Mafi yawan kayan da ke ƙasa ana buga su a cikin rahoton bincike. "Lafazin lafazin 'yan luwadi a madadin bayanan kimiyya”. doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Nemo Mabuɗi

1. Hasashen "gene don liwadi" ba a san shi ba, ba kowa ya gano shi ba.
2. Nazarin da ke tattare da bayanin game da "haɗin gwiwar liwadi" yana da wasu kurakurai na hanyoyin da ba su dace ba da kuma sabani, kuma ba su ƙyale mu mu yanke hukunci ba.
3. Ko da binciken da masu fafutuka na LGBT+ suka ambata ba su yi magana game da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sha'awar ɗan luwadi ba, amma, a mafi kyawu, na wani tasiri mai rikitarwa wanda wani abu na kwayoyin halitta da ake zaton yana ƙayyade halin da ake ciki, a hade tare da tasirin muhalli, tarbiyya. da dai sauransu.
4. Wasu fitattun mutane a harkar luwadi, ciki har da masana kimiyya, sun soki iƙirari game da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun halittu na liwadi kuma sun ce zaɓi na sane ne ya haifar da hakan.
5. Marubuta hanyoyin farfagandar LGBT «After The Ball» an ba da shawarar yin ƙarya game da madigo na madigo:

"Na farko, jama'a na bukatar su tabbata cewa 'yan luwadi suna fama da yanayi, kuma ba za su zabi yanayin jima'i ba fiye da zabin tsayin su, launin fata, basira ko kasala. Duk da cewa, a bayyane yake, bayyanar jima'i ga mafi yawan mutane shine asalin hadaddiyar mu'amala tsakanin yanayin rayuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli a ƙuruciya da ƙuruciya, muna nacewa ga dukkan dalilai na aiki, yakamata a duba cewa an haifi wannan hanyar.

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‘Yan luwadi ba su zabi komai ba, babu wanda ya taba yaudara ko yaudare su.”

Gabatarwar

Hujjar cewa jan hankalin homosexualan luwaɗi ita ce asalin - abin da ake kira hangen nesa game da yanayin halittar mace kishiya yana daya daga cikin mahimmancin motsin “LGBT +”. Taken taken "Haihuwar Wannan Hanyar"¹. Wannan ba gaskiya bane.

Tabbatattun tabbatattun abubuwa dangane da luwaɗanci ba su nuna wata halitta ba, amma dangantakar zamantakewa ce da yanayin rayuwa. Oƙarin shekarun shekarun baya-bayannan don nemo bayanan da zasu tallafawa ka'idar nazarin halittu sun ƙara shakku cewa irin wannan bayanan yana wanzu.

Tattaunawar yanayin halittar dan adam ba dan takamaiman takamaiman kanta ba - a tsarinta akwai aƙalla maganganu biyu da ke bayanin hanyoyin "dabi'ar halitta" da zaɓin jinsi ɗaya: (A) jawo hankalin ɗan luwadi ta hanyar "sananniyar tsararraki" ko maye gurbi, a wasu kalmomin ana haɗa sirrin luwadi. a cikin DNA na mutum kuma ana watsa shi daga tsara zuwa tsara; (B) jan hankalin dan luwadi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar duk wata matsala yayin daukar ciki (hormonal ko rigakafin jiki) da ake zaton ya shafi tayin cikin mahaifar kuma ya haifar da fifikon kishili a cikin jariri.

Don haka, tattaunawar tantancewar nazarin halittu zai kasu kashi uku. Kashi na farko zai yi zurfafa bincike kan mahawara game da alakar dan luwadi da kwayoyin, sashi na biyu zai yi zurfafa bincike kan mahawara game da ci gaban kishiya sakamakon cutawar yanayin halittar dan adam. A kashi na uku, za a bincika ka'idodin tsarin halittar mutum da yaduwar liwadi.

Kashi na ɗaya: Jinsi?

Bayanin game da dabi'ar halittar 'yan luwadi ta samo asali ne daga zabin wasu bayanan da kuma hana wasu bayanan a tsakanin mafi yawan mutanen da ba su da ilimin musamman game da kwayoyin halittar jini. Kimiyya ba ta san “hanyar luwadi” ba, ba a taɓa gano ta ko'ina ba, kodayake an yi ƙoƙari da yawa.

Yi la'akari da nazarin kan abin da masu gwagwarmayar LGBT + suka gabatar da wannan hujja. Da farko dai, yana da daraja a taƙaice a bayyana tare da menene ainihin hanyoyin da masana kimiyya za su iya tantance ko dukiyar mutum (dabi'ar) an ƙaddara ta asali. Wadannan hanyoyin sun hada da bincike tagwaye da kuma binciken kwayoyin halittar mutum.

Nazarin tagwaye

Gwajin mahaɗan iri ɗaya hanyace ce ta bincike don tantance ko wasu halaye suna da tushen asali. Da farko - mene ne ma'anar kalmar '' tagwaye masu ma'ana ''? Irin waɗannan tagwayen suna tasowa ne daga kwai ɗaya tak, wanda aka kasu kashi, kashi ɗaya daga ciki halittu ke haɓaka, waɗanda sune kwayar halittar juna. Tsarin halittar su ya zo daidai da 100%, zaku iya kiran su masu ruwan halitta. Hakanan ana kiransu tagwaye masu kama da juna iri ɗaya. Formedan kishili sun samo asali daga ƙwai-ɗai, maniyyi daban-daban suka hadu. Tsarin halittar su yayi daidai da matsakaita ta 50%, za'a iya samun nau'in jima'i, tsayi, launi na idanu, gashi, da sauransu. Hakanan ana kiran wasu tagwayen da basu dace da juna ba ko kuma masu rikice-rikice (heterozygous) ko tagwaye.

A cikin nazarin tagwaye, ana nazarin daidaituwa (daidaituwa). Kusantar da halayyar alama ce ta yiwuwar bayyanar dabi'ar da tagwayen suke da ita. Idan asalin kowane dabi'ar tagwayen yana da girma, to zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa wannan halayyar ta yiwu ne saboda abubuwan gado. Idan jituwa ta dabi'ar wacce tagwayen ba ta wuce yarjejeniya ta tagwaye ba, wannan yana nuna cewa saboda kirkirar wannan dabi'ar yanayin rayuwar gaba daya na iya zama mafi mahimmanci ainun fiye da yadda ake halittar duka (Yarygin 2003).

Wajibi ne a fayyace ainihin abin da yarjejeniya ke nunawa. Ba yadda zai yi ya nuna kasancewar kowace hanyar bayarwa. Yarjejeniyar dabi'ar tagwaye tana nuni da matsayin gado na wannan dabi'ar. Anan yana da kyau mutum yayi tunani kan ma'anar kalmar “heritability” a cikin karatun tagwaye. Gado shine gwargwadon yawan bambance bambancen yanayin yanayin a cikin yawan jama'a (wato, yadda wannan nau'in zai iya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum) yana da alaƙa da bambancin ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin yawan jama'a. Koyaya, a cikin karatuttukan tagwaye, heritability ba wani ma'auni bane na ƙaddarar halittar dabi'ar.

Abubuwan halaye waɗanda kusan ƙaddara asalinsu suna da ƙimar haihuwa, suna da ƙananan ƙimar gado, yayin da halaye waɗanda kusan babu tushen asalin halitta da za su iya nuna darajar ɗabi'un ɗabi'unsu. Misali, yawan yatsunsu - guda biyar akan kowane reshe - cikin mutane an kusa tantance shi gaba daya. Amma yawan yatsu a cikin mutum yana bayyanar da ɗan bambance-bambancen raunanannu, kuma an lura da bambance-bambancen da aka lura da mafi yawan lokuta ana bayanin su ta hanyar abubuwan da ba asalinsu ba kamar hatsarori, wanda hakan ke haifar da karancin isharar halin halayen. Wato, idan kun sami nau'i-nau'i daga tagwaye waɗanda a cikinsu ɗayansu ba zai yi yatsunsu biyar a hannunsa ba, to wannan adadin yatsun ɗan'uwan wannan abin ana ganin shi a cikin mafi ƙarancin nau'i-nau'i, idan akwai.

Sabanin haka, wasu halaye na al'adu na iya zama da matukar ladabi. Misali, idan muna tunanin sanya 'yan kunne a cikin Amurka a tsakiyar karni na 20, to zamu iya ganin hakan yana da girman hali, tunda a wancan lokacin ya dogara ne akan jinsi, wanda, a hade, yana da alaƙa da kasancewar halittar nau'ikan chromosomes na XX ko XY, sabili da haka. bambance bambancen sanye da 'yan kunne yana da alaƙa da bambance-bambancen kwayoyin, duk da cewa wannan ya fi al'ada zama al'adar ɗabi'a. Misali, idan zaka bincika nau'i-nau'i na 'yan mata tagwaye wanda daya daga cikin' yan'uwa mata suke sanya 'yan kunne, to a cikin 100% na lokuta ma na biyu shima zai sanya' yan kunne. A yau, asasshen labarin rashin 'yan kunne ya zama zai zama ƙasa da na Amurka a cikin karni na 20, ba saboda an sami canje-canje ba a cikin al'adun mutanen Amurka, amma saboda yawan maza da ke sa' yan kunne ya karu (Tarewa xnumx).

Ofaya daga cikin majagaban ilimin halayyar ɗan ɗabi'ar ɗan asalin masanin kimiyyar halayyar ɗan asalin Amurka ne, Franz Joseph Kallmann. A cikin wata kasida da aka buga a 1952, ya ce a cikin nau'i-nau'i na 37 nau'i biyu (monozygous) da ya yi karatu, idan ɗayan tagwaye sun kasance ɗan luwaɗi, to na biyun ma shi ma ɗan kishili ne, wato, matsayin daidaitawa ya kasance mai ban mamaki da 100% (Kallmann xnumx) Kallmann bai nuna daidai yadda ya gwada hallarci na mahalarta karatun ba. Hakanan, marubucin bai nuna yadda ya gudanar da daukar ma'aikata na mahalarta binciken ba, yayin da littafin ya bayyana cewa: "Binciken yiwuwar mahalarta taron an shirya ba wai kawai tare da taimakon hauka, gyara da kungiyoyin agaji ba, har ma ta hanyar tuntuɓar kai tsaye tare da duniyar ɗan kishili ta ƙasa" (Kallmann xnumx) Saboda haka, karatun Kallmann ya yi kakkausar suka (Taylor 1992): Rosenthal ya nuna fifikon mutane masu matsalar tabin hankali tsakanin masu amsa tambayar Kallmann (Karin xnxx), Likken ya lura da yawan jiga-jigan 'yan tagwayen monozygotic a cikin samfurin Callamanne idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a: (Lykken 1987).

Farfesa Edward Stein ya kammala da cewa samfurin Kallmann “ba shi da wakilcin jama’ar luwaɗan” (Stein xnumx) Haka kuma, Kallmann da kansa ya yarda cewa ya dauki sakamakonsa ba komai bane illa “tsarin ilimin lissafi” (Rainer 1960) A cikin ƙididdiga, samfurori kamar samfurori a cikin binciken Kallmann ana kiran su "samfurori masu dacewa" - sun haɗa da zaɓin abubuwa bisa ga ka'idojin da suka dace ga mai binciken. Yin amfani da irin wannan samfurin, mutum ba zai iya samar da komai a kimiyance ba saboda kaddarorin samfurin wannan samfurin ba yana nuna kaddarorin yawan jama'a bane.

Misali, idan ana gudanar da binciken a mall tun da sanyin safiya don kwana daya kacal, to sakamakon sa ba ya wakiltar ra'ayoyin sauran membobin jama'a, kamar yadda hakan zai kasance idan an gudanar da binciken a lokuta daban daban na rana da kuma lokuta da yawa a mako. Ko kuma idan kuna tambayar abokan ciniki a kantin ko za su sayi barasa, to a daren Juma'a, sakamakon ba zai zo daidai da sakamakon ranar Lahadi ba.

A cikin 1968, masanan Amurka Heston da garkuwa sun bincika daidaituwa ta liwadi a cikin nau'ikan ma'aurata iri ɗaya na 7. An samo mahalarta binciken a cikin Madsley Twin Register (Heston xnumx) Dukkanin masu ba da amsa sun kasance masu haƙuri. Marubutan sun bayyana yarjejeniya a cikin tagwaye guda a cikin 43%. Hakanan an yi Allah-wadai da wannan binciken, wanda ya haɗa da marubutan kansu, saboda cututtukan mahaukatan mahaukata da kuma ƙananan samfurin samfuri (Taylor 1992; Heston xnumx).

Nazarin Bailey da Pillard

Nazarin na gaba game da sha'awar jima'i tsakanin tagwaye an gudanar dashi a 1991 daga Michael Bailey daga Jami'ar Northwwest da Richard Pillard daga Jami'ar Boston a Amurka (Bailey 1991) Sun bincika daidaituwa tsakanin liwadi cikin yan uwan ​​juna mabambantan matsayin dangin juna. An bincika nau'i-nau'i na 56 nau'i-nau'i, 54 nau'i-nau'i masu kama da juna, 'yan uwan ​​142 da 57 nau'i-nau'i na iyayen yara.². Tebur da ke ƙasa yana nuna sakamakon binciken su.

Yarda da Yar luwadi
ya danganta da matsayin dangantakar (Bailey 1991)

Nau'in dangantakar	Yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta	Yarjejeniya
Tagwaye masu kama da juna	100%	52%
'Yan tagwaye marasa ma'ana	50%	22%
'Yan uwan ​​mata biyu	50%	9,2%
'Yar uwa (ba dangi ba)	Babu mahimmancin kamanceceniya	11%

Bailey da Pillard sun bayyana cewa tunda a cikin kashi 52% na lamarin dan uwan ​​na biyu a cikin tagwayen masu kama da juna shima yana da sha'awar liwadi, to "... halayen luwadi suna da nasaba da tasirin kwayar halitta ...".

Binciken Bailey da Pillard, kamar yadda a cikin karatun tagwayen da suka gabata, yana da matsaloli na asali. Da fari dai, idan an ƙaddara ɗan kishili bisa ga asalinsa, yarjejeniya tsakanin tagwaye iri ɗaya zata zama 100%, ba 52% ba, saboda asalin halittun su ɗaya ne a 100%, kuma ba a 52% ba. A cikin sharhin da ya yi game da labarin Bailey da Pylard, Riesch ya kuma lura cewa matakin daidaituwa tsakanin al'umman baƙi - rabin 'yan uwan ​​- sun ma fi girman tsakanin' yan uwan ​​ba halittu masu ilimin halitta, wanda ke nuna mahimmancin tasirin muhalli. (Risch 1993) Dangane da ka'idodin halittar jini, ban da haɗarin 100% na sha'awar jima'i a cikin tagwaye masu kama ɗaya, kashi ɗaya na daidaituwa a cikin tagwaye iri ɗaya da 'yan uwan ​​da ba' yan tagwaye ba ya kamata ya fi yadda, bi da bi, 22% da 9,2% (duba tebur a ƙasa).

Bugu da kari, asalin ma'anar tagwaye (100% na kamannin kwayar halitta) ya bambanta da asalin wasu tagwaye masu haɓaka (50% na kamannin kwayar halitta) ta lokutan 2.36, amma idan muka kwatanta asalin ma'anar tagwaye tare da daidaitawar 'yan uwan ​​tagwaye (50%) Bambanci shine: lokutan 2.39, wanda, kuma, yana nuna tasiri mai ma'anar yanayi fiye da ƙimar halittar jini (duba tebur da ke ƙasa).

Kwatanta daidaituwa tsakanin rukuni (Bailey 1991)

Kwatanta Kategorien	Bambanci a kamanceceniya	Bambanci tsakanin yarjejeniya
Tagwaye masu kama da na tagwaye	Sau biyu a matsayin halittu da yawa gama gari	2.36
Winan uwan ​​biyu da inan uwan	Babu wani bambanci a cikin adadin adadin kwayoyin	2.39

Abu na biyu, Bailey da Pillard basu zabi samfurin sabani na 'yan luwadi ba. Wannan shine, basu haɗa mutane cikin binciken ba gwargwadon matsayin bincike na ilimi mara kyau: ba da sha'awar sakamakon ba, ba ku saba da juna, da sauransu. Kamar yadda mai bincike Baron ya rubuta:

"... A maimakon haka, mahalarta aka karu ta hanyar sanya talla a cikin mujallolin gay. Irin wannan zaɓin mahalarta akwai shakku sosai, saboda ya dogara ne da karanta irin wannan mujallu da kuma motsa hanun waɗanda suka yarda su shiga. Irin wannan hujja tana haifar da gurbata sakamakon, alal misali, ga gaskiyar cewa yawan tagwayen da za'a yiwa luwadi zasu wuce gona da iri. Me yasa? Domin mahalarta sunyi la’akari da halin jima’i na ‘yan’uwansu tagwaye kafin su yarda su shiga. Kuma wannan yana sanya shakku akan rashin samfurin. Don shaidar kimiyya, samfurin ya zama ba zai yiwu ba, hakanan, ya wajaba a hada dukkan tagwayen cikin jarrabawar, sannan a gudanar da bincike kan halin jima'i ... "(Baron 1993).

Abu na uku, kamar yadda masu bincike Hubbard da Wald suka rubuta a cikin bincikensu:

"... gaskiyar cewa daidaituwa tsakanin 'yan uwan ​​tagwayen - 22% - fiye da ninki biyu tsakanin' yan uwan ​​masu sauki - 9,2% - yana nuna cewa dalilin haɓaka liwadi ba asalinsa bane, amma yanayin. Lallai, kamannin asalin halitta tagwaye iri ɗaya ne da irin yadda 'yan uwan ​​juna suke. Kuma idan abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da tarbiyyar su ke da irin wannan babban tasirin ga batun tagwaye, ba abin mamaki bane cewa a tsakanin tagwaye, tasirin mahalli ya ma fi girma. Bayan wannan, halayyar mutum na da wata 'yar uwan ​​juna guda tana da alaƙa da ma'anar wannan tagwayen ... ”(Hubbard xnumx).

Masu binciken Billings da Beckwiers sun rubuta a cikin nazarinsu "... kodayake marubutan sun fassara sakamakon ne a matsayin hujjar asalin halittar luwadi, mun yi imanin cewa sakamakon, akasin haka, yana nuna cewa abubuwan da suka shafi tarbiyya da muhalli suna tasiri ga ci gaban luwadi" ()Lissafin xnumx, p. 60).

Shin an sake maimaita sakamakon Bailey da Pillard?

Shin wani ya sami nasarar maimaita (kwafin) sakamakon Bailey da Pillard - don nemo yarjejeniya tsakanin tagwayen halayen a kalla a cikin 52%? A cikin 2000, Michael Bailey da kansa ya yi kokarin maimaita bincikensa a cikin manyan gungun 'yan tagwaye a Ostiraliya. Yarjejeniyar sha'awar luwadi ya kasa da karatun sa na farko. Daga cikin tagwaye masu kama da juna, ya kasance 20% ga maza, sannan kuma 24% ga mata, kuma a tsakanin tagwaye masu kama da juna - 0% na maza, da kuma 10% na mata³ (Bailey 2000).

A cikin 2010, masanin ilimin cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan Sweden Langström ya gudanar da wani babban bincike mai zurfi game da koyarwar jima'i a cikin tagwaye, tare da yin nazarin bayanan dubun-dubatar nau'ikan jinsi daya da kuma nau'ikan macce.Långström 2010) Masu binciken sun gano halayen kishili dangane da kasancewar masu yin jima'i iri-iri cikin rayuwa. Sun kirga yarjejeniya ta sigogi biyu: kasancewar akalla ma'aurata guda daya yayin rayuwa, da kuma yawan masu luwadi a rayuwa. Manuniyar damuwa a cikin samfurin sun kasance ƙasa da waɗanda aka samu a duka binciken da Bailey et al. (1991) da (2000) A cikin rukuni na mahalarta wadanda ke da alaƙa ɗaya na mata ɗaya, daidaituwa a cikin maza shine 18% don daidaita kuma 11% don tagwaye iri ɗaya; a cikin mata, 22% da 17%, bi da bi.

Ga jimlar adadin abokan tarayya, alamomin daidaituwa a cikin maza sun kai 5% don daidaita kuma 0% don tagwaye masu kama; a cikin mata, 11% da 7%, bi da bi. A cikin maza, 61% da 66% na bambance-bambancen ana yin bayani ne ta hanyar abubuwan muhalli waɗanda ke shafar tagwaye biyu na biyu, bi da bi, alhali ba a bayyana bambance-bambancen ba kwatankwacin dalilai na muhalli waɗanda suka saba da tagwaye. Abubuwa na musamman na muhalli suna lissafin watsawa na 64% da 66%, bi da bi, yayin da abubuwan abubuwan muhalli gabaɗaya suka lissafa na 17% da 16%, bi da biLångström 2010).

A cikin 2002, masu bincike Peter Birmen na Jami'ar Columbia da Hannah Bruckner na Jami'ar Yale ta Amurka sun gudanar da babban nazari da wakilci tare da yawan mahalarta (Bearman 2002).

Sun sami matakan rashin daidaituwa na daidaituwa na sha'awar luwaɗan: 6,7% a cikin nau'i-nau'i na tagwaye masu kama, 7,2% a cikin tagwaye iri ɗaya, da kuma 5,5% a cikin 'yan uwan ​​talakawa. Birmen da Bruckner sun gama da cewa an same su:

"... tabbataccen hujja don goyon baya ga tsarin zamantakewa a matakin mutum ..., sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa haɓaka yara kan ka'idar tsaka tsaki na jinsi, ba tare da nuna bambancin jinsi na yaro ba, yana da tasiri ga samuwar ɗan luwaɗi ..." (Bearman 2002).

Ba kamar ayyukan da kawai aka sake nazarinsu ba, likitan mahaukata Kenneth Kendler da abokan aikin sa sun gudanar da wani babban binciken tagwaye ta amfani da samfurin yiwuwar ya ƙunshi nau'ikan tagwaye na 794 da brothersan uwan ​​mata da maza na 1380 (Kendler xnumx) Marubutan sun kammala cewa sakamakon binciken nasu "suna nuna cewa abubuwan gado suna iya yin tasiri mai karfi kan tsarin jima'i." Binciken, duk da haka, bai isa ba don isa don ɗaukar irin wannan babban yanke shawara game da matsayin tasirin halittar mutum akan jima'i: a cikin duka, a cikin 19 na 324 nau'i-nau'i masu kama da juna, an gano wani mutum da sha'awar ɗan kishili, yayin da a cikin 6 na nau'i-nau'i na 19, sha'awar ɗan kishili sun kasance mai daidaituwa (an lura a cikin brotheran’uwa na biyu); aƙalla mutum ɗaya wanda ke da sha'awar ɗan kishili an same shi a cikin 15 na 240 ma'aurata na jinsi guda, yayin da 2 na ma'aurata 15 sun kasance masu daidaituwa. Gaskiyar cewa kawai a cikin 8 na 'yan tagwaye na 564 sun nuna sha'awar ɗan kishili daidai (1,4%) yana iyakance yiwuwar yin amfani da waɗannan sakamakon don mummunan kwatanta ma'ana iri ɗaya da ba iri ɗaya ba.

Ya kamata a ɗauka a hankali cewa 'yan tagwaye masu kama suna da kusancin yanayi iri ɗaya - ƙauna ta farko, alaƙa da sauran yara, da sauransu. - idan aka kwatanta da tagwaye marasa ma'ana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata. Tunda tagwayen iri ɗaya ne da kamanninsu da halaye iri ɗaya, yanayin halayensu ɗaya zai fi kama da na tagwaye da kuma 'yan uwan ​​juna. Saboda haka, a wasu yanayi, babban ma'anar yarjejeniya za a iya bayanin ta hanyar muhalli maimakon abubuwan abubuwan gado.

A cewar likitan ilimin hauka Jeffrey Satinover (Satinover xnumx) abubuwanda zasu fahimta gaba dayada samuwar nau'in halayen mutum ta mutum za'a kasu kashi biyar:
1) tasirin intrauterine (prenatal), irin su tattarawar hormones;
2) extrauterine (bayan haihuwa) tasirin jiki kamar rauni da cututtukan hoto!
3) karin abubuwan kwarewa, irin su hulɗa da dangi, ilimi;
4) karin kwarewar, misali, ƙarfin ƙarfafa yanayin maimaitawa;
5) zabi.

Rashin daidaituwa na 100% a cikin tagwaye masu kama da juna yana nuna ba kawai cewa tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi gado sun zama sakaci ba, har ma cewa abubuwan da ba asalinsu ba za su iya zama na ciki kawai. Bayan duk wannan, idan haka ne, to yarjejeniya zata kasance kusa da 100%, tunda abubuwan guda biyu ne ke haifar da abubuwan da yanayin yanayin intrauterine yake ”(Satinover xnumx, p. 97).

Idan kwayoyin halitta suna taka rawa wajen daidaita yadda mutane ke tunanin wasu sha'awoyi da halaye, to duk wadannan karatun suna bamu damar fada da karfin gwiwa cewa wannan batun bai gaji da tasirin abubuwan gado ba. Takaita bincike game da tagwayen, zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa kimiyya ba ta tabbatar da cewa sha'awar jima'i gaba daya da sha'awar luwadi musamman yankuna ne yan adam ke kaddara su.

Karatun kwayoyin halittar jini

Yin nazarin tambaya game da halayen ƙwayoyin jini a cikin samar da sha'awar ɗan kishili kuma, in ya yiwu, matsayin wannan halartar, mun bincika karatun har yanzu wanda asalin halayen dabi'a (a haƙiƙanin fitowar ɗan kishili) an ƙaddara su ta asalin tsararraki, amma ba su tsai da aikin tantance wanene takamaiman kwayoyin halitta suna da alhakin wannan yanayin. A lokaci guda, ana iya yin nazarin halittar jini tare da taimakon abin da ake kira. hanyoyin kwayar halitta waɗanda ke ba da damar sanin ko takamaiman nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke da alaƙa da halayen jiki ko halayya.

Nazarin Dean Haymer

Dean Haymer da abokan aikinsa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa da ke Maryland, a Amurka ((aya daga cikin ƙoƙarin farko na gwajin ƙwayoyin halittar ɗan adam).Hamida 1993) Haymer ya binciki iyalai masu daidai iri biyu, wanda aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin tagwayen suke da sha'awar jinsi guda. Daga cikin adadin iyalai, Haymer ya gano 40, inda ɗan uwan ​​ɗan uwan ​​yana da wani ɗan'uwan daban wanda shi ma ɗan kishili ne, kuma ya bincika DNArsu don rukunin yanar gizo. Irin wannan binciken ana kiransa "binciken binciken hadewar gado" - a cikin Turanci “nazarin hanyar haɗin gabobi”.

A cikin binciken da aka danganta gado, an yi abubuwa masu zuwa: a rukuni na rukuni da ke da halayen da aka sani na yau da kullun, ana gudanar da bincike don kasancewar sassan waɗannan sassan DNA - ana kiran su alamomi. Idan ya nuna cewa a cikin rukuni na rukuni ana sa yawan alamomi a cikin yankin DNA guda ɗaya, to ana iya ɗauka cewa duk waɗannan alamomin an gado su "tare" - suna da alaƙa - wato, suna iya zama wani ɓangare na wasu abubuwan gado (Ulaukar 1999).

Haymer ya ce a cikin nau'i-nau'i na 33 daga 40, 'yan uwan' yan luwadi suna da yanki na jima'i a kan X chromosome, wanda ya kira "Xq28." Heimer ya kammala cewa yankin Xq28 ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar don sha'awar liwadi.

Da farko dai, ya kamata a lura cewa sakamakon Haymer galibi ba a fahimta sosai. Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa Haymer ya samo yanki na DNA guda ɗaya - Xq28 - a cikin duka nau'i-nau'i na 33, a cikin duka maza na 66, amma a zahiri, an gano jerin abubuwa na nucleotide na yankuna na Xq28 da ke daidai da juna tsakanin 'yan uwan ​​kowane ɗan tagwaye, kuma tsarin Xq28 a cikin dukkan nau'i-nau'i ba ɗaya bane - Haymer bai sami sanannen sanannen "gay mai giyar ba."

Wannan binciken yana da wasu mahimman hasara. Haymer bai bincika daidaiton Xq28 a cikin ma'aurata tagwaye tare da jan hankalin maza, amma a tsakanin 'yan luwadi kaɗai (Byne xnumx) Idan bai sami wannan rukunin tsakanin 'yan uwan ​​maza da mata ba, amma a tsakanin' yan luwadi ne kawai, wannan zai yi magana game da sakamako ga yarda da ra'ayinsa. Koyaya, idan ya gano Xq28 a tsakanin 'yan uwansa maza, maganganun sa zai sami darajar ƙuruciya (Horton xnumx) Hakanan, kamar yadda masu binciken Fausto-Sterling da Balaban suka lura, samfurin Heimer ya ƙunshi adadin bayanan da bai cika ba: na shari'o'in 40, kawai a ma'aunin halayen heterozygosity na 15 ne aka auna kai tsaye; a sauran ragowar 25, an ƙididdige bayanan kai tsaye (Fausto-Sterling 1993) Kawai a cikin 38% na lokuta Heimer et al sun auna matakin heterozygosity na chromosome na uwa, kuma a cikin 62% sun ƙididdige shi kawai bisa ga bayanan bayanan da ke akwai.

Ya kamata a ambaci wani abu mai zuwa wanda ke da alaƙa da littafin Haymer 1993 na shekara. A cikin 1995, mujallar New York Native ta buga wata kasida mai taken "Bincike kan" kwayoyin "na liwadi bai tsaya gwajin ba. Dan jaridar John Krudson na Chicago Tribune ya fallasa wata dabara ta kimiyya da mai binciken ya yi" (Chicago Tribune 1995) Labarin ya nuna cewa manyan masana sun yi Allah wadai da babban aikin game da gaskiyar cewa Haymer bai aiwatar da ingantaccen bincike ba game da kasancewar Xq28 tsakanin 'yan uwan ​​maza. Masu sukar sun hada da mashahuran masanan ilmin halitta da kuma masaniyar halittar dabbobi Richard Levontin da Ruth Hubbard na Jami’ar Harvard (Chicago Tribune 1995) Haka kuma, wannan labarin ya bayyana cewa Ofishin Tarayyar icsabi'a na Cibiyar Lafiya ta isasa yana nazarin koke ɗaya daga cikin matasa ma’aikatan dakin gwaje-gwajen Heimer, wanda ba a san sunan shi ba, wanda ya ba da rahoton ƙarancin sakamakon da Heimer ya yi a cikin bincikensa: bisa ga bayanin wannan jami'in, Heimer da gangan. an cire shi daga littafin sakamakon da ke nuna rashin hankali a ka'idar kaddarawar kwayoyin halittar sha'awar dan luwadi (Chicago Tribune 1995) Bayan 'yan watanni bayan buga labarin a cikin New York Native, mujallar Kimiyya ta Amurka ta buga wani labarin wanda ke tabbatar da gaskiya da dalilin binciken Ofishin investigationabi'a na Tarayya game da Heimer (Horgan xnumx, p. 26). Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa ba ta bayyana sakamakon binciken ba, amma daga baya aka sauya Haymer zuwa wani sashin. Ya kamata kuma a san cewa Haymer ya gudanar da bincikensa game da "ƙungiyar liwadi" ta hanyar amfani da tallafi, wanda a zahiri aka kasafta shi don nazarin Kaposi's sarcoma, cutar kansa da ke shafar marasa lafiya na ɗan kishili da cutar kanjamau (Mukherjee xnumx, p. 375). Ingancin littafin Haymer ya dogara ne akan ko ƙungiyar masu bincike mai zaman kanta zata iya samun sakamakon iri ɗaya. Wannan bai faru ba.

Canza sakamakon Haymer

A cikin 1999, rukuni na masu bincike daga Jami'ar Western Ontario, wanda masanin kimiyya ya kira shi da Rice, ya gudanar da wannan binciken (ta amfani da "hanyar haɗin gwaiwa") tsakanin mazinata na 52 (Rice xnumx) Mawallafin ba su iya maimaita sakamakon da Haymer ya samu ba kuma sun kammala: "Sakamakon bincikenmu bai nuna wata alama ta haɗi tsakanin ɗan luwadi da maza ba."

Sannan, a cikin 2005, an gudanar da sabon binciken tare da Dean Haymer (Mustanski Xnumx) Marubutan ba su sami dangantaka ta ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ba a tsakanin Xq28 da sha'awar ɗan kishili, amma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami "hulɗa mai ban sha'awa" don wasu rukunin yanar gizo (akan kwayar halittar 7, 8 da 10).

Koyaya, waɗannan sakamakon ba za a iya maimaita su ba a cikin wani binciken a cikin shekara ta 2009, lokacin da ƙungiyar masu bincike daga Oxford a Ingila da Jami'ar Ontario a Kanada suka gudanar da wani binciken game da iyalai 55 tare da maza masu luwadi: An tattara kayan gado daga mahalarta 112 kuma an gudanar da binciken ƙungiyar halittu masu cikakke. tare da hada alamomin kyaututtuka na kwayoyin halittar 6000 (Ramagopalan 2010) Binciken bai bayyana wata muhimmiyar dangantaka tsakanin alamomin kwayoyin halitta ba da kuma luwadi.

A cikin 2015, rukuni na marubuta daga cibiyoyin kimiyya daban-daban a Amurka, bisa ga binciken da aka yi wa ƙungiyoyi, ya bayyana cewa sun sami babban dangantaka ga shafin akan chromosome na 8 kuma ƙasa da mahimmanci ga Xq28 (Sanders xnumx) A cikin ƙarshe a cikin labarin, marubutan sun yarda cewa "tasirin kwayar halitta a cikin sha'awar ɗan kishili ba ta yanke shawara ba ... mafi yawan wannan sakamako wani ɓangare ne na dalilai masu yawa."

A cikin 2017, rukuni guda na marubutan sun yi amfani da ingantacciyar hanyar da ta dace da ake kira bincike-tsinkaye don ƙungiyoyi⁴. Neman forungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da tsaka-tsaki ya dogara ne da yin amfani da fasaha ta hanyar tsara kwayoyin halittu (karanta bayanai daga DNA) don ƙayyade takamaiman sifofin DNA waɗanda zasu iya haɗuwa da halayen da ake bincike. Masana kimiyya suna bincika miliyoyin bambance-bambancen kwayoyin halittu a adadi mai yawa na mutane waɗanda ke da halayen gama gari, da kuma mutanen da ba su da wannan sifa, kuma suna gwada sauƙin bambance-bambancen kwayoyin tsakanin ƙungiyoyi biyu. Ana zaton cewa bambance-bambancen kwayoyin da suka zama ruwan dare a tsakanin masu halin kirki fiye da waɗanda ba tare da hakan ba suna da alaƙa da wannan halin. A wannan lokacin, an samo mahimmancin ƙididdiga na yankuna akan kwayoyin halitta na 13 da 14 (Sanders xnumx).

Nazarin da Sanders da abokan aiki (2017) ba su samo asali don halayen ɗan kishili ba, kuma ba su tabbatar da yanayin asalinsu ba (marubutan kansu sun ƙi shi), kuma ba su tabbatar da sakamakon Haymer 1993 na shekara ba, wanda ya kafa tushe na dogon lokaci tare da halittar liwadi. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da aka kawo karshen wannan littafin shine zato cewa dukkanin nau'o'in halittun da ke sama suna iya tasiri tsinkaya ɗan kishiliSanders xnumx, p. 3).

Francis Collins, manajan aikin gano halittar dan adam, ya rubuta mai zuwa:

"Yiwuwar kusanci da 20% da cewa ɗan tagwaye na ɗan kishili zai zama ɗan kishili (idan aka kwatanta da 2 - 4% a cikin yawan jama'a) yana nuna cewa yanayin halayen jima'i yana tasiri ne ta hanyar abubuwan jinsi, amma ba a haɗa shi cikin DNA ba, kuma duk wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke da alaƙa. wakilci mai tsinkaye ne amma ba yankewar bakin gado ba ... ”(Collins 2006).

An gabatar da babban bincike game da hanyar bincike-bincike na kwayar halitta don ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda ke da nufin ƙayyade bambancin halittar dan adam da ke da alaƙa da ɗan luwaɗan, an gabatar da shi a taron shekara-shekara na Societyungiyar Jama'a ta ofabi'ar Bil Adama a 2012 (2012 mai ban sha'awa) Sakamakon bincike mai zurfi iri-iri, ba a sami muhimmiyar dangantaka ba don sha'awar ɗan kishili a cikin mata da maza. A lokaci guda, dubban mutane da yawa daga cikin bayanan cibiyar kamfanin 23andMe.

Marubuta na kwanan nan kuma mafi girma bincike a kan kwayoyin halittar luwadi ya fada game da sakamakonsa:

"Kusan ba zai yiwu ba a iya hasashen halayen jima'i na mutum bisa la'akari da kwayoyin halittarsu."

in ji Ben Neal, farfesa a Sashen Nazarin Halittu da Fassara a Babban Asibitin Massachusetts, wanda ya yi aiki a kan binciken.

A cewar Farfesa David Curtis na Jami'ar California Genetics Institute.

“Babu wani hadadden kwayoyin halitta a cikin al’ummar dan Adam da ke da matukar tasiri kan yanayin jima’i. Yana da wuya a yi hasashen halayen jima'i na mutum bisa la'akari da kwayoyin halittarsu."

Epigenetics

A cikin 2015, rukuni na masu bincike daga Jami'ar California, Los Angeles sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen taro a taron ƙungiyar Jama'ar Amurka game da Halittar Humanan Adam.⁵wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa masu bincike sun sami damar tantance abubuwan zaɓi na jima'i dangane da alamomin alamarin tare da daidaito na 67% (Ngun et al. 2015). Don jawo hankalin mafi girma ga aikinsu, marubutan har ma sun shirya taron manema labarai wadanda suka shafi manema labarai (ASHG 2015) Labaran kai tsaye suka bazu kan kanun labarai na jaridu na yau da kullun, duk da buɗe musu sabanin yanayin binciken da kuma hanyar fitarwa (Yong xnumx).

Epigenetics kimiyya ce da ke yin nazarin abubuwan mamaki wanda yanayin bayyanar kwayoyin halitta yake canzawa sakamakon tasirin kwayoyi waɗanda ba su shafar canji a jerin kwayoyin halittar DNA. Ta wata hanyar, hanyoyin aiwatarwar su ne waɗancan hanyoyin wanda wasu dalilai ke tasiri kan matsayin magana ta hanyar gene (wato, abubuwan da suka shafi jikin mutum). Tsarin sararin samaniya na kwayar halitta ta DNA na iya yin tasiri ga bayyana hanyar magana (bayyana), kuma an tabbatar da wannan tsarin ta hanyar kariyar da aka tsara ta musamman, enzymes masu alaƙa da DNA. Ofaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ke haifar da tasirin shine DNA methylation. Hadin gwiwar sunadarai masu kariya da DNA ana kiransu alamar alama.

Matasa da abokan aiki sun bayyana cewa babbar manufar karatun su ita ce gwada yiwuwar tantance "yanayin jima'i" na mutum ta alamomin alamu. Har zuwa wannan, sun yi nazarin samfuran DNA na nau'i-nau'i na 'yan uwan ​​juna iri ɗaya, a cikin ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan ɗayan ɗan uwan ​​ya kasance ɗan luwadi, kuma 37 nau'i-nau'i ne na inan uwan, iri ɗaya a cikin abin da ɗayan biyun suka kasance ɗan kishili. Kamar yadda aka fada a cikin takaice, masu binciken sunyi nazarin nau'ikan nau'ikan rarrabuwa (heterosexual vs. gay.) Ta yin amfani da alkalith na ilimin kwamfuta na FuzzyForest kuma a ƙarshe sun zaɓi mafi kyawun ƙira wanda ya haɗa da alamun 10 alamun alamomi waɗanda suka daidaita abubuwa daidai a cikin 5% na lokuta. Mawallafin sun ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan sha'awar jima'i ana sarrafa su ta hanyar alamun alama na 67. Koyaya, irin wannan fassarar ta haifar, don sanya shi cikin ladabi, yawan zargi daga masana (Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kimiyya 2015, Greally xnumx, Yong xnumx, Gelman 2015, Briggs 2015) Hanyar (mafi ƙarancin samfurin samfurin, tsarin ƙididdigar ƙira tare da haɗarin sakamako mai kyau na karya, da sauransu) da fassarar sa ya haifar da babban shakku. John Grillie na Cibiyar Epigenomics na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Albert Einstein ya lura, yana mai ba da bayani game da matsin lambar da Ngun da abokan aiki suka yi.

“… Ba tare da yin magana da kaina game da shi ko abokan aikinsa ba, amma idan muna son kiyaye wannan fannin na kimiyya, ba za mu iya ƙara yarda da mummunan binciken asalin halitta ba. Da "mara kyau," Ina nufin wanda ba a fassara shi ba. ... "(Greally xnumx).

A ƙarshe, ainihin ma'anar masu duba waɗanda suka tsallake wannan ci gaba don gabatarwa a taron har ma an tambaya, kuma ba a buga labarin ba, a ko'ina.

Me yasa sakamakon nazarin kwayoyin halittu masu rikitarwa suna canzawa - canzawa da canzawa?

Iyakantaccen aikin ƙwayoyin cuta

Shaida ga yanayin dabi'ar dan kishili ba zai yuwu ba. Kimiyya bata san “tsarin liwadi.” A farkon wannan karni, an kaddamar da wani babban shiri na kasa da kasa mai suna “Human Genome Project” - Tsarin Dan Adam. A cikin tsarin sa, an aiwatar da tattara taswirar kwayar halittar ɗan adam - wannene wannene, akan wanzuwar chromosome, wanda yake kare kansa, da sauransu. Kowa na iya dubawa - babu alamun jinsi na maza a ciki (Albarkatun ɗan adam a NCBI).

Ga abin da Mayer da McHugh suke rubutawa a cikin aikinsu:

"... Kamar yadda aka tabbatar sau da yawa dangane da halayen mutum, tasirin abin da ya shafi gado cikin sha'awar sha'awar liwadi ko tsarin halayya yana yiwuwa. Bayyanar kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halittu galibi tana dogaro ne da dalilan muhalli - wani yanayi na daban yana haifar da samuwar halittu daban-daban har ma da irin kwayoyin halitta iri daya. Saboda haka, koda wasu dalilai na kwayoyin halitta suna tasiri akan sha'awar ɗan kishili, abubuwan da ake so game da jima'i suma suna da tasiri a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da yawa, gami da abubuwan damuwa na zamantakewa kamar tashin hankali da tashin hankali na zahiri da kuma tazarar jima'i. Don samun cikakkiyar hoto game da samuwar sha'awar jima'i, sha'awoyi da abubuwan motsa jiki, ya zama dole a la'akari da abubuwan da suka shafi ci gaba, muhalli, gogewa, al'umma da kuma nufin. (Misali, masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun yi rubuce-rubuce game da rawar da ba ta dace ba a cikin halaye tare da takwarorinsu, yana nuna cewa bayyanar mutum zai iya yin tasiri a cikin karɓar yarda ko ƙi a cikin wani rukuni na zamantakewa (Ebstein 2010).
Kwayar halittar zamani ta san cewa kwayoyin halitta suna shafar kewayon abubuwan da mutum yake so da kuma kwadayin sa kuma, a kaikaice, kai tsaye yakan shafi dabi'a. Kodayake kwayoyin halitta na iya yaudarar mutum zuwa wasu halaye, amma iyawar su ta hanyar sarrafa kai tsaye, ba tare da la'akari da sauran abubuwan ba, da wuya. Tasirinsu a kan ɗabi'a ya fi sauƙi kuma ya dogara da tasirin abubuwan da ke cikin muhalli ... "(Mayer 2016).

Abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu waɗanda zasu iya shafar daidaituwa sun haɗa da halayen halin mutum kamar mai laushi da halayyar saurin haɓakawa, haɓakar jijiyoyin rai, jin kunya, fasikanci da sauransu Masu binciken kansu, sakamakon abin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin rhetoric na masu gwagwarmayar LGBT + - ƙungiyoyi, ba sa yin da'awar cewa liwadi ya ƙaddara ta hanyar halittar, mafi kyawun sun yi imani da cewa sha'awar jinsi guda yana da alaƙa da haɗuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin halittu da yanayin muhalli, inda ƙarshen ya taka rawa babba . Gaskiyar cewa luwaɗanci “baƙi ne”, muna jin akasarinsu a cikin finafinai na Hollywood, ƙididdigar zance, wakoki ko a cikin sharhi a shafukan sada zumunta. Koyaya, a cikin ƙungiyar kimiyya, a zahiri, babu wani mai bincike mai ƙwaƙwalwa da zai faɗi cewa ya sami asalin halitta ko kuma wani sanadin ƙwayar halitta ta jawo hankalin ɗan kishili.

Nazarin da aka yi ƙoƙarin ƙoƙari don tantance ko kwayoyin halitta (musamman, a kan shafin Xq28) suna da alaƙa da sha'awar jima'i guda. Kwafa ta V. Lysov (2018)

Source da  samfuri	Hanyar bincike	Sakamako bisa ga littafin	Shin akwai wata alaƙar dangantaka tsakanin alamomin Xq28 da luwadi?	Sauran sakamakon
Dean Hamer et al. Xnumx Iyalan 40, kowannensu ya ƙunshi tsarin liwadi da na liwadi wanda aka zaba daga cikin danginsa	hade da karatun gado	a cikin maganganun 33 daga dangin 40, alamun alamun da ke kan shafin q28 na chromosome X sun haɗu	bisa ga ka'idaKoyaya, hanyoyin da fassarar sahabbai sun soki su: Baron 1993; Pool 1993; Fausto-Sterling et al. Xnumx; Sharp 1993; Byne xnumx; McLeod 1994; Norton 1995, An zargi Haymer da kansa na jabu: Horgan xnumx	-
Jennifer Macke et al. Xnumx  Iyalan 36, kowane ɗayan ya ƙunshi proband ɗan kishili da danginsa, a cikinsu akwai a brotheran uwan ​​ɗan luwadi	bincika kwayoyin halittar ɗan takarar - kwayoyin masu karɓar inrogen (X chromosome)	ba a sami mahimmancin mahimmancin dangantaka a cikin samfurin ba	-	babu wata alaka da kwayoyin halittar mai karɓar ƙwayar androgen (X chromosome)
Stella Hu et al. Xnumx (ƙungiyar kimiyya Dean Hamer)  Iyalan 33, kowane ɗayan ya ƙunshi proband ɗan kishili da danginsa, a cikinsu akwai a brotheran uwan ​​ɗan luwadi	hade da karatun gado	a cikin maganganun 22 daga dangin 32, alamun alamun da ke kan shafin q28 na chromosome X sun haɗu	bisa ga ka'idaduba Hamer 1993	-
George Rice et al. Xnumx Iyalan 46, kowane ɗayan ya ƙunshi proband ɗan kishili da danginsa, a cikinsu akwai a brotheran uwan ​​ɗan luwadi	hade da karatun gado	Alamar kwayoyin halitta da ke kan yankin q28 na chromosome X bai dace ba	babu	-
Michael DuPree et al. Xnumx  (ƙungiyar kimiyya Dean Hamer) Iyalan 144, kowane ɗayan ya ƙunshi proband ɗan kishili wanda ke da ɗan'uwan ɗan luwadi aƙalla	bincika kwayoyin halittar ɗan takarar - tushen aromatase CYP15 (chromosome 15)	ba a sami mahimmancin mahimmancin dangantaka a cikin samfurin ba	-	babu haɗin tare da kwayoyin aromatase CYP15 (15-I chromosome)
Mustanski et al. Xnumx  (Kungiyar kimiyya ta Dean Hamer) Iyalan 146 (gami da iyalai daga karatun Hamer 1993 da Hu 1995), kowannensu ya ƙunshi tsarin liwadi wanda ke da ɗan'uwan ɗan luwadi a kalla.	nazarin zurfin-tushen abubuwan gado	ƙungiyar masu mahimmancin ƙididdiga tare da alama akan kwayar halitta ta 7 an samo shi a cikin samfurin, kuma, a cewar marubutan, "kusanci zuwa ma'aunin mahimmancin alama" don alamomi akan alamun kwayoyi na 8 da 10.	babu	sadarwa tare da alamomi a kan chromosome na 7 bisa ga ka'idar Lander da Kruglyak (1995) mafi kyawun alama na LOD* daidai yake da xnumx
Sreeram Ramagopalan et al. Xnumx (George Rice Science Team) Iyalan 55, kowane ɗayan ya ƙunshi proband ɗan kishili wanda ke da ɗan'uwan ɗan luwadi aƙalla	nazarin zurfin-tushen abubuwan gado	ba a sami mahimmancin mahimmancin dangantaka a cikin samfurin ba	babu	ba a sami ƙungiyoyi tare da alamomi ba akan kwayar XromX na chromosome bisa ga ka'idar Lander da Kruglyak (7)
Binbin Wang et al. Xnumx wani gungun maza yan luwadi na Xnumx da kuma wani rukuni na masu kula da maza na maza na Xnumx	bincika kwayoyin halittar ɗan takara - shinge na sonic hedgehog (SHH) gene (chromosome 7)	ba a sami mahimmancin mahimmancin dangantaka a cikin samfurin ba	-	an samo bambance-bambance na ƙididdigar rikice-rikice a cikin rabo na maye gurbi a cikin matsayin gene9333613, wanda marubutan suka fassara shi a matsayin "kasancewar yiwuwar dangantaka tsakanin maye gurbi a cikin hanyar asali da kuma jinsi na ɗaya"
Emily Drabant et al. Xnumx 'Yan matan 7887 da mata na 5570 (ba su da alaƙa da dangi) waɗanda aka gano suna da wadatar jima'i da kuma gano kansu bisa ga tambayar Klein	cikakken bincike game da abubuwan alaƙa	ba a sami mahimman ƙididdiga ba (5 × 10 - 8) a cikin samfurin	babu	ba a sami ƙungiyoyin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ba
Sanders et al. Xnumx Iyalan 384, kowane ɗayan ya ƙunshi proband ɗan kishili wanda ke da ɗan'uwan ɗan luwadi aƙalla	nazarin zurfin-tushen abubuwan gado	an sami babban haɗin ƙididdiga tare da alamar alama akan chromosome na 8 da wata ƙungiya mai yuwuwa tare da Xq28	bisa ga ka'ida: gwargwadon ka'idodin Lander da Kruglyak (1995), mafi kyawun alamun LOD don alamun Alamu28 sun yi daidai da 2,99, wanda ya dace da ƙimar da aka ɗauka ("mahimmanci mai ba da shawara")	sadarwa tare da alamomi akan chromosome na 8 bisa ga ka'idar Lander da Kruglyak (1995); mafi kyawun LOD shine 4,08
Sanders et al. Xnumx wani rukuni na maza na 'yan luwadi na 1077 da maza na 1231 maza (guda batutuwa kamar Sanders et al. 2015)	cikakken bincike game da abubuwan alaƙa	ba a sami mahimman ƙididdiga ba (5 × 10 - 8) a cikin samfurin	babu	babu wasu ƙididdigar alaƙa da aka samu. Marubutan sun lura cewa an sami ƙimar kusanci ga masu alama akan kwayoyin 13 da 14

* LOD = logarithm na yawan rashin daidaituwa duba Nyholt DR. Dukkanin LODs ba'a kirkire su daidai ba. Am J Hum Genet. 2000 Aug; 67 (2): 282 - 288. http://doi.org/10.1086/303029. LOD ƙididdigar LOD a cikin binciken kwayoyin shine ≥3,

Kamar yadda ɗayan masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na Amurka ya faɗi daidai, "... yunƙurin bayyana ɗan luwadi da madigo ya yi kama da na iPhones - sabon abu yana fitowa kowace shekara ..." (Allen 2014) A ƙarshe, tabbas, daga ra'ayi na masu gabatar da sha'awar luwadi, taken taken "Wataƙila an haife shi"⁶ yana da tasirin furofayil daban daban.

An yi ƙoƙarin gano "kwayoyin abubuwan shaye-shaye" (2017 ƙauyen da aka maido; NIAAA 2012), da kuma “kisan kisankai” (Davis 2016; Fasali xnumx), duk da haka, kamar yadda batun "al'adar auren liwadi", ba a sami wata hujja da ta nuna iƙirarin cewa “an haife su”. Mutumin da ya isa ba zai sami ra'ayi ba, a hannu guda, don tabbatar da shan giya da kisan kai ta hanyar tasirin halittar - bayan haka, waɗannan abubuwan an tsara ne ta hanyar zaɓa, ba a ƙaddara su ba. Mawallafin labarin tare da “hanyar liwadi” Dean Haymer, a bayyane yake, kyakkyawan ƙwararren kasuwanci ne, cikin gwanintar aiki cikin tsarin jama'a. Bayan da ya jira ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan wallafa labarinsa na 1993 na shekara, Haymer ya wallafa littafin "The Science of Passion: Search for Liwadi of Genes and Behavioral Biology", wanda ya bazu a cikin motsi na LGBT +Hamida 1994) ya kuma kawo masa riba mai yawa. Shekaru goma bayan haka, Haymer ya sake samun sabon salo ta hanyar fito da wani littafi mai suna “The Gene of God: Yadda Bangaskiyarmu Ta Kawo Tsara Ta Hanyarmu” (Hamida 2004), a cikin abin da ya bayyana ra'ayinsa cewa masu imani kusan jigon kwayar halitta ne (V.L.: abin ban dariya ne a lura da irin wannan zaɓin dangane da ra'ayoyin halittar jini guda biyu). , da kuma alaƙar da aka ce asalin kwayoyin halitta da addini ba daidai bane, kamar maye gurbi.). A zahiri, ba a sami tabbaci game da hasashen Heimer ba har zuwa yau, duk da haka, an karɓi ka'idodinsa sosai a cikin jama'ar LGBT +, mujallar Amurka Time har ma ta buga bangon musamman don wannan bikin.

Daga baya, Dean Haymer ya bar ilimin kimiyya kuma ya mai da hankali kan ayyukan zamantakewar siyasa: tare da "miji" Joseph Wilson (Jaridar New York 2004) shi ne ya kirkirar da fim din fim din "QWaves", wanda ya kware kan kayayyakin da aka mayar da hankali kan motsi "LGBT +" (Huffpost 2017).

Shahararren masanin ilimin halitta kuma masanin ilimin kimiyya Richard Dawkins a ilmin falsafa ya bayyana hasashen asalin kayyadewar ɗan kishili:

“… Wasu abubuwa da yanayin kera sharadin suna da saukin canzawa. Wasu suna da wahala. Ka yi tunani game da yadda muke da alaƙa da lafazin yarintarmu: an yi wa baƙon balaga lakabi da baƙon duk rayuwarsa. Akwai yanke hukunci mai tsauri da yawa a nan fiye da aikin yawancin kwayoyin halitta. Zai zama mai ban sha'awa sanin ƙididdigar lissafi cewa yaron da aka fallasa shi ga wani tasirin mahalli, alal misali, ilimin addini a gidan sufi, daga baya zai iya kawar da wannan tasirin. Zai zama daidai da ban sha'awa sanin sanin ƙididdigar lissafi cewa namiji mai ɗauke da wata kwayar halitta akan X chromosome a yankin Xq28 zai zama ɗan luwaɗi. Bayyanannen zanga-zangar cewa akwai kwayar halittar da take "haifar da" zuwa liwadi ya bar tambayar muhimmancin wannan yiwuwar kusan a bayyane. Halittu ba su da wata mamayar yanke hukunci ... "(Dawkins xnumx, p. 104).

Daya daga cikin shahararrun mashahuran ilimin kimiya na Rasha, Farfesa Georgy Stepanovich Vasilchenko, yayin da yake magana game da dalilan samuwar sha'awar luwadi, ya nuna wadannan:

“… Duk da haka, hargitsi a cikin bambancin kwakwalwa da canjin yanayi ba su kayyade samuwar sha’awar‘ yan luwadi ba, amma sun zama tushen gurɓacewar shaidar jima'i da halayyar rawar jima'i, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin yin luwadi. Taimakon Neuroendocrine kawai kayan haɓaka ne na libido. Hakanan an kirkiro samuwar luwaɗi ta abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin ɗabi'a da hanyoyin ɓarkewar cuta da ke tattare da ɓata gari gaba ɗaya ... "(Vasilchenko 1990, p. 430).

Tsarin asalin halittar maza da mata, samar da fa'idar juyin halitta ga mata

Ya cancanci a ambaci ƙyalli da masu binciken Italiya, waɗanda a cewar su, "Bai dace da tsarin rayuwar dan kishili ba". Zaton cewa liwadi ya kasance ne ta hanyar halittar ya sabawa ka'idodin zaɓi na dabi'a, wanda a sa'ilin da adadin masu dako da ke kawo cikas ga aiwatar da ayyukan maza da ake buƙata don haɓaka zuriya ya kamata ta ragu har abada. Koyaya, kamar yadda aka nuna ƙididdiga, yawan mutanen da suke ɗaukar kansu ɗan kishili yana ƙaruwa tare da kowane ƙarni. Dalilin a bayyane yake shine: liwadi ba ana iya haifar da shi ba, amma ba a son shawo kan Camperio-Ciani da abokan aiki suka samar da wani ingantaccen bayani wanda ake tunanin zai iya magance “rikicewar Darwin.” Hasashensu yana nuna wanzuwar wani “factor chromosomal factor”, wanda, aka watsa ta hanyar layin mahaifiya, na iya haɓaka androphilia (jan hankalin maza ga maza) a dukkan mazajen maza, ta haka yana haifar da haɓakar mace, ta ragin rage yawan haihuwa (maza).Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Wannan hypothesis na iya da'awar wani mataki na sahihanci idan masu ilimin kimiyya suka sami matakan diyya da suka dace - alal misali, idan mahaifiya wacce take da zuriyarta tana da yaro 2, kuma mahaifiya mai haihuwar zuriya tana da 4. A zahiri, bambanci ya juya ya zama mara ƙima: a matsakaici, 2,07 na yaro a farkon da 2,73 - a karo na biyu (ta 34% ƙari) kuma wannan duk da gaskiyar cewa matakan haifuwa na 'yan luwadi da heterosexuals sun bambanta kusan lokutan 5: 0,12 da 0,58, bi da bi (a kan 383 % kasa) (Iemmola xnumx). Masu binciken sunyi bayani game da rashin haihuwa na maza da mata ta hanyar cewa a matsayinsu na rukuni mai kula yakamata su zama kwatankwacin yadda zai yiwu ga masu luwadi da madigo, sabili da haka akasarinsu basuyi aure ba. Amma koda mun dauki wadannan bayanan marasa wakilci, sai ya zamana cewa don samun cikakkiyar biyan diyya, uwayen zuriya yan luwadi zasu bukaci yara sama da 7 ... Bugu da kari, babu wani muhimmin bambanci da aka samu a cikin haihuwar zamanin da ta gabata (kakanni), wanda kuma bai yarda da rubutun ba game da kwayar halitta canja wuri

Oƙarin bayyana bayanan da aka samo, marubutan sun lura cewa 'yan luwadi suna da haɓakar wuce gona da iri a tsakanin dangi, da kuma magidanta, akasin haka, raguwa, wanda zai iya haifar da bambanci a cikin sakamako. Har ila yau sun ce bambance-bambance na haihuwa za a iya bayanin su ta hanyar dalilai na dabi'a ko halayya, kamar su mafi karancin zubar da ciki ko kara karfin samun abokan zama. A ƙarshe, marubutan jaddadawancan ya haɓaka yawan haihuwa yayin bayani akan explainsarancin 21% na banbanci a cikin yanayin jima'i na maza a cikin samfurin su.

“Wannan ya yi daidai da binciken tunani da nahawu wanda ya nuna cewa kwarewar mutum babbar nasara ce wajen tantance halayen mutum da halin mutum. Mai yiyuwa ne matakin jinsi na masu juna biyu ya samo asali ne daga al'adunmu maimakon al'adunsu na gado. A cikin yawancin al'ummomi, kamar arewacin Italiya, iyaye mata suna yawan lokaci tare da 'ya'yansu, musamman a farkon shekarun, wanda yake mahimmanci ga haɓakar asalin jima'i da daidaituwa. Wannan yana nuna cewa mahaifiyar da iyalinta na iya zama babban tushen wasu halaye na halaye da halayen ɗalibai, gami da halayen da suka danganci son jima'i da halayen na gaba ”(Camperio-Ciani 2004).

Bayan gudanar da karatun 3, marubutan sun tilasta su yarda cewa bayanan da suka karba "Ba sa ba mu damar yin nunin yadda sinadarin X-chromosome ke haifar ko ma da sanya mutum ya zama namiji-ko na maza biyu." (Ciani xnumx) A takaice, gudummawar wadannan karatun ga fahimtar yadda ake samun jan hankalin yara ne.

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Mafi girman binciken kwayoyin halitta wanda 30.08.2019 ya wallafa a cikin littafin wallafawar kimiyya Science, dangane da samfurin kusan mutane 500 dubu, sun gano cewa fiye da 99% na halayen ɗan kishi ne an yanke shi ta hanyar abubuwan zamantakewa da muhalli. A cewar David Curtis, malami a Kwalejin Nazarin Kwayoyin Halittu na Jami'ar California, "Wannan binciken ya nuna a sarari cewa babu wani abu irin wannan a matsayin kariyar gay." A cikin rayuwar ɗan adam babu irin wannan haɗin haɗin kwayar halitta wanda zai iya yin tasiri sosai akan yanayin jima'i. A zahiri, ba shi yiwuwa a hango ko halin jima'i mutum ta hanyar kwayar halittarsa. ”

Kashi na biyu: Hormones?

Bayan tasirin kwayar halittar jini, masu fafutikar motsin “LGBT +” suna nuni ne da bayyanar kwayar halittar cikin kwakwalwa kamar yadda ake zargin kwayoyin halittar halittar dan adam. An fahimci cewa a lokacin da tayin ke cikin mahaifar mahaifiya, wani abu (kwayoyin cuta ko kwayoyin hana daukar ciki) suna tayin tayin, wanda hakan ke rushe tsarin rayuwar shi na yau da kullun, wanda ke kara haifar da ci gaban kishiya.

Don gwada hango tasirin sakamako na hormonal akan samuwar zaɓi na jima'i, muna yin nazarin dangantakar da ke tsakanin haɗuwar kwayoyin hora na intrauterine akan haɓaka ta jiki da samuwar ƙuruciya tun daga halayyar samari maza ko 'yan mata. Yin gwaji na gwaji na rashin daidaituwa na hormonal, ba shakka, don dalilai na ɗabi'a da amfani a cikin ɗan adam ba a aiwatar da su ba, tun da rikice-rikicen hormonal ya haifar da mummunar ƙarancin halittar jiki da na ilimin dabbobi, wannan yana yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin dabbobin dabbobi.⁷. Ko yaya dai, an sami wasu ɗimbin mutane da cutar cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwa - cuta ta haɓaka jima'i (NDP), kuma a cikin yawan jama'arsu yana iya yin nazarin dangantakar rashin daidaituwar hormonal da halayyar. Da farko, ya kamata mu taƙaita jerin abubuwanda ke haifar da tasirin haɓakar hormonal a ciki.

An yi imanin cewa lokacin mafi girma ga yanayin yanayin hormonal na faruwa a lokacin balagar tayi. Misali, an san cewa matsakaicin tasirin testosterone akan tayin maza na faruwa ne daga makonni 8 zuwa 24, sannan kuma ya maimaita daga haihuwa zuwa kimanin watanni uku (Hines xnumx) Yayin duk lokacin balaga, estrogens sun fito ne daga mahaifa da tsarin jijiyoyin mahaifa (Albrecht 2010) Nazarin dabbobi sun nuna cewa za a iya samun lokatai da yawa na jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki daban-daban, kasancewar kasancewar hormone daya zai iya shafar ayyukan wani kwayoyin, kuma hankalin masu karbar wadannan kwayoyin na iya shafar ayyukansu.Berenbaum Xnumx) Bambancin jima'i tayi na kanta wani tsarin ne mai tsayayye.

Musamman fifiko a wannan fanni na bincike sune kwayoyin halittar jini kamar su testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (wani kwazo na testosterone kuma yafi karfin testosterone), estradiol, progesterone da cortisol. Ana la'akari da al'ada idan tasirin hormonal kan ci gaban tayin a cikin mahaifa na faruwa a matakai. A farkon, embryos ya bambanta kawai a cikin abun da aka tsara na chromosome - XX ko XY - kuma glandon mazajensu (gonads) iri ɗaya ne. Koyaya, a hanzari, gwargwadon haɗin chromosomal, samuwar gwaje-gwaje (gwaje-gwaje) yana farawa a cikin daskararru na XY da kwayar a cikin masu ɗaukar XX. Da zaran bambance banbancin gonads ya kare, sai su fara samar da kwayoyin halittun da suka shafi jima'i wadanda suka danganta ci gaba da samuwar kwayar ta waje: androgens da aka tono ta hanyar gwajin yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban gabobin maza na ciki, da kuma rashin androgens da kasancewar estrogen a cikin mata yana haifar da ci gaban gabobin jikin mace na waje. (Wilson 1981).

Tsarin bambancin jima'i. Kwatankwacin V. Lysov Take hakkin daidaituwar ciki da kwaroron roba (saboda kwayan kwayoyi da sauran tasirinsu), da kasancewarsu ko rashi a wasu muhimman lokuta na ci gaban tayin, na iya haifar da damuwa a cikin tsarin jima'i.

Ofaya daga cikin cututtukan da ake yin nazari sosai game da ci gaban jima'i shine hyperplasia na asalin adrenal cortex (VGKN), yana da alaƙa da rikodin kwayar halitta wanda ke tattare da enzyme wanda ke haɗuwa da ƙirar hormone cortisol (2003 mai magana) Wannan ilimin halayyar cuta yana haifar da wuce gona da iri na kayan cortisol (cortisol da androgens suna raba ma'auni na yau da kullun), daga abin da aka kirkiro androgens. A sakamakon haka, ana haihuwar girlsan mata masu digiri daban daban⁸ gabobin ƙwayar cuta - ya danganta da tsananin matsalar lahani da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin haila. Mummunan lokuta na yarinta tare da haɓaka zurfin lahani na aiki wani lokacin suna buƙatar aikin tiyata. Don magance tasirin abubuwan da suka wuce haddi da androgens, an wajabta maganin cutar hormone. An lura cewa mata masu ɗauke da HCV suna da haɗari mafi girma na jawo hankalin ɗan kishili (2009 mai magana), kuma waɗanda suka sha wahala daga cutar HCV a cikin mafi tsananin yanayin suna iya zama maza fiye da matan da suka kamu da cutar a cikin kayan da bai da sauƙi (Hines xnumx).

Kari akan haka, akwai ci gaban jima'i da ke lalacewa a cikin mazajen da ke fama da rashin hankali game da androgen. A cikin maza masu rashin lafiyar androgen insensitivity syndrome, gwaje-gwajen na yau da kullun suna samar da androgen testosterone, amma masu karbar testosterone basa aiki. Lokacin haihuwa, al'amuran suna kama da mata, kuma yarinyar tana girma a matsayin yarinya. The endogenous testosterone na yaro an canza shi zuwa estrogen, saboda haka ya fara haɓaka halaye na sakandare na mace (Hughes xnumx) An gano ilimin halin dan adam kawai lokacin da ya isa balaga, lokacin da, akasin haka, lokacin haila bai fara ba, kuma, hakika, irin wannan "mata" ba su rasa haihuwa, kamar rashin haihuwa da "maza" tare da VGKN.

Akwai wasu abubuwan lalata na jima'i da suka shafi wasu kwayoyin halittar jini (i.e., daidaikun mutane tare da XY genotype) wanda rashin androgens shine sakamakon kai tsaye na karancin enzymes da ke tattare da shi ko dai a cikin kwayar halittar dihydrotestosterone daga testosterone ko kuma a samar da testosterone daga tsarin kwayoyin. An haifi mutanen da ke da irin wannan rikice-rikice tare da nakasar ƙwayoyin cuta na digiri dabam-dabam (Cohen-Kettenis 2005).

Babu shakka, a cikin waɗannan misalai, sha'awar ɗan kishili da / ko zaɓi na ɗabi'a takamaiman ga ɗayan mata suna da alaƙa da aikin jijiyoyin jini. Koyaya, ba a gano irin waɗannan cututtukan a cikin masu luwadi Zato cewa rashin daidaituwa na hormonal ta kowace hanya kawai yana haifar da haifar da zaɓi na ɗan kishili (watau, yana nuna halayyar halayen halayen halaye) kuma a wata hanya ba zai shafi yanayin ilimin halin mutum da aikinsa ba ta hanyar abubuwan kallo.

An yi ƙoƙari iri-iri don gano kowane irin halin aikin ɗan adam da aikin da ke da alaƙa da zaɓi na ɗan kishili. Yi la'akari da karatun da masu fafutukar LGBT + suka ambata.

Nazarin Simon Levey

An gudanar da bincike da yawa kan nazarin bambance-bambance na neurobiological dangane da sha'awar jima'i. Na farko shine bugawar ƙirar neuroscientist Simon LeVay a cikin 1991 (LeVay 1991). LeVay ya gudanar da bincikensa kan sakamakon gawarwakin mutanen da suka mutu. Ya raba batutuwa zuwa rukuni uku - 6 mata "masu jima'i", 19 "'yan luwadi" maza da suka mutu da cutar kanjamau, da kuma 16 "masu madigo" maza (an ba da waɗannan sigogi a cikin alamomin ambato saboda abubuwan da mamacin ke son yin jima'i sun kasance hasashe ne).

A cikin kowace kungiya, LeVey sun auna girman wani yanki na musamman na kwakwalwa wanda ake kira interstitial nucleus of the face hypothalamus.⁹. A cikin hypothalamus, ana rarrabe nau'ikan nuclei ɗin daga 0.05 zuwa 0.3 mm³ a cikin girman (Byne xnumx), waɗanda aka ƙidaya su da lambobi: 1, 2, 3, 4. A ƙa'ida, girman INAH-3 ya dogara da matakin kwayar halittar kwayar halittar kwayar halitta ta namiji a cikin jiki: mafi yawan testosterone, ya fi girma da INAH-3. LeVey ya bayyana cewa girman INAH-3 a cikin 'yan luwadi ya yi ƙanƙanta sosai fiye da na maza da ke da jan hankali ga kishiyar jinsi, daidai yake da na mata. Tunda tsarin halittar jikin mutum yanayine da kwayoyin halitta, LeVey ya ba da shawarar cewa idan girman INAH-3 yayi daidai da alkiblar sha'awar jima'i, to "... sha'awar jima'i saboda tsarin kwakwalwa ne ...", sabili da haka kwayoyin halitta suna daidaita da sha'awar jima'i.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa LeVey ya sadaukar da kansa sosai ga wannan aikin kuma yana da fatan samun irin wannan sakamako. Bayan abokin tarayya na ɗan kishili Richard Sherry ya mutu saboda cutar kanjamau, LeVey ya yi baƙin ciki na ɗan lokaci (Newsweek xnumx, p. 49). Ya fadawa manema labarai bayan wallafa shi ya ce: "Ina jin idan ban sami komai ba, zan watsar da ilimin kimiyya gaba daya" (Newsweek xnumx, p. 49).

Nazarin LeVey yana da ƙarancin hanyoyin hanya, wanda shi da kansa ya yi ta maimaitawa, amma kafofin watsa labaru sun yi watsi da su. Menene LeVey ya gano ko bai samu ba? Abinda bai samo ba daidai ba shine haɗin tsakanin girman INAH-3 da sha'awar jima'i. Har ila yau a matsayin 1994, mai bincike William Byne daga New York ya fuskanci mummunan bincike game da bayanin game da asalin abin da ya haifar da luwadi (Byne xnumx): da farko, wannan shine matsalar zaɓi abubuwan bincike. LeVey bai san ainihin abin da sha'awar jima'i ba mutanen da ya yi karatu a lokacin rayuwarsa. Sanannen abu ne cewa a cikin marasa lafiya da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau, ana lura da ƙananan matakan testosterone duka biyu saboda tasirin cutar da kuma sakamakon sakamako na magani (Gomes 2016) Daga bayanan LeVay, ba shi yiwuwa gaba ɗaya don ƙayyade girman girman INAH-3 a lokacin haihuwa kuma ya ware gaskiyar cewa yana iya raguwa yayin rayuwa. Duk abubuwanda LeVay ta bayyana a matsayin "'yan luwadi" sun mutu sakamakon rikice-rikicen cutar kanjamau. LeVey kansa, a cikin wannan labarin, ya ba da ajiyar wuri:

"... sakamakon bai bamu damar kammalawa ba ko girman INAH 3 dalili ne ko tasirin yanayin jima'i na mutum, ko kuma girman INAH 3 da yanayin jima'i suna canzawa gaba ɗaya a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu canje-canje na uku da ba a san su ba ..." ()LeVay 1991, p. 1036).

Abu na biyu, babu wani dalilin da zai ce da tabbaci cewa LeVey ta gano komai kwata-kwata. Masu bincike Ruth Hubbard da Iliya Wald a cikin littafinsu na lalata halayen Halittu: Yadda masana kimiyya, Likitoci, Ma'aikata, Kamfanonin Inshora, Malamai da Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ke bayar da Bayanin Halittar Jiki, sun yi tambaya ba fassarar sakamakon LeVey kawai ba, har ma da cewa duk wani muhimmin abu bambance-bambance (Hubbard xnumx, p. 95). Kodayake LeVey ya nuna cewa a cikin rukuni na mutanen da ya dauki 'yan luwadi, matsakaicin girman INAH-3 ya kasance mafi ƙanƙantar da girman matsakaicin INAH-3 a cikin rukuni na mutane waɗanda ya yi la'akari da mazaje, yana zuwa ne daga sakamakonsa cewa mafi girman da ƙaramar ƙimar dabi'u daidai take. iri ɗaya a cikin kungiyoyin biyu. Akwai ra'ayi na ilimin kididdiga - dokar rarraba al'ada. A Saukake, wannan doka ta faɗi cewa mafi yawan masu mallakar sifofin suna da sigogi na wannan sifa a cikin tsakiyar matsakaici, kuma masu karamin adadin masu mallakar suna da sigogi na ƙimar darajar. Wannan shine, na mutanen 100, 80 zasu sami 160 - 180 girma, 10 ƙasa da 160, 10 fiye da 180 cm.

Dangane da ka'idodin ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, don gano bambancin ƙididdiga tsakanin ƙungiyar mutanen biyu ba shi yiwuwa a kwatanta sigogi wanda ba shi da rarraba daidai. Misali, idan cikin ɗayan rukunin mutanen da ke ƙasa da 160 cm ba za a sami 10% ba, amma 40% ko 50%. A cikin binciken LeVay, INAH-3 ya kasance mafi girman girman ga wasu maza maza da yawancin luwadi, kuma mafi girman girman ga wasu 'yan luwadi da yawancin maza. Yana biye da cewa ga kowane ɗayan mutum ba shi yiwuwa a faɗi komai game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin girman INAH-3 da halayen jima'i. Ko da kasancewar akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin kwakwalwar kwakwalwar su, tabbas ma'anar su zata kasance tare da gano cewa tsoffin 'yan wasa sun fi yadda mutane ke da girma. Wace ƙarshe zamu iya fahimta kan wannan gaskiyar? Shin mutum yana haɓaka tsokoki yayin wasa wasanni, ko yanayin tsinkaye zuwa tsokoki mafi girma yana sa mutum ya zama ɗan wasa?

Kuma na uku, LeVey bai ce komai ba game da dangantakar halayen jima'i da INAH-3 a cikin mata.

A cikin hirar 1994, LeVey ya ce:

“… Yana da mahimmanci a nanata cewa ban tabbatar da cewa luwadi ba na asali bane kuma ban gano dalilin sa ba. Ban nuna cewa an haifi 'yan luwadi ta wannan hanyar ba - wannan shine kuskuren da mutane suka saba yi yayin fassara aikina. Ban kuma sami “cibiyar gay” a cikin kwakwalwa ba ... Ba mu sani ba idan bambance-bambancen da na gano sun kasance a lokacin haihuwa ko kuma sun bayyana daga baya. Aikina baya magance matsalar shin an daidaita yanayin jima'i ne kafin haihuwa ... "(Nimmons xnumx).

Matsayi na LeVey yana da matukar muhimmanci, tunda duk wani kwararre a fannin ilimin halittar kwakwalwa ya san irin wannan abin mamakin kamar neuroplasticity - iyawar jijiyoyin jiki don canza aiki da tsarin sa yayin rayuwar mutum a karkashin tasirin halaye daban-daban.

A cikin 2000, rukuni na masana kimiyya na Biritaniya sun buga sakamakon binciken kwakwalwa a cikin direbobin taksi na London (Maguire 2000) Ya juya ga direbobin taksi, ɓangaren kwakwalwar da ke da alhakin daidaitawa ya fi girma fiye da mutane daga ƙungiyar masu sarrafawa waɗanda ba sa aiki a matsayin direbobin taksi, ƙari, girman wannan yankin kai tsaye yana dogara ne da yawan shekarun da aka kwashe suna aiki a taksi (Maguire 2000) Idan masu binciken suna bin burin siyasa, da za su iya faɗi wani abu kamar: “Waɗannan direbobin taksi suna buƙatar a ba su tare da hannun dama kuma duk inda suka yi aiki, yana da kyau a sauya hagun hannun hagun zuwa dama-dama saboda an haife su ta hakan!”

Zuwa yau, tarin hujjoji masu tabbatuwa sun tattara don inganta yiwuwar ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa gaba ɗaya da kuma hypothalamus musamman (Bains xnumx; Siyarwa 2014; Mainardi 2013; Hatton xnumx; Theodosis 1993) Kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa yana canzawa ƙarƙashin rinjayar abubuwan halayen (Kolb 1998) Tsarin kwakwalwa, alal misali, canji bayan ciki (Hoekzema et al. 2016)tsayawa a sarari (van Ombergen et al. Xnumx) da kuma bayan aiki na yau da kullun (Nokia et al. Xnumx).

Sabili da haka, a cikin tabbacin kalmomin da LeVey yayi magana da kansa a cikin shekara ta 1994, gudummawar karatunsa na shekara ta 1991 zuwa hasashen yanayin dabi'ar ɗan luwaɗi ba komai bane.

An ba da cikakkiyar takamaiman zargi game da aikin LeVay, da sauran ra'ayoyin neuroanatomical, a cikin littafin bita a cikin mujallar Science Science (Mbugua 2003).

Batun sake binciken Levay

Babu wanda ya sami nasarar maimaita sakamakon LeVey. A cikin littafin 2001 na shekara, ƙungiyar masu bincike daga New York sun gudanar da irin wannan binciken - an kwatanta sassan guda na hypothalamus kamar yadda a cikin binciken LeVay, amma tare da ƙarin cikakkun bayanai da kuma isasshen ra'ayoyin binciken (Byne xnumx). Ba su sami dogaro da girman INAH-3 akan liwadi ba. Marubutan sun kammala da cewa "... ba za'a iya yin hangen nesa game da jima'i ba dangane da ƙimar INAH 3 ita kaɗai ..." (Byne xnumx, p. 91).

Daga baya, an yi ƙoƙarin gano dogayen sha'awar jima'i a wasu sassan kwakwalwa. A cikin 2002, masanin ilimin psychologist Lasko da abokan aiki sun buga wani binciken wani sashe na kwakwalwa - kwamishina na gaba (Lasco 2002) An nuna cewa a wannan yanki babu bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci dangane da jinsi ko yanayin sha'awar jima'i. Sauran nazarin da aka shirya don kafa bambance-bambancen na tsari ko aiki tsakanin kwakwalwar kwakwalwa da kwakwalwar ‘yan luwadi sakamakon iyakokin da suke ciki kusan ba su da yawa: a cikin 2008, sakamakon wasu daga cikin wadannan karatun an tattara su a cikin wata kasida da aka buga a mujallar Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Amurka ta Amurka. (Swaab xnumx) Misali, bincike daya yayi amfani da hoton sauti na maganadisu don auna canje-canjen aiki a cikin kwakwalwa lokacin da batutuwa suka nuna hotunan maza da mata. An gano cewa kallon mace yana inganta ayyukan a cikin thalamus da orbitofrontal cortex na maza da mata masu luwadi, yayin da a cikin maza da mata masu son maza kera wadannan yankuna sun fi maida hankali ga fuskar namiji (Kranz 2006) Hujjar cewa kwakwalwar matan aure da maza masu luwadi musamman tana amsa fuskokin maza ne, yayin da kwakwalwar maza da mata masu luwadi musamman ke amsa fuskokin mata, yana da wahala a bincika wani bincike mai mahimmanci, wanda aka bayar da ilmin binciken ilmin kishili. Hakanan, wani binciken ya ambaci maganganu daban-daban game da pheromones a cikin maza da ba luwadi da maza baSavic 2005).

Tsayin yatsu

Matsakaici tsakanin tsawon yatsa na biyu (almara) da yatsa na huɗu (ringin) na hannaye, wanda galibi ana kiran shi rabo "2D: 4D", ya bambanta ga yawancin maza da mata. Wasu shaidu sun ba da shawara cewa wannan rabo na iya dogaro da matakin testosterone na intrauterine, yana haifar da maza tare da matakin haɓaka na testosterone, yatsan manuniya ya fi guntu da yatsa ringin (i.e., ƙaramin rabo na 2D: 4D) da kuma sabanin hakan (Hönekopp 2007) A cewar wasu masu binciken, ƙirar 2D: 4D ma'anar tana da nasaba da sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi. Tempoƙarin ko ta yaya danganta rakiyar 2D: 4D da sha'awar jima'i ba su da daidaituwa da rigima.

A cewar daya hypothesis, 'yan luwadi na iya samun mafi girman rabo na 2D: 4D (kusa da rabon mata sama da rabo na maza), yayin da sauran hypothesis, akasin haka, yana ba da shawarar cewa hypermasculinization tare da testosterone na gaba na iya haifar da ƙananan rabo 'yan luwadi fiye da maza maza. Hakanan an gabatar da wani ra'ayi game da halayen mata game da luwaɗan ta mace sakamakon zubar da jini (ƙananan ragi, matakin testosterone mafi girma).

Yawancin bincike na kwatancen wannan fasikanci a cikin mata masu luwadi da mata masu luwadi da maza sun sami sakamako masu hadewa. Nazarin da aka buga a cikin mujallar Nature a cikin 2000 ya nuna cewa a cikin samfurin 720 manya Californians, rabo 2D: 4D a hannun dama a cikin mata tare da zaɓin-jinsi ya kasance mafi yawan namiji (i ƙananan) fiye da mata marasa kishili, da mahimmanci bai bambanta da rabo a cikin maza ba luwadi (Williams 2000) Wannan binciken kuma bai bayyana wata muhimmiyar bambanci tsakanin matsakaiciyar 2D: 4D tsakanin ma'aurata da 'yan luwadi. A wannan shekarar, wani binciken da yayi amfani da ɗan ƙaramin samfurin na ɗan kishili da ba ɗan luwaɗi daga Biritaniya ya nuna ƙimar 2D: 4D (i.e., mafi yawan maza) a tsakanin masu luwadi (Robinson 2000) A cikin shekara ta 2003, binciken wani samfurin na mutanen London ya gano cewa 'yan luwadi suna da ƙananan ƙarancin 2D: 4D idan aka kwatanta da mazan da ba luwadi ba (Rahman xnumx), yayin da sauran nazarin guda biyu na samfurori daga California da Texas sun nuna ƙima mafi girma na 2D: 4D ga 'yan luwadi (Lippa xnumx; McFadden 2002) A cikin 2003, an gudanar da binciken kwatancen nau'i-nau'i na matan tagwaye na monozygotic, a cikin dukkan nau'i-nau'i ɗaya daga cikin tagwayen mata suna da zaɓi na ɗan kishili, kuma nau'i-nau'i na matan tagwaye na monozygotic wanda a cikin waɗannan sistersan’uwa mata suke da zaɓin jinsi guda (Zauren 2003) A cikin tagwaye da ke da nau'ikan sha'awar jima'i, a cikin mutane waɗanda suka bayyana kansu a matsayin ɗan kishili, rabo 2D: 4D ya ɗan ƙanƙanta fiye da na tagwayen, yayin da tagwayen masu haɗuwa ba su sami wani bambanci ba. Marubutan sun kammala cewa wannan sakamakon yana nuna cewa "ƙaramin rabo na 2D: 4D shine sakamakon bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin mahaifar." Kuma a ƙarshe, a cikin shekara ta 2005, sakamakon binciken rabo na 2D: 4D a cikin samfurin Austrian na maza na 'yan luwadi na 95 da mazajen da ba' yan luwaɗi ba, an gano cewa alamomin 79D: 2D a cikin maza ba su da bambanci sosai da waɗanda suke a cikin maza masu luwadi (Voracek 2005) Bayan bita da yawa na nazarin wannan halayyar, marubutan sun kammala da cewa "ana buƙatar ƙarin bayanai don samun damar yankewa tare da tabbaci ko akwai wata dangantaka tsakanin raka'ar 2D: 4D da yanayin sha'awar jima'i a cikin maza, ƙarƙashin bambance-bambancen kabila."

Lumshe ido

A cikin 2003, ƙungiyar masu binciken Ingilishi sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun sami "sabon tabbaci mai gamsarwa cewa sha'awar jima'i ta kasance ne saboda halayen kwakwalwar ɗan adam" (Rahman xnumx) Katsi Rahman tare da marubutan sun ce sun sami bambanci a cikin saurin amsawa - idanu masu ƙyalƙyali - a cikin martanin sautin. Marubutan sun gano cewa mata ba su da abin da ake kira “In-pre-bugon inhibition” (PPI) - raguwa a cikin motsin motar don motsawa a gaban rauni na farko mai kara kuzari¹⁰... Wato, mata sun fi maza saurin lumshe ido, kuma matan da ke da sha'awar jinsi ɗaya sun fi lumshe ido fiye da matan da ba 'yan luwadi ba. Ya kamata a sani cewa, da farko, marubutan sun gudanar da bincike a cikin karamin rukuni na batutuwa, na biyu kuma, ba su sami wani bambanci ba tsakanin maza masu luwadi da mazan da ba 'yan luwadi ba. Duk da wannan, marubutan sun yanke shawarar cewa sakamakon su ya tabbatar da cewa liwadi wani lamari ne na asali. Koyaya, masu binciken sunyi 'yan kwanciyar hankali: sun lura cewa tambayar ko bambance-bambance da aka samo sabili da takamaiman sha'awar jima'i ko kuma sakamakon wata dabi'a ta jima'i ba a warware shi ba. Sun yi nuni da cewa: "... bambancin neuroanatomical da neurophysiological tsakanin maza da mata da 'yan luwadi na iya kasancewa ne ta hanyar ko dai dalilai na rayuwa ko tasirin koyo ...". Dokta Halstead Harrison na Jami'ar Washington ya binciki wannan binciken kuma ya lura da irin wannan muhimmiyar gazawa kamar ƙaramar ƙungiyoyin da aka gwada (mata masu yin luwadi 14 da 15 mata masu jinsi, 15 'yan luwadi da maza 15 da maza maza da mata). Harrison ya kammala da cewa: "Rahman et al. Ba su bayar da cikakkiyar hujja ba don nuna goyon bayan cewa mata masu luwadi suna nuna sigogin PPI kwatankwacin na maza."Harrison xnumx) Harrison Har ila yau, ya yi tambayoyi game da} warewar hanyoyin da hanyoyin ke bi.

Karatuttukan tagwayen da aka tattauna a sama na iya fadakarwa kan matsayin tasirin hodar iblis na mahaifiya, tunda yayin haɓaka cikin mahaifa, tagwaye da kuma iri ɗaya suna fuskantar tasirin su a daidai hanyar. Mummunan alamun daidaituwa a cikin nazarin tagwaye sun nuna cewa kwayoyin horar haihuwa kamar yadda abubuwan ƙididdiga ba su taka muhimmiyar rawa ba wajen haɓakar sha'awar jima'i. Sauran yunƙurin gano abubuwan da ke haifar da abubuwan jijiyoyin jiki waɗanda suka shafi sha'awar jima'i su ma ba a haɗa su ba, kuma har yanzu ba a fahimci mahimmancin sakamakon su ba.

Sakamakon damuwar uwa

A cikin 1983, Gunther Dörner et al sun gudanar da bincike don kafa hanyar haɗi tsakanin damuwa mahaifiya a lokacin daukar ciki da kuma shaidar asalin jima'i na yaransu. Sun yi hira da mutane dari biyu game da abubuwan da zasu iya haifar da damuwa a cikin uwayensu yayin daukar ciki - wato, ci gaban mahaifa da masu amsa da kansu (Dörner 1983) Yawancin abubuwan da suka faru suna da alaƙa da abin da ya faru bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II. Daga cikin mazajen da suka ba da rahoton cewa uwayensu sun sami matsakaici har zuwa matsananciyar wahala a yayin daukar ciki, 65% sun kasance masu luwadi, 25% sun kasance maza biyu, kuma 10% sun kasance maza. Koyaya, a binciken da akayi daga baya, ko dai mafi karancin ka'idoji ko rashin mahimmancin halaye an lura dasu (Ellis 1988) A cikin 2002, bayan gudanar da bincike mai zurfi game da dangantakar tsakanin jima'i da damuwa na haihuwa yayin watanni na biyu da na uku, Hines da abokan aiki sun gano cewa matsanancin damuwa yayin haihuwa yana 'dan danganta ne kawai ga halayen maza na atya atansu a lokacin watannin na 42 " kuma ba ma'amala da komai ”ga al'adar mata ɗiyansu (Hines xnumx).

Kashi Na Uku: Rashin Cutar Talaka?

Babban Brotheran'uwan Tasirin

"Tasirin dattijo ɗan'uwanmu" (ESB) ko "tasirin haihuwar brothersan'uwa¹¹ - masu binciken Ba'amurke-Ba'amurke masu suna Ray Blanchard da Anthony Bogert ne suka gabatar da wannan lokacin - shi ne cewa bisa ga wasu bayanai, idan aka kwatanta da maza masu jinsi na al'ada, masu luwadi da madigo, 'yan luwadi da masu fyade suna da' yan'uwa maza da suka girme, amma ba manyan mata ba (Blanchard 1996; Bogaert 1997; Blanchard 1998; Lalumiere 1998; Blanchard 2000; Cote xnumx; MacCulloch 2004; Blanchard 2018).

A yanzu, akwai sauran tattaunawa game da ko (1) shin akwai ESB da gaske, kuma (2) idan ya wanzu, shin yana da ilmin halitta ko sanadin zamantakewa (Zietsch 2018; Gavrilets 2017; Farar fata 2018).

Duk da sabani da sakamakon da aka samu a fagen ESB da dalilansa, wasu masu bincike da masu fafutuka na jama'a, suna ƙoƙarin nemo dalilai na ilimin halitta game da liwadi, don haka a sarari sun yarda da bayanin ESB na nazarin halittu gaba ɗaya cewa sun cire duk wani bayani mai yiwuwa (tasirin tarbiyya, da dai sauransu). .).

⚡️2023 kari:
Masana kimiyya daga Sashen ilimin halin dan Adam na Jami'ar Vienna sun gudanar da aikin sarrafa bayanai game da tasirin babban ɗan'uwa. Sun kammala cewa, idan aka yi nazari da kyau, ƙayyadaddun alaƙa tsakanin adadin ’yan’uwa maza da mata da madigo kaɗan ne, girma dabam-dabam, kuma ga alama ba a keɓance ga maza ba. Bugu da ƙari, shaidar kimiyya data kasance gishiri saboda illar kananan karatu.

Vilsmeier JK, Kossmeier M, Voracek M, Tran US. 2023. Tasirin odar haihuwa ta 'yan'uwa a matsayin kayan tarihi na ƙididdiga: shaida mai ma'ana daga lissafin yiwuwar yiwuwar, bayanan da aka kwaikwayi, da kuma nazari mai yawa. Tsawon J 11: e15623 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15623

Rashin daidaituwa game da tunanin ESB

ESB ba ka'ida ce mara tushe ba, gaskiyar kasancewar sa ita ce batun cigaba da tattaunawa game da kimiyya saboda dalilai da yawa.

Da fari dai, ba a gano wannan tasirin ba a duk karatun. Brendan P. Zietsch ya lura cewa masu gabatar da ra'ayoyin ESB sun haɗa da nazarinsu kawai sakamakon binciken da aka buga wanda ya yi daidai da ra'ayoyinsu, tare da yin watsi da nazari, labarai, labarai, gabatarwa a cikin taro wanda ba a gano ESB ba (Zietsch 2018) Wannan matsala tana da mahimmanci musamman, saboda cewa a cikin shida daga cikin samfurori masu yiwuwa iri ɗaya, ba a tabbatar da ESB ba (Bearman 2002; Bogaert 2005, 2010; Francis xnumx; Frisch xnumx; Zietsch 2012) Lan gwagwarmayar LGBT +, wanda aka ambata a sama, na motsi na Simon LeVay, a cikin aikin shi ma ya ba da bayyani kan nazarin da ba a gano ESB ba (LeVay 2016).

Abu na biyu, wadancan karatuttukan da aka gano ESB sun dogara ne akan tafarkin samfuran samfur. Magoya bayan ESB hypothesis suna amfani da irin waɗannan sharuɗɗa don nazarin yawan jama'a wanda ke haifar da wariyar duk samfuran samammen yiwuwar (i, waɗannan samfuran da aka zaɓa ba da izini ba dangane da binciken da aka yi nazari mai zaman kanta - sha'awar jima'i a wannan yanayin). Wannan yana nufin cewa nazarin-meta ya haɗa da waɗancan samfuran ne kawai a cikin abin da adadin masu luwadi bai yi kama da rabon yan luwadi ba a cikin yawan jama'a (alal misali, samfurori daga ƙididdigar Blanchard na 2018 na shekara sun ƙunshi matsakaicin 51% na 'yan luwadi, yayin da a cikin yawan jama'a suke, bisa ga kafofin daban-daban, matsakaicin shine 2 - 3%). Game da irin waɗannan samfuran marasa kyau, haɗarin zaɓar ƙungiyoyin luwadi da maza, wanda ya bambanta ba kawai cikin masu canji ba. Blanchard 1 tebur 2018 ya nuna cewa yawancin samfurori da aka haɗa a cikin meta-analysis ana ɗauka ne daga ƙwararrun mazannin da ba a bayyana ba: masu aikata laifin jima'i, mutane masu fasikanci, masu lalata da yara, psychopaths, da dai sauransu Abin lura ne cewa babu ɗayan waɗannan matsalolin zaɓin samfurin da aka tattauna a cikin labarin. Akasin haka, an yi amfani da ka'idodin haɗuwa da Blanchard ta wannan hanyar da ta katse babban karatu tare da samfuran yiwuwar (wanda ba a tabbatar da ESB ba). Babban mahimmancin girman tasirin sakamako tsakanin nazarin mutum a cikin meta-analysis ya nuna cewa gaskiyar yadda aka zaɓi ƙungiyoyin don binciken yana da babban tasiri akan ESB. Wannan yana ƙaruwa da alama cewa abubuwan samfurin suna ƙirƙirar ESB, musamman la'akari da cewa manyan samfuran yiwuwar ba su nuna ESB kwata-kwata.

Abu na uku, wata matsalar dabarar hanya ita ce cewa hanyoyin bincike don gano ESBs suna da son zuciya da nufin gano tasirin da ake so. Misali, wasu masu binciken sun yi amfani da wata hanyar ilimin kididdiga ta hanya daya don auna tasirin (misali., Bogaert 2005; Poasa 2004; Kawancen 2000) ko fassara sakamakon wasu masu binciken waɗanda ba su gano ESB a zahiri da mahimmanci ba, suna cewa cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da gwaje-gwajen hanya ɗaya.Blanchard 2015) - duk da cewa an san cewa za a iya amfani da gwaje-gwajen hanya ɗaya kawai a cikin lokuta masu wuya waɗanda basu dace da yanayin nazarin-meta ba (Lombardi xnumx) Mai bincike Bartlett ya rubuta kamar haka:

“… Ganin yadda ake fama da karancin mazan da ke luwadi a cikin jama’a, yana da wahala a samu daidaitattun kungiyoyin‘ yan luwadi da na maza da mata don yin binciken. Samfurin yan luwadi da madigo daga mazaunan da ke da girman iyalai daban-daban na haifar da matsala wajen auna ESB. Yiwuwar cewa binciken zai sami tasiri akan dukkan onan uwan, ba tsoffin siblingsan uwansu ba, zai ƙaruwa idan aka zaɓi homoan luwadi daga manyan iyalai, yayin da tasirin ya ɓace idan aka zaɓi maza masu luwadi daga manyan iyalai a cikin samfurin. ... "(Bartlett xnumx).

Na hudu, ESB an kafa shi ne kawai a sakamakon binciken daidaituwa. Gano ainihin halayen daidai yake da gano abin da ke haifar da wannan dangantaka. Duk wani ka'idojin suna buƙatar bayanin aikin abin da bai cika ba (Gavrilets 2017).

Na biyar, ESB ba duk duniya bane. Cibiyar ta ESB ba ta da ikon yin bayanin liwadi a cikin mazajen da ba su da wasu yan uwan ​​tsofaffi, kuma ba za su iya yin bayani ba game da rashin jan hankalin maza a cikin 'yan uwan ​​da ke da wani babban dan uwan ​​maza da mata, ba zai iya bayanin rarrabuwar son jima'i tsakanin' yan uwan¹². ESB baya faruwa a cikin maza masu maza biyu. Za'a iya fahimtar sha'awar Bisexual a matsayin sha'awar jima'i ga ɗayan sabanin da kuma ta jima'i na mutum, sabili da haka, a cikin tsarin ESB, maza na maza za su sami ESB ƙasa da maza masu luwadi, amma fiye da maza maza. Koyaya a cikin binciken Bogaert (2006) ESB daidai iri ɗaya ne ga masu jinsi da luwadi. McConaghy da abokan aiki (2006) gudanar da wani binciken ESB a cikin "galibi mazan mutane" (mutane da ke da ɗan sha'awar jinsi guda ɗaya) a kwatancen da ƙungiyar kulawa da yara keɓaɓɓu. ESB an lura da mata da maza. Bugu da kari, an lura da tasirin 'yar'uwar mazan cikin mazan, dukda cewa basu da karfi. A cewar marubutan, sakamakon nasu yana nuna cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da kwayoyin halitta na ESB ba su da wata hanyar zamantakewa. An kiyasta cewa hasashen ESB yana bayani kawai 17% na yawan adadin shari'ar ɗan luwaɗi kuma kawai a cikin maza (Cantor xnumx) ESB ba ta bayyana fifiko a cikin mata ba. Magoya bayan tsarin ESB sun yi ƙoƙari da yawa don ganin wannan sakamako a cikin mata tare da abubuwan da ake so a cikin maza, amma ba tare da sakamako ba (Blanchard 2004).

Na shida, ESB ba ya aiki a cikin ƙabarin ƙaddara al'adun gargajiya. Yin zaton kasancewar ESB, gwargwadon yanayinsa, mutum zai iya yin hasashen (samfurin a cewar sa Bogaert 2004) cewa an sami yawancin mutane masu yawa da zaɓin ɗan luwaɗi a: (a) iyalai na addini, wanda akwai yuwuwar yawan yara ya fi yawa; (c) al'adun Gabas da na Musulmai, bisa ga al'adar manyan iyalai sun bambanta su; da ƙananan yaduwar - a cikin al'ummomin Yammacin Turai tare da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa, wanda yawan haihuwa ya fi ƙanƙanuwa ga al'ummomin gabashin (Caldwell 1997) Hanya mai kama da haka, don sanya shi a hankali, ba ta dace da zahiri ba.

Bayanan ESB

Akwai wasu zato da yawa wadanda ke bayanin ESB da aka samu a wasu karatun (Yakubu xnumx), a tsakanin su ana iya rarrabe manyan abubuwa biyu: (1) bayyanar haihuwar kwayoyin halitta (hypothesis na rigakafin mahaifa) da (2) bayan ilimin halayyar jama'a (bayyanar yanayin yanayin muhalli). A ƙasa za mu bincika duka zato.

Maganin rigakafin jarirai

Blanchard da Bogert, a matsayin tushen kwayoyin halitta na ESB, sun gabatar da hasashen tashin hankali na rigakafin mahaifa, wanda shine cewa tsarin garkuwar jikin mace yana iya samarda kwayoyin halittar wasu '' mazajen antigens 'na tayin maza, kuma kwatankwacin kwayoyi masu kama da juna suna haɗuwa da kowace mace mai zuwa daga maza tayi, kara hadarin kamuwa da cutarwa ta ciki ga kowane yaro da ya biyo baya (Blanchard 1996) Hasashen rikici na rigakafi na mahaifiya yana ƙoƙarin yin bayanin ci gaban saurayin ɗan kishili na ɗan saurayi ta hanyar kwatankwacin ciki Rh-rikicin rikici (Bogaert 2011).

Rhesus-rikice-rikice na ciki cuta ne sanadin lalacewa ta hanyar kasancewar tayin dake tattare da takamaiman furotin akan ƙwayoyin jini da kuma rashin irin wannan kwayoyin a cikin mahaifiyar (wato, mahaifiyar a cikin wannan misalin ita ce Rh-korau kuma tayin shine Rh-tabbatacce). A lokacin haihuwar farko ta mahaifiyar Rh-korau tare da tayin Rh-tabbatacce, sel jikin tayin suna shiga cikin jinin mahaifiyar kuma suna haifar da rashin kariya - halittar rigakafi zuwa sel. Bayan samun juna biyu a cikin wannan mahaifiyar da ke da tayin-Rh-tabbatacce, kwayoyin garkuwar jiki daga jinin mahaifiyar za su shiga jinin fitsarin kuma su lalata kwayoyin halittar jini, suna haifar da haemolysis da yellowness a lokacin haihuwa. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa likitan mata masu kula da ilimin mahaifa (likita) ke sarrafa matsayin Rh na mai ciki da mahaifin yarinyar.

Blanchard da Bogert hypothesis an kafa su ne bisa ka'idodi iri ɗaya kamar ciki Rh-rikici na ciki. A wannan yanayin, abin da ke haifar da samuwar kwayoyin cuta (Rh positivity a cikin misalin da ke sama) shi ne kasancewar wasan chromosome, shi ne, jima'i namiji na tayin. Y chromosome ya haɗu da samuwar sunadarai da hormones waɗanda ke cikin fitsarin maza (amma ba a cikin mace ba!) Tuni a farkon matakin farko na embryogenesis. Dangane da batun tattaunawar, tattaunawar kwayar tayi wanda ke dauke da “garkuwar maza” suna shiga cikin jinin mahaifiya kuma suke haifar da samarda kwayoyin cuta, wanda a sa'ilin da juna biyu daga tayi ne, kewaya shinge na jini, ya shiga cikin kwakwalwar tayin da kai hari kan wasu jijiyoyin da ke dauke da "garkuwar garkuwar maza" ", Da gangan ke hana ci gaban kwakwalwar mahaifa" ta nau'in namiji ", sakamakon abin da saurayin ya haifeshi da" kwakwalwar mace "kuma da alama ya zama dan luwadi ko madigo. Immunoreactivity na mahaifa yana ƙaruwa tare da kowace sabuwar haihuwa ta hanyar tayi, saboda haka, yuwuwar karkacewar da ake zargi tana ƙaruwa da kowane ɗan'uwa.

Dangane da hasashen Blanchard da Bogert, tabbatar da lalata lalacewar garkuwar jiki shine rage kiba a jiki yayin haihuwa a cikin mazajen maza masu luwadi.

Rashin daidaituwa game da maganin rigakafin mahaifa

William H. James (2004) da zurfafa bincike a kan jigon tushen koyar da rikici na rigakafin rigakafin mahaifa.

Da fari dai, zato cewa yayin daukar ciki ana yiwa mahaifiyar allurar rigakafi ne kawai da takamaiman maganin hana haihuwa na maza, amma ba mace ba - a saka shi a hankali, yana da shakka. Iyaye mata na iya haɓaka halayen ƙwayoyin cuta ga tayin, na mace ko na mace, wato ba '' antigens maza 'ba ne, amma takamaiman iyayen na da ƙwayar cutar a cikin waɗannan halayen, kuma ana nazarin irin waɗannan cututtukan.Masu haɗari xnumx) Uku irin waɗannan halayen sune mafi yawan gama-gari: (a) RCH da aka ambata, a cikin abin da ake jiɓin ƙwayoyin fitsari a cikin mahaifa, waɗanda ke da tasirin Rh tabbatacce a farfajiyar su, mita 10 - 20%; (b) alloimmune thrombocytopenia na jariri wanda ke shafar platelets, mita 4% ko 12%, idan har ana la'akari da tsarin asymptomatic (2005 Turner); neutropenia na jarirai, yana shafar neutrophils, mita 4% (Han 2006) A duk waɗannan halayen, antigens na mahaifan juna ne, ba na namiji ba. Suna haɓaka ga childrenaentan kowane yaro na kowane uba daga uba ɗaya. Suna shafar bangarorin jini (kuma ba wasu gabobin jiki da kyallen takarda ba) yayin saduwar jini tayi (igiyar farji, mahaifa, da dai sauransu) tare da tsarin mahaifar (sakamakon rauni ga gabobin ciki na waje, saman ciki na mahaifa, da dai sauransu) yayin haihuwa.

Kwayar cuta ta mahaifa zata iya shiga cikin madarar uwar, kamar sauran kwayoyin cuta (Gasparoni xnumx), alal misali, rigakafin hana haihuwa na mahaifa zuwa ga Rh, wanda ke ratsa madarar mahaifiyar, na iya haifar da cutar haemolytic na jariri (Giya ta 1975) Hakanan, ana iya zaton cewa madara mai dauke da kwayoyin kariya daga cututtukan “mazajen antigens” za su sami karbuwa sosai daga ‘yan’uwan da suka biyo baya, wanda hakan zai haifar da matsaloli ga shayar da jarirai da kuma farawar sa, harma da rashin lafiyar garkuwar jiki. Koyaya, yin bita a kan littattafan likitanci ya ba da cikakken sabanin hoto: odar haihuwar ba ta da alaƙa da tsawon lokacin shayarwa ko gabaɗaya tana yin daidai da ita (Martin 2002) Mitar rashin lafiyar colitis a cikin jarirai ya fito daga 0,01% zuwa 7,5% (Hildebrand xnumx; Lumberger xnumx; Xanthakos 2005), yayin da jarirai duka maza ke shafar. Hakanan an haɗo su a cikin waɗannan ƙididdigar halayen madara ne.

Muna sake maimaita cewa daga mahangar juyin halitta, isar amfanuwa tsakanin tayin namiji ba abu bane ga mahaifiya. Halittar mutum a matsayin dabba ce ta dabbobi masu shayarwa na tsawon milyoyin shekaru. Me yasa tsawon lokaci a cikin jikin mutum bai samar da ingantattun hanyoyi don hana tsada sosai daga ra'ayi game da juyin halitta na martani na rigakafi ba? Abubuwan rigakafi na rashin lafiyar jikin mace yayin juyin halitta don haka tsarin yau da kullun da ba makawa ga jikin mace mai lafiya yayin haihuwa tare da tayin maza, wanda ke haifar da 50% na dukkan ciki, zai haifar da manyan rashin daidaituwa na jima'i da kuma matsalolin juyin halitta. Phylogenesis koyaushe yana haifar da zaɓi da adana mafi kyawun halayen halittu. Misali, akwai wata muhimmiyar shaida da ke nuna cewa zabin abokin mace yana da alaƙa da babban hadadden tarihin tarihin (GCS)Chaix 2008; Millinski 2006; Wedekind xnumx), wannan shine, a matakin phylogenetic, matakan nau'in halittu suna da niyya don haɓaka bambancin dangane da GCS da kuma inganta yiwuwar zuriyar (Williams 2012; Guleria 2007).

Don kare ka'idodinsa, Bogert ya ba da misalin irin wannan amsawar cututtukan ƙwayar cuta kamar yadda ciki ke haifar da Rh-rikicin rikici (RCH) (Bogaert 2011), yana haifar da cutar haemolytic na jariri - da alama wannan sabon abu ne (a haɗari kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a)Izetbegovic 2013)) bai gushe ba yayin juyin halitta. Koyaya, yakamata a ɗauka a hankali cewa yawan FC a zamanin 'yan adam a matsayin jinsin ya ɗan ragu kaɗan. A halin da muke ciki, ana lura da irin wannan yanayin juyin juya halin ɗan adam, saboda haka ba ze zama mai rikicewa ba cewa hanyoyin halitta na toshe rikice-rikicen Rhesus basu inganta ba. Tare da haɓaka transplantology, ɗan adam ya ci karo da irin wannan abin da ba a baya ba kamar yadda aka ƙi karɓar rigakafin rigakafi (a kusan 100% na masu karɓa), ba abin mamaki bane cewa 'yan Adam ba su da wata hanyar halitta don murƙushe su. Dangane da batun RCH da turawar kin amincewa da mutum a matsayinsa na jinsin, ba a dauki lokaci mai yawa ba domin ci gaban hanyoyin biyan diyya¹³. A gefe guda, tsayayyen ingantaccen tsarin rigakafin rashin iyawar uwaye tare da 50% daga zuriyarsu zai iya zama kamar rikice-rikice.

Gabaɗaya, yana da alama cewa akwai wasu bangarori ko abubuwa na tayin namiji da suke da kaddarorin antigenic takamaiman ga namiji kawai. Free testosterone, mai yin jima'i da ke da alaƙa da gamsarwa ta gamji da ƙwayoyin ciki da ƙwayoyin sel, ba mai hana tashin hankali ba ga uwar saboda dukkan suma suna nan a jikin mace.

Abu na biyu, zato cewa takamaiman kwayoyin hana daukar ciki suna lalata kwakwalwa ta tayin namiji (yana kaiwa zuwa ga “feminization”), amma a lokaci guda basa keta wasu ayyukan kwakwalwa kuma basa shafar kwayoyin halittar (suna dauke da wasu abubuwa masu yawa na kwayoyin halittun Y-chromosome) ) - shine, sanya shi a hankali, mai kawo rigima.

Idan, a zahiri, amsawar rigakafi ta faru akan “antigens maza”, to kuwa maganin rigakafin mahaifa zai kasance da farko kuma akasari ko a lokaci guda zai shafi gwajin, wanda ya qunshi “antigen namiji” fiye da kwakwalwa. Yawancin kwayoyin halittar maza ne da aka san takamaiman (i.e., wanda yake akan Y chromosome) (Ginalksi xnumx) Bayanin wadannan kwayoyin halittar - wato karanta bayanai da kuma samarda sunadarai da tsarin - ba yana faruwa bane kawai kuma ba yawa bane a cikin kwakwalwar, amma akasari a cikin gwaje-gwajen, wanda yakamata ya zama babbar manufar “anti-male” takamaiman kai harin, kuma ba kwakwalwa ba. (Ginalksi xnumx) A cikin maza masu luwadi, za a lura da karuwar yaduwar cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan fata da kuma cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta ne.Pierik xnumx; Flannery xnumx) Haka kuma, yana da kyau a lura cewa maza masu dauke da hypospadias, duk da karancin matakan testosterone yayin ci gaban haihuwa, suna da matakan girma na masarar halayyar dan Adam.Sandberg 1995) Hakanan ana tsammanin cewa a cikin mutane masu sha'awar liwadi, budurwa na faruwa daga baya saboda cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, duk da haka, manyan karatun ba su nuna bambance-bambance na shekarun balaga ba dangane da abin da ake so na jima'i (Savin-Williams 2006).

Bugu da kari, shigarwar rigakafin cututtukan mahaifa ta hanyar jini zuwa kwakwalwar tayin ba zai yiwu ba saboda toshewar jini-BBB, wanda aka rigaya ya kasance a makon na 4-th na ciki (Zusman 2004) Irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin rigakafin za su iya shawo kan BBB kawai tare da mummunan cututtuka na ƙarshen - tare da keta ayyukan kariya, wanda zai haifar da mummunar lalacewar kwakwalwa. Kodayake, idan BBB tayi na cikin yanayin al'ada, to ko da abubuwan keta alfarmar mahaifiyar basa haifarda cututtukan cututtukan ƙwayar jarirai - BBB yana hana ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin babban binciken da ke rufe nau'in uwayen 17 283 tare da yara, ba a sami wata dangantaka ba tsakanin karuwar immunoreactivity na mahaifa da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, ƙwaƙwalwar kwakwalwa, raɗaɗi, da sauransu. (Flannery xnumx).

Hakanan, maganganun da kwayoyin cuta suke lalata kwakwalwa ta wannan hanyar da suke haifar da tsarinta mace ba mai yuwuwa bane. A mataki na embryogenesis, bambance-bambancen jinsi na mace a cikin kwakwalwa ke nuna rauni, kuma tsari na karshe na kwakwalwa, gwargwadon jima'i, yana faruwa ne a lokacin balaga, lokacin da tasirin rigakafin cutar ba zai yiwu ba (Lenroot 2007; Usarewa xnumx) Tunanin kasancewar a cikin kwakwalwar tayin mahaukata na sifar wata mace ya kasance mai matukar shakku kuma ba a bayyanar da tabbacin hakan ba (Lauterbach 2001; Nunez 2003) Binciken MRI ya nuna ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ce maimakon bambancin da ke tattare da tsarin kwakwalwar jarirai, tare da manyan ashana tsakanin maza (Zanin xnumx; Mitter 2015).

Dangane da hasashe, ya kamata muyi tsammanin cewa 'yan luwadi da tsofaffin' yan uwan ​​juna, masu mallaki "kwakwalwa", za su kasance cikin wannan dabi'a da yawanci da halaye na mata, tun da yake tabbas ne kawai a yarda cewa "lalata lalacewar" kwakwalwar za ta shafi sha'awar jima'i kawai ta saurayi, amma zai wuce wasu takamaiman halaye na maza. Ya kamata a lura cewa a wasu nazarin, sha'awar jinsi daya a cikin manya tana da alaƙa da ƙarin tsarin 'mace' na kwakwalwa, amma haɓaka kwakwalwa, dangane da girma da aiki, ana faruwa ne musamman bayan haihuwa, sabili da haka ire-iren waɗannan, a cewar marubutan kansu, sune sakamakon bayan haihuwa. gwaninta, ba dalilai na haihuwa ba. Bincike daga Bogaert et al. (2003; 2005); Kishida et al. (2015); Semenyna et al. (2017) bai bayyanar da daidaituwa tsakanin tsananin rashin lafiya tsakanin maza da mata ba.

Abu na uku, dangantakar dake tsakanin cutarwar garkuwar jikin mace, yawan 'yan uwanta, jan hankalin' yan luwadi da kuma asarar nauyi yayin haihuwa shine, kadan.

A matsayin shaidar wani harin rigakafi gaba ɗaya, masu ba da shawara game da lafazin ESB da lalata lalacewa sun ambaci bayanan da maza tare da brothersan uwan ​​ke da ƙananan nauyin haihuwa (Blanchard 2001) Ragewar nauyin jikin mutum a lokacin haihuwa a cikin yara maza da suke da yan uwan ​​maza, a cikin binciken Blanchard ya kai kimanin gram 170 (5% na nauyin jikin) (Blanchard 2001) Dangane da lafazin da ake magana a kai, ya kamata a lura da rage rashi irin wannan ga yara maza da suke da fifikon ɗan luwadi wanda yake da yan uwan ​​maza, kuma bai kamata a lura da shi a cikin girlsan mata ba. Koyaya, wannan ba haka ba ne - a cikin wani binciken da aka yi a Yaren mutanen Norway wanda ya bincika alaƙar dangantakar amsar rigakafi da asarar nauyi a lokacin haihuwa, an yi nazari game da batun haihuwar 181 000, kuma an lura da asarar nauyi a lokacin haihuwa a duka 'yan mata da yara maza (Magnus 1985) Haka kuma, an lura da "babban ɗan'uwan sakamako" ga duka jinsi kuma ya kasance mai ƙarancin gaske - 0,6%, wanda aka bayyana a cikin bambancin gram na 20 ± 4,5 dangane da daidaitaccen haihuwar girma a cikin gram 3 500 (Magnus 1985).

Dangane da waɗannan bayanan, rawar da abubuwan rigakafi a gaba ɗaya ke rage nauyin jikin mutum ba shakka. Abin lura ne cewa Magnus da abokan aiki a cikin karatun suma sunyi nazarin tasirin maganin antigens akan nauyin jarirai - a wannan yanayin da aka bayar da shawarar cewa idan asarar nauyi ta lalace ta hanyar rigakafin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na iyaye, za a lura dashi a cikin yara maza da mata .. Magnus da abokan aiki sunyi nazari game da yawan jikin 'ya' yan mata biyu yayin haihuwa a cikin uwaye waɗanda suka shiga cikin sabon aure kuma sun haife sabbin yara - idan nauyin ya kasance sabili da martanin rigakafi, nauyin haihuwa a cikin yaran wani mutum yakamata ya kasance komawa zuwa daidaitattun alamomin farko, tun da mahaifin ɗa ke ɗaukar sabbin ƙwayoyin rigakafi kuma tsarin ci gaba na rigakafi ya zama dole ga tarin ƙwayoyin rigakafi (da dama ciki) (Magnus 1985) Koyaya, nauyin jiki yayin haihuwar 'ya' ya daga mahaifinsa ya ragu, kuma marubutan sun kammala cewa ba a tabbatar da dangantakar kowane tsari na rigakafi tare da raguwar nauyin jiki a lokacin haihuwa ba a cikin samfurin su (Magnus 1985).

Sanadin asarar nauyi a lokacin haihuwa yana iya zama: (a) rashin haihuwa; (b) karancin isasshen jini; (c) cututtukan autoimmune na mahaifa, alal misali, lupus erythematosus na tsari (hade da wasu cututtukan cututtukan cikinku yayin haihuwa); (d) wani hadadden kwayar cuta da ke hade da cututtukan cututtukan fata. Babu ɗayan abubuwan da ke sama da aka ambata don maza masu gay da suke da brothersan uwan.

Ba a fayyace dangantakar asarar nauyi ba a lokacin haihuwa tare da martanin rigakafi kuma har yanzu magana ce mai rikitarwa. A cewar Yakubu (2006) raguwa a cikin nauyin jiki a lokacin haihuwa na iya zama saboda rinjayar testosterone (Manikkam 2004) Bugu da kari, kara matakan testosterone a jikin mace na da alaƙa da haɓakar saurin haihuwar yaro (Yakubu xnumx; James 2004b) Blanchard, a haɓakar hangen nesan sa a cikin ingantaccen shaidar da ta goyi bayan shi, ya koma wani binciken Gualtieri da Hicks (1985)wanda ya bayyana cewa yawan jinsi na yaran da aka haifa yana juyawa ne zuwa jinsi na mace ya danganta da yawan yara (ta wata ma'ana, mafi yawan yaran da aka Haifa a cikin dangi, da wuya yarinyar ta haihu). Koyaya, akwai kuskuren fassarar wannan binciken (duba) Yakubu xnumx, p. 52; Yakubu xnumx) Ya bambanta, nazarin mafi girma guda biyu: bincike game da haihuwar miliyan 4 a Faransa (Yakubu xnumx) da haihuwar haihuwar 150 dubu a Amurka (Ben-porath xnumx) bayyana cewa damar yiwuwar haihuwar saurayi yana ƙaruwa da haɓaka a cikin adadin 'yan uwan ​​tsofaffi kuma yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwa da yawan' yan'uwa mata da suka manyanta, wanda ya saɓa wa ESB. Biggar et al. (1999) Dangane da waɗannan bayanan, mun gudanar da bincike na ƙididdiga na 1,4 na haihuwar miliyan ɗaya kuma mun gano cewa yiwuwar samun ɗa namiji yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka da yawan brothersan uwan.

Na huɗu, zaton cewa ɗan fari na farko a cikin dangi bai kamata ya sami zaɓi na ɗan kishili ba, saboda haka, haɗarin haɓaka su yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwa da yawan 'yan uwan ​​tsofaffi, shine, sanya shi cikin ladabi, jita-jita.

Ba kowane ɗan luwadi ne yake da yan uwan ​​maza ba, a wani ɓangaren kuma, wasu olderan uwan ​​ko maza kawai a cikin dangi suna luwadi. Magoya bayan wannan hasashe sun gabatar da wata sanarwa mai cewa uwayen irin wadannan mutanen sun yi zargin cewa an sami juna biyu na tayi ne tun kafin a haife su, wanda hakan ke haifar da rigakafin. Yawancin ma'aurata tare da masu zubar da ciki kwatsam shine 1%; A kusan rabin waɗannan lokuta, tayin yana da karyotype na al'ada, watau, ana iya ɗauka cewa rabin zubar da ciki ba bisa ga yanayin halayen rigakafi bane (Lee 2000) Koyaya, karatuttukan akan ratsar mace ta mahaifa sakamakon mutuwa ta hanyar zubar da ciki ya nuna cewa fiye da rabin sun kasance mace: rabo namiji / mace shine 0,76 (Eiben xnumx) 0,71 (Eiben xnumx) 1,03 (Kasance xnumx); 0,77 (Smith 1998) 0,77 (Evdokimova 2000) 0,83 (Morikawa xnumx) 0,35 (Halder 2006) 0,09 (Kano xnumx).

Ta wani bangaren kuma, bisa la’akari da rigakafin kwayoyin cuta, kwakwalwar kowane tayin maza da ke cikin mahaifar yakamata a aura mata da dukkan karfin juna biyu, wato, a sami yawaitar “mata”, amma wannan ba haka bane. Ba duk youngeran uwan ​​saurayi na ɗan luwadi suna da zaɓin ɗan kishili ba. Abin sha'awa shine, brothersan uwan ​​'yan uwan ​​maza waɗanda ke da asali na jinsi - wanda kwakwalwarsa, a cewar lafazin Blanchard, ya kamata a sami "tsarin mace" - ci gaba kamar yadda ya kamata (Green xnumx).

Hakanan, bisa ga hasashe, ana tsammanin 'yan uwan ​​da aka haifa daga baya zasu sha wahala daga matsaloli da yawa na jiki sakamakon karuwar hare-hare na rigakafi daga mahaifiya, kodayake, akasin hakan gaskiya ne: umarnin haihuwar daga baya mafi yawa yana da alaƙa da haɓaka maimakon lalata kiwon lafiya (Juntunen xnumx; Cardwell xnumx; Sorenson 2005; Richiardi xnumx).

Bayanin Tasirin Lafiya na Zamani yana bayanin ESB

Malaman marubutan rigakafin rigakafin sun lura da kansu:

“Of Tabbas, akwai wasu karin bayanai masu yuwuwa game da tasirin babban dan uwa banda zato na raunin garkuwar uwa. Shahararren zance mafi hamayya shi ne cewa yin ma'amala tare da mazan manya yana kara yiwuwar samin yaro ya sami damar yin luwadi da madigo, sannan kuma damar da yaro zai samu na yin irin wannan mu'amala ya karu daidai gwargwadon lambar sa da yawan 'yan uwan ​​sa maza ...Ellis 2001).

Wellings da abokan aiki (1994, p. 204 - 206) sun gano cewa mazajen da suka halarci makarantun shiga yara maza sun fi bayar da rahoton duk wani kwarewar luwadi a lokacin rayuwarsu fiye da mazajen da ba sa halartar irin wadannan makarantu, amma babu wani banbanci a gwargwado mutane masu ba da labarin abubuwan ɗan luwaɗi daga baya. ” Blanchard (Ellis 2001) ake magana akai Wellings da abokan aiki (1994) a matsayin hujja cewa hasashen zamantakewa bashi da amfani. Koyaya, sun fassara wannan bayanai ta hanyar da ta dace. Wellings a shafi na 206 yana ba da jadawali wanda ke nuna cewa kusan 1,5% na maza na 7925 waɗanda ba su halarci makarantar shiga ba da rahoton saduwa fiye da ɗaya na luwaɗi a cikin shekaru 5 na ƙarshe, da 2% na maza 412 waɗanda suka halarci makaranta makarantar kwana. Babu shakka, waɗannan bayanan (girman yawan ƙungiyoyi) suna magana da wataƙila don goyon bayan hasashen zamantakewa. Yi la'akari da sauran karatun dangane da ka'idar zamantakewa.

Blanchard da kansa ya nuna cewa tsakanin maza masu lalata, kusan kashi 25% na 'yan luwadi ne (Blanchard 2000b). Wannan ya ninka kusan sau goma na yawan 'yan luwaɗi a cikin maza waɗanda sha'awar jima'i take zuwa ga manya. An ba da shawarar cewa a tsakanin maza, luwadi da lalata suna da dalili guda, kuma wannan dalili shine abubuwan jima'i (ko jima'i-jima'i) abubuwan da suka faru tun suna ƙarami (James 2004). Dangane da wannan ra'ayin, kwarewar luwaɗanci na farko zai danƙare samuwar sha'awar jima'i ga kishiyar jinsi a cikin girma. Rimafedi (1992) ya gano cewa a cikin samari, rashin tabbas game da abin da suke so game da jima'i yana raguwa da shekaru: waɗannan marubutan sun ba da shawarar cewa asalin jima'i yana tasowa a lokacin samartaka kuma tasirin jima'i ya rinjayi shi.

Haka kuma, ana yawan samun karuwar muzgunawa a lokacin kuruciya a tsakanin maza na maza fiye da na maza na maza (Paul 2001; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984); an sami babbar dangantaka tsakanin kisan kai na maza da laifin lalata (Gilashin 2001); mafi girma mafi girma yawan maza maza kishili bayar da rahoton da ake karfafa ko tilasta yin jima'i har zuwa 19 shekaru (Cunningham 1994); Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyar sarrafawa, an lura da fifikon fifikon ɗan kishili a cikin samari maza da suka sha azaba ta fyade a cikin ƙuruciya (Johnson 1987; Finkelhor xnumx, 1984; Wyre a ciki Tate xnumx; Cunningham xnumx; Gilashin 2001; Haya xnumx; Garcia xnumx; Arreola 2005; Beitchman xnumx; Jinich xnumx; Laumann xnumx; Maimaitawa 1997; Paul 2001; Tomeo 2001; Frex xnumx) Za a iya ƙarasa da cewa sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi, ba tare da la’akari da shekarun abin da ya jawo hankalin ba, yana da sananniyar hanyar. Karatun Blanchard ya nuna cewa ana ganin SBE tsakanin mazinaci da masu lalata da maza, watau irin waɗannan mutane suna da brothersan uwan ​​maza (Bogaert 1997).

Lee et al. (2002) yayi ƙoƙarin kafa wanene daga cikin abubuwan haɗari da yawa - cin zarafi na yara, matsalolin halayyar, da cin zarafin jima'i - yana da alaƙa da masu zuwa: pedophilia, nuni, cin zarafin jima'i. Rashin lalata da yara ya kasance takamaiman haɗarin haɗari ga masu lalata da yara. Sauran abubuwan da suka danganci (cin zarafin motsin rai da matsalolin halayyar) ba su da kusanci sosai da pedophilia. Kari akan haka, idan aka sami daidaituwa tsakanin kasancewar wasu 'yan uwan ​​ma'aurata a cikin dangi da dangi, yakamata a dauki dangi a matsayin wani madadin yiwuwar bayanin halittu. Lokacin da wani ɗan’uwa (galibi mafi girma) ya nuna halayen ɗan luwaɗi, wasu ‘yan’uwa suna haɗarin haɗarin lalata ko fyaɗe, wanda zai iya gyara ayyukansu na kishili (Cameron 1995) Dangane da kididdigar Burtaniya, 38% na shari'ar tashin hankali a cikin iyali yana faruwa ne a kan ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwan (Cawson xnumx) A cewar mai binciken Bartlett (2018), tattaunawa a cikin shahararrun ilimin halayyar dan Adam game da ko an ƙirƙiri halayen mutum ne gwargwadon tsarin haihuwar sa labari ne mai tsawo tare da ɗimbin littattafan kimiyya waɗanda ke rufe dubban ayyukan da aka buga (Damian xnumxa; Paulhus 2008; Salmon xnumx) A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an gina bincike kan wannan lamari kan ra'ayin cewa gasar tsakanin' yan uwan ​​mata domin samun kulawar iyaye ya kai ga yadda tsarin haihuwar 'ya' ya a cikin iyali ya shafi halaye na yara. Tunda yara sun dace da amfani da wadatattun kayan gona a cikin iyali, a matsayinka na mai mulki, yaran da suka manyanta sun fi zama mamaya kuma suna daukar wani bangare na ikon iyayensu, yayin da yara daga baya suka zama mafi kyawu da walwala (Sulloway 1996) Ya kamata a lura cewa tunda bambancin girman iyali da matsayin zamantakewar tattalin arziki a haɗe tare da ƙananan samfurori suna da tasiri sosai ga sakamakon ƙididdigar ƙididdiga, nazarin da zai yuwu a ƙara yin nazarin ESBs ko ƙima sosai idan aka kwatanta kwatancen NUMan'uwan 30 dubu, yayin da yadda karatun da ke kwatanta samfuran daidaituwa daga dangi ana ɗaukar cikakkiyar fara daga iyayen 500 (Paulhus 2008) Kodayake karatu tare da ƙananan samfurori suna nuna bayanan rikice-rikice akan ESB, a cikin manyan karatun (misali. Rohrer xnumx, n = 20 000; Damian xnumxb, n = 377 000), tasirin umarnin haihuwar akan halayen mutum (Damian xnumxa) Abin da waɗannan bayanan na tarihi ke nunawa suna da tasiri sosai wanda ke nuna alamun kowane ɗan yaro zai iya faɗuwa da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa ɗari na daidaitattun daidaito idan yaron ya rayu har ya balaga (Kristensen 2007), wanda ya nuna a fili cewa dalilin tasirin shine raguwa a cikin saka hannun jari na iyaye, kuma ba tsarin kwayoyin halittar ciki ba. Manyan karatun kuma sun bayyana tasirin tsarin haihuwa akan halaye kamar su aikin ilimi, samun nasarar kuɗi, da haɗarin kashe kansa (Bjørngaard 2013; Black xnumx).

Don haka, tushen ilimin halittar jinsi daya, wanda aka inganta ta hanyar hango tsarin haihuwar 'yan'uwa, ba shi da wani tallafi na zahiri, alhali akwai hujjoji masu yawa a kan hakan.

Duality na LGBT + Halin - Blanchard Movement

Da ace ESB da rigakafin cutar mahaifa sun faru kuma suna haifar da canje-canje a cikin hali. A wannan yanayin, lafazin Blanchard ya haɗu da liwadi da transsexualism (har da pedophilia na ɗan kishili) - kuma a cikin motsi na "LGBT +" na zamani wannan wannan sabo ne. Misali, a cewar kungiyar Masana ilimin halin dan Adam na Amurka, sha'awar jima'i da shaidar jima'i gaba daya abubuwan da basu da alaqa da juna ne (APA 2011 / 2014) Dangane da lafazin Blanchard, transsexualism cuta ce da ake haifar ta ko da (1) wani mummunan bayyanar da hankalin ɗan kishili, wanda a cikin sanarwar "tsarin" kwakwalwa ke haifar da hakan har ila yau yana shafan gane kansa na jima'i; ko (2) karkatacciyar hanyar tunani wanda za'a jagoranci tafiyar jima'i ba tare da akasi ba, amma a cikin hoton mace da akasi (Blanchard da ake kira yanayin ƙarshe "autogynephilia"¹⁴) (Blanchard 1989; Bailey 2003) Blanchard yayi la'akari da transsexualism wani lamari ne da ke tattare da cuta. Haka kuma, a cikin wata hira, Blanchard ya lura:

"... Zan iya cewa idan zai yiwu a fara daga karce, watsi da tarihin gaba ɗayan wariyar jinsi daga DSM, yin jima'i na al'ada shine abin da ke alaƙa da haifuwa.¹⁵... "(Cameron 2013).

Irin wannan matsayin mai ƙarfin hali yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi tsakanin wakilan "LGBT +" - motsi, musamman a ɓangaren ɓangaren da yake wakiltar "T" (Wyndzen xnumx; Balaguro; Dreger 2008; Serano 2010).

Masu gwagwarmayar "LGBT +" suna rubutu game da Blanchard - ƙungiyoyi:

“Groups Kungiyoyin dake adawa da LGBT galibi ana ambaton Blanchard (…) Kuma me yasa? Blanchard ya girma Katolika ne, yana da ra'ayin gargajiya sosai cewa duk wani jima'i da bai shafi azzakari da farji ba mahaukaci ne (...) Idan Dr. Blanchard wani nau'in kwaya ne ba tare da matsayi da iko ba, da sauƙi a ƙasƙantar da shi. Amma wannan ba batun bane - akasin haka, yana cikin kwamitin JSM da ke da alhakin paraphilias da lalatawar jima'i (...) Yana adawa da mutanen LGBT a sarari ... "(Tannehill xnumx).

A gefe guda, tabbatar da lafazin Blanchard yana jefa shakku akan ɗayan mahimmancin "LGBT +" - motsi - ma'anar daidaito tsakanin bambancin sha'awar jima'i ta hanyar jinsi na wani abu. Tabbas, a wannan yanayin, za a bayyana dalilin jan hankalin luwadi - PATHOLOGICAL amsa rigakafi. In ba haka ba, masu gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar "LGBT +" zasu buƙaci karkatar da fahimtar magunguna da ilmin halitta ta hanyar yin lissafin amsawar rigakafin da ke haifar da ɓarna, asarar nauyi, rage damar haihuwa, canji a cikin halin ilimin halin-kwakwalwa wanda ke buƙatar magungunan hormonal da kuma maganin tiyata, kazalika abubuwan da ake son su yi furuci da kuma tayar da hankali sune zaɓi na yau da kullun.

Bugu da kari, za a sami damar rigakafin fifiko tsakanin yara maza ta hanyar kwatankwacin maganin anti-Rhesus immunoglobulins a cikin Rh-rikici na ciki. Wanne ɓangare na iyaye masu zuwa, har ma da waɗanda ke da aminci ga ƙungiyar "LGBT +", za su ƙi yarda da damar da za su rage haɗarin haɗarin liwadi a cikin ɗiyansu maza? Tabbas, a zamanin yau, kowane mace an yi bayani dalla-dalla game da yarda da tsarin zubar da ciki. Shin haqqin mace ya rinjayi rayuwar tayi shima zai kai ga 'yancin tasirin halayensa na jima'i, ko kuwa za a samu haramcin zabe da gurfanar da waxancan kwararru ne da zasu samar da irin wannan damar?

Hanya daya ko wata, a wannan lokacin, wadannan batutuwa masu yiwuwa ne.

Matsalolin fassara

Akwai wasu ƙayyadaddun iyakoki na cikin gida don sakamakon binciken, waɗanda suka yi kama da waɗanda aka tattauna a ɓangarorin da suka gabata. Yin watsi da waɗannan ƙayyadaddun abubuwa sune ɗayan manyan dalilan yin fassarar fassarar bincike a sararin jama'a. Abu ne mai matukar wahala a ɗauka, kamar yadda aka nuna ta misalin tsarin kwakwalwa, cewa idan wani bayanin martaba na ilimin halitta ya danganta da wasu halayyar ko halayyar ɗan adam, to irin wannan tsarin ilimin halittar shine ke haifar da wannan halayyar. Wannan tunani ya ginu ne bisa kuskure.

A takaice zamu ba da misali da wasu iyakoki muhimmi a wannan fannin bincike ta amfani da misalin misali. A ce dole ne mu gudanar da nazarin kwatancen kwakwalwar masu koyar da yoga da masu motsa jiki. Idan ka bincika sosai, to a ƙarshe za a sami bambance-bambancen ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga a kowane yanki na tsarin ilimin halittar mutum ko ayyukan kwakwalwa tsakanin waɗannan rukunoni. Amma wannan ba zai iya nufin cewa irin wannan bambance-bambance yana tantance halayen yanayin rayuwar malamin yoga da mai ginin jiki ba. Halayen kwakwalwa na iya zama sakamakon maimakon sababi na halayen halaye da sha'awa. Nazarin ilimin neuroplasticity ya nuna cewa duk da kasancewar lokuta masu mahimmanci na ci gaba wanda a yayin da kwakwalwa ke canzawa da sauri da ƙarfi (alal misali, yayin haɓakar harshe na yara ƙanana), kwakwalwar tana ci gaba da canzawa a duk rayuwa, tana amsawa ga halayen halayen (alal misali, jambling ko wasa akan kayan aiki na musika), ƙwarewar rayuwa, psychotherapy, kwayoyi, raunin hankali da alaƙa. Don ƙididdigewa mai amfani da isa ga nazarin karatun neuroplasticity, duba Doidge 2007.

Dayyade ko wani abu yana da dalilin ilimin halitta tsari ne mai matuƙar wahala, da kuma gano takamaiman hanyar haɗin wata hanya ce mai wahala. Nazarin da ke bayar da shaidar “dalilai” wadanda ba za a iya yarda da su ba cewa 'yan luwadi' ana haihuwar su ta wannan hanyar 'ba su dace ba, kuma sakamakonsu gaba daya suna da alaƙa da yanayi.

A wasu halaye, alal misali, a cikin karatun tagwaye, shaidu suna nuna cewa abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin muhalli na farko suna da tasiri a kan faruwar halayen luwadi. Yarda tsakanin abubuwan guda biyu baya nufin kwatankwacin dangantakar dake tsakanin su. 'Yan wasan kwando suna da tsayi - wasan ƙwallon kwando lalle ne ya yi daidai da ci gabanta. Ko yaya dai, babu “asalin kwando kwandon kwando”. Babu shakka, an gabatar da wasu ka'idoji masu ban sha'awa kamar yadda ake zargin dalilai na dalilai na siyasa da dalilai na farfaganda.

Daga ƙarshe, a ɗauka cewa wasu mutane na iya ɗauka zuwa ga sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi saboda ƙwayoyin cuta, abubuwan haihuwa, tasirin hormonal, ko wasu halaye na zahiri ko kwakwalwa. Shin wannan yana nuna cewa luwaɗanci shine sabon abu wanda aka haife shi? Ba ko kaɗan cikin fahimtar yadda kafofin watsa labaru da al'adun gargajiya suka wakilci wannan. Boysan samari masu hankali da fasaha waɗanda mahaifinsu bai mai da hankali ga tarbiyyantar ba, ba misalan halayen maza na gari ba ne, na iya fuskantar haɗarin haɓaka da luwadi. Wannan ba saboda “kishili” ne na ɗan kishili ba, amma saboda rikicewar tunani na samuwar asalin mutum. Irin waɗannan 'yanmatan suna da buƙatu na ruhi don tabbatar da kansu da kuma kulawar maza. Ana ganin irin wannan hoton a cikin girlsan matan da basu dace da bayanan bayanan jima'i na gargajiya ba. Matsaloli da bukatun motsin zuciyar irin waɗannan yara yawanci ana yin su ne ta hanyar halin yanzu a cikin duniyar jima'i da jima'i.

Wadannan misalai suna ba da misalin ɗaya daga cikin matsalolin gama gari da ke tashi tare da fassarar irin waɗannan karatun - zato cewa abubuwan da ke haifar da yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin halin mutum.

Idan yanayi ya baiwa wani mai sha'awar jinsi guda, to me yasa ba zai ba shi da halayen zahiri don amfanin sa ba? Misali, huhun bakin ciki na bakin ciki, mai iya tsawaita jinkiri, tare da glandar da ke sakin murɗa kai, azzakarin bakin ciki don shigar azzakarin cikin dubura, da sauransu. Yanzu, idan waɗannan halayen sun kasance a tsakanin 'yan luwadi, to mutum zai iya magana game da haihuwa. Idan, suna da tsararren ƙwayoyin chromosomes da tsarin haihuwar al'ada, suna jan hankalin zuwa ga abin da ba shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da shi don nufin da aka nufa, to magana game da yanayin ƙirar halittar wannan abin alama alama ce mai ban mamaki.

Ra'ayoyin wasu wakilan ƙungiyar "LGBT +"

Americanungiyar Ilimin Zaman Lafiya na Amurka a 2014 sun ba da jagora game da cututtukan halayyar mutum da ilimin ilimin jima'i. Ga alamun ambato kai tsaye daga gare ta:

"... A halin yanzu, ba a gano wasu kwayoyin halittar da za a iya danganta su da luwadi ba ..." (Rosario in APA 2014, p. 579)

"... Gaskiyar da ba za a iya musantawa ba ita ce, halayyar jima'i ta mutum an tabbatar da shi ne ta hanyar haɗuwa da dalilai da yawa: ilimin halitta, zamantakewar da kuma abin da ya zaɓa ..." (Kleinplatz in APA 2014, p. 256).

Mawallafin babi da yawa daga shugabancin APA memba ne a kwamitin kwararru na APA, Farfesa Lisa Diamond, wacce ba ta ɓoye abubuwan da ake son luwadi da ita ba. Lu'u-lu'u sun yi adawa da ka'idodin tsarin halittar maza da mata. Ta tabbata cewa labarin "'yan luwadi da aka haife su ta wannan hanyar ba za su iya canzawa ba" kuskure ne. A cikin shekara ta 2013, a cikin lacca a Jami'ar Cornell, Diamond ya bayyana:

"… Na yi imanin cewa jama'ar da ke yankin za su daina cewa" an haife mu ta wannan hanyar kuma ba za mu iya canzawa ba "kuma su yi amfani da wannan taken a cikin gwagwarmayarmu… Ina ganin cewa ba mu da bukatar wannan jayayyar har ma da cutarwa, saboda a yau an tara adadin gamsarwa bayanan kimiyyar da aka sani da “wani bangaren” har da mu ... ”(Diamond 2013).

Mawallafin littattafai da yawa game da fasaha da falsafa, wanda ba ya ɓoye zaɓin mata-da-ɗinka, Amarya Camilla Paglia, ta faɗi a hankali:

“... Luwadi ba al'ada bane. Akasin haka, yana da ƙalubale ga ƙa'ida ... Masu ra'ayin Queer - wannan ƙuƙumma ta masu yaudarar freeloader - sun yi ƙoƙari su ɗauki tsarin bayan-tsari, suna da'awar cewa babu wata al'ada, tunda komai bazuwar da dangi. Wannan shi ne ƙarshen ƙarshen wauta inda mutane suka damu da kalmomi suka faɗi lokacin da suka zama kurame, wawa da makafi ga duniyar da ke kewaye da su. Yanayi ya wanzu, ko masana kimiyya suna so ko ba su so, amma a cikin haihuwar yanayi shine kawai keɓaɓɓen doka mai rikitarwa. Wannan shine al'ada. Jikin jinsi an yi shi ne don haifuwa. Azzakari ya dace da farji, kuma babu wani abin birgewa da kalmomi da zai iya canza wannan gaskiyar ilimin ... Ba wanda aka haifa ɗan luwaɗi. Ra'ayin kansa abin ba'a ne ... Luwadi shine daidaitawa, ba dukiya ba ce ... "(Paglia 1994, shafuka 70 - 76).

Wata fitacciyar mai fafatukar Amurkawa, Cynthia Nixon, LGBT + ce, wani yunkuri domin bayyana a fili cewa rakinta na jinsi guda ne da zabin mutum, ba ilimin halitta (ba ilmin halitta).Mayu 2012).

LGBT + ɗan gwagwarmayar Amurka - ɗan jaridar motsi Brandon Ambrosino shima ya bayyana cewa ba a haife shi ba, amma da gangan ya zaɓi salon rayuwar ɗan luwaɗi (Ambrosino 2014), wanda ya fusata wasu abokan aikin sa a cikin "LGBT +" motsi (Arana xnumx).

Feminist da LGBT + mai fafutuka - Karl Mantilla Movement a cikin labarinsa ya rubuta:

“… Na dade da tunani cewa dabarun“ LGBT + ”- motsi don amfani da hujja game da rashin haihuwar rashin ƙarfi gurgu ne… Tabbas, wannan zaɓi ne - ta yaya zai zama ba haka ba? … Na ɗan lokaci na halarci ƙungiyar tallafawa mata waɗanda suka yanke shawarar zama 'yan madigo a cikin auren gargajiya. A wani lokaci, na yi tambaya: "Yaya kuka fahimci cewa ku 'yan madigo ne?" Wata mace ta amsa cewa ba ta taɓa jin kusancin maza ba kuma koyaushe mata suna fahimtarta sosai. Wani kuma nan da nan ta ce ita ma, tana jin cewa kawai za ta iya buɗe ido da mata. Sauran sun yi sallama cikin yarda. Menene ba daidai ba a wannan yanayin? Kusan duk mata suna jin haka! Duk macen da ba ta taɓa sani ba ta fi jin daɗin amincewa da ƙawayenta, ta ji kusancinsu, ta ji daɗin fahimta kuma ta buɗe wa mata. Idan wannan shine abin da ake bukata don zama 'yan madigo, to duk mata' yan madigo ne. Wannan ya tsufa kamar yadda duniya take ... korafin mata na cewa mazajensu basa magana dasu, basa fahimtar abinda suke ji kuma basa sha'awar abinda suke fada. Wasu daga cikin labaran da aka fi sani a cikin mujallu mata sune yadda zaka sa mijinki ya bude baki ya tattauna da kai ... jin kusancin mutum da mutum bashi da wani tushe na rayuwa, hakan ya samo asali ne daga halayen mutum da tunanin mutum ... a tsawon lokaci ya bayyana gare ni cewa mata a wannan rukunin tallafi kawai sun ji babban laifi na barin mazansu ... Don haka ra'ayin cewa ba za su iya yin komai game da gaskiyar cewa su 'yan madigo ba ne, cewa akwai wani dalili na rayuwa, ya' yanta su daga laifi da alhakin ayyukansu ... "((Mantilla xnumx).

GBan gwagwarmayar LGBT +, ƙungiyar California da ake kira Gail Madwin, har ma ta ƙirƙiri wani shafi gaba ɗaya wanda ke bayar da hujjar cewa halayyar ɗan kishili ba ta asalin ba ce, amma ta samo asali ne daga zaɓin hankali (Queer by zaɓi) Tsohon dan gwagwarmayar LGBT +, motsin David Benkof shima ya tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa salon rayuwar dan luwadi ba ta hanyar da wasu dalilai na kwayoyin halitta suka tantance (Benkof xnumx).

Bayanan kula

1: an haife mu ta wannan hanyar
2 Gabaɗaya ba shi da alaƙa da juna
3 Ta hanyar "tsayayyen" ra'ayi na sha'awar ɗan kishili: 2 kuma ƙari ta hanyar abin da ake kira Kinsey sikelin.
4 Turanci GWAS, Cibiyar Nazarin Associationungiyar Genome-Wide
5 a cikin ƙungiyar kimiyya sun amince da aiwatar da ƙaddamar da sake dawowa a cikin babban taro - ɗan gajeren labarin, yawanci kalmomin 150 - kalmomin 250 a girma - biye da buga cikakken labarin a cikin wani takarda
6 Turanci: tabbas an haife shi da ƙaddarar jini
7 A wannan batun, rarraba sakamakon kowane mutum na iya iyakance
8 budurwa - ajalin likita don cin zarafi wanda halayen jima'i na mace suka zama cikin namiji
9 Turanci: "tsakiyar mahaɗar cikin gaban kafaɗar jini (INAH)"
10 Turanci: "hana tallafin farawar mutum ne (PPI)"
11 Turanci: "Sakamakon tsarin haihuwa na gama gari (FBO)"
12 Duba Sashen Binciken Twin
13 Bugu da ƙari, maganin rigakafi a cikin batun PK da amsawar kin amincewa da alaƙa na mutum ne (mahaifin a cikin yanayin PK), amma halayyar namiji.
14 daga Girkanci Autos - “kai-”, gini - “mace” da filia - “ƙauna”; "So da kai kamar mace"
15 zan faɗi idan mutum zai iya fara daga karce, watsi da duk tarihin cire liwadi daga DSM, jima'i na al'ada shine duk abin da ke da alaƙa da haifuwa

ƙarin bayani

Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani da cikakkun bayanai a cikin hanyoyin masu zuwa:

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7. Karika r. Haihuwa ko bred? Kimiyya Ba ta Tallafawa iƙirarin cewa Homan Luwali Genabi'a ce... Al'adu da Cibiyar Iyali. Mata masu damu da Amurka. 2004.
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