana dzemamamoni, kusanganisira vanhu. Neizvi, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti hunhu hwegondohwe hwakagadzirirwa mumwe murume haugone kuve hwakaenzana nehumhandara hwomunhu, nekuti hunhu hwepabonde hwemunhu hunosanganisira kungwara, fungidziro uye ruzivo, pamwe nemaitiro anoitwa pabonde. ”(Roselli 2004, p. . 243).

Muchinyorwa chake chekuongorora muna 2004, Purofesa Roselli akabvuma kuti haana kuwana uchapupu hunogutsa hwedzidziso yake [ye intrauterine hormonal imbalance], uye akataura mafungiro akasiyana-siyana kutsanangura maitiro ekuita zvepabonde mune mamwe makondohwe (Roselli 2004, peji 236 - 242). Mumabasa ake, Roselli aive nehanya zvakanyanya kune LGBT vanhu mune yake magadzirirwo uye dudziro, uye zvirokwazvo haana neimwe nzira kuratidza LGBT-kusahadzika maonero.

Zvisineyi, Muzvinafundo Roselli akashushwa uye akatambudzwa neve LGBT vanovharira kuvhura autopsies murabhoritari yake - kunyangwe hazvo pasina imwe nzira yakachipa yekudzidza ram anatomy (Cloud 2007). Roselli akabva azivisa "Homophobic" uye "flayer." Mune chinyorwa chakanzi "Hands Off Gay Sheep!" muLondon yeSunday Times, Roselli akanzi "musoro wevanorangana pachivande vanhu vanoita zveungochani" (Ersly 2013, p. 48). PETA, muchimiro chemumiriri, mujairari anozivikanwa uye mutsigiri we LGBT + kufamba Martina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), akabatana nemhirizhonga iri kusimuka. Vamiriri vemitemo vakatumira Roselli nevashandi vakasiyana-siyana veYunivhesiti yeOregon mavara zviuru makumi maviri nekutyisidzira nekutuka ("iwe unoda kupfura!", "Ndokumbirawo kuti ufe!", Etc.) (Ersly 20, p. 2013).

Makore mashoma gare gare, apo Roselli, angangodaro akadzidziswa neruzivo rwunorwadza rwekupokana nepfungwa dzakakurumbira, akachinjira kuzvitauro zve "LGBT +" - kufamba, mune chinyorwa chakazotevera akanyora kuti: "Kufarirwa kwevanorara nevarume muvanhu kunogona kuongororwa mumhando dzemhuka vachishandisa bvunzo dzakakosha ... Zvisinei nekusakwana , miedzo yemhuka dzinoenderana nemhuka inoshandiswa kutevedzera maitiro evanhu pabonde ”(Roselli 2018, peji 3).

Dr. Ray Milton Blanchard veYunivhesiti yeToronto vane masimba panyaya dzepabonde uye vakashanda paAmerican Psychiatric Association's Gender Identity Subcommittee yakagadzira chirongwa cheDSM-IV. Dr. Blanchard vakafungidzira kuti kukwezva ngochani (kusanganisira chingochani pedophilia) uye transsexualism (DSM-IV gender identity disorder, ikozvino DSM-5 gender dysphoria) inokonzerwa nemhinduro dzechirume dzakafanana nedzechirume. kusawirirana (Blanchard 1996) . Kunyange zvazvo Dr. Blanchard's zvesayenzi hurukuro inodzorwa chaizvo uye anenge LGBT-propagandistic, iye anotambudzwa LGBT vatsigiri nokuda kutenda kwake kuti transsexualism chirwere chepfungwa. Ichi chimwe chinhu chekumhura kune yemazuva ano LGBT ideology, ndicho chikonzero Dr. Blanchard vakatsoropodzwa zvakanyanya nevamwe vanoita zve LGBT (Wyndzen 2003). Uyezve, mubvunzurudzo, Blanchard akati: "Ndingati, kana iwe ukakwanisa kutanga kubva pakutanga, furatira nhoroondo yose yekuregererwa kwehungochani kubva kuDSM, zvepabonde zvakajairika ndezvekubereka" (Cameron 2013). Nezve transsexualism, Dr. Blanchard akati: "Nhanho yekutanga mukuita zvematongerwo enyika transsexualism-kungave iwe uri kana kupesana nayo-ndekufuratira kana kuramba maitiro ayo ekutanga semhando yekusagadzikana kwepfungwa" (Blanchard 2017 pa Twitter).

Mumwe muratidziri weLGBT anobva muchirongwa cheBilerico akanyora nezvaBlanchard kuti: “Dai Dr. Blanchard vanga vari rudzi rwemunhu anopenga asina chinzvimbo kana chiremera, aigona kuzvidzwa nyore nyore. Asi izvi hazvisizvo - pane zvinopesana, aive muAmerican Psychiatric Association komiti inotarisira paraphilias uye kusagadzikana kwepabonde ”(Tannehill 2014). Kana iwe ukawana zvinoreva zvakanaka, mumiririri ari kunyunyuta kuti Dr. Blanchard "ane simba" kana zvisina kudaro "angave ari nyore kuzvidza." Ndizvo zvose.

Dr. Mark Regnerus weYunivhesiti yeTexas vaisave nemvumo yaBlanchard paakaburitsa zvaakawana muna 2012 mune yeakaongororwa nevezera reSocial Science Research kuti hukama hwevabereki nevarume vanoita zveupombwe hunokanganisa vana (Regnerus 2012). Icho chinyorwa chakakonzera mhedzisiro yebhomba rinoputika rakatopfuura neruzhinji rwemasayendisiti anoshanda mumunda wehukama hwemhuri. Kuwanikwa uku kwakapesana nehukuru, hwakanga hwasimbiswa munharaunda yakasununguka yesainzi yeAmerica kubva pakutanga kwema2000 nezve kusavapo kwehukama hwekuda kwevabereki kwevasikana pane vana uye kwakakonzera kutsamwa kwehukama hwehukama. Regnerus akabva anzi "imba" uye akapomedzerwa mhedzisiro yake kupokana nemutemo we "kuroora" ngochani (nyaya iyi yakaitika pamberi pemutongo wakakurumbira weDare Repamusoro reAmerica), kunyangwe Regnerus haana kuisa nharo dzakadaro chero muchinyorwa. Vanoburitswa venhau vakatodaidza Regnerus "nzou muchitoro cheChina chezvekudyidzana kwevanhu" (Ferguson 2012).

Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Gary Gates, director weInstitute for zvepabonde uye Gender Identity paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, akatungamira boka revaongorori vehukama mazana maviri LGBT vakasayina tsamba kumunyori-mukuru-wegazini reSocial Science Research achivakumbira kuti vatore boka revasayendisiti vane ruzivo rwakanyanya mu LGBT kubereka kunyora yakadzama mhedziso yekupedzisira pane chinyorwa naRegnerus (Gates 2012).

Kuita zvinhu kwakadai ndekwekuti Gary Gates, anogara muhukama pamwe chete, akashoropodzwa zvakanyanya nevanochinjisa ve LGBT "sevateveri vezvinangwa" (Ferguson 2012) nekuburitsa chidzidzo icho vanosvika 3,8 muzana chete vekuAmerica vanozvizivisa sevanodanana. Gates 2011a). Izvi zvinopesana nekutaura kwe "10%" kubva kubasa remunyori akakurumbira Alfred Kinsey, iyo inomiririra imwe yenhema dzenhema dzeLBBT. Seizvo Gates akagovana, "Kana kutsvagisa kwanga kuchinge kwatanga kubuditswa, mablogging ane mukurumbira nevateveri vavo vakandisheedza kuti" havakwanisi, "vakatenda kushoropodzwa kwebasa rangu, uye vakatondifananidza neveNazi" (Gates 2011b).

Chero zvazvingave, gore rimwe chete gare gare, Gates akatungamira kushushwa kwaRegnerus uye kwake kutsvakwa kweLBBT. Mumiriri weLBBT Scott Rose akatumira tsamba yakavhurwa kumutungamiri weUni University yeTexas, achikumbira kurambidzwa naRegnerus kuti kuiburitse se "mhosva yetsika" (Rose 2012). Yunivhesiti yacho yakataura kuti yakanga yatanga bvunzo yekuona kana iyo Regnerus yakadhindisa yaive ne "chitupa" kuti itange kuferefetwa kuri pamutemo. Iyo yekuongorora haina kuratidza chero kusapindirana mune zvakaitwa neRegnerus nemhando dzesainzi dzetsika, uye hapana ongororo yakavambwa. Nekudaro, nyaya yaive kure nekupfuura. Regnerus akatambudzwa neblogosphere, nevezvenhau, uye zvinyorwa zvepamutemo, kwete chete nenzira yekushoropodzwa kwebasa rake resainzi (nzira dzekuongorora uye kugadzirisa kwehuwandu hwe data), asi zvakare nenzira yekuzvidza uye kutyisidzira kune hutano uye kunyange hupenyu (Wood 2013).

Christian Smith, purofesa wezvemagariro evanhu uye mukuru weCentre for the Study of Religion uye Society paYunivhesiti yeNotre Dame, akataura nezvechiitiko ichi: "Avo vanorwisa Regnerus havabvumire pachena pachena chinangwa chavo chezvematongerwo enyika, saka zano ravo raive rekumuzvidza kuita "sainzi yakaipa". Uku kunyepa. Chake [Regnerus] chinyorwa hachina kukwana - uye hapana chinyorwa chinotokwana. Asi kubva pane sainzi maonero ekuona, izvi hazvina kunyanyoipa pane izvo zvinowanzobudiswa mumagazini ezvemagariro. Pasina mubvunzo, dai Regnerus yakadhindisa mhedzisiro inopesana ichishandisa nzira imwechete iyoyo, hapana munhu angadai akanyunyuta nezvenzira dzake. Uye zvakare, hapana wevanomutsoropodza akataura nezvekunetseka kwekumbofunga nezvezvidzidzo zvekare pamusoro penyaya imwe, zvikanganiso zvacho zvaive zvakakomba pane zvisingakwaniswe zvinokurukurwa zvakadzama muchinyorwa chaRegnerus. Zviripachena, zvidzidzo zvisina kusimba zvinosvika pane "kurudyi" mhedzisiro zvinogamuchirwa kupfuura zvidzidzo zvine simba zvinoburitsa "vanyengeri" mhinduro "(Smith 2012).

Dr.Laurence Meyer naDr Paul McHugh, vakaburitsa ongororo yakawandisa yesainzi muNew Atlantis, yakanzi Bonde neGender: Zviwanikwa kubva kuBiological, Psychological, neSocial Sayenzi, vauya pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kubva kubato reLBBT + (Hodges 2016). Mubasa ravo, vanyori vakaratidzira zvine hungwaru uye nekuchenjerera vakaratidza kusavimbika kwekutaura kweungochani maererano nechikonzero chekukwezva kweungochani, vachipedzisa kuti "kuongororwa kwemhedzisiro yekutsvagisa, kwepfungwa uye kwemagariro ... hakuna kuratidza humbowo hwesainzi hwezvimwe zvinowanzoparadzirwa pamusoro pebonde" (Mayer uye McHugh 2016, peji 7).

Dr. Quentin van Mieter, anoshanda naMayer uye McHugh paJohns Hopkins University, akataura kuti pakutanga, Mayer naMcHugh vakaronga kudhinda chinyorwa chavo mune mamwe mvumo mikuru yeongororo-yakadzokororwa yakarongedzerwa magazini ezvesaenzi, asi vanyori vakaramba vachiramba ivo, vachitaura nezve basa ravo. "Zvematongerwo enyika hazvina kunaka" (Van Meter 2017).

Chinyorwa naMayer naMcHugh chakakurumidza kurwiswa nechisimba nevakaita LGBT + vateveri. Komisheni yeHuman rights Campaign (HRC), iyo, sekududzira webhusaiti yayo, ndiyo LGBT + 's mumiriri mukuru uye ine bhajeti regore rinosvika zviuru makumi mashanu emadhora, yakaparura chirevo pamusoro paMayer neMcHugh, ichiti aya vanyori “Kunyepa”, “pararira ruvengo”, nezvimwe. Vatsigiri vakatanga kumanikidza vapamhi vemagazini iyi, vachidawo kuregedza chinyorwa (Hanneman 50). Vagadziri vemagazini iyi vakatomanikidzwa kuburitsa tsamba yepamutemo vachipindura zvirevo zveHRC zvinonzi "Nhema Uye Kudheerera kubva muHuman rights Campaign," mavakataura nezve kumwe kurwiswa kwakanyanya. Vagadziri veNew Atlantis vakati: “Uku kuedza kunosemesa kutyisidzira chinhu chinokuvadza chesainzi, nechinangwa chekuparadza kuvapo kwekusabvumirana kunoremekedzeka pazvinhu zvine chekuita nesainzi. Kufungidzira mazano erudzi urwu anodzikisira mamiriro ekunze nekutsanangurika kwekutsvaga, izvo masayenzi anofanirwa kutsigira ”(Editors of The New Atlantis 2016).

Chimiro chakafanana kubva kune LGBT activists chakabatana nekudhindwa kwaDr. Lisa Littman, mubatsiri wepurofesa wemaitiro uye sainzi yemagariro paBrown University. Dr. Littman vakadzidza zvikonzero zvekuvhiyiwa kwe "kukurumidza-kutanga kwevakadzi dysphoria" (zita rekuyaruka transsexualism) pakati pevechidiki uye vakagumisa kuti chishuvo chavo chekuerekana chekudzorerazve varume nevakadzi chinogona kupararira kuburikidza nevezera uye inogona kunge iri nzira yekurapa kwezera. -zvine hukama (Littman 2018). Vasati vazvizivisa ivo "transgender," vechidiki vakatarisa mavhidhiyo nezvezvekudzoreredzwa kwevakadzi, vakataurirana neve transsexuals pasocial network, uye vakaverenga "transgender" zviwanikwa. Mukuwedzera, vazhinji vaiva shamwari nemumwe kana kupfuura transsexuals. Chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chevakabvunzwa chakataura kuti dai vanga vaine mumwe wechidiki mudiki munharaunda yavo, vanopfuura hafu yevachiri kuyaruka muboka iri vakatangawo kuzivisa se "transgender." Boka umo 50% yenhengo dzayo inova "transgender" ndeye 70 nguva yakakwirira kupfuura inotarisirwa kupararira kwechiitiko ichi pakati pevechidiki. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakaonekwa kuti kusati kwatanga kwegender dysphoria, 62% yevakapindura vaive nechirwere chimwe chete kana kupfuura chehutano hwepfungwa kana neurodevelopmental disorder. Uye mu48% yezviitiko, vakapindura vakasangana nechiitiko chinoshungurudza kana chinoshungurudza pamberi pekutanga kwe "gender dysphoria," kusanganisira kushungurudzwa, kushungurudzwa pabonde, kana kurambana kwevabereki. Dr. Littman vakakurudzira kuti inonzi. kutapurirana kwevanhu munharaunda uye kutapurirana kwevanhu kunoita basa rakakosha muzvikonzero zvekusazivikanwa kwevakadzi. Yokutanga "kupararira kwemaitiro kana maitiro mukati meboka revanhu" (Marsden 1998). Chechipiri ndeche "maitiro ayo munhu nevezera vanopesvedzerana nenzira dzinokurudzira manzwiro nemafambiro anogona kukanganisa kukura kwavo kana kukuvadza vamwe" (Dishion uye Tipsord 2011). Mhedzisiro yechidzidzo ichi yakatoiswa paBrown University webhusaiti. Asi bhuku iri, sezvaitarisirwa, rakasangana nekupomerwa kwe "transphobia" uye zvinoda kuongororwa. Iyo yunivhesiti manejimendi yakanyura mukati uye nekukurumidza kubvisa chinyorwa chekutsvagisa kubva pawebhusaiti yayo. Sekureva kwemukuru, varatidziri venharaunda yeyunivhesiti "vakaratidza kushushikana kuti zvakawanikwa muchidzidzo ichi zvinogona kushandiswa kuzvidza kuedza kutsigira vechidiki ve transgender uye kufuratira maonero enhengo dze transgender community" (Kearns 2018).

Purofesa Jeffrey S. Flier, aimbova mutungamiriri weHarvard Medical School, akataura nezvenyaya yacho achiti: “Mumakore angu ose muzvidzidzo, handisati ndamboona kuita kwakadaro kweimwe magazini mazuva anoverengeka pashure pokubudiswa kwenyaya iyo magazini yakanga yatoongorora. , inoongororwa nevezera rako, uye yakagamuchirwa.” kuti ibudiswe. Mumwe anogona kungofunga kuti kuita uku kwaive muchikamu chikuru mhinduro kudzvinyiriro yakasimba uye kutyisidzira - kwakajeka kana kujeka - kuti iyo yakaipisisa yesocial media backlash yaizowira PLOS Imwe kana pasina censorship chiito chakatorwa" ( Flier 2018 ).

Muzvinadzidzo Kenneth Zucker weYunivhesiti yeToronto ndiye aimbova director weaimbova (akavharwa muna Zvita 2015) Gender Identity Clinic yevana neMhuri kuCentre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH).

Muzvinafundo Zucker akaburitsa rondedzero inoshamisa yeavo mabasa pachivharo chekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi, aive nhengo yeboka reDSM-IV uye DSM-IV-TR kuiswa mumapoka uye akatungamira sangano reAmerican Psychiatric Association's Zvepabonde uye Gender Identity Disorders rinoshanda "DSM-5." Zvakaoma kudaidza Purofesa Zucker mumwe anokanganisika LGBT, uye kwaive pasi pehutungamiriri hwake kuti American Psychiatric Association "yakavandudza" kuongororwa kwe "mukadzi chiziviso kusagadzikana" kuenda ku "jinsia dysphoria", kubvisa izwi rekuti "kusagadzikana" kubva pakuongororwa kusvika mukukunda kwevanhu veLBBT (Thompson 2015).

Imwe nzira kana imwe, mune yaimbova Gender Identity Clinic, Muzvinafundo Zucker akashanda nevarwere vane makore 3 kusvika kumakore gumi nemasere, zvinopesana nemisimboti ye “gender-positive” mabasa evana muCanada, ayo anopa rubatsiro rwese rwunobvira mukushandurwa kwevakadzi. vana vakadaro - tsigiro mukuratidza hukadzi hunodiwa kuburikidza nekushandura mazita, zvipfeko, maitiro uye dzimwe nzira - kusvikira vana vasvika pazera remutemo rekuvhiyiwa uye kutora mahomoni. Pane kudaro, Dr. Zucker vakatenda kuti pazera iri diki, kuzivikanwa kwevakadzi kunowanikwa zvakanyanya uye dysphoria yechikadzi ichaderera nekufamba kwenguva (Zucker naBradley 18). Iyi nzira yakanga inopesana nemafungiro eLGBT, uye basa raDr. Zucker rave riri pasi pekumanikidzwa kubva kune LGBT activists. Pasinei nekuvapo kwakazivikanwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa kwehutano hwekuzivikanwa kwevakadzi (Ehrensaft 1995), hutungamiri hweCentre for Addiction uye Mental Health yakasarudza kuita ongororo yemabasa aDr. Zucker (Thompson 2017). Vakasarudzwa vaongorori vakanyora mumushumo wavo, "Pakati pekuongorora, zvinyorwa zviviri zvakakosha zvakabuda sezvinetso kune vanoongorora: kutanga, kuti Kliniki inoratidzika kunge ichiita sekunze mukati meAddiction uye Mental Health Center system kunyanya uye munharaunda muhuwandu, uye - chechipiri, mabasa eKliniki haaite seanoenderana nemazuva ano ekiriniki uye maitiro ekushanda. Mhinduro kubva kumakasitoma uye vane chekuita navo yave yakanaka uye isina kunaka maererano neKliniki. Vamwe vaimbove makasitoma vakafadzwa nerubatsiro rwavakagamuchira, ukuwo vamwe vaifunga kuti maitiro enyanzvi akanga asina kunaka, aishungurudza uye asingabatsire. Nharaunda yehunyanzvi yakaziva mipiro yeCliniki yezvidzidzo, nepo vamwe vane chekuita vakaratidza kushushikana nezvemhando yazvino yekutarisira. " (CAMH 2015).

Vaongorori vakanyorawo kuti vakakoka vanhu vasina kuzivikanwa kuti vataure nezveruzivo rwavo kukiriniki, mumwe akati Dr. Zucker “vakamukumbira kuti abvise hembe pamberi pevamwe varapi vaivepo, vakaseka pavakabvuma, ndokuzomudaidza. 'diki ine bvudzi parasite.' (Singal 2016a). Dr. Zucker akabva adzingwa basa (wechipiri mushandi wenguva yakazara wekiriniki, Dr. Haley Wood, akanga adzingwa kare), saka Gender Identity Clinic yakavharwa. Zvakanaka, chokwadi chekuti "vamwe vanobatana vakaratidza kushushikana" (zvisinei nekuti tsika yeGender Identity Clinic yakagamuchira kuzivikanwa kwedzidzo) uye kupomedzerwa kusingabvumirwe kwekurapwa kusina kunaka-izvo, nenzira, zvakazobviswa nemupomeri (Singal 2016b) -yakanga yakakwana kushandisa censorship yakasimba.

Dr. Robert Oscar Lopez weCalifornia State University, iye amene akarererwa vaviri vechingochani uye anozviona seanopenga, akaburitsa chinyorwa muna 2012, "Kukura Nevaamai Vaviri: Kusarudzika Kwevana", achitaura nezve chiitiko chake chisina kufadza mukurera vaviri vaviri. vakadzi, avo vakazoita kuti ave anogutsa LGBT kusahadzika nezvewanano yekuchata uye kubereka kwevana. Izvi zvakakonzera kukurumidza kudheerera uye blogging zvirevo (Flaherty 2015). Lopez akaramba achinyora muhurukuro imwe chete, semhedzisiro yaakaiswa mune runyorwa rwe "kutaura kuvenga" kwemasangano anoparadzira LGBT akadai seHuman Rights Campaign (HRC vashandi ve 2014) neGLAAD (GLAAD nd).

Chero nyangwe zvinyoro nyoro LGBT-yekukahadzika chitaurwa pakarepo kuvengwa.

Izvi zvinoratidzwa zvakare nemukadzi akarererwa mune murume nemukadzi-murume nemurume, Heather Barwick, uyo akaburitsa yake yekunakidzwa - mukati meruzivo ghetto rezvenhau zvetsika maonero - tsamba yakavhurika kune "LGBT +" - nharaunda. Barwick akataura kuti kusiyana nevana vakapona pakurambana, uye kusiyana nevana vakarerwa nevarume kana vasikana, vana vari muvanhukadzi nevanhurume vanotsoropodzwa kana vakasarudza kunyunyuta nezvemamiriro avo ezvinhu: “… Kune vazhinji vedu. Vazhinji vedu tinotyisidzirwa kutaura uye kukuudza nezve kutambura uye kurwadziwa kwedu, nekuti chero chikonzero, zvinoita kunge usiri kuteerera. Izvo iwe zvausingade kunzwa. Kana tikati isu tinotambura nekuda kwekurerwa nevabereki vechingochani, isu tinoregererwa kana kupiwa chiratidzo sevanovenga ... ”(Barwick 2015). Kwapera mwedzi, mumwe mwanasikana wevakaroora vaviri akaburitsa tsamba yake yakavhurika, achishoropodza hunhu hwehutongi hwe "LGBT +" nharaunda mairi: "... Ini handingambozvifunga semunhu asingashiviriri uye anozvifunga senzvimbo yeLBBT, inoda kushushikana uye kutsva, asi hairatidzi kushivirirana, dzimwe nguva kunyangwe kunhengo dzayo. "Chokwadi, nharaunda ino inorwisa chero munhu asingabvumirane nayo, kunyangwe zvichiratidzwa nemoyo wese ..." (Walton 2015).

Kutsveyamiswa kwesainzi nekuda kwepfungwa

Masayendisiti uye vanhu vese vanobatana nesainzi vanofanirwa kugara vachiedza kuti vabve kunze kwetsika uye zvematongerwo enyika kuenderera mberi sechikamu chemabasa avo esainzi. Sayenzi sechigarire uye chisiri chishuwo chekuda kutsvaga ruzivo nezvepasi rakatikomberedza sarudzo chii "chakaringana", zvichibva pauchapupu, kwete "kunetsekana kunoratidzwa nemamwe mapato anofarira munharaunda". Kana pasina humbowo hwakadaro kana ivo vachipesana, saka isu tinogona chete kutaura pamusoro pefungidziro uye hypotheses. Sayenzi inofanirwa kuve yepasirese, ndiko kuti, shandisa iwo maitiro akafanana kududzirwa kwekuedza uye kutsvagisa. Iko hakuna chakanyanya kubudiswa, rimwe nerimwe bhuku resaenzi rine parinogumira uye nekutadza. Nekudaro, kana chidzidzo kana chinyorwa chakaburitswa chiri LGBT-chisina chokwadi chakaratidza nzira yekumisikidza, uye kurambidzwa uku kusingabvumidze mhedziso yekupedzisira, ipapo nzira yakafanana yekurambidzwa yakawanikwa muongororo kana kuburitswa iyo mhedzisiro yayo iri LGBT-kuparidza nhema haitenderi kuwana mhedziso dzekupedzisira. Semuenzaniso, nzira dzakawanda dzekushomekedza dzakaratidzirwa mune yakakurumbira LGBT basa rekuzivisa raAlfred Kinsey (Terman 1948; Maslow naSakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) naEvelyn Hooker (Cameron naCameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Nekudaro, mabasa aya anotorwa semenzaniso ine "inosimbisa uye yakaratidza chokwadi chesainzi" yakashandiswa kuita sarudzo dzakakosha munharaunda-yezvematongerwo enyika nesainzi-yezvekutonga. Panguva imwecheteyo, chero chinorambidzwa mune LGBT-kusagadzikana zvinyorwa zvinonyatsozvishandura uye zvinoshandura kuita "pseudoscience." Zvikasadaro, uyu muenzaniso wemhando yechimwe chinhu uye chidanda muziso.

Dr. Lauren Marx weLouisiana State University yakaburitswa muna 2012 ongororo yemapepa esainzi makumi mana neshanu (Maksuru 59) pavana vakarera muvakomana vane varume kana vakadzi; mapepa aya akashandiswa seyambiro yerevo yeAmerican Psychological Association chirevo chekuti hapana chakakanganiswa nehukama hwevabereki ungochani pavana. (APA 2012). Marx akataura nezvekushomoka uye kuperevedza kwemabasa aya. Ongororo yaDr. Marx haina kungocherechedzwa nemasangano anotungamira ekutsvagira, asi yakanziwo "hwepamusoro-soro tsvakurudzo," iyo yaive isina kukodzera 'bhuku renhau rinoburitsa kutsvagurudzo yekutanga "(Bartlett 2005).

Munzira zhinji, sezvakaratidzwa pamusoro apa, vatsvaguriri vanotyira zvinonzwisisika uye vanodzivisa kuzivisa zvakawanikwa neve LGBT, uye kutoramba kushanda munzira dzakarambidzwa idzi. Chokwadi ichi chinokanganisa sainzi here? Hapana mubvunzo. Semuenzaniso, aimbova Mutungamiriri weAmerican Psychological Association (1979-1980), Dr. Nicholas Cummings, anotenda kuti sainzi yemagariro iri kudzikira nekuti iri pasi pehutongi hwevamanikidzi. Dr. Cummings akataura kuti kana American Psychological Association ichiita tsvagiridzo, zvinodaro chete "kana ivo vachiziva kuti mhedzisiro yacho ichavei ... zvidzidzo chete zvine mhedzisiro inofungidzirwa zvinogamuchirwa" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

Mumwe aimbova mutungamiri weAmerican Psychological Association (1985-1986), Dr. Robert Perloff, vakati: "... IAmerican Psychological Association yakanyanyisa 'mune zvematongerwo enyika' ...

Clevenger mune rake basa akatsanangura systemic bias yakanangana nekuburitswa kwezvinyorwa pamisoro yeungochani (Clevenger 2002). Akaratidza kuti kune masangano anomisikidzwa anotambidza kuburitswa kwechinyorwa chero chipi zvacho chisingaenderane nekunzwisisa chaiko kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kwepfungwa nezveungochani. Clevenger anogumisawo kuti American Psychological Association, semamwe masangano evashandi, iri kuwedzera kuita zvematongerwo enyika, zvichitungamira kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pechokwadi chezvavanotaura uye kusasarura kwezviitwa zvavo, kunyangwe zvakadaro vachiri varemekedzwa zvikuru uye vachishandiswa mukutonga. nyaya. Pfungwa dzevaongorori dzinopesana nedzidziso dzakasununguka dzinonyudzwa uye dzichitarisirwa pasi.

Tora semuenzaniso, chidzidzo che 2014 chakanzi "Kana kusangana kuchinja pfungwa: Kwayedza yekuparadzira rutsigiro rwekuwanikwa kweungochani", umo Michael Lacourt anobva kuLos Angeles akaongorora mhinduro vagari kumubvunzo wehukama kune inonzi "Kunyoresa" kuroora kana kuroorwa "kwakavakirwa pachibvumirano chekuita zvepabonde nevabvunzi (LaCour uye Green 2014). LaCourt akapokana kuti apo mubvunzurudzi akaonekwa kuti ngochani, izvi zvakawedzera mukana wemhinduro yekusimbisa. Mhedzisiro yacho zvakare yakapararira kuburikidza nemisoro yenhau dzinotungamira. LaCourt yaita kunge nyeredzi. Nekudaro, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti kusarongeka kwake kwakamuuraya apo muverengi asingafariri akaona kuti LaCourt akanyatso dhara data iri mukudzidza kwake (Broockman et al. 2015). Kubudiswa kwaLaCourt kwakayeukwa (McNutt 2015), asi, zvakare, nhau dzeyeuchidzo hadzina kuparadzira kunevenhau.

Mutori wenhau Naomi Riley anotsanangura nyaya yekuburitswa kwaMark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). Muna 2014, purofesa weYunivhesiti yeColumbia, Mark Hatzenbühler akataura kuti akawana zvinotevera: ngochani dzinogara munzvimbo dzine huwandu hwakawanda hwe "rusarura" vaive nehupenyu hwakaderera hwemakore gumi nemaviri pane avo vanogara munzvimbo "dzakasununguka". Kuti unzwisise zviri nani: mutsauko wemakore gumi nemaviri unopfuura musiyano wakafanana pakati pevanogara vachiputa uye vasingaputi. Naizvozvo, nhau dzekudzidza kwaHatzenbühler dzakapararira mumisangano yenhau, asi ivo vanotsigira ungochani vakaramba gakava re "sainzi" seyakajairwa. Nekudaro, hapana kana imwe yenhepfenyuro idzi yakataura nezvakabuditswa mugwaro reSocial Science uye Medicine iro muongorori ataura pamusoro apa, purofesa paUniversity of Texas Mark Regnerus, akaedza kudzokorora mhinduro dzaHatzenbühler uye akatambira zvakasiyana-siyana - hapana pesvedzero ye "nhanho yekusarura" pakurarama kweungochani. (Regnerus 12). Regneruss akatendeseka kuyedza nenzira gumi dzakasiyana dzekuverengera kuverenga achiedza kusimbisa dhata yakataurwa naHatzenbühler, asi hapana imwe nzira yakaratidza zviwanikwa zvakakosha. Regnerus akagumisa achiti: "Zvinoshandurwa mukudzidza kwekutanga kwe [Hatzenbühler] (uye saka zviwanikwa zvakakosha) zvinotarisisa kududziro yezvinoitika panguva yezviyero zvekuti zvinogona kutorwa sezvisina basa" (Regnerus 12).

Mune zvesayenzi yemagariro, "dambudziko rekupindurika" (kureva, kudzokororwa, nemamwe mazwi kusarudzika) yezvidzidzo zvakaburitswa zvaitika nhasi. Muna 2015, chirongwa chikuru chekutsvaga chinonzi Reproducibility Project, chakatungamirwa naBrian Nosek weYunivhesiti yeVirginia, chakapihwa basa rekudzokorora zvabuda pazviuru zana zvakaburitswa zvidzidzo zvepfungwa - chikamu chimwe chete pazvitatu chakaburitswa (Aarts et al. 100).

Richard Horton, mupepeti-mukuru-mukuru wesainzi The Lancet, akataura kushushikana kwake mune chinyorwa chemunyori:

"... Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa zvesainzi, pamwe hafu, zvinogona kunge zvisiri kuratidza chokwadi. Kukundwa nezvidzidzo zvine zvidiki sampuro, zvisina basa mhedzisiro, kusakwana kuongororwa, uye makakatanwa ari pachena ezvekufarira, pamwe nekufungidzira nemafashoni mafashoni ekukosha kunokatyamadza, sainzi yatendeukira kurima ... Kuonekwa kuri pachena kwehunhu husingagamuchirike hwekutsvagisa munharaunda yesainzi kunotyisa ... Mukutsvaga kwayo kufadza masayendisiti anowanzo gadziridza dhata kuti akwane maonero avo epasirese kana kugadzirisa fungidziro kune yavo data ... Kutsvaga kwedu "kwakakosha" kunoshatisa mabhuku esainzi nenhamba zhinji dzenyaya ... MaUniversity anobatanidzwa mukurwira nguva dzose mari netarenda ... Uye masayendisiti ega, kusanganisira avo vepamusoro manejimendi usaite zvishoma kushandura tsika dzekutsvaga, idzo dzimwe nguva dzinogumira pahuipi ... "(Horton 2015).

Musiyano uripo pakati pemafungiro enhau kuburitswa kweRegnerus neHatzenbühler zviri pachena: dzimwe mhedziso dzinogamuchirwa kupfuura vamwe [1].

Muzvinafundo Walter Schumm vepaUniversity of Kansas, panyaya imwecheteyo, vakati: “… ongororo yakaratidza kuti vanyori vazhinji vesainzi, kana vachiongorora zvinyorwa, vanowanzoreva zvidzidzo zvisina simba, kana zvidzidzo zvakadaro zvikaburitsa mhedzisiro yaidiwa pakutsigira fungidziro yekuti hakuna simba ... "(Schumm 2010, peji 378).

Muna 2006, Dr. Brian Mayer weGettysburg College akacherekedza, maererano nehutano hweAdams et al., Kuti kuvengana kweungochani kwainzi kwairatidza "ungochani hwakavanzika" (Adams et al. 1996): "... Kushaikwa kwe [replicative research] kuri kunetsa. kana munhu akafunga chiyero chekutarisa chinogadzirwa nechinyorwa [Adams et al. 1996] Tinozviona zvichinakidza kuti nzvimbo zhinji dzekutepfenyura (zvinyorwa zvemumagazini, mabhuku, nemasaiti asingaverengeke epaInternet) zvakagamuchira pfungwa dzepfungwa senzira yekutsanangura kuvengwa kwevanhukadzi, kunyangwe pasina humbowo hunotevera ... ”(Meier et al. 2006, peji 378).

Muna 1996, Dr. Alan D. Sokal, purofesa wefizikiki paYunivhesiti yeNew York, akatumira bepa rine musoro unoti "Kudarika Miganhu: Kunoshandura Hermeneutics yeQuantum Gravity" kumagazini yezvidzidzo Social Text ". Vapepeti veSocial Text vakasarudza kuburitsa chinyorwa ichi (Sokal 1996a). Yakanga iri kuyedza - chinyorwa chaive manyepo akazara - mune ino chinyorwa Sokal, achikurukura nezvemamwe matambudziko azvino mumasvomhu nefizikisi, anonyatso kuburitsa kukosha kwavo mumunda wetsika, uzivi uye zvematongerwo enyika (semuenzaniso, akataura kuti quantum gravity i chivakwa chemagariro) kuitira kukwezva kutarisisa kwevatauri vemazuva ano vezvidzidzo vanobvunza chinangwa chesainzi, yaive yakanyorwa nekuchenjera parody yekutsvagisa kwemazuva ano yehuzivi, isina chero chirevo chemuviri (Sokal 1996b). Sokutsanangura kwakaita Sokal: “Kwemakore anoverengeka ndave ndichinetswa nokuderera kuri pachena kwemipimo yokuva noungwaru mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzavanhu vedzidzo yeAmerica. Asi ini ndinongova nyanzvi yefizikiki: kana ndisingakwanisi kunzwisisa mabhenefiti echinhu chakadai, pamwe zvinongoratidza kusakwana kwangu. Saka, kuti ndiedze maitiro ehungwaru, ndakasarudza kuita chiyedzo chine mwero (kana chisina kudzorwa zvachose): ingave bhuku rinotungamira rezvidzidzo zvetsika rekuNorth America, iro rine vashandi vekupepeta vanosanganisira zvivheneko zvakaita saFredric Jameson naAndrew Ross, kuburitsa zvisina maturo kana zvisina maturo izvi. (a) zvinonzwika zvakanaka uye (b) zvinobata kumeso mafungiro evapepeti? Mhinduro, zvinosuruvarisa, ndihongu. " (Sokal 1996b).

Kumwe kusimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu anosiririsa esainzi yazvino kwakapihwa nemasayendisiti matatu eAmerica - James Lindsay, Helen Plakrose naPeter Bogossyan, avo kwegore rese nechinangwa vakanyora zvisina zvirevo uye kunyange kutaura zvisina kujeka "kwesainzi" zvinyorwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzesainzi yemagariro kuratidza: fungidziro mundima iyi kare ikakunda pane zvakajairika. Kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 2017, masayendisiti, pasi pemazita ekunyepedzera, vakatumira zvinyorwa makumi maviri zvakagadzirwa seyakajairika kutsvakurudza kwesainzi kune vane mukurumbira uye vezera-rakaongororwazvino magazini Zvinyorwa zvemabasa zvakasiyana-siyana, asi ese aive akazvipira pakuratidzwa kwakasiyana kwekurwisa "kusarongeka munharaunda": zvidzidzo zvehurume, tsika yemurume, nyaya dzemadzinza, mafungiro ezvepabonde, kunaka kwomuviri, zvichingodaro. Mune chinyorwa chega chega, fungidziro yekusagadzikana yakaiswa mberi ichishora imwe kana imwe "hukama hwemagariro" (semuenzaniso, vakadzi mabasa). Kubva pakuona kwesainzi, zvinyorwa zvacho zvaive zvisina musoro uye zvaitadza kutsungirira chero kutsoropodzwa.

Mune chimwe chinyorwa mumagazini yeAreo, Lindsay, Plakrose naBogossian vakataura nezvezvinangwa zvechiito chavo: "... Chimwe chinhu musainzi chakafamba zvisizvo, kunyanya mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzevanhu. Ikozvino kutsvagurudza kwesainzi kwakasimbiswa kwazvo, hakuna kuiswa pakutsvaga kwechokwadi, asi kusagutsikana munharaunda nemhirizhonga dzinobuda pahwaro hwadzo. Dzimwe nguva vanotonga nzvimbo idzi zvisina mhaka, uye masayendisiti anowedzera kutyisidzira vadzidzi, vatariri, uye mamwe madhipatimendi, achivamanikidza kuti vatevedze maonero avo. Uku hakusi kwesayenzi yenyika, uye yakaderera. Kune vakawanda, dambudziko iri rakawedzera uye rakajeka, asi havana humbowo hunobvumikisa. Nekuda kweichi chikonzero, tanga tichishanda mumunda wezvedzidzo kwegore rese, tichiona mairi chikamu chakakosha chechinetso ... "(Lindsay et al. 2018).

"Mukuita uku, kune imwe tambo inobatanidza pamwechete makumi maviri emapepa edu esainzi, kunyange isu tashandisa nzira dzakasiyana siyana, tichiisa mberi idzi kana idzo pfungwa nechinangwa chekuti vaone maonerwe nevaongorori voita sei. Dzimwe nguva taingouya neimwe mhando yehunhu hwekunyanyisa kana hwehumhu ndokutanga kuzvisimudzira. Wadii kunyora pepa nezvekuti varume vanofanirwa kudzidziswa sei sembwa kudzivirira tsika yemhirizhonga? Saka basa redu "Park for Imbwa Kufamba" rakaonekwa. Uye wadii kunyora chidzidzo uine chirevo chekuti kana munhu akaita bonhora muchivande, achifunga nezvemukadzi (pasina mvumo yake, uye haazomboziva nezvazvo), anoita zvechisimba zvepabonde kwaari. Saka tawana iyo Masturbation fundo. Uye wadii kutaura kuti iyo superintelligent yekunyepedzera njere inogona kuve nengozi, sezvo yakarongedzwa masculine, misogynistic uye imprisia, uchishandisa psychoanalysis yemunyori weFrankenstein, Mary Shelley naJacques Lacan? Ivo vakazivisa - uye vakawana basa "Feminist Artificial Intelligence". Kana kuti zvimwe isa pamberi zano rekuti mafuta muviri ndezvechisikigo, uye saka mukuvaka muviri kuvaka kuri madikanwa kuunza chikamu chitsva chevanhu mafuta? Verenga "Fat Study" uye iwe unzwisise zvakaitika.

Dzimwe nguva taidzidza zvidzidzo zviripo zvekusagutsikana kuti tinzwisise kuti kupi uye chii chakaenda, uye toedza kusimbisa izvi matambudziko. Kune here basa "Feminist Glaciology"? Huye, isu tichaikopa uye tonyora basa pane feminist nyeredzi, apo isu tinotaura kuti kuongororwa kwemashura evakadzi nevarume vanoita zveungochani kunofanirwa kutorwa sechikamu chakakosha chesainzi yekuongorora nyeredzi, iyo inofanirwa kunzi misogyny. Vanoongorora vakafarira kwazvo nezve zano iri. Asi zvakadiniko kana tikashandisa nzira yekuwongorora yenyaya kukwirira kududzira kwako kwaunoda kwedata? Nei zvisina kudaro. Isu takanyora chinyorwa pamusoro pekushanda transgender vanhu, kwavakangoita izvo. Vanhurume vanoshandisa "kuchengetedza kwechirume" kuratidza hunhu hwavo hwekupera ipapo munzira isingagamuchiriki munharaunda? Hapana dambudziko. Takaburitsa pepa, pfupiso yacho iri seinotevera: "Muongorori wezvematambudziko echikadzi anoenda kuimba yekutandarira aine hafu akashama emahara kuti awane chikonzero nei achidikanwa." Unoshamiswa nemifungo inogamuchirwa, uye uri kutsvaga tsananguro yako yeizvi? Isu pachedu takatsanangura zvese zviri mubasa redu "Dildo", tichipa mhinduro kumubvunzo unotevera: "Nei varume vakarurama vasingawanzoita bonhora nekupinda mukati, uye chii chichaitika kana vakatanga kuita izvi?" Isu tinopa zano: sekureva kwedu chinyorwa mumagazini inotungamira yesainzi Zvepabonde uye Tsika, varume mune ino vanozova nekushomeka kune vanhu vanoitisa transgender uye vanhu, uye ivo vanozova vanhukadzi.

Takashandisa dzimwe nzira. Semuenzaniso, isu takafunga kunyora "inofambira mberi chinyorwa" nechirango chekurambidza varume chena mumakoreji kutaura muvateereri (kana kuitisa mudzidzisi kupindura maimeri iwo akauya kwavari), uyezve, mukuwedzera kune zvese, vaita kuti vagare pasi nemaketeni kuitira kuti vanzwe kuzvidemba uye vagadzirise mhosva yavo yenhoroondo. Pasina chinguva akataura pane kuzviita. Yedu zano yakawana mhinduro inofadza, uye zvinoita sekunge titan yehunhu hwechikadzi, iyo magazini "Hypatia" yakamupindura nekudziya kukuru. Takatarisana nemumwe mubvunzo wakaoma: "Ndiri kushamisika kana chitsauko kubva kunaHitry mine Kampf chazoburitswa kana mukadzi wacho akazvinyorazve?" Zvakaitika kuti mhinduro yacho yanga yakanaka, sezvo mukadzi wechikadzi wezvemaficha Affilia akagamuchira chinyorwa kuti chibudiswe. Kufambira mberi munzira yesainzi, takatanga kuona kuti tinogona kuita chero chinhu kana zvisinga pfuure nehurongwa hwekugamuchirwa hutsika uye kuratidza kunzwisisa kweaivapo ezvesayenzi mabhuku.

Mune mamwe mazwi, takave nechikonzero chakanaka chekutenda kuti kana tikanyatsokodzera mabhuku aripo uye ndokukwereta kubva pazviri (uye izvi zvingave zvinogoneka - isu tinongoreva kune izvo zvekutanga), tichava nemukana wekutaura chero zvematongerwo enyika zvine mafashoni. Panguva dzose, mubvunzo mumwechete mumwechete wakamuka: chii chatinoda kunyora uye chii chatinoda kutsanangura (zvese zvehukama hwedu, nenzira, ndezvechokwadi) kuti hushamwari hwedu hubudiswe sainzi yekufamba nendege. "

Izvi zvinyorwa zvakaedzwa zvinobudirira uye zvakaburitswa mune mukurumbira vezera-rakaongororwazve magazini esainzi. Nekuda kwe "muenzaniso wavo wesainzi", vanyori vakatogamuchira kukokwa mana kuzova vanyori mumagazini dzesainzi, uye chimwe chezvinyorwa zvisinga nzwisisike, "Imbwa Park", yakadada nenzvimbo mune zvinyorwa zvepamusoro mune inotungamira yeiyo feminist geography "Gender, Nzvimbo uye Tsika". Iyo pfungwa yeiyo opus yaive seizvi:

"Mapaki embwa anopinda mukubatwa chibharo uye inzvimbo yeiri kuwedzera tsika yekubatwa chibharo, uko kune kudzvinyirira kwe" imbwa yakadzvanywa ", inotibvumidza kuyera nzira yevanhu kumatambudziko ese. Izvi zvinopa pfungwa yekuti vangarumisa sei varume kubva pamhirizhonga yebonde uye kutadza kwavanowanzoita ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

Ad hominem

Mumiriri weAmerica uye munyori, asingavanzi zvido zvake zveungochani, purofesa wevanhu Camilla Paglia, mubhuku rake Vamps And Tramps kumashure muna 1994, akati: , mune ino kesi, vanoita zvechingochani avo, vane fanatical absolutism, vanoti vane chokwadi chega ... Tinofanirwa kuziva nezve nyonganiso inokanganisa yekuratidzira ngochani nesainzi, iyo inogadzira manyepo mazhinji kupfuura chokwadi. Masayendisiti ngochani anofanirwa kutanga ave masayendisiti, kozoti ngochani… ”(Paglia 1995, peji 91).

Mutsara wokupedzisira une zvimwe zvinoshamisa. Iko kushandurwa kwemaonero uye mafungiro emagariro evashandi vehutano hwepfungwa - kwete ekuongororwa kwekurapa uye chokwadi chesainzi - ine pesimba rakasimba pane zvawanikwa pakutsvaga. Nehurombo, vazhinji veavo vanodzidza ngochani zvakajeka vakatarisana pane imwe mhedzisiro.

Vanotsvagurudza avo mhedzisiro yavo inopokana nepfungwa ye "ungochani senge maitiro ekutarisira" vanowanzotsoropodzwa nekuda kwenhungamiro ye "ad hominem Circstantiae". Ichi chiito chine hutsinye chechidhimoni umo kukakavara, pane kukurukurirana kwechokwadi kweiyo nharo, kunopindurwa nekunongedzera kumamiriro, chimiro, chinangwa kana chimwe chinongedzo chemunhu anounza kupokana, kana munhu akabatana nepfungwa. Semuenzaniso, chokwadi chekuti sainzi mutendi kana kutsigira mapato ezvematongerwo enyika nemaonero ekuchengetedza, icho chinyorwa chinoburitswa mu "isina-mainini" kana isiri-yakaongororwa runyorwa magazini, nezvimwewo. Zvakare, chero kuedza kupikisa uku kupokana madhigirii zana nemanomwe anodonhedzwa kunze nekupomedzerwa kunyomba, kushaya "kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika", "kusagadzikana" uye kunyange kupararira kuvenga.

Tonga iwe pachako.

Carl Maria Kertbeny, munyori webhuku rekuAustria uyo akagadzira mazwi ekuti heterosexuality, monosexuality, uye ungochani (yaimboitwa pabonde yebonde yainzi sodomy kana pederasty), aive ngochani (Takács 2004, pp. 26–40). Gweta reGerman rakagadzira izwi rekuti "zvepabonde" uye rakadaidzira kuti hukama hweungochani hunzi hwakajairika nekuti vaive vazvarwa, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, aive ngochani (Sigusch 2000). Edward Warren, mirioneya wekuAmerica aifarira zvechinyakare, akapa veruzhinji mukombe unonzi waive wekare une mifananidzo yezviito zvehungochani, izvo zvinonzi zvakasimbisa hungochani muGreece yekare (inonzi Warren Cup), aive ngochani (BrightonOurStory). 1999). Nyanzvi yezvipembenene Dr. Alfred Kinsey - "baba vekuchinja kwepabonde muUnited States" - aiva bisexual (Baumgardner 2008, p. 48) uye akaita zvepabonde nevamwe varume, kusanganisira mudzidzi wake uye munyori pamwe naye Clyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. 59). Psychiatrist Fritz Klein, munyori weKlein Sexual Oientation Scale, aive bisexual (Klein naSchwartz 2001). Dr. Evelyn Hooker akatanga chidzidzo chake chakakurumbira pakukurudzirwa kweshamwari yake Sam Frome nevamwe varume ngochani (Jackson et al., 1998, mapeji 251-253), uye mushumo wake wekutanga wenyaya iyi wakabudiswa mumagazini yengochani Mattachine. Ongorora (Hooker 1955). Psychiatrist Paul Rosenfels, uyo akaburitsa Hungochani: Iyo Psychology yeCreative process muna 1971, iyo yakaongorora kukwezva ngochani seyakajairika mutsauko, uye kubatanidzwa kwaakaita muzviitiko zve1973, yaive ngochani (Paul Rosenfels Community webhusaiti nd).

Dr. John Spiegel, akasarudzwa semutungamiri weAmerican Psychiatric Association mu1973, aive ngochani (uye nhengo yeiyo inonzi "GayPA") (mazwi e81), sevamwe vavanoshanda navo vakabatsira pakaburitswa ungochani kubva pamazita ekutsauka: Ronald Gold (Humm 2002), Howard Brown (Brown 2017), Charles Silverstein (Silverstein na White 1976), John Gonsiorek (Minton 1977) naRichard Green (Green 2010). Dr. George Weinberg, avo vakatanga izwi rekunyepedzera "kupengesana" vachimanikidzwa kushamwaridzana neshamwari dzechingochani, aive murwi wemoto wehukama (Ayyar 2018).

Dr. Donald West, avo vakatanga "hypothesis" yekuti vanhu vanofungidzira zveungochani vanogona kunge vari "ngochani dzakavanzika," iye ngochani (West 2012). Dr. Gregory Herek, nyanzvi mu "kutapira vakadzi," vachifunga dudziro ye "kuvenga mhosva," iye ngochani (Bohan naRussel 1999). Vanyori vezvidzidzo zvikuru, izvo zvinoshandurwa sekusimbisa kwehupenyu hwengochani, ngochani, Dr. Simon LeVey ("ongororo ye hypothalamus") (Allen 1997), Dr. Richard Pillard ("kudzidza kwemapatya") (Mass 1990) naDr. Dean Heimer ("Kuongororwa kwemhando dzechingochani") (The New York Times 2004). Dr. Bruce Badgemeal, uyo akaburitsa bhuku achiti ungochani hwapararira uye zvakajairika pakati pemhuka uye kuti "mhedzisiro yevanhu yakanyanya," iye ngochani (Kluger 1999). Dr. Joan Rafgarden, mutsigiri wefungidziro ye "hunhu" hweungochani uye transsexualism kumhuka, ndiJonathan Rafgarden, uyo akatanga kupindira kwekurapa kwePurasitiki kweanhurume kuvanhukadzi pazera ramakore 52 (Yoon 2000).

The American Psychological Association's report on gay reparative therapy yakagumisa kuti "nhamburiko dzekuchinja maitiro ezvepabonde hazvibviri kubudirira uye kutakura imwe njodzi yekukuvara, zvinopesana nezvinotaurwa nevanorapa reparative nevanomiririra" (APA 2009, p. V) ; mushumo uyu wakagadzirwa neboka revanhu vanomwe, avo Judith M. Glassgold, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Lee Beckstead, Clinton W. Anderson vane ngochani, uye Robin Lyn Miller ane bisexual (Nicolosi 2009). Munyori weimwe American Psychological Association inoshuma pamusoro pevana vakarerwa nevarume vakaroorana, avo vakanyora kuti "hapana zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti vana vevakomana kana kuti ngochani vabereki vanotambura kana vachienzaniswa nevana vevabereki vakasiyana-siyana" (APA 2005, ndima 15). Muzvinafundo Charlotte J. Patterson weYunivhesiti yeVirginia ndiye aimbova purezidhendi weDivision 44, boka reAPA rinomiririra ngochani, ngochani, uye nevarume vaviri, uye nhengo yefekitari inoshanyira muLGBT Health Graduate Certificate Programme paColumbia College of Arts and Sciences (GW). Columbian College). Dr. Clinton Anderson, uyo Dr. Patterson akatenda nokuda kwe "rubatsiro runokosha" nemushumo (APA 2005, peji 22), ingochani (ona pamusoro). Vamwe vanhu vanomwe avo Dr. Patterson vakatenda nokuda kwe“tsinhiro dzinobatsira” dzavo vaisanganisira Dr. Natalie S. Eldridge, uyo ari ngochani (Eldridge et al., 1993, p. 13), uye Dr. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, uyo ari ngochani (Dayton Daily News 2009)), Dr. April Martin ingochani (Weinstein 2001) uye "piyona mukukurudzira zvepabonde uye dzimwe mhuri dzemhuri" (Manhatann Alternative. n.d.). Uye mune imwe yapfuura shanduro yemushumo (APA 1995), Dr. Patterson akatendawo Dr. Bianca Cody Murphy, uyewo ngochani (Plowman 2004).

Igor Semenovich Kon, munyori wenhoroondo uye muzivi uyo akaburitsa akawanda mabasa anotsanangura zvakajeka ungochani munharaunda yeRussia, akatsigira kakawanda rhetoric yekusangana kweungochani muRussia, anogamuchira grants kubva kuAmerican nemamwe maBMBT + masangano, apfuura mumwe chete, vasina kuroora (Kuznetsov naPonkin 2007). Celia Kitzinger naSusan (Sue) Wilkinson, nhengo dzakatenderwa dzeBritish Psychological Society neAmerican Psychological Association, vanyori vemabhuku mazhinji uye zvinyorwa zvinotsoropodza kunzwisisa kwetsika dzechinyakare mabasa evanhurume uye ungochani, vakaroora mumwe nemumwe (Davies 2014). Psychiatrist Martha Kirkpatrick, munyori we 1981 fundo pane "zvisina zvazvinogadzira" mukurera muhukama hwehukama hwehukama, is lesbian (Rosario 2002). Gynecologist Katherine O'Hanlan, munyori wezvinyorwa pane zvepamhepo, akaroora mukadzi (The New York Times 2003). Dr. Jesse Bering, mukurumbira wemafomu ese anonzi. "Zvimwe zvepabonde", ngochani (Bering 2013).

Ini ndichamira pano kuongororwa kwehunhu hwesainzi LGBT propagandists, nekuti ichi hachisi chinangwa chechinyorwa ichi. Ini pachangu, ndinotenda kuti Ad Hominem ongororo yezvinhu haina kururama uye ine mhosho musimboti wesainzi uye inofanirwa kudzivirirwa zvachose. Dot.

Zvakare, izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kune masayendisiti masayendisiti ane hushingi hwekuburitsa LGBT-yekusahadzika mhinduro: semuenzaniso, Dr Emily Drabant Conley, lesbian neuroscientist kubva kune genomic kambani "23andme" (Rafkin 2013), uyo akapa sechiratidziro mhedzisiro yekuwedzera kudzidza genomic kusangana kwekuda kwezvepabonde pamusangano wepagore weAmerican Society of Human Genetics mu2012 - kuongororwa kwacho hakuna kuwanikwa pakati pekukwezva ngochani uye mainini (Drabant et al., 2012). Kunyangwe, sekuziva kwangu, nekuda kwezvikonzero zvisingazivikanwe, Drabant haana kuendesa izvi zvekushandisa kuti zvishambadzirwe mubhuku renzvero revamwe.

Asi kurambwa kwesimba re "Ad hominem" kunofanirwa kunge kuri kwese kwesainzi. Munyaya iyi, kana mumwe munhu akati "A", anofanira kuti "B". Ihwo hunyengeri kunyengedza kudzora zvimwe zvidzidzo zvichienderana nemaonero ezvematongerwo enyika kana zvekunamata zvavanotenda, semuenzaniso, nekuti izvo zvakabuditswa mugwaro rakaburitswa neCatholic Medical Association, kana nekuti chidzidzo ichi chakawana mari kubva kuConservative Witherspoon Institute. vaongorori varatidzira LGBT inokurudzira mhinduro. Zvino, sezvazviri, kana muchikurukura nezvedambudziko rekukwezva ungochani, mutemo we "Ad hominem" haufanire kushandiswa zvachose mukududzira chero mhedziso.

mhedziso

Sainzi haigone kukamurwa kuita zvematongerwo enyika “zvakarurama” uye “zvisina kururama,” zvefashoni nezvinochengetedza, zvegutsaruzhinji uye zveudzvanyiriri. Sayenzi pachayo haigone kuve LGBT propaganda kana LGBT kusahadzika. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, maitiro esainzi - psychophysiological phenomena uye maitiro, mavhairasi uye mabhakitiriya - haana hanya zvachose nemaonero ezvematongerwo enyika esainzi anoadzidza; mabhakitiriya haazive chinhu nezve "hondo dzetsika". Aya ndiwo echokwadi aripo seakapihwa, anogona kungofuratirwa kana avo vanoataura vanogona kuongororwa, asi chokwadi ichi hachigone kubviswa kunze kwechokwadi. Sayenzi yakavakirwa panzira yesainzi, munhu wese anoshandura sainzi kuita chimwe chinhu, zvisinei kuti zvinangwa zvipi zvavanenge vachitungamirirwa nazvo - humanism, ideology uye zvematongerwo enyika, kururamisira kwevanhu uye social engineering, nezvimwewo - vaparidzi chaivo ve "pseudoscience". Nekudaro, nzanga yesainzi, seimwe nharaunda ipi neipi yevanhu vane zvavanotenda uye zvavanoshuvira, inozviisa pasi pekurerekera. Uye kurerekera uku kune vamwe vanhu, vanonzi. "neoliberal" tsika dzinonyatso kuratidzwa munyika yanhasi. Zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kutaurwa sechikonzero chekusarura uku - inhaka inoshamisa yemagariro uye nhoroondo yakakonzera kubuda kwe "sainzi taboos", kurwisana kwakanyanya kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakakonzera hunyengeri, "kutengesa" kwesainzi kunotungamira mukutsvagirwa kwekunzwa. , etc. Nomuzvarirwo , dambudziko rekusarura mune zvesainzi haringogumiri pakusarura pakuongorora ungochani, asi rinosanganisira dzimwe nyaya dzakawanda dzinowanzova dzakakosha uye dzinokosha pakukura kwevanhu. Kana kurerekera musayenzi kunogona kudziviswa zvachose kunoramba kune nharo. Nekudaro, mumaonero angu, zvinokwanisika kugadzira mamiriro eiyo yakakwana equidistant sainzi maitiro. Imwe yemamiriro ezvinhu aya ndeyekuzvimirira kwakakwana kwesainzi - zvemari, zvematongerwo enyika uye, zvisinganyanyi kukosha, rusununguko kubva munhau.

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Notes

1 Encyclopedia Britannica inotsanangura manyepo seinotevera: "Kutsigira, kuparadzira ruzivo - chokwadi, nharo, runyerekupe, chokwadi chakapetwa, kana nhema - kupesvedzera maonero eruzhinji. Propaganda inzira inowedzera kana kushoma kurongeka yekushandisa manzwi, hukama kana zviito zvevamwe vanhu kuburikidza nezviratidzo (mazwi, maoko, mapostori, zvimiro zveumhanzi, mimhanzi, zvipfeko, decals, dhiraivha, dhizari pamari uye mapepa ekutumira, nezvimwewo). Kunzwisisa uye kusimbisa kwakasimba pakunyengera kusiyanisa kuparadzira kubva kune zvakajairika kutaudzana kana wakasununguka uye nyore kupanana mazano. Anoparadzira ane chinangwa chakananga kana kuti zvinangwa. Kuti vasvike kwavari, iye anoparadzira anosarudza nemaune chokwadi, nharo uye zviratidzo uye anozviratidza nenzira yekukwanisa kuita zvikuru. Kuti awedzere kuita izvi, anogona kushaya chokwadi chakakosha kana kuzvikanganisa, uye angaedza kukanganisa pfungwa dzevateereri kubva kunedzimwe ruzivo. ” https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

2 Tsika Yezvematongerwo enyika

3 Kuruboshwe-Mapapiro Enyika Yenharaunda

4 Saka iyo inonzi muzita memo

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