V. Lysov
E-mail: kimiyya4truth@yandex.ru
Mafi yawan abubuwan da ke gaba ana buga su ne a cikin mujallar da aka sa a ta-kansu. Nazarin zamani na matsalolin zamantakewa, 2018; Xarar 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: “Harshen gaskiya da kuma batun amfani da kalmar '' mazaɓanci '' a cikin jawaban kimiyya da jama'a".
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Nemo Mabuɗi

(1) Hanya mai mahimmanci game da luwaɗanci ba ta cika ka'idodi na bincike game da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba azaman tsarin tunani na psychopathological. Babu wani tsatstsauran ra'ayi game da 'yan luwaɗi', kalma ce ta maganganun siyasa.
(2) Amfani da kalmar "mazaunin ɗan adam" a cikin aikin kimiyya don nuna ɗaukacin halayen nuna halayen jima'i ba daidai bane. Amfani da kalmar '' yan kishili '' yana haifar da lahani tsakanin hali mai zurfi ga liwadi dangane da akidun akida da kuma nau'in bayyanar da tsokanar zalunci, da sauya yanayin fahimtar juna zuwa tsokanar zalunci.
(3) Masu bincike sun lura da cewa amfani da kalmar "luwaɗanci" mataki ne mai tsaurin ra'ayi wanda aka yiwa waɗanda membobin jama'a waɗanda ba su yarda da haɗuwa da salon rayuwar luwadi ba a cikin al'umma, amma waɗanda ba sa jin ƙiyayya ko tsoron rashin yarda da luwaɗan.
(4) additionari ga imani da al'adu da wayewa, tushen halayen halayen masu jima'i iri ɗaya, a bayyane, shine tsarin tsaran halaye - nazarin halittu ƙiyayyaHaɓaka aikin halittar ɗan adam don tabbatar da iyakar tsafta da iyawar haihuwa.

Keywords: camfin, “homophobia”, kyama, haɗari, tsarin rigakafin halaye, magudi

GABATARWA

Daga cikin mahimman ɓangaren jama'a, akwai mahimmancin ra'ayi game da ayyukan jinsi-guda ɗaya, matsayin bayyana wanda ya bambanta sosai: daga nuna goyon baya ga doka zuwa ƙoƙarin canza tsarin rayuwar aure don haɗawa da haɗin gwiwar jinsi guda zuwa abubuwan da ke tayar da hankali ga daidaikun mutane da ke nuna halin ƙungiyar "LGBTKIAP +" (Kohut 2013; Gray 2013) A cikin tsarin motsi na "LGBTKIAP +", irin wannan mummunan halin, ba tare da la’akari da matsayin bayyanarsa da dalilan sa ba, ana kiran shi abin da ake kira. "Takobin"Adams xnumx) Dangane da Kundin Tsarin Turanci na Oxford, neologism “homophobia” ya fito ne daga kalmomin “luwaɗanci” da “phobia” (Littattafan Ingilishi na Oxford). Kalmar "homophobia" ana amfani da ita sosai a kafofin watsa labarai da sanannun al'adu: mai bincike Nungessor ya lura cewa:

"Luwadi da Madigo" ya zama babban manufar siyasa da ake amfani da ita don koma wa kowane irin ra'ayi mara kyau game da 'yan luwadi ... "(Nungessor xnumx, p. 162).

«Harshen 'Homophobia' ko da ana amfani dashi a cikin jawabai na siyasa na dangantakar yau da gobe (EPR 2006). Don haka, yin amfani da kalmar "homophobia" don bayyana halaye masu mahimmanci game da ƙimar ƙa'idodin "LGBTQIAP +" ya dogara ne da mahimman ƙa'idodi biyu: (1) yana haifar da haɗin haɗin kai tsakanin KOWANE halin rashin daidaito game da liwadi tare da rikicewar maganganu, tare da ilimin psychopathology; (2) yana ba da ma'anoni marasa kyau da nuna kyama ga mutanen da ke ba da shawarar ra'ayi daban da na motsi na LGBTQIAP +.

Kamar yadda likita na kimiyyar shari'a Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin da marubutan hadin gwiwa suka rubuta a cikin aikinsu:

"… Kusan duk wata tattaunawa da za a yi tare da masu yada farfagandar luwadi, lokacin da ba a yarda da su ba, a yau ya kunshi likafa ta atomatik na lakabin cin zarafin" homophobe ", ba tare da la'akari da asali da sifa ba, matakin gaskiya da ingancin doka na irin waɗannan kimantawa masu mahimmanci game da liwadi. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, waɗanda suka nuna ɗabi'a mai zafi game da luwaɗanci an hana su 'yancin faɗin ra'ayi da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ba wai kawai yayin muhawarar jama'a ba, amma gaba ɗaya, a kowane yunƙurin bayyana ra'ayinsu a kafofin watsa labarai. Bugu da ƙari, akwai kiraye-kirayen jama'a don nuna wariya ga waɗannan mutane: hana haƙƙin shiga wasu ƙasashe, ɗaure su, da sauransu. Irin wannan tattaunawar ta son zuciya da irin wannan fassarar ka'idar daidaituwar kowa a gaban doka da kotu da kuma ka'idar hakuri bawai kawai kwata-kwata ya saba da ka'idoji da ka'idojin dimokiradiyya ba, amma kuma, ya kamata su haifar da martani nan take daga jihar, wacce ba ta da 'yancin komawa baya daga yanayin doka da siyasa na duniya saboda yanayin siyasa. tsarin mulki da ka'idar doka na daidaituwar kowa a gaban doka da kotu. Kalmomin "homophobe", "homophobia" ba daidai ba ne, alamun da aka kirkira wadanda aka lika a kan duk wani mai sukar akidar luwadi (ba tare da la'akari da tsari da matsayin hujja na irin wannan suka ba), da kuma duk wanda ya nuna adawa da tilasta tilasta akidar ta luwadi a kan maza da mata (ciki har da kananan yara). Wadannan kalmomin sunaye ne na kimanta akida na abubuwan da basu dace ba kuma ana amfani da su azaman mara izini mara ma'ana don amfani da manufa don cin mutunci da cin mutuncin masu adawa (...) A zahiri, mutanen da ba su yarda da salon rayuwar ɗan kishili ba, jaraba da imani suna adawa da farfagandar jama'a game da liwadi, babu "phobias", ma'ana, mai raɗaɗi, yawan tsoro da ke sa waɗannan mutane su ji tsoron 'yan luwadi. Mutanen da ba su san ma'anar kalmomin likita na musamman ba na iya haɗa ma'anar kalmar "homophobe" da ƙyamar cuta ga mutum da mutane gaba ɗaya (daga Latin homo - mutum). Bayyanar da hankali irin na rashin hankali (phobias) ga mutanen da ba su yarda da akidar 'yan luwadi ba kawai dabara ce ta rashin da'a ba, amma kuma ana nufin a wulakanta mutuncin wadannan mutane, a yi musu kazafi ... "(Ponkin 2011).

Daidai ne ya bayyana hanyar danna kai tsaye ta hanyar tuhumar “dan kishiya” dan jaridar nan mai suna "Sergei Khudiev":

“... Duk wanda ya kuskura ya saba sosai da akidar tabbatar da 'yan luwaɗi nan da nan zai fuskanci lakabi da zagi mai zafi. Idan kun sami jima'i tsakanin jinsi guda wani abu da bai kamata a karfafa shi ba bisa doka, nan da nan za a bayyana ku da mugunta, mara haƙuri, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, mai koma baya da nuna ƙiyayya, wariyar launin fata, ɗan fasist, Ku Klux Klan, Taliban, da sauransu da sauransu. Wata dabara mai sauƙi amma mai fa'ida don magudi ta motsa jiki yana amfani da dabaru da yawa na bayyane. Misali, an baku zabi mara kyau - ko dai azabtar da luwadi da karfi, ko karfafa shi ta kowace hanya. Idan kuna adawa da hukuncin kisa mai karfi don saduwa da jinsi daya, to yakamata ku zama don amincewa da kungiyoyin kwadagon jinsi ta hanyar aure. Wata dabara - “wasu bayin Allah a fili (alal misali, 'yan Nazi) suna adawa da luwadi - kai ma kana adawa da shi - don haka kai ɗan Nazi ne. Idan ba ku son a ɗauke ku 'yan Nazi, to ku yarda da ra'ayinmu. " Na ukun ya bayyana duk wani laifi da aka aikata a kan 'yan luwadi - alal misali, halin da ake ciki inda abokinsa ya kashe saurayi a cikin karuwanci - a matsayin bayyanar "homophobia", ya bayyana duk wani rashin jituwa da cewa "luwadi ce" kuma don haka ke sanya duk wani mai adawa da masu laifi. Wannan matsin lamba ba za a iya ɗaukar shi ba face bayyananniyar jayayya mara ma'ana, amma matsalar ita ce, ana ƙara fuskantar tilasta mata; a cikin kasashen Turai da dama, ana kallon rashin yarda da ra'ayoyin tabbatar da 'yan luwadi a matsayin "tsokanar kiyayya" kuma laifi ne da za a gabatar da shi. Koyaya, rashin gaskiyar irin wannan zargin yana bayyana da zaran mun ɗauki matsalar muyi tunanin sa na aƙalla mintina biyar. Taliban ta hukunta shan giya da zafi; Shin wannan yana nuna cewa duk wanda bai yarda da shaye-shaye ba dan Taliban ne kuma yana da niyyar gabatar da Shari’ar Musulunci a cikin al’umma? Mutane (na jinsi biyu) waɗanda ke samun kuɗi ta hanyar karuwanci galibi suna zama waɗanda aka yi wa laifi - shin wannan yana nufin cewa duk wanda ya nuna cewa wannan hanyar samun kuɗi ba daidai ba ce kuma tana da haɗari ga masu laifi? Shin za a iya ɗora wa duk wanda bai yarda da shan ƙwaya ƙwaya ba saboda tsananin ƙiyayyarsa ga matalauta masu shaye-shaye? ... "(Khudiev 2010).

YADDA HOMOPHOBIA YANA AIKATA

Masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na Amurka kuma mai fafatukar "LGBTKIAP +" - motsi (Aister 2002; Xanyan 2017) George Weinberg yi la'akari da kirkirar kalmar "homophobia" kuma marubucin hasashen wani tunanin psychopathological substrate of m hali ga liwadi (Herek 2004; Weinberg xnumx) A cikin hirar da aka yi da littafin ɗan kishili, Weinberg bai ba da wata cikakkiyar amsa ba game da abin da ya sa ya zama mai ƙwarewar shiga ƙungiyar LGBTKIAP +, in ji shi:

"Dukda cewa ni ba ɗan luwaɗi bane, na kasance mai 'yanci a cikin halaye na na maza, da kuma a wasu ayyukan da ban fi so in rubuta ba"Aister 2002).

Weinberg ya kira kansa mutumin da ya gabatar da ra'ayin cewa kishi da tsoro suna da mutunci ga luwadi a tsakiyar 1960s, yayin da suke shirye-shiryen gabatar da jawabi a taron Kungiyar Gabas ta Gabas na Gabas (Aister 2002; Xanyan 2017) Ya raba tunaninsa tare da masu gwagwarmayar "LGBTKIAP +", ƙungiyoyi Jack Nichols da Lige Clark, waɗanda suka fara amfani da kalmar "homophobia" a cikin wata kasida don mujallar batsa "Screw" (23 a watan Mayu 1969 na shekara), wanda ke nufin tsoron ba 'yan luwaɗi cewa za a iya kuskure ga 'yan luwadi - wannan shine farkon ambaton kalmar a cikin abin da aka buga (Xanyan 2017; Herek 2004) Bayan 'yan watanni bayan haka, an yi amfani da wannan kalmar a kan labarin jaridar The Times (Xanyan 2017).

A cikin 1971, Weinberg da kansa ya fara amfani da kalmar "nuna kiyayya" a cikin wata kasida mai taken "Kalmomi don Sabon Al'adu" a cikin mako-mako "Gay" (Xanyan 2017). Bayan karanta wannan labarin, abokin aikin Weinberg Kenneth T. Smith (Weinberg xnumx, shafi na 132, 136) a ƙarshen 1971 ya fara ambaton kalmar "homophobia" a cikin littafin kimiyya wanda ya gabatar da sikeli na musamman don auna mummunan halayen mutum wanda ke faruwa ta hanyar tuntuɓar mutane da 'yan luwadi (Smith 1971) A ƙarshe, a cikin 1972, Weinberg ya ba da haske game da tunanin tunanin mutum na “homophobia” a cikin littafin "Society and the Healthy Liwadi" (Weinberg xnumx) A shekara mai zuwa, Weinberg ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin taron jama'a wanda aka shirya ta American LGBTKIAP +, wani motsi wanda ya haifar da shawarar Psyungiyar Psywaƙwalwar Americanwararrakin Amurka don ware fitinar '' liwadi '' daga jerin lambobin rikice-rikice na tunanin mutum a cikin 1973 (Xanyan 2017) Duk da cewa "masu nuna wariyar launin fata" daga baya magoya bayan su da kuma masu adawa da kungiyar "LGBTKIAP +", Weinberg ya kasance mai taurin kai game da yardarsa har tsawon rayuwarsa kuma ya nace kan hade da "kishiya" a cikin rukunin rikice-rikice na tunani (Weinberg xnumx).

CIGABA DA YI AMFANI DA AMFANI

A tsawon lokaci daga ambaton farko cikin ayyukan kimiyya (1971 - 1972), ma'anar kalmar "homophobia" ta bambanta daga halayen mutum ɗaya (Smith 1971) da kuma rashin tsoro pathological tsoro (Weinberg xnumx) ga kowane irin hali mai mahimmanci (gami da, alal misali, rashin jituwa tare da kyale ma'aurata masu jinsi guda suyi 'ya'ya) ()Costa 2013) George Weinberg a cikin aikinsa ya yi amfani da kalmar "'yar kiyayya" a cikin ma'anar tsoron saduwa da' yan luwadi, kuma idan muna magana ne game da 'yan luwadi da kansu, to,' yan luwaɗan 'yana nufin ƙiyayya ga kansu ()Weinberg xnumx) Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka, Morin da Garfinkle sun ayyana a matsayin “masu nuna wariyar jinsi” irin wannan mutumin da bai tsinkaye salon rayuwar yar luwaɗi daidai da salon maza ba.Morin xnumx).

A cikin shekara ta 1983, Nungessor ya lura:

"..." homophobia "ya zama babban ma'anar siyasa da ake amfani da ita don nuna duk wani ra'ayi mara kyau ga masu luwadi ..." (Nungessor xnumx, p. 162).

A wannan shekarar, 'yan ƙiyayya sun nuna Fyfe da nuna kyama da nuna wariya ga' yan luwadi (Fyfe xnumx) Hudson da Ricketts sun lura cewa, kwararrun masana da wadanda ba kwararru ba suka fara amfani da kalmar "'yan luwaɗi' don ma'anar kowane ƙiyayya ga ɗan luwaɗan wanda ya ɓace yawancin ma'anarta na asali" (Hudson xnumx, p. 357). A cikin 1991, da yawa daga masu bincike sun ba da ma'anar “nuna bambancin ra'ayi” a matsayin “duk wariyar wariyar wariyar launin fata da wariya” (Bell xnumx; Haaga xnumx), kuma Reiter ya ayyana shi a matsayin "wariyar ra'ayi tare da nuna yanayin al'adu da al'adu" ()Reiter 1991) Shekaru biyar bayan haka, Young-Bruehl ya lura cewa "nuna wariyar launin fata nuna wariya ce ba akan takamaiman mutane ba, amma ga takamaiman ayyuka" (Matashi-Bruehl 1996, p. 143). Daga baya Kranz da Cusick sun baiyana "nuna wariyar ra'ayi" a matsayin "tsoron da bai dace ba game da luwadi"Kranz 2000) A cikin shekara ta 2005, O'Donohue da Caselles sun lura cewa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kalmar "nuna bambancin ra'ayi" ya haɗu da kowane mummunan ra'ayi, imani ko aiki ga 'yan luwadi (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 68).

A cikin tsarin ilimin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyyar ilimin kimiyya, phobia (cututtukan phobic) yana nufin nau'in neurosis na damuwa, babban mahimmin ma'auni don ƙayyade abin da yake tabbatacce rashin tsoro (ko damuwa), wanda ba a iya kiyayewa kuma ba tare da ɓarna ba a wasu yanayi (Kazakovtsev 2013, p. 230). Mutumin da ke da phobia yana ƙoƙari a cikin kowane yanayi mai yiwuwa don guje wa hulɗa da wani abu ko halin da ke haifar da ƙin ciki da kuma irin wannan halin da matsananciyar damuwa da damuwa. Tare da goyan bayan gaskiyar cewa halayyar da ake nunawa game da ayyukan ɗan kishili ba phobia ba ce, Haaga (1991) idan aka kwatanta da wariya da phobias, halayen da aka bayyana a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "masu nuna bambancin ra'ayi" sun cika ka'idojin nuna wariya (duba jadawalin da ke ƙasa) (Haaga xnumx).

Tebur 1 Kwatanta Rashin nuna wariya da Phobia bisa ga D.A.F. Haaga [30]

Rubuta	Rashin nuna wariyar ra'ayi (da ake zaton 'yan luwaɗi)	Real phobia (neurosis)
Jin motsin rai	fushi, haushi	damuwa, tsoro
Tashin hankali na motsin zuciyarmu	gaban dalilai	rashin bayani, rashin tsari
Matsayar amsawa	tsokanar zalunci	guji ta kowane hanya
Tsarin jama'a	hamayyar zamantakewa	babu
Mayar da hankali ga kokarin kawar da jihar da ba ta dace ba	nuna son kai	a kanmu

An gabatar da matakai daban-daban ta wasu hanyoyi don auna matakin mummunan halaye game da luwaɗan - ta amfani da gwaje-gwaje na tunani (Smith 1971; Hudson xnumx; Lumby xnumx; Milham 1976; Logan 1996) Bincike na Grey da abokan aiki da Costa da abokan aiki sun bayyana da dama na matakan da suka dace don auna halayen mutanen da ke magana da maza da ke nuna halayyar ɗan luwaɗi (Costa 2013; Gray 2013) Duk hanyoyin tantancewar da aka gabatar suna da rashi daya na asali - Rashin rukuni don kwatantawa yayin ci gaban su: inganci a cikin dukkan gwaje-gwajen da aka gabatar an samo su ne daga kwatancen tare da gungun masu amsa kararraki wadanda suka bayyana kyawawan dabi'u wadanda kawai aka danganta su da mummunan hali game da luwadi (alal misali, addini, za ~ en jam’iyyun siyasa na dama-). A cewar O'Donohue da abokan aiki, za a iya kawar da wannan aifin ta hanyar kwatantawa da ƙungiyar masu faɗan da aka samu da laifin tashin hankali ga daidaikun mutane da ke nuna halayen luwadi (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 77). Don haka, ba da yawan matsalolin ilimin halin rai tare da kowane tsarin tantancewar da aka gabatar ba, to lura da abubuwan da aka sanya a ka'idodin wadannan hanyoyin tantancewar suna da shakku (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 77). Gabaɗaya, ba a bayyana ko abin da ake kira ba. '' Homophobia '': yarjejeniya kan ma'anar kalmar '' yan kishiya '', wanda ba a lura da shi a yau, yana da mahimmancin gaske game da wannan, yana da cikakkun dabaru daban daban, daga gabaɗaya (misali, negativism) zuwa ƙarin takamaiman (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx, p. 82).

Ya kamata a sani cewa kawai amfani da kimiyya, amfani da kalmar '' mazaɓanci 'matsala ce mai dacewa bisa ga dalilai huɗu na zuciya. Da farko dai, hujjojin sun nuna cewa rashin kiyayya ne ga yan luwadi na musamman lokuta na iya zama phobia a cikin jiyya, kamar claustrophobia ko arachnophobia. Koyaya, mafi yawan mutane masu tsinkaye tsinkaye na dangantakar jinsi-daya ba su da amsawar halayyar dabi'ar phobias (Garkuwa xnumx) Yunkurin "LGBTKIAP +" na yanzu, amfani da kalmar '' homophobia 'ba ta kowace fuska ba ta bambanta tsakanin waɗannan jihohin biyu. Abu na biyu, yin amfani da kalmar “homophobia” daga hangen nesan ka’idar Weinberg ya tanadi cewa wannan yanayin yanayin aikin mutum ne na ɗabi’a, duk da haka, binciken bai tabbatar da hakan ba, amma yana nuna tabbataccen tarayya tare da rukuni na al’adun duniya da alaƙar zamantakewa (Kohut 2013) Abu na uku, phobia a cikin ra'ayi na asibiti yana da alaƙa da halayen mara kyau da ƙwarewa waɗanda ke warware ayyukan zamantakewa na mutum ɗaya (Table 1), amma ƙiyayya ga 'yan luwadi ba ta shafi aikin zamantakewa na al'ada na mutane (Herek 2000, 1990) Na hudu, aiwatar da siyasa da manufar “kiyayya tsakanin maza da mata” tana danganta nuna rashin jituwa ga liwadi da irin wannan lamarin, misali, wariyar launin fata ko nuna wariyar launin fata (EPR 2006). Koyaya, wariyar launin fata ko jima'i wani lamari ne da ake fuskanta akan masu ɗauke da wasu ƙayyadaddun halaye da ba su dogara da halayen masu jigilar su ba (misali, nuna wariya ga Caucasians ko maza). Abin da ake kira "homophobia" a cikin tsarin tafiyar LGBTKIAP + hali ne na gaba ba ga masu ɗauke da halayen halaye ba, amma ga ayyuka (ɗabi'a), mafi dacewa, ga nuna irin wannan ɗabi'ar, wanda a cikin saɓɓar matsayin jinsi da aka kafa a cikin jima'i da / ko zamantakewa. Babu ma wata yarjejeniya ta ra'ayi wanda aka ɗauka ɗan luwaɗi - mutumin da ke yin hulɗa da jinsi ɗaya a kai a kai ko kuma da kyar; wanda aka tilasta masa shiga hurda da jinsi guda ko kuma wanda yake yin hakan bisa son rai, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai luwadi" ko a'a, da sauransu, da dai sauransu. mutumin da ba ya nuna halaye na luwaɗi a bainar jama'a kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar "LGBTKIAP +" ba ya fuskantar wata mummunar tasiri daga jama'a, wanda ba zai yiwu ba game da irin wannan lamari kamar wariyar launin fata.

SAUKAR DA KYAUTA SANAR DA SIFFOFIN POLITICAL

Tun da kalmar "phobia" tana da ma'ana ta zahiri kuma tana nuna yanayin rashin tsoro mara ma'ana (binciken likitanci), ƙirar halayen mutuntaka ga luwaɗan a matsayin Phobia bashi da tabbacin kimiyya. Misali, halayyar mutum mai ban sha'awa ga zane-zane na yau da kullun ta fuskar kyawawan dabi'un kimiyya ba za'a iya kiran shi "avant-garde phobia": irin wannan halin yana nuna ra'ayin mutum ne kawai. Cases vandalism dangane da ayyukan zane ne sabon abu ne wanda ba za a yarda da shi ba kuma, tare da babban matakin yiwuwar shaida, ga wasu halaye na lalata abubuwan lalata. Koyaya, mahimmancin irin waɗannan lokuta na ɓarna don kimanta irin waɗannan ayyukan kuma, musamman, duk waɗanda ba sa son waɗannan ayyukan fasaha, daidai suke da sifili.

Matsayi mai mahimmanci game da al'amurran da suka shafi LGBTKIAP + ayyukan jama'a - motsi, ba a rarrabe shi azabtar da Healthungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ko Psyungiyar Masana ilimin hauka ta Amurka (ICD 1992; DSM 2013) Saboda dalilan da aka nuna a sama, marubuta da yawa sun yi tir da amfani da kalmar nan “luwaɗanci” dangane da mummunan ra'ayi game da liwadi.Herek 2004, Herek in Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Garkuwa xnumx), kuma a maimakon haka, an gabatar da sharuddan da yawa: “dan adam, dan adam, yaudarar maza, ɗan luwadi, bautar gumaka, yaɗuwar jinsi, ƙiyayya, luwaɗanci, effeminophobia, cin zarafi, zina, zina, wariyar jima'i” da sauran su (O´Donohue in Wright xnumx; Sears 1997).

Koyaya, kalmar '' yan kishili 'ana ci gaba da yin amfani da shi sosai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai, al'adun gargajiyar, har ma da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya don nuna ma'anar halayyar liwadi. Connie Ross, editan ɗayan mujallu na ƙungiyar 'yan luwadi, ta ce ba za ta yi watsi da amfani da kalmar "luwaɗanci" ba saboda kuskuren kimiyya, tunda tana ɗaukar babban aikin "yaƙin don' yancin ɗan luwadi"Taylor 2002).

Smithmyer (2011) ya nuna mai zuwa:

"… Amfani da kalmar 'homophobia' wani matsi ne na danniya ga wadanda suke kare ma'anar al'adar aure, amma ba sa kyamar masu luwadi (…) Amfani da wannan kalmar laifi ne (…) da kuma batanci (…) Kalmar" homophobe "dabara ce ta siyasa wacce ake amfani da ita a cikin dokoki da kotuna ..." (Smithmyer 2011, p. 805).

Holland (2006) ya lura cewa:

"... Ko da sauƙaƙan bayanan ƙididdiga ne game da abin da ke faruwa game da cutar Aids tsakanin maza 'yan luwadi ya ɗora zargin' homophobia '..." (Holland xnumx, p. 397).

Tare da kusan yiwuwar 100%, wannan rahoton za a nuna shi nan da nan ta hanyar "homophobia" ta magoya bayan ƙungiyar "LGBTKIAP +".

A cikin 2009, Kerry Prechan wanda ya lashe shafin kyau na Katar Prechan ya shiga cikin gasar Miss America. Bayan da ta amsa wata tambaya daga wata kotun luwadi da madam ko ya kamata a halatta auren jinsi a Amurka, an fitar da ita daga gasar tare da cire mata lakabin Miss California.

Amsar da Kerry Preghan ya haifar ya fusata dukkan kafofin "kasashen waje na siyasa", ana tuhumar ta da nuna wariyar launin fata, ta nemi ta karbo maganarta daga baya ta kirata da "bebe mara kyau" (Prejean 2009) Don me? Prezhan yayi tayin saka 'yan luwadi a gidan yari?

A'a, ga amsar bakinciki:

“… To, ina tsammanin yana da kyau jama'ar Amirka za su iya za ~ i] aya ko wata. Muna zaune a cikin ƙasa inda za ku iya zaɓar tsakanin auren gay da auren gargajiya. Kuma kun san menene, a al'adunmu, a cikin iyalina, a ganina na yi imanin cewa aure ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin mace da namiji. Ba na son cin zarafin kowa, amma haka aka rene ni ... ”(AP 2009).

Masu gwagwarmayar LGBTKIA +, ƙungiyoyi na Kirk da Madsen, sun yi iƙirarin cewa amfani da kalmar "luwaɗanci" ya yi tasiri sosai a cikin dabarun siyasa don canza matsayin zamantakewar luwadi:

“… A duk wani kamfen da zai sa jama’a su ji tausayinsa, ya kamata a gabatar da‘ yan luwadi a matsayin wadanda ke bukatar kariya, don haka ‘yan luwadi da miji su mika wuya ga son rai na daukar nauyin masu karewa should Ya kamata a nuna‘ yan Luwadi a matsayin wadanda abin ya shafa… Ya kamata a nuna: hotunan zana na maza masu luwadi; wasan kwaikwayo na rashin aiki da gidaje, rashin kula da yara da wulakanta jama'a: jerin sun ci gaba ... Kamfen dinmu bai kamata ya nemi goyon baya kai tsaye ga ayyukan luwadi ba, a maimakon haka, ya kamata mu kafa yaki da nuna wariya a matsayin babban aiki ... "(Kirk 1987).

A cikin wani littafi da aka saki 'yan shekarun baya, Kirk da Madsen sun jaddada:

"... Duk da yake kalmar 'homophobia' za ta fi zama daidai, 'homophobia' tana aiki mafi kyau da lafazi ... wanda ke nuna a tsarin sigar-asibiti cewa nuna wariyar jinsi da jinsi suna da alaƙa da lalacewar halayyar su da rashin tsaro ..." ((Kirk 1989, p. 221).

BAYANIN KYAUTA

An gabatar da nau'ikan hanyoyin causal na hali mai kyau game da ayyukan luwaɗan: na sirri (Smith 1971), halin kirki (O'Donohue a ciki Wright xnumx), halayyar (Grey 1991) m (Bell xnumx), samfurin ƙwarewa ko tsinkaye tsinkaye (Herek in Gonsiorek xnumx), phobic (MacDonald 1973), al'adu (Reiter 1991) Mafi yawan ƙarancin kulawa a cikin littattafan kimiyya da shahararrun shahararrun kimiyya ana ba su ne don ƙirar ƙira ta halitta.

Abubuwan lura na zamani sun bamu damar yin tunani game da wasu hanyoyin zamantakewar mu'amula mara kyau game da luwaɗan ɗan luwaɗi. Ellis da abokan aiki (2003) sun yi nazarin ɗaliban 226 na ƙwararrun halayyar mutum daga jami'o'i uku na Biritaniya, waɗanda, ta yin amfani da ma'auni biyu daban-daban, sun kimanta halayen mutane game da luwaɗan da halin halayyar ayyukan zamantakewa da ke da alaƙa da jinsi guda (batun ƙaddamar da rajistar abokan tarayya, ɗaukar yara, da sauransu. .) ()Ellis 2003) Duk da cewa fiye da rabin wadanda suka amsa sun nuna cewa sun yarda da cikakkun bayanan da ke bayyana dan luwadi a matsayin wata dabi'a ta dabi'a ga mutum, mafi karancin adadin wadanda suka amsa sun yarda da takamaiman kalamai (alal misali, “jinsi bai kamata ya zama matsala a aure ba, luwaɗanci za su iya yin aikin soja, ya kamata a koyar da yara). Tsarin dabi'ar dan luwaɗi ”, da sauransu) (Ellis 2003, shafi na 129). Steffens (2005) ya gudanar da bincike game da ɗaliban Jamusawa 203 da ke amfani da hanyoyi na musamman don tantance halaye na ɓoye (sane) da ɓoyayyen (sume) game da liwadi (Steffens xnumx) A cikin wannan aikin, an yi nazarin halaye masu amfani ta hanyar amfani da tambayoyin gwaji daban-daban, kuma an yi nazarin halin rashin sani ta amfani da gwaji don ƙungiyoyi da ke ɓoye.

An gano cewa yayin da hankali game da luwaɗan ya kasance tabbatacce a farkon kallon, yanayin rashin sanin yakamata ya zama mafi muni. Kyakkyawan hali game da luwaɗan ya kuma danganta da shaidar ɗan luwaɗi na masu amsawa. (Steffens xnumx, p. 50, 55). Inbar da abokan aiki (2009) sun nuna cewa hatta waɗancan mutanen da suke ɗaukar kansu a matsayin gungun mutane waɗanda ke son yin jinsi iri ɗaya, ba da gangan ba suna jin ƙyamar idan sun sumbaci mutane na jinsi ɗaya (Inbar 2009).  

Bayan haka, wasu mutane da ke da luwadi suna da masaniyar kyamar da namiji ya yiwa mace daya:

"... Rashin yarda da luwadi a cikin mutane yana a matakin kin amincewa ne ..." (Mironova 2013).

Bayani na ƙarshe yana da bayanin kimiyya. Yawancin marubutan sun yi imani da cewa a cikin hanyar juyin halitta, abin da ake kira. tsarin rigakafin halayyar - hadaddun halayen rashin amsawa, wanda aka tsara don kare shi kan sakamakon sabbin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan daji (Schaller in Forgas xnumx; Faulkner 2004; Park 2003; Fili-crawford xnumx).

Tsarin garkuwar jiki ya dogara ne da jin ƙyamar yanayi ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba: mutanen da ke cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da ba a sani ba, kuma musamman waɗanda ke aiwatar da ayyukan da ba na al'ada ba game da cin abinci, tsafta da jinsi, suna da haɗarin canja wurin sabon (kuma, sabili da haka, musamman masu haɗari) jami'ai masu cutar. Don haka, yayin tuntuɓar irin waɗannan mutane, tsarin garkuwar jiki yana aiki, kuma abin ƙyama ne na ɗabi'a (Fili-crawford xnumx, p. 333, 338; Curtis 2011a, 2011b; Curtis 2001) Tunda yin jima'i tsakanin mutane na jinsi ɗaya ko na nau'ikan halittu masu rai, da kuma gawar gawar ko mutane ba su da girma, da dai sauransu, ba al'adar haihuwa ba ce, halayen jima'i na dabi'a ne, amsawar yawancin mutane ga bayyanar irin wannan halayen kyama ce don hana yiwuwar haɗari da saduwa da ilimin rayuwa ba tare da haɗuwa da irin waɗannan mutane ba. Dangantakar kyama da halaye marasa kyau ga marasa haihuwa, gami da luwadi, an nuna ayyukan jima'i a cikin ɗimbin karatu (Mooijman 2016; Bishop xnumx; Terrizzi 2010; Olatunji 2008; Cottrell xnumx;  Herek 2000; Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). Hakanan maƙasudin maƙasudin ma yana da ban sha'awa - wani abin ƙyama wanda ya haifar da ƙyama yana taɓarɓarewa a matakin rashin sani game da hotuna tare da jigogin luwaɗi (Dasgupta xnumx).

Takaici shine tsarin karbuwa wanda aka kirkireshi domin bunkasa halayyar da nufin gujewa hadarin cutar (Schaller in Forgas xnumx; Curtis 2004, 2011b; Oaten xnumx; Tybur 2009; Fessler xnumx) An kirkiro wannan tsarin adaftar a cikin dabbobi don sauƙaƙe fitowar abubuwa da yanayi masu haɗari da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, kuma, don haka, don haɓaka halayyar tsabta, don haka rage haɗarin haɗuwa da cututtukan micro da macro; a mataki na canji na rayuwar dan Adam zuwa tsari mai kyawu, ayyukan kyama sun kuma dauki halayyar zamantakewa, suna samar da wani dalili na hukunta halayen wariyar al'umma da kuma gujewa masu keta halayyar zamantakewa (Chapman 2009; Haidt 1997) Miller (1997) ya yi imanin cewa mataimakin kusan koyaushe yana haifar da kyama. Ya lura cewa muguntar, abin kyama, mugayen halaye da ayyuka an la'ane su ta hanyar abin kunya ta cikin gida, ba tare da yin amfani da matsayin wani babban mataki ba (Curtis 2001) Abubuwan da mutum ya kan bi don bambantawa ya danganta da yanayin mutum da kwarewar sa, sannan kuma da al'adun al'adun gida da kuma ɗabi'un halayen su (Curtis 2011b) Curtis (2011) yana ba da jerin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da ke haifar da haɗari na ƙiyayya, ciki har da AIDS, syphilis, da dai sauransu (Curtis 2011a) Grey da abokan aiki sun lura a cikin binciken su (Gray 2013, p. 347) cewa halayyar mutumci ga liwadi an haɗa ta da mummunan ra'ayi game da kamuwa da kwayar cutar HIV da mutanen da ke ɗauke da kwayar cutar kanjamau.

Akwai abubuwan lura da yawa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin kyama da yanke hukunci na halin kirki (Zhong 2006, 2010; Schall xnumx): ayyuka da daidaikun mutane waɗanda ke keta ka'idojin zamantakewa galibi suna haifar da ƙiyayya (Curtis 2001), irin wannan halayen na ilimin halitta da kunnawa yankuna kwakwalwa ana lura dasu tare da dabi'ar dabi'a da kyawawan dabi'u (zamantakewar al'umma) (Chapman 2009; Schaich xnumx) Olatunji ya lura cewa asalin abin kyama yana da alaƙa da tsoratarwa ta hanyar jima'i saboda halayen jiki, kamar na amai (amai) (Olatunji 2008, p. 1367). Fessler da Navarette sun yi nuni da cewa "ya bayyana cewa zabin yanayi ya samar da wata hanyar da zata kare jiki daga cututtukan fata da gubobi, hakan kuma yana kawar da halayen jima'i wanda ke rage nasarar ilimin halittu" (Fessler xnumx, p. 414). Haidt da abokan aiki sun yi nuni da cewa yayin da ƙyamar asali tsari ne na kauda abinci mai haɗari, amma akwai buƙatar humanan Adam ya ware abubuwa da yawa, gami da lalatawar jima'i da zamantakewar jama'a (Haidt 1997).

Wasu ayyukan jima'i ko yiwuwar abokan tarawa suma suna kyama (Tybur 2013; Rozin 2009) Tybur da abokan aiki suna jayayya cewa saboda saduwa ta jima'i tana ɗaukar haɗarin yiwuwar kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, saduwa ta jima'i wacce ba ta kawo fa'ida ga haihuwa ko ɗaukar hadarin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta (watau saduwar jima'i da mutanen jinsi ɗaya, yara, ko tsofaffi, kusanci na kusa), yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa mutum yana cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, a lokaci guda bashi da wata dama ta haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar haifuwar sa (Tybur 2013) Wato, saduwar jima'i da ma'ana ta hanyar ma'anar banda yiwuwar haifuwa, wannan shine dalilin da yasa akasin hulɗa da ɗan luwaɗi ke haifar da ƙiyayya ta jiki (Fili-crawford xnumx, p. 339; Curtis 2001).

Hakanan bayyanar kyama a matsayin karuwa ga luwaɗan kuma ana danganta shi da haɗuwa da barazanar gurɓatar ƙazamar alama, ta wannan hanyar ana kunna halaye a ƙasan, hanyar shine nisantar haɗarin haɗuwa ta jiki tare da cututtukan cututtukan cuta da sha'awar "tsarkakewa" (Golec de zavala xnumx, p. 2).

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