Magungunan antisperm (ASA) - kwayoyin da ke jikin mutum ya ke haifar da kwayar cutar maniyyi.Krause 2017: 109) Samuwar ASA na ɗaya daga cikin dalilan raguwar haihuwa ko rashin haihuwa na asali: ASA yana shafar aikin maniyyi, canza yanayin tasirin acrosomal (AR), da kuma tarwatsa hadi, kafawa da haɓakar tayin (2013) haifar da rarrabuwa na DNA (Kirilenko 2017) Nazarin kan nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban sun nuna alaƙa tsakanin ASA da taɓar ciki tayi kafin ko bayan fashewar (Krause 2017: 164) Ana bincika maganin hana haifuwa na ASA yayin haɓakar rigakafin rigakafin ƙwayar cuta ga mutane (Krause 2017: 251), tare da ragewa da sarrafa yawan namun daji (Krause 2017: 268).

Tasirin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar cuta

Alamar Demokraɗiyya ta Rasha da ƙasashe da yawa suna nuna karuwa da yawaitar rashin haihuwa a cikin maza, har zuwa matsakaicin nauyin 30 - 50%. Mai nuna alamar adadin ƙarancin rahoton da aka samu na rashin haihuwa na maza a cikin Tarayyar Rasha a lokacin 2002 - 2009 karuwa da 59% - daga 44,1 zuwa 70,1 akan 100 000 na mazan maza, kuma a gabaɗayan motsinta yana da haɓaka (Kirilenko 2017).

Kirilenko et al. sun rubuta: 'A cikin' yan shekarun nan, ya zama a bayyane cewa rashin ingancin maniyyi ba kawai shine dalilin rashin ɗaukar ciki ba, har ma rikicewar ci gaban ciki, rashin daidaito ga haihuwa har ma da cutar kansa a cikin yara. Daga cikin yawancin dalilan da aka ba da shawara na rashin aiki maniyyi, lalacewar DNA na nukiliya shine mafi yawan nazari kuma ana karɓa da gaske azaman mahimmin abu wanda ke shafar ingancin amfrayo, haɓakar sa da kuma dasa shi. Meta-bincike game da rawar da rarrabuwa na DNA ya nuna cewa hadarin dake tattare da zubar da ciki da kuma lalacewar ci gaban mahaifa ya ninka har sau hudu tare da karuwar ƙwayar maniyyi na DNA (ƙaddarar 15-30%, gwargwadon hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su), har ma bayan a cikin hadi na fitsari da hanyoyin injection na maniyyi. Babban abin da ke haifar da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta irin wannan lalacewar ana daukar shi a matsayin overproduction na nau'in oxygen mai sa maye - ozone, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, wanda ke haifar da spermatozoa OS. Babban abin da ya fi haifar da damuwa da iskar shaka a cikin tsarin haihuwar maza shi ne cututtuka masu saurin kamuwa da cututtukan kumburi da kuma ASA a cikin jijiyar urogenital namiji ”Kirilenko 2017).

Sauran abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa na oxidative da lalacewar DNA sune amfani da barasa da miyagun ƙwayoyi, shan sigari, kiba, damuwa, shekaru, STDs masu alaƙa da halayen jima'i, wasu ƙwayoyi, irin su maganin ƙwayoyin cuta, iska, wutar lantarki, gurbata iska. Tasirin duk waɗannan abubuwan yana tarawa. (Pourmasumi 2017)

Yawancin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da litattafai sun bayyana cewa:Gudanarwa ta baki da ta hanji na maniyyi yana haifar da samuwar ƙwayoyin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta"(Rao 2014: 311, Lu 2008, Nikulin 2007, Bronson xnumx). A karkashin yanayin gwaji, yaduwar zomaye tare da spermatozoa yana haifar da amsawar tsarin (Richards et al., 1984), kuma gabatar da maniyyi cikin cikin berayen yana haifar da samar da kwayoyi akan kwaya da rage karuwar haihuwa (Allardyce, 1984). A cikin mutane, an ba da rahoton yawan cutar ASA a cikin maza masu luwadi idan aka kwatanta da maza da mata da suka fito daga ma'aurata marasa haihuwa (Witkin da Sonnabend, 1983; Bronson et al., 1983). A cikin 40-50% na maza masu luwadi, ana iya gano ASA a cikin jijiyar (Wolff da Schill, 1985). Bronson et al. An lura da yawan ASM aji na ASA a cikin maza masu luwadi idan aka kwatanta da IgG da IgA a cikin jinin maza da mata daga maza da mata marasa haihuwa. Sun ba da shawarar cewa wannan na iya nuna bambance-bambance a cikin ilimin ilimin mahaifa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Fitar maniyyi ba kakkautawa na iya haifar da samar da antigens, kuma monolayer epithelium ya fi tasiri sosai fiye da kaurin epithelium na farji. Bugu da ƙari, yawan kwayoyin lymphocytes na B da ƙwayoyin plasma a cikin ƙwayar hanji sun bambanta da yawan mutanen da ke cikin haihuwar haihuwa (Mestecky da McGhee, 1987), kuma tasirin su tare da antigens na maniyyi na iya bambanta. An ba da shawarar cewa fitar maniyyi ba daidai ba na iya haifar da motsawar kwayoyin samar da IgM- ko IgA2, wanda hakan zai iya wanzuwa a cikin al'aura, wanda ke haifar da kasancewar ASA na wadannan isotypes a cikin maniyyi. (Bronson 2015). 

Yawancin abokan tarayya a cikin mace suna haifar da haifar da ƙwayoyin rigakafin ƙwayar cuta da rashin haihuwa, misali, 40 - 45% na karuwai suna da ASA (Rao 2014: 311). Dangane da Brockowski, 68% na mata masu yawan abokan tarayya suna da kyau ga ASA (Brokowski xnumx).

Magungunan antisperm, yin aiki kai tsaye a kan maniyyi, haɓaka aikin wasu abubuwan.

Ofaya daga cikin dalilan samuwar ƙwayoyin cututtukan ƙwayar cuta a cikin mata shine maniyyi tare da ASA (Krause 2017: 166, Nikulin 2007), alal misali, saduwa da mace tare da luwaɗan, jigilar ASA a cikin jijiyoyin mace.

Ruziev, a cikin binciken 2017 na shekara, yana nuna yawan ɗabi'ar jima'i a cikin maza waɗanda suka yi jima'i da maza (MSM) - 99% aikata jima'i na tsuliya, kuma 45% sun haɗa shi da baka:

"A cikin watanni na 6 na ƙarshe kafin haɗuwa a cikin binciken, kusan dukkanin MSM (98%) suna da jima'i na jima'i, tare da 65% yawan abokan tarayya ba su wuce mutane 5 ba, 4% na maza sun kasance daga 6 zuwa mutanen 10. Yayin ganawa tare da abokan huldar su, MSM sun yi aikin ko dai kawai yin jima'i (54%) ko kuma hada shi da baki (45%). Yawancin masu ba da amsa (44%) sun nuna fifikonsu don aiki mai aiki, kusan 1 / 4 (23%) - wucewa da 1 / 3 sun canza matsayin mataimakiyar abokin aiki mai aiki da madaidaici yayin saduwa da maza.
Domin yin jima'i lafiya koyaushe kuma koyaushe, dole ne a sami kwaroron roba tare da kai. Don haka, tambayoyin suna da tambaya "Shin kuna da kwaroron roba tare da ku kuma za ku iya nuna shi." 60% na masu ba da amsa ba su da shi tare da su. Kimanin rabi (53%) na MSM ba su shiga cikin abokan hulɗa na maza ba a cikin watannin 6 na ƙarshe. Sauran sun yi jima'i da mata. Kafin 5, 88% yana da abokan tarayya na MSM, sauran suna da fiye da abokan haɗin 5. Tare da abokan aikin su, MSM kawai suna yin jima'i na farji. ” (Ruziev 2017)

Wasu karatuttukan sun tabbatarda abokan hulɗa da mata. Kimanin rabin maza masu luwadi suna jima'i da mata (Tao xnumx, Larmarange xnumx), a cewar wasu kafofin, 3 / 4 MSM (73%) suna da abokan hulɗa na maza (Larmarange xnumx) A cikin kasashe masu haƙuri inda ake yin jima'i faduwa kuma babu buƙatar ɓoye halayen jinsi guda ɗaya, yawan adadin abokan luwadi da mata ragewa matsakaita har zuwa xnumx% amma yana girma yawan LGBT mutane a cikin ƙaramin ƙarni, saboda yaduwar liwadi. A Rasha 34% 'yan luwadi suna jima'i da mata.

Fethers et al. ba da irin wannan bayanan a cikin bincikensu game da 'yan madigo: a gare su, yuwuwar saduwar jima'i da wani ɗan luwadi ya kasance lokacin 4 ya fi na mata masu haila (Fethers 2000: 347-348).

Iyaye masu banƙyama waɗanda ke ɗaukar yara zuwa ma'aurata na luwaɗi na iya fuskantar rashin haihuwa ko maganganu a cikin yara saboda maniyyi da ASA. Hakanan ana iya haifar da fasahar haifuwa ta hanyar ASA a cikin mata (Rao 2014: 311).

Haɓakar jima'i na mutum da rage yawan jama'a

Ana ba da damuwa ga yawan jama'a a duniya da kuma buƙatar rage yawan jama'a a duk tashoshin duniya, ciki har da wallafe-wallafen kimiyya.

Wannan shi ne abin da Club of Rome rahoton na 2017 shekara ya ce tare da faɗar “Ku zo! Tsarin jari hujja, almara, yawan jama'a da lalata duniya":" A wata duniyar da iyaka take Ya kamata a rage ci gaban al'umma Kafin halitta tayi kanta. ”

Komawa cikin 1968, wani lauya dan Amurka Albert Blaustein, wanda ya halarci ƙirƙirar tsarin dokoki na ƙasashe da yawa, nunacewa a iyakance haɓakar yawan jama'a, ya zama dole a sake yin ƙa'idodi da yawa, ciki har da akan aure, tallafin iyali, shekarun yarda, da kuma liwadi. A cikin 1969, a cikin adireshinsa ga Majalisa, Shugaba Nixon mai suna СЂРѕСЃС ‚РЅР ° сел ения A "RsRґRЅRsR№ RёР · СЃР ° РјС‹ С ... серьС'С · Р · РЅС ‹С ... РїСЂРѕР ± Р» ем РґР РґР РґР СЃСѓРґСЊР С С С З З РµР РµР РѕРІРµС РѕРІРµС kuma yayi kira da a dauki matakan gaggawa. Preston Cloud, wanda ke wakiltar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa ta Amurka, ya ba da shawarar gwamnati ta halatta zubar da ciki da kuma kungiyoyin kwadago. A cikin wannan shekarar, Frederic Jaffe, Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Kula da Iyaye ta Duniya (IPPF), ya bayar labaria cikin abin da "ƙarfafa haɓaka liwadi"An lissafa shi a matsayin daya daga cikin hanyoyin rage haihuwar. Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, Kingsley Davis, ɗayan manyan mutane a cikin ci gaban manufofin hana haihuwa shawara gabatar da "nau'in dabi'ar rashin jima'i." Abokiyar tarayya, Davis, Judith Blake, mai kula da zamantakewar al'umma, shawara soke haraji da fa'idodi na gida wanda ke karfafa haihuwa; da cire takunkumi na doka da zamantakewa da luwadi.

A cikin 1970, Frank Naughtstein, marubucin ka'idar sauyawar yanayin jama'a, yana magana a Kwalejin Soja ta Kasa a gaban manyan hafsoshi, luracewa "ana ba da shawarar liwadi a kan tushen cewa yana taimakawa rage yawan jama'a."

Shekarar 1994 a Alkahira ya faru taroninda aka tsara hanyoyin rage haihuwa.

Disamba 6 2011 Shugaba Barack Obama saki umarnin mai bayyana gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin minoran tsirarun tsiraru a ƙasashen waje fifiko na manufofin ƙasashen waje na Amurka.

Misali, wasu masanan game da luwadi, alal misali, Alexander Moiseevich Poleev, suna rubuta littattafai game da tarawar jima'i kuma ta kowane bangare suna amfanuwa da fa'idarsa kuma sun yi shuru game da illolin sakamako. A cewar kiyasta, adadin ma'aurata marasa aure a Turai ya kai 15%, kuma a cikin Rasha - 15 - 20%. A cewar WHO, mahimmancin abubuwan da ke tattare da tsaron lafiyar jama'a shine 15% na ma'aurata marasa haihuwa.

Inganta halayen jima'i na jima'i, luwadi da jima'i na dubura, wanda ke haifar da samuwar antisperm antibodies (ASA), watsa kwayar cutar HIV, HPV da sauran STDs, wadanda kuma su ne abubuwan rigakafin rigakafin antigens na maniyyi, suna haifar da barazanar kwayoyin halitta ga al'ummomi masu zuwa. kuma yana haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a, cututtukan ci gaba na yara. Damuwar kyama da aiki tsarin rigakafi na hali - yana kara yawan mutanen da suka yarda da dabi'ar luwadi a matsayin al'ada.

Littattafan kimiyya game da hanyoyin "ilimin jima'i" bada shawara mai zuwa:

Don taimakawa ɗalibai haɓaka ingantacciyar hanya ga ƙa'idodin jima'i / jinsi, malaman ilimin jima'i yakamata su mai da hankali ga jin daɗin tsintsiyar maza. Karɓar tsintsiyar tsintsiya tana lalata tsarin binary na al'ada kamar namiji / mace, namiji / mace, na halitta / queer. Tare da murƙushe karɓar karɓa na maza, haramun ne kan jin daɗin tsintsiyar maza yana taimakawa halatta imani na jinsi / jinsi, kazalika da jinsi, liwadi, da mamayar maza da suke ƙarfafawa. A gefe guda kuma, ta hanyar lalata tabargaza ta maza da ƙirƙirar sabon yare na jin daɗin dubura - yin ruɗu, malamai na iya taimaka wa ɗaliban ƙalubalantar ƙa'idodin jinsi masu ƙuntatawa.

bugu da žari

Ilimin halin mutum da lafiyar mutane na LGBT