Wani sau da yawa yakan ji da'awar ƙarya cewa Freud da ake zargin ya amince da liwadi kuma ya gaskata cewa dukan mutane "bisexual ne tun daga haihuwa." Bari mu gane shi.

A cikin aikinsa Litattafai Uku kan Ka'idar Jima'i, yana nazarin hasashen ƙaddara halittu ga liwadi (kuma a ƙarshe ya bayyana shi ba zai yiwu ba), Freud ya ambaci ka'idar Fliess na "bisexuality Constitution" (ma'ana, bisexuality na mutane). Koyaya, muna magana ne game da ilimin halittar jikinsu, ba jan hankalin jima'i ba. Wannan shi ne ka'idar ilmin jikin mutummaimakon bisexuality. Dukkanin maza biyu suna da halaye na dabi'a na akasin jima'i: kan nono a cikin maza, clitoris a cikin mata, ana samar da jijiyoyin mace da na namiji a jikin dukkan su, da dai sauransu. Freud ya yi imanin cewa, mutum ɗayan 'haɗe biyu ne, a ɗayansu na miji ne, ɗayan na tsarkakakken mace ne,' don haka kowa na iya nuna halayen mace da na miji ko bukatunsu. Bayan haka, yayin da yake nuni da tabbatattun dalilan tabin hankali na liwadi, Freud gaba daya yana dauke da tunanin halittun sannan yace:

"Ba shi yiwuwa a nuna kusanci a tsakanin tsinkayen tunani na tunani da kafa halittar jiki ... Babu buqata ko hujja don maye gurbin matsalar halayyar dan adam tare da ilimin halittar jikin mutum ... Tsammani cewa yanayin, kasancewar yana cikin wani yanayi na ban mamaki, ya halicci 'jinsi na uku' ba ya tsayawa don bincika."^[1]

Dangane da sha'awar jima'i, Freud ya yi imani cewa da farko ba a daidaita shi ba. Yara suna sane da sanin bambance-bambance ba kawai tsakanin maza da mata ba, har ma da duk wani kayan jima'i gabaɗaya, kuma suna haɗe da mahimmanci a kansu (Freud ya kira shi "ɓarnawar polymorphic"). Yayinda rashin nuna sha'awar jinsi dabi'a ce ga yara, a cikin manya irin waɗannan sha'awar marasa ƙarfi zasu nuna cin zarafin cigaban halayyar ɗan adam, tunda babban burin shi shine namiji. Kamar yadda Freud ya rubuta:

"'Yan luwaɗi sun kasa kammala matakan zaman lafiyar al'ada."^[2]

Freud ya rubuta cewa kowane tsari na ci gaba yana ɗaukar ciki na ƙwayar cuta, wanda zai iya bayyana kansa kuma ya tarwatsa shi.

"Rashin kyawun tsarin ci gaban aikin jima'i, a tsakanin sauran ashararan, na iya haifar da rudani, gami da luwadi, wanda a wasu yanayi za a iya ƙara girman kai ga liwadi."^[3]

Kamar yadda masaniyar ilimin kwalliya da kwarewar da take nunawa, mutum saboda dalilai da yawa zai iya makalewa a cikin matakan tsaka-tsakin ci gaba ba tare da haɓaka damar maganarsa ba. Dalilai na wannan na iya haɗawa da rikice-rikicen halayyar da ba a warware su ba, tashin hankali, kin amincewa da takwarorinsu, ƙazamar iyali, rashin kusancin dangantaka da mahaifiyar mai wuce gona da iri, da mahaifin mai rauni, mara son kai ko kuma mahaifinsa. A cewar Freud:

"Kasancewar mai karfi uba zai tanadar wa dan  dayan dama zabi wani abu na jima'i, wato mutumin da ba ɗan jinsi ba. ”^[4]

Akwai matakai uku na ci gaban psychose:

1) Narcissistic (yara sun mai da hankali ga kansu).

2) Same-Yin jima'i (yara sun fi son jinsi - yara suna wasa da ɗiya maza, 'yan mata tare da' yan mata).

3) namiji (mataki na ƙarshe na haɓakar mutum wanda ya yi nasarar kammala matakan da suka gabata).

An kishili gyara ne a matakan farko na ci gaba, wani wuri tsakanin labarun rashin ƙarfi da haɓaka na dabi'a, shine asalin kusancin narkewa, tunda an zaɓi abin jan hankali ne da kansa. A cewar Freud:

"Mun gano cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa ta hanyar jima'i, kamar masu fasikanci da luwadi, suna zaɓar abubuwan ƙaunarsu ta hanyar jan hankali. Suna daukar kansu abin koyi. ”^[5]

Wato, tare da ci gaba mara kyau na abubuwan da suka faru, yanayin autoerotic an kiyaye shi kadan, kuma sha'awar libidinal a cikin abubuwan waje (abu cathexis) yana faruwa a matakin narcissistic. Sakamakon haka, namiji yana neman abu na ƙauna wanda ke wakiltar kansa, wanda, kamar kansa, ya zama dole ya mallaki ƙwayoyin namiji. Don haka, mutum yana yin jima'i da kansa da kuma al'adunsa na kamannin wani mutum, wanda yake nuna kansa.

Mafi yawan abin da ya fi haifar da luwaɗan maza, a cewar Freud, tsaikon da ba a saba da shi sosai ba akan mahaifiyarsa a cikin yanayin hadaddiyar kungiyar Oedipus. Idan lokacin balaga ya zo lokacin da zai maye gurbin mahaifiya da wani abin jima'i, saurayin, maimakon ya bar mahaifiya ya bayyana kansa da ita. A ilimin halayyar dan Adam, shi da kansa ya canza zuwa cikinsa ya fara neman abubuwan da za su iya maye gurbin girman kansa da bayar da ƙauna da kulawa da ya samu daga mahaifiyarsa.^[6]

Ta hanyar yin ma'amala tare da mahaifiyar, yana iya yin kokarin taka matsayin ta ta hanyar karba-karba. Idan gano asali tare da uba yana da ƙarfi, zai fallasa wasu maza zuwa cikin rawar shubuha, da alama canza su zuwa mata kuma a lokaci guda yana nuna ƙiyayya a kansu kamar maza. Don haka, liwadi ya zama ɗayan hanyoyi don shawo kan kishiya tare da uba da kuma biyan muradin jima'i a lokaci guda.

Freud ya danganta luwadi da Haƙiƙa^[7] (ɓatarwa), ya kuma yi amfani da kalmar - Juzu'i^[8] (juyawa), ya danganta shi “Abunda ke ciki”^[8] (karkacewa daga al'ada), wanda ake kira "M karkatar da hankali"^[9] и "Kuskure cikin zabar wani abun jima'i". Ya kuma ce, ana alakanta luwadi da madigo.^[10] da zalunci^[11].

Daga ina ne aka samo wannan labarin daga Freud wanda aka yarda da shi?

Muna magana ne game da ambaton waɗannan bai cika ba:

“Lallai liwadi ba wata fa'ida ce, amma ba dalili don kunya ba, ko mataimakin sa ko ƙasƙanci. Ba za a rarrabe shi azaman cuta ba. Mun yi imanin wannan bambancin aikin jima'i ... "

Rushe wannan sanarwa da kallo, masu gwagwarmayar LGBT sun kawo shi ga kariya, sun ce, Freud da kansa ya ce wannan bambancin ne, ba cuta ba ce. Wannan ƙiralar da ba ta cika ba ko da APA ta yi amfani da shi a cikin Lawrence v. Dokar Texas, wanda ya haifar da maimaita dokokin sodom a cikin jihohin 14. Koyaya, duk magana tana da sauti kamar haka:

"Mun yi imanin cewa wannan wani bambancin aikin jima'i ne ya haifar da wasu dakatar da ci gaban jima'i ”. 

Wato, wannan PATTOLOLY wani yanki ne mai raɗaɗi daga yanayin al'ada ko tsarin ci gaba.

Wannan maganar ba ta da alaƙa da aikin Freud. An ɗauke ta daga wasiƙar mayar da martani na 1935 na shekara zuwa mahaifiya ɗaya wanda ya nemi shi don ya ceci ɗanta daga liwadi. A wannan lokacin, ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa bai riga ya san ingantacciyar hanyar kula da liwadi ba, sabili da haka, don mafi kyawun abin, Freud ya aikata abin da wakilin sana'arta yakamata ya yi - ya kawar da wahalar mahaifiyar mara tausayi, yana mai tabbatar mata da cewa babu wani abu da ya faru da ɗanta. Koyaya, abin da yake tunanin ɗan luwaɗi ya tabbata daga rubuce-rubucensa.

Shekaru 20 bayan haka, magajin Freud wanda ya maye gurbin Editan Bergler ya rubuta mai zuwa:

"Shekaru 10 da suka gabata, mafi kyawun ilimin kimiyya na iya bayar da shine sulhu na ɗan kishili tare da" makoma ", a wata ma'anar, kawar da wani laifi. Kwarewar ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa da bincike na baya-bayan nan ya tabbatar da tabbas cewa maƙasudin maƙiya na 'yan luwadi (wani lokacin har ma da alaƙa da yanayin rashin kasancewar halittu da yanayin haɓaka) hakika haƙiƙa warkewa ce ta kewayon neurosis. Rashin lafiyar warkewa na baya yana ɓacewa a hankali: yau ilimin halin dan adam zai iya warkar da luwaɗanci. ”^[12]

Kuna iya karanta game da daruruwan misalai na warkarwa. a nan.

Bari kuma mu binciki abin da ake kira "zato na psychoanalytic na homophobia", a cewarta "madigo a ɓoye", wanda ke nufin danniyar halayen ɗan kishili na mutum, ya canza a ƙarƙashin aikin tsarin tsaro na "samar da sakamako" cikin ƙin 'yan luwadi. Mawallafin wannan tunanin ba na Freud ba ne, kamar yadda aka yi kuskuren yarda da shi, amma ga masanin ilmin likitancin ɗan adam, masanin ilmin ɗan adam da ɗan luwaɗi Donald West, wanda ya fara bayyana shi a shekara ta 1977. Wannan tunanin ba komai ba ne face dabarar fadan baki da aka shirya don ruɗar da masu adawa da harkar luwadi.

Kuma kodayake a lokuta daban-daban, da gangan nuna rashin kiyayya ga 'yan luwadi za a iya amfani dasu don ƙirƙirar bambancin ɗan adam, muna magana ne game da dabarun sane, yayin da "sake kunnawa keɓaɓɓiyar" yana faruwa ba da sani ba.

Mawallafin kalmar "liwadi maras sani", Sigmund Freud, shi da kansa ya fahimci sashinsa na dindindin na tsarin jinsi daya a cikin kowane mutum, ya shiga cikin halin rayuwa yayin rufin al'ada.

“Drivingarfin tuƙar kowane mutum shine gwagwarmaya tsakanin haruffa biyu. Babban wayewar jima'i ta mutumin da ya fi ƙarfin ci gaba da kawar da bayyanuwar tunanin mutum na lalata jima'i cikin ruhu. "^[13]

A ƙasa akwai misalin tallace-tallacen sabis na jama'a na gaske daga 80s daga jaridun Amurka kan batun "luwadi a ɓoye":

A cikin 1996, an yi ƙoƙari a Jami'ar Georgia don ba da tushen tushe game da hasashen yamma, wanda duk da haka bai samar da sakamako mai ƙarewa ba kuma jerin karatuttukan masu zuwa sun musanta.

 

Source	Samfura, yawan maza♂ da mata♀	Matsayin Heteromutane masu jima'i,%	Hanya don kimanta sha'awar ɗan kishili	Hanya don kimanta matakin halayen muni ga masu yin jima'i	Shin sakamakon zai iya tabbatar da goyon bayan ilimin halin ɗan adam? hypothesis?
Adams xnumx	64 ♂	100	Kalamunikiya	Hudson xnumx	Ee, sharaɗi
Mahaffey 2005a	87 ♂   91 ♀	100	Murƙushewar Murmushin Murmushin Farko	Gentry xnumx	Babu
Mahaffey 2005b	49 ♂	100			Babu
Mahaffey 2011	104 ♂	100			Mai karakyakkyawan sakamako
Steffens xnumx	32-48♀	80	TSA	Herek 1994	Babu
Meier 2006	44 ♂	100	Saurin aiki da tsawon lokacin kallon hotuna	Hudson xnumx	Babu
Weinstein xnumx	27-62♀	94	TCA ta amfani da ɓoye Firayim	Wright xnumx	Ee, sharaɗi
	68-114♀	90			Babu
	35-154♀	94			Sakamakon rikici
	44-140♀	ba a kayyade ba		LaMar 1998	Sakamakon rikici
MacInnis da Hodson 2013	85-152♀	90	TSA	Herek 1988	Babu
Lazarevic 2015	122-155♀	100	TSA	Jankovic 2000, Živanoviс 2014	Babu
Cheval 2016a	38 ♂	100	Saurin aiki da tsawon lokacin kallon hotuna	Morrison xnumx	Sakamakon rikici
Cheval 2016b	36 ♂	100	Jijiyoyin Pupillary	Morrison xnumx	Babu
Roberts 2016	37 ♂	100	Kalamunikiya	Anank 1988, Morrison xnumx	Babu

 

Sources:

1-11,13. Freud - Kammala Ayyuka ta Ivan Smith: 2000, 2007, 2010.

12 . Bergler, E. Liwadi: cuta ko hanyar rayuwa? New York, NY, Amurka: Hill & Wang.