Waxyaabahan badankood waxaa lagu soo daabacay joornaalka Ruush Journal of Education and Psychology: Lysov V. Sayniska iyo khaniisnimada: eexda siyaasadeed ee cilmiga casriga ah.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

Sumcadda sayniska saxda ah waxaa xaday saygeeda
mataanaha mataanaha ah - "been" sayniska, taas
Kaliya waa ajande fikradeed.
Fikraddan fikradeed ayaa curyaamisay kalsoonidaas
taas oo xaq u leh sayniska run ah. "
oo ka socota Austin Rousse buugga Fake Science

Soo koobid

Odhaahyada sida "sababta hidaha ee khaniisnimada ayaa la xaqiijiyay" ama "soo jiidashada khaniisiinta lama beddeli karo" ayaa si joogto ah loogu sameeyaa munaasabadaha waxbarashada sayniska ee caanka ah iyo internetka, oo loogu talagalay waxyaabo kale, oo loogu talagalay dadka aan khibradda cilmi ahaan u lahayn. Maqaalkan, waxaan ku muujin doonaa in bulshada casriga ah ee cilmiga bulshada ay u badan yihiin dad ku soo bandhiga aragtidooda dhaqan-siyaasadeed ee ku wajahan hawlahooda cilmiyeed, taas oo ka dhigaysa habka cilmigu mid aad u xaglinaya. Aragtiyadan la saadaaliyay waxaa ka mid ah weedho siyaasadeed oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan kuwa la xiriira waxa loogu yeero. "dadka laga tirada badan yahay ee galmada", kuwaas oo ah "khaniisnimadu waa kala duwanaanshaha caadiga ah ee galmada ee dadka iyo xayawaanka", "in "jiidashada isku jinsiga ah waa mid dhalanteed oo aan la bedeli karin", "jinsigu waa dhismo bulsheed oo aan ku xaddidnayn kala-soocidda binary", iwm. iyo wixi la mida. Waxaan muujin doonaa in aragtiyaha noocan oo kale ah loo tixgeliyo mid diineed, xasilloon, oo lagu aasaasay wareegyada sayniska casriga ah ee reer galbeedka, xitaa haddii aysan jirin caddayn cilmi ah oo adag, halka aragtiyaha kale isla markiiba lagu calaamadiyay "pseudoscientific" iyo "been", xitaa marka ay haystaan ​​caddayn adag. gadaashooda. Arrimo badan ayaa lagu tilmaami karaa inay sabab u yihiin eexdan oo kale – waa dhaxal bulsho iyo mid taariikheed oo cajiib ah, taasoo keentay inay soo ifbaxaan “Taboos cilmiyeed”, loolan siyaasadeed oo aad u daran oo ka dhashay munaafaqnimada, “ganacsiga” cilmiga oo horseeday raadinta dareenka. iwm. Haddii ay suurtogal tahay in si buuxda looga fogaado eexda sayniska ayaa weli ah mid muran badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fikradayda, waxaa suurtagal ah in la abuuro shuruudo loogu talagalay geeddi-socodka sayniska ee siman ee ugu habboon.

Horudhac

Bishii Abriil 2017, macluumaadka macluumaadka ee USA Today ayaa daabacay fiidiyow la yiraahdo 'Psychology of dhalmo' (USA Maanta iyada oo loo marayo MSN) Sheekadu waxay u sheegtay sheekada seddex lammaane oo aan caruur yeelan karin xitaa galmo dhaadheer oo aan ka hortag lahayn - taasi waa, waxay la kulmeen madhalaysnimo, sida lagu sheegay qeexida Ururka Caafimaadka Adduunka (Zegers-Hochschild 2009, p. 1522). Mid kasta oo lammaane ah ayaa si gaar ah ugu xalliyey dhibaatada dhalmo-la’aanta - sababtuna tahay bacrinta taranka, korsashada iyo adeegsiga hooyada badalka ah. Fiidiyowgu wuxuu ahaa mid si habeysan loogu talagalay oo loo soo agaasimay hab cilmiyeed caan ah, taariikhda lammaane kasta waxaa lagu sharaxay si faahfaahsan.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, macluumaadka Mareykanka ee Maanta, qaab caadi ah oo aan lahayn saamiga ugu yar ee kaftanka ama caqli ahaanta bayooloji, ayaa liis gareeyay laba nin oo ka mid ah labada lamaane ee qaba dhibaatooyin caafimaad (oo curyaamiyey howlaha taranka iyo xubnaha). Qorayaasha muuqaalka fiidiyowga ee ku saabsan taabashada miyuusigga ayaa si qiiro leh u sharraxay dhagaystayaasha in dhibaatada "dhalmo la'aan" ee laba qof oo isku jinsi ah oo Mareykan ah - Dan iyo Will Neville-Reyben - ay tahay "inaysan lahayn ilmo"Ubax 2017) Malaha, USA Maanta waxay qiraysaa in qayb ka mid ah dhagaystayaasheeda, khiyaanooyinka noocaas ah ee qaabdhismeedka jirka lab iyo dheddig weligood aan la aqoon. Hal ama mid kale, mid ka mid ah qormooyinka ugu waaweyn ee wararka ayaa ahaa dooda ah in caymiska caafimaadka uu daboolo kharashaadka lamaanaha isqaba ee daaweynta dhalmada.

Farriimaha dabeecaddan, oo ay ka buuxan tahay cilmiga noolaha, ma ahan wax aan caadi ahayn warbaahinta Atlanta, iyo, run ahaantii, waxaa si isa soo taraysa looga helayaa macluumaadka Ruushka iyo barta sayniska caanka ah. Bayaanno ku saabsan "sababaha hidaha ee la xaqiijiyay ee khaniisnimada" ama "hal iyo badh kun oo nooc oo xayawaanka khaniisnimada ah" ayaa lagu sameeyay xafladaha cilmiga sayniska ee dadka da'da yar.

Maqaalka, waxaan ku tusi doonaa bulshada casriga ah ee cilmiga leh ee mashruucu ka qaadaya aragtidooda xorta ah howlahooda sayniska, ka dhigaya sayniska mid heer sare ah, oo ah kuwa ugu badan. Fikradahan xorta ah waxaa ka mid ah dhowr bayaan oo dacaayad ah oo ku saabsan waxa loogu yeero "Beelaha laga tirada badan yahay" ("LGBT"), taas oo ah, "khaniisnimadu waa nooc kala duwan oo caadi ah oo jinsi ah dadka iyo xayawaankuba", in "soo jiidashada jinsi isku mid ah oo aan la beddeli karin," "jinsi waa qaab-dhismeed bulsheed, kuma koobna kala saarista binary" iwm.

Goor dambe qoraalka waxaan ku xusi doonaa aragtiyada sida propaganda LGBT¹. Isla mar ahaantaana, waxaa jira aragtiyo iyo aragtiyo ka soo horjeedda waxa kor ku xusan, waxaan ugu yeeri doonaa LGBT-shakiye. Waxaan tusin doonaa in u qareemeynta LGBT ee bulshada rasmiga ah ee aqoonta bulshada loo tixgeliyo inay tahay caado, adkeysi iyo aasaas wanaagsan, xitaa haddii aysan jirin caddeyn sayniska lagu qanci karo, halka aragtiyada LGBT ay yihiin kuwo shaki leh oo lagu calaamadeeyay "been-abuur cilmiyeed" iyo "been", xitaa haddii la taageerayo factology qancin

Sayniska iyo Fikradda siyaasadeed

Xaaladda koowaad ee ugu muhiimsan ee fahamka waxa saynisku yahay waa in la go’aamiyo waxa qaab saynisku yahay. Qaabka sayniska wuxuu ka kooban yahay dhowr marxaladood: (1) soo bandhigidda su'aasha (waxa loo baahan yahay in la barto): go'aaminta shayga iyo maaddada, yoolalka iyo ujeeddooyinka daraasadda; (2) la shaqeynta suugaanta: daraasadda qodobbada mowduucaan ay kuwa kale horay u baareen; (3) horumar mala-awaal: samaynta fikrad ku saabsan sida hannaanka ka socda daraasaddu usocdo iyo waxa dhici kara marka la kashifo; (4) tijaabo: tijaabinta mala-awaal; (5) falanqaynta natiijooyinka: daraasadda natiijooyinka tijaabada iyo hubinta illaa xaddiga fikirka 'hypothesis'; iyo, ugu dambeyntii, (6) gabagabada: keenista natiijooyinka kale ee tijaabada iyo falanqaynta.

Aasaaska daraasaddan ayaa aasaas u ahayd cilmi-baaris cilmiyeed qarniyaal, iyo caqli galnimadiisa, habka hadafku wuxuu u oggolaaday aadanaha inay gaaraan natiijooyin cajiib ah.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, sida Professor Henry Bauer uu xusay 1992, cilmiga iyo, gaar ahaan, bulshada sayniska caanka ah waxay si sii kordheysa u weecaneysaa habka sayniska si ay ugu hoggaansanaato fikirka libaatada sida kaliya ee ugu muhimsan ee “saynis ahaan” loogu tarjunto adduunka ku xeeran (Bauer 1992) Sidaa darteed, habka ugu weyn ee sayniska waxaa loo yareeyey kuwa soo socda: (1) qeexidda dhibaatada iyo, intii suurtogal ah, laga fogaado mowduucyada "mamnuuc", tusaale ahaan. jinsiyada iyo jinsi ahaan sida fikradaha bayoloji ahaan loo go'aamiyay, "hanuuninta galmada" qaab dhismeedka bulshada ah; (2) raadinta wixii ay hore u soo bartay kuwa kale, iyo xulashada natiijooyinka aan ka soo horjeedin fikirka jira; (3) mala-awaal horusocod: u malayn ah fasiraadda dhibaatada aan ka hor imaanaynin fikirka xorta ah; (4) tijaabo: tijaabinta mala awaalka; (5) falanqaynta natiijooyinka: iska dhego-tirista iyo yaraynta muhiimadda natiijooyinka "lama-filaan ah" iyadoo la kordhayo oo dib loo qiimeynayo natiijooyinka "la filayo"; iyo ugu dambeyntii; (6) gunaanad: ku dhawaaqista natiijooyinka si guul leh "u taageeraya" fikirka xorta ah. Professor Bauer ma ahan qofka keliya ee ka walaacsan isbeddelka fikradeed ee sayniska.

Tusaale ahaan, gunaanad la mid ah tan ku saabsan xaaladda sayniska ee xilligan waxaa sameeyey Professor Ruth Hubbard (Hubbard iyo Wald 1993), Professor Lynn Wordel (Wardle 1997, 852), Dr. Stephen Goldberg (Goldberg 2002), Dr. Alan Sokal iyo Dr. Gene Brichmont (Sokal iyo Brichmont 1998), Fidiyaha caanka ah ee Mareykanka Kirsten Powers (Awoodaha 2015), iyo Dr. Austin Ruse (Adeegsiga 2017).

Professor Nicholas Rosenkrantz oo ka tirsan Dugsiga Sharciga ee Georgetown iyo Professor Jonathan Haidt oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda New York ayaa xitaa aasaasay Heterodox Academy, oo ah mashruuc online ah oo diiradda saaraya dhibaatada isku midka ah ee fikradda iyo iska caabinta fikradaha kala duwan ee xarumaha Maraykanka ee tacliinta sare (Akadeemiyada Heterodox.nd).

Dr. Bret Weinstein wuxuu ka baxay dugsiga Evergreen State College kadib markii uu diiday inuu ka qeyb qaato waxa loogu yeero "Maalinta maqnaashada" - markii wakiillada kooxdi iyo koox kasta oo aan ka aheyn Caucasians-ka la dhigto jaamacadda - waxaa ku xadgudbay ardayda xanaaqsan iyo kuwa u ololeeya (Weinstein xnumx) Markii dambe, isaga iyo walaalkiis, Dr. Eric Weinstein iyo aqoonyahanno kale, wuxuu aasaasay beel, isagoo kaftamaya oo loogu magac daray "Websaydhka Maskaxda".Bari xnumx). Weriye Bari Weiss ayaa bulshadan ku tilmaamay sidan: “Marka hore, dadkani waxay diyaar u yihiin inay si adag u difaacaan aragtidooda, laakiin isla mar ahaantaana waxay ka doodaan si madani ah, ku dhawaad ​​dhammaan mawduucyada khuseeya: diinta, ilmo iska soo rididda, socdaalka, dabeecadda miyir-qabka. Marka labaad, xilli ra'yiga caanka ah ee ku saabsan adduunka iyo dhacdooyinka nagu wareegsan ay inta badan diidaan xaqiiqooyinka dhabta ah, qof kastaa wuxuu go'aansaday inuu iska caabiyo dacaayadaha fikradaha siyaasadeed ee ku habboon. Midda saddexaadna, qaar baa qiimeeya rabta inay ra'yigooda dhiibtaan, iyagoo laga eryay machadyo tacliimeed oo si weyn u colaadiyay fikrado aan caadi ahayn - iyo inay meel kale ka helaan dhegaystayaal soo dhawaynaya"Bari xnumx).

Kuwa aan hore u daneyneynin dhibaatadan, u nuglaanta khiyaanada fikirka ee sayniska waxay umuuqataa wax aan macquul aheyn. Waxay si aan macquul ahayn u rumaysan karaan in sayniska casriga ah kaliya xaqiiqooyinka sida lama-filaanka ah loo xaqiijiyey ay yihiin runta keliya, iyo wax kasta oo kale oo ku saleysan fikradaha, mala-awaalka, aragtiyaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka siyaasadeed-siyaasadeed. Si kastaba ha noqotee, fikirka mala awaalka, mala-awaalka, aragtiyaha iyo qaab-dhismeedka-dhaqan-siyaasadeed ee “xaqiiqooyin la xaqiijiyay” ayaa lagu arkay dhibaatooyin fara badan oo isa soo taraya (Bauer 2012, c. 12), oo qaarkood ay leeyihiin qaylo weyn oo dadweynaha ah. Tusaale ahaan, soo jiidashada khaniisiintu waa "kala duwanaanta galmada aadanaha", mise waa jihooyin aan dabiici ahayn (mid aan dhalan) oo jinsi ahaaneed oo ay weheliso soo jiidasho galmo carruurta, xayawaannada, ama waxyaabo aan nooleyn? Arimahan, iyo qaar kaleba, habka sayniska wuxuu dhibbane u yahay aragtida siyaasadeed (Wright iyo Cummings 2005, p. XIV).

Tixgeli waxyaabaha soo socda: maanta, cilmiga, cilmi baadheyaasha sheegta inay leeyihiin waxa loogu yeero Waxyaabaha "horusocodka ah" ayaa si aad ah uga sarreeya kuwa sheeganaya "muxaafidnimo" aaminsanaan (Xarago 2016) Liistada cajiibka ah ee daabacaadaha asaago dib loo eegay oo shaaca ka qaaday isla qodobkaas waxaa laga heli karaa keydka macluumaadka ee jaaliyadda Heterodox Academy kor ku xusan (Heterodox Academy nd Cilmi-eegis dib loo eegay) Iyo aragtiyada dacaayadda ee LGBT waa mid ka mid ah dhinacyada ugu waaweyn ee fikradaha xorriyadda “horusocodka” casriga.

Wadahadal gaar ah, mid ka mid ah asxaabteyda, oo ku takhasusay cilmu-nafsiga iyo Ph.D. oo ka mid ah magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn Russia (wuxuu iga codsaday inaan magaciisa sheegin sababtoo ah wuxuu ka baqayaa cawaaqibka lahaanshaha fikrad kale) wuxuu si kaftan ah iigu sheegay mabda'a fudud ee "casriga" sayniska caanka ah, sidaa darteed ku xukumaan mowduucyada la xiriira khaniisnimada: wax kasta oo muujinaya xaqiiqooyin kasta oo togan oo loogu talogalay khaniisiinta waxaa lagu muujiyaa tusaale saynis macquul ah iyo hab saynis ah oo tusaale wanaagsan ah. Taa badalkeed, wax kasta oo muujinaya shaki kasta oo ku saabsan khaniisiinta waxaa lagu gartaa "been-abuur ka yimid xagjiriinta garabka midig" (wadahadalka shaqsiyeed, Oktoobar 14, 2018). Si kale haddii loo dhigo, "sayniska casriga ah" ee laga shakin karo "caadi ahaanta" khaniisnimadu waxay u dhigantaa shakiga "horumarsan" ee umul-raaca iyo dhaqanka caanka ah. Si loo abuuro ifafaale this, kaliya aragtida ugu fudud ee khudbadaha sayniska casriga ah ayaa ku filan. Dawladaha dalalka hodanka ah iyo aasaasyada aan dawliga ahayn ee hodanka ah waxay dhisaan aaminaado la oggol yahay oo la xiriira khaniisnimada, sida inay tahay wax lama-huraan ah oo run ah, sida in dumarka kaliya ay ku dhalaan karaan dadka (in kasta oo aan ka baqayo taa marka la eego waxa ka socda goobta "transgenderism" maanta , tusaalahan si xun ayaa loo dhaleeceyn doonaa).

Ku beddelashada sayniska mid siyaasiyan ku saxsan

Qaar ayaa ku doodaya in dood cilmiyeed siyaasadeed iyo mid dadweyneba ay qasab tahay in ay aad u xasaasi u yihiin mowduucyo dhowr ah sababtoo ah dhaxalka qadhaadh ee taariikhda aadanaha. Laakiin xaqiiqooyinka sayniska wax shaqo ah kuma lahan siyaasadda. Waxa jira kala duwanaansho bayooloji oo muuqda oo u dhexeeya jinsiladaha aadanaha (phenotypes) (Sanadkii 2005), waxa jira kala duwanaansho bayooloji oo muuqda oo u dhexeeya galmada aadanaha (Evans iyo DeFranco 2014) iyo wixii la mid ah. Runtii, xaqiiqooyinka noocan oo kale ah ayaa qayb ahaan loogu isticmaalay "doodo" dambiyada aan la saadaalin karin iyo xasuuqyada taariikhda aadanaha oo dhan, iyo aadamiga iyo bulshada ayaa ah inay markasta maskaxda ku hayaan. Sinnaba uma jirto sinnaan la'aan.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, boggaga murugada leh ee kor ku xusan ee taariikhda ma diidaan jiritaanka dabeecadaha jireed iyo kala duwanaanshaha jinsiga ee bini'aadamka, sababtoo ah waxay ku dhacaan dabeecadda waxaana lagu go'aamiyaa bayoloji ahaan. Tusaale ahaan, ninku ma dhali karo sababo la xiriira sifooyinka nafleyda ee jirkiisa (maqnaanshaha ilmo-galeenka, marka hore, sida USA Today si habboon u xusay). Waxaan si fudud uga fogaan karnaa inaan ka hadalno, ku iftiimino waxyaalahan dabiiciga ah ee muuqda, ama beddelo macnaha ereyga "naag" - tani waxba kuma kordhinayso xaqiiqada sayniska ee aan la gariiraynin. Xaqiiqooyinka sayniska ayaa jira iyada oo aan loo eegin sida ay u fasiraan fikradaha fikradaha siyaasadeed, iyada oo aan loo eegin haddii ay ku qoran yihiin wax caddayn ah ama kala saarista cudurrada, iyo iyada oo aan loo eegin saxnaanta siyaasadeed.

Fikradayda, aasaasidda calaamad loo wada siman yahay "saxnaanta siyaasadeed" iyo sayniska waa mid ka mid dhibaatooyinka waaweyn ee waqtigeenna haysta, xaqiiqaddani waxay caqabad ku noqotaa sheekada cusub iyo hal-abuurka. Baarayaasha qaar ayaa leh fikrad la mid ah (Hunter 2005) Sida ku xusan qaamuuska HarperCollins ee Ingiriisiga Ingiriiska, “sax ahaanta siyaasadeed” waxaa loola jeedaa “muujinta fikradaha hormarka leh, gaar ahaan diidmada isticmaalka ereybixinta loo arko mid xad gudub ah, takoorid ama cambaareyn, gaar ahaan qowmiyadda iyo jinsi ahaan”Qaamuuska Ingiriisiga ee Collins. nd) Sida ku xusan qaamuuska Webster qaamuuska "Random House" ee Ingiriisiga Mareykanka, "sax ahaanta siyaasadeed" "... waxaa lagu gartaa, qaanuun ahaan, oo ay ka go'an tahay hanaan horusocod leh oo ku saabsan qowmiyadaha iyo jinsiga, jiheynta galmada ama ecology" ()Qaamuus / Thesaurus nd).

Bulsho-yaqaanada guryaha ee Belyakov iyo qoraayaasha wax la wadaaga ayaa ku tilmaamay "saxnaan siyaasadeed" iyadoon lahayn dareen aan loo baahnayn:

"... Saxnimadda siyaasadeed waa mid ka mid ah waxsoosaarka umadda ka dambeysa oo lagu garto dhaqammo kala jaad ah, kala qeybsanaan nidaam, kala qeybsanaan bulsheed iyo u soo ifbaxa aqoonsiga cakiran. Dimuqraadiyadda bulshada noocaas ah waxay u muuqataa nidaam bulsho, oo aan tilmaamaynin awoodda aqlabiyadda, laakiin ugu horreyntii la dhowrayo xuquuqda qof kasta oo laga tiro badan yahay, oo hoos timaadda qofka. Xaqiiqdii, xitaa gobolka ugu dimoqraadiga ah ma awoodo inuu difaaco dhammaan xuquuqaha ay ku dhawaaqday iyo inuu hubiyo xaqiijinta himilooyinka xubin kasta oo bulshada ka mid ah. Muuqaalka xalka dhibaatadan waa adeegsiga baahsan ee dhaqanka luuqadda ee saxsanaanta siyaasadeed, taas oo soo jeedineysa in laga fogaado adeegsiga ereyadaas iyo weedhahooda la xiriira jinsi iyo jinsi, da ', caafimaad, xaalad bulsheed, iyo muuqaalka wakiillo ka socda kooxaha bulshada qaarkood oo ay u tixgelin karaan xad-gudub iyo takoorid. Marka, waa "siyaasiyan sax" in loogu yeero nin madow "Afrikan Mareykan ah", Hindi ah "Mareykan asal ahaan", qof naafo ah "ka soo kabashada dhibaatooyinka sababtoo ah xaaladdiisa jir ahaaneed (jir ahaan loo tartamey), iyo nin cayil ah" oo jihaysan jihada " Si toos ah u jihaysan), dadka saboolka ah - 'oo laga faa'iidaystay faa'iidooyin' (faa'iido darro), qofka ku dhex wareegaya qashin qubka - “aruurinta waxyaabaha loo diiday” (aruuriyaha aruurinta), iwm. Si looga hortago in lagu takooro "dadka laga tirada badan yahay galmada", ama "dadka aan dhaqan ahaan laheyn hanuunin ”(sidoo kale siyaasad ahaan saxda khaladaadka), kahor agaetsya isticmaalka iyaga, tusaale ahaan, ereyga "gay" iyo "qaniis yahay." Mooryaanta 'sexist', oo sida la sheegayo sheegta sheegashada ragga ee haweenka ka sarreysa, ayaa sidoo kale loo arkay inay yihiin wax laga xumaado. Erayada si rasmi ah ula xidhiidha xididka “nin” (gudoomiyaha), horjoogaha (madaxa), dab damiyaha (dabelaha), boosteelaha (boosteelaha) waxaa la soo jeedinayaa in laga reebto in loo adeegsado danta gudoomiye, kormeeraha, dab-damiye, side boosta, siday u kala horreeyaan . Sabab isku mid ah, erayga haweeneyda waa in hada loo qoro sida “womyn” (ama xitaa american siilka), iyo halkii loogu dhawaaqi lahaa, isaga, waa inuu had iyo jeer adeegsadaa iyada, iyadeeda (iyadeeda, iyada). Si looga fogaado muujinta ficil-celinta argagaxisada ee xayawaannada iyo geedaha, ereyada xayawaannada (xayawaanka guryaha) iyo dhirta guryaha (dhirta guryaha) ee metelaya qof milkiile ahaan waxaa loo soo jeedinayaa in lagu beddelo saaxiibbada xoolaha (weheliya xayawaannada) iyo saaxiibbada botanical (asaxaabta dhirta) ... ”(Belyakov iyo Matveychev 2009).

Markaa, "sax ahaanta siyaasadeed", haddii aan ereygan ka nadiifinno "siyaasad ahaan sax", oo macnaheedu yahay wax aan ka badnayn faafreeb.

Caqiidooyinka dhaqameed qaarkood ee jihaynta dhinaca bidix waxay noqdeen dokumeenti dadweyne oo qofna xaq u lahayn inuu dib uga noqdo, ha noqdeen aqoonyahano, barayaal ama arday. Aqoonyahan kasta oo raba inuu helo aqoonsi iyo maalgelin waa inuu adeegsadaa luqadda "saxsanaanta siyaasadeed." Markaa, "saxnaanta siyaasadeed" ayaa mararka qaarkood si sax ah loogu magacaabaa "fascism libaax", iyadoo lagu nuuxnuuxsaday munaafaqnimada laba-isu-sheeggayaasha xorta ah ee u dhaqma sidii fasixiinteyaal fadeexo ah.Copedge 2017).

Way iska cadahay sida dhabta ah ee "sax ahaanta siyaasadeed" u qalloociso sayniska, maadaama ay burburinayso dhammaan caadooyinka cilmiga sayniska iyo aasaaska. Qawaaniintaani waa mid guud ahaan loo qaadan karo, caalimnimo, furfurnaan, danayn la'aan, shaki kujiro, kuwaas oo loo qaatay si cilmiyaysan oo qaddiyad ahaan ah, sidoo kale daacadnimo fudud iyo munaafaqnimo la’aan. Si kastaba ha noqotee, maanta wixii markii hore loo qaddariyay looma tixgelin doono sidan oo kale. Ugudambeyntii, in lagu doodo in wax si aan kala sooc lahayn oo aan kala sooc lahayn loo caddeeyo waqti ay jirto caddeyn lagu qanci karo oo ka soo horjeedda (oo loo yaqaan aqoonyahanno karti iyo dhexdhexaad ah) waa wax aan daacad ahayn oo sharaf darro ah.

Munaasabadan, ayuu weriye Tom Nichols xusay:

"... Waxaan ka baqayaa inaan ka baxno shakiga dabiiciga ah ee caafimaad ee ku saabsan hadalada khubaro kaladuwan oo ku saabsan ciribtirka aragtida khabiirada sida: dhanka ku sii daaya Google, oo ku saleysan Wikipedia oo ay curyaamiyeen baloogyada ay soo qireen khubarada aqoon yahanka iyo kuwa laymen, macalimiinta iyo ardayda yaqaana oo xiiseeya ... "(Nichols xnumx).

Wikipedia iyo Youtube oo ah isha “aqoonta”

Wikipedia waa mid ka mid ah baraha internetka ee ugu booqashada badan, oo isu soo bandhigta inay tahay "encyclopedia" oo ay aqbalaan dad badan oo aan khabiir ku ahayn iyo waliba ardayda iskuulka inay yihiin ilo run ah oo aan shaki ku jirin. Goobta waxaa furay 2001 ganacsade Alabama ah oo lagu magacaabo Jimmy Wales. Kahor aasaasida Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales wuxuu abuuray mashruuca Internet-ka ee Bomis, oo loo qaybiyo sawir-gacmeedka lacag bixinta, xaqiiqda ah inuu si taxaddar leh ugu dadaalayo inuu ka saaro taariikh nololeedkiisa (Hansen xnumx; Schilling xnumx).

Dad badan ayaa u haysta in Wikipedia uu yahay mid la isku halleyn karo, sababtoo ah "isticmaale kasta wuu ku dari karaa maqaal ama wuxuu qori karaa maqaal jira." Tani waa runtii - run ahaantii, wixii macluumaad ah ee aan u dhigmin sheeko-wadaag xag-jir ah iyo mid xag-jir ah waa la ciqaabi karaa iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay jiritaanka habab qarsoodi ah oo lagu caddeeyo qodobka hoosta ka xarriiqaya oo leh hay'ad la yiraahdo waxa loogu yeero dhex-dhexaadiyeyaal - tifaftireyaal matalaya dhaqdhaqaaqyo madax-bannaan, tusaale ahaan, dhexdhexaadiye ka socda "LGBT +" - dhaqdhaqaaq wax ka beddeli kara ama diidi kara agabyada (Jackson 2009) Sidaa darteed, in kasta oo siyaasadeeda rasmiga ah ee loo malaynayo inay tahay dhexdhexaadnimo, Wikipedia wuxuu leeyahay eexasho xor ah oo xag-jir ah iyo midab-kala-sooc la'aan furan.

Maqaal lagu daabacay joornaalka FrontPageMagazine, David Swingle wuxuu falanqeeyay oo muujiyey in mashruuca Wikipedia uu soo bandhigayo aragtida ay ka qabaan tifaftirayaasha joogtada ah iyo kuwa joogtada ah, qaar ka mid ah (gaar ahaan meelaha ay ka jiraan iskahorimaadka bulshada) waa kuwa u ololeeya sidii ay u saameyn lahaayeen aragtida dadweynaha (Swingle xnumx) Tusaale ahaan, Swingle wuxuu xisaabiyaa:

Isbarbar dhig [Maqaallada Wikipedia] ee ku saabsan Ann Coulter²) iyo ku saabsan Michael Moore (Michael Moore³) Maqaalka ku saabsan Coulter wuxuu ka koobnaa ereyada 9028 (oo ku saabsan 9 ee Agoosto 2011 ee sanadka). Tiradaan, ereyada 3220 waxay ku jirtay qaybta "Khilaafaadka iyo Dhaleecaynta", oo ku tilmaamtay dhowr dhacdo oo la soo maray Coulter waxayna soo xigatay xigashooyin dhaleeceeyayaasha dhaleeceeya iyada, inta badan ka mid ah kuwa bidixda iyo xorriyadda. Taasi waa, 35,6% maqaalka loo qoondeeyay Ann Coulter wuxuu u hibeeyay inuu ku soo bandhigo iftiin xun, muran iyo dhaleecayn buuxda.

Dhanka kale, maqaal ku saabsan Moore wuxuu ka koobnaa ereyada 2876 (oo u dhiganta qiyaastii u dhigma mugga celceliska maqaallada ku saabsan tirooyinka siyaasadeed ee Wikipedia), kuwaas oo ereyada 130 ay ku jireen qaybta "Khilaafaadka". Tani waa 4,5% ee maqaalka Moore oo dhan.

Tani macnaheedu ma tahay akhristaha 'aan habbooneyn' inuu aaminsan yahay in Coulter uu sideed jeer ka badan yahay Moore? ...Swingle xnumx).

Maqaalkiisa, ayuu saxafi Yuusuf Faarax ku qoray in Wikipedia:

“... kaliya maahan baahinta khaladka iyo eexda. Kani waa iib-keena jumlo iyo xanta, sida adduunku uusan waligood u aqoon ... "(Faarax 2008).

Intaa waxaa sii dheer, Wikipedia waxaa si xoogan saameyn ugu leh xiriirka bulshada ee lacagta leh iyo xirfadlayaasha maaraynta sumcadda kuwaasoo meesha ka saara wax kasta oo xaqiiqooyin xun ah oo ku saabsan macaamiishooda oo soo bandhigaya waxyaabaha ku saleysan eex (Nimco 2007; Gohring 2007) In kasta oo aan loo ogolayn tafatirka noocan oo kale ah, Wikipedia wax yar buu u qabtaa inuu u hoggaansamo sharciyadiisa, gaar ahaan deeq-bixiyeyaasha waaweyn.

Aasaasaha Wikipedia Larry Sanger, oo ka tagay mashruucan, ayaa qirtay in Wikipedia uusan raacin siyaasadiisa dhexdhexaadnimada ee lagu dhawaaqay.Arrington 2016).

Baaraha Brian Martin wuxuu qoraa shaqadiisa:

"...In kasta oo magac ahaan loo hoggaansamo hagaha adeegsadaha, tafatirka eexda ee habaysan ayaa laga yaabaa inay ku dhacdo Wikipedia, kaas oo si joogto ah loo ilaaliyo. Farsamooyinka loogu talagalay tafatirka eexda ee gelitaanka Wikipedia waxaa ka mid ah tirtiridda macluumaadka togan, ku darista macluumaadka xun, adeegsiga xulashada eexda ee ilo, iyo buunbuuninta muhiimada mowduucyo gaar ah. Si loo ilaaliyo eexda gelitaanka, xitaa haddii ay tilmaamaan isticmaaleyaasha qaarkood, farsamooyinka muhiimka ah waxaa ka mid ah in aan la tafatirin gelitaanka, si xushmad leh loo dhaqan geliyo xeerarka Wikipedia, iyo xannibidda tifaftirayaasha...” (Martin 2017).

Dhamaan qoraalada Wikipedia ee ku saabsan LGBT + waa inay ansixiyaan waxa loogu yeero dhex-dhexaadiyeyaal, iyo wixii xaqiiqo ah oo ka hor-imanaya iyaga waa laga saaraa agabyada. Nidaamka dhexdhexaadinta ee wakiilka LGBT + waa ku qasab dhammaan qodobbada LGBT +, waana dhexdhexaadiyaha go'aamiya waxa la daabici doono iyo waxa aan la daabici doonin. qaanuunka Wikipedia.

Sidaa darteed, dhammaan qodobbada Wikipedia ee la xiriira LGBT + waa eex, dano gaar ah, waxayna u taagan yihiin oo keliya isu-geynta macluumaadka si taxaddar leh loo tifaftiray oo laga helo ilo farshaxan oo inta badan shaki ku jiro ama guud ahaan aan cilmi ku dhisnayn. Suuragal ma aha oo kaliya in lagu daro maqaal cusub, ama in lagu daro maqaal jira, laakiin xitaa in la beddelo hal erey oo keliya haddii ay ka hor imaanayso aaminsanaanta aan la sheegin ee ah "ama ha fiicnaato ama ha ahaato".

Qiyaastii 300 oo tusaalooyin ah oo ku saabsan ka qeybqaadashada Wikipedia, oo ay kujirto arinta LGBT +, waxaa lagu diiwaangaliyay websaydhka Conservapedia (Conservapedia 2018).

Tusaale ahaan, Wikipedia, muddo aad u dheer, maqaal ku saabsan dhaqanka isku jinsi ee ka dhexeeya xayawaanka (oo isagu laftiisu aad u neceb yahay, arag Cutubka 2aad) ayaa ku jira weedh aan macquul ahayn oo ku saabsan “1500 nooc oo xayawaanada qaniisiinta” ah, oo ay soo bandhigtay Wikipedia iyada oo ah runti cilmi ah. - inkasta oo ay jiraan xaqiiqda ah in aysan jirin ilo ka soo xigtay tirooyinkaas. Xaqiiqdii, hal-ku-dhigga xayeysiinta waxaa soo saaray shaqaale ka tirsan matxafka taariikhiga ah ee Taariikhda Dabiiciga ah ee loo yaqaanay Petter Böckmann intii lagu jiray abaabulka bandhiga 2006-dii, kaasoo Böckmann iyo keenay isaga oo ku jira maqaal Wikipedia ah 2007. Kaliya 11 sano kadib, macluumaadka waa la tirtiray: inta lagu gudajiray wada hadalka, Böckman wuu awoodi waayey inuu bixiyo il wuxuuna qirtay been abuurida bayaanka: 

Ugu dambeyntiina, sida ay u sheegeen masuuliyiinta Wikipedia:

“… Wikipedia waa degel gaar loo leeyahay oo ay leedahay shirkadda gaarka loo leeyahay ee Wikimedia Foundation oo ay si gaar ah u maamusho Wikimedia Foundation Guddiga Maamulka. Wikipedia iyo Wikimedia Foundation waxay xor u yihiin inay dejiyaan xeerar iyaga u gaar ah oo ku saabsan cidda qori karta oo wax ka bedeli karta maqaallada barta ... Maaddaama ay tahay degel gaar loo leeyahay, Wikipedia waxay xaq u leedahay inay xannibto, mamnuucaan, ama haddii kale ay xaddidaan akhriste kasta. aqri ama habeyso waxyaabaha ku jira bogga sabab kasta ha noqotee, ama xitaa sabab la'aan ... Mu'asasada Wikimedia waxay xaq u leedahay inay bedesho xeerarkeeda sabab kastoo ay u aragto inay lagama maarmaan u tahay - ama xitaa sabab la'aan, si fudud maxaa yeelay "waxaad dooneysaa" ... "(Wikipedia: Hadalka Bilaashka ah ee 2018).

Waa tan "encyclopedia" taasi waa isha ugu weyn ee "aqoonta" ku saabsan adduunka oo dhan tiro aad u tiro badan oo dhalinyaro ah ...

Meelaha kale ee macluumaadka loogu talagalay laymen casriga ah waa adeegga fiidiyowga fiidiyowga ee YouTube, ee ay leedahay shirkadda ugu weyn Google. Bogga YouTube-ka ayaa si rasmi ah u meelaystay inuu yahay il bilaash ah oo sida muuqata aan faragelinaynin muujinta iyada oo door bidaysa LGBTKIAP +, ama muuqaallo ka turjumaya hadallada LGBTKIAP +. Tani maahan.

Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, YouTube-ka ayaa si isa soo taray loogu eedeeyey inuu horjoogsaday aragtida muxaafidka (Carlsson 2018) Faafreebka on YouTube waxaa laga hoos galiyay kanaalka "PragerU" iyo kanaalo kale oo muujinaya fikrad ka duwan aragtida khubarada fikirka lihi.

Wariyeyaasha FoxNews waxay xusayaan xusuus qorka YouTube-ka ee YouTube-ka ee u yimid iyaga bishii Abriil 2017, kaasoo tafaasiil ka bixinaya faafreebka fiidiyaha. Mid ka mid ah sababaha ay u baaxad weyn tahay faafreebka on YouTube ma aha dadka intiisa badan waa sababta oo ah shirkadda waa mid caqli badan oo aan ka tirtirin muuqaal kasta oo ay rabto inay faafiso. Taabadalkeed, "hab xaddidan" ayaa loogu soo bandhigay fiidiyooyin badan.⁴. Fiidiyowyada noocan oo kale ah ayaa laga xaydayaa xarumaha kambuyuutareedyada, iskuulada, maktabadaha, iyo meelaha kale ee dadweynaha; looma arki karo carruurta yaryar iyo isticmaaleyaasha aan diiwaangashanayn. Waxyaabaha xaddidan ee bogga waxaa si ula kac ah loo diraa dhammaadka, sidaa darteed way adag tahay in la helo. Intaa waxaa dheer, waa jinsi-diimeed: kuwa soo dhejiyay ma kasban karaan lacagtooda, iyadoon loo eegin tirada aragtiyaha.

Bal ka fikir, tusaale ahaan, in New York Times ay joojisay iibinta joornaalada - waad awoodaa, dabcan waad heli kartaa, laakiin kaliya adoo isticmaalaya rukumada. Iyo, intaa waxaa dheer, - si gaar ah lacag la’aan. Taasi waa, daabacayaasha waxaa laga mamnuucay inay sameystaan ​​lacag iibinta joornaalada. Sida iska cad, talaabooyinka noocan oo kale ah waxay hoos imaan doonaan qeexitaanka faafreebka.

Waa maxay shuruudaha faafreebka ee fiidiyowyada YouTube? Sida ku xusan qoraalka, faafreebka waxaa ka mid ah, Waxaan soo xigtay, "khilaaf diimeed ama jahwareer ku jira", iyo sidoo kale "waxyaabo aad u muran badan, waxyaabaha kiciya." Lama qeexin waxa ay tahay - khilaaf diimeed, jahwareer, diin ama waxyaabaha ka careysiiya - lama bixinin. Go'aanka waxaa gaara YouTube, waana mid la siyaasadeeyay intii suurtagal ah.

FoxNews waxay tusaale u soo qaadatay: YouTube-ka waxay u arkeen kanaalka PragerU inuu yahay "kicinta" isku dayo inuu shaki ka muujiyo eedeynta cunsuriyadda baahsan ee booliiska Mareykanka. Haddii aadan u tixgelin dhammaan saraakiisha booliiska Mareykanka inay yihiin cunsuriyad, markaa, sida ku xusan YouTube, waxaad la wadaagaysaa "waxyaabo aad u muran badan, waxyaabo kicin leh." Marka fiidiyowga "PragerU" ayaa jinniyo laga dheehan karo, runtiina, wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu kicinayo naceyb. Isla mar ahaantaana, fiidiyowyada sheeganaya inay "dabiici ahaan cad yihiin shar" waxay ku sii nagaadaan YouTube iyadoon wax xannib ah la horkeenin.

Xusuus-qorku wuxuu bixiyaa fahan cad oo ku saabsan halka ay YouTube ka qaadanayaan faafreebyada. Dukumintiga ayaa sharraxaya in shirkadda ay ka go'an tahay "xorriyadda lahaanshaha, oo ay ku jiraan faa'iidooyinkaas oo ah wax soo saar kala jaad jaad ah iyo wax wada qabsi." Kuwa ay YouTube ku aaminay faafreebka ka dhanka ah "waxyaabaha xagjirka ah" waxaa ka mid ah urur wadaaga xag-jirnimo xagjir ah, oo ay ku jiraan aragtida "LGBT +", "Xarunta Sharciga Faqriga Koonfurta"Saacadda; Tixraac 2018).

Dhibaataynta Khilaafaadka

Tiro badan, oo si wanaagsan loo maalgeliyey iyo, natiijada, kooxaha saamaynta leh iyo ururada sida Xarunta Sharciga Saboolnimada ee Koonfurta, oo lagu dabaqayo qibraddii horaantii 1970s qarnigii la soo dhaafay (arag Jabtar 14), waxay abuuraan xaalad ay ku hadlaan qof kastoo hadla, xitaa si cilmiyeysan si buuxda ugu dooday. , oo aan ku soo arooray hadalkii "LGBT +", ayaa halis ugu jira inuu wax badan lumiyo - laga bilaabo xirfadiisa ilaa caafimaadka. Xitaa waagii hore ee "sayniska guud" iyo "sax ahaanta siyaasadeed", cilmi baarayaashu difaacaya aragtiyada ka duwan 'habka guud ee xisbiga' waxay qatar ugu jiraan in lagu eedeeyo "mid aan ka madaxbannaanayn", "naxariisdarro iyo bini-aadamnimo" (Marmor xnumx), "Masuuliyad darro, khaniis nacaybka iyo nacaybka" ()Sanadkii 1986) Eedeymaha noocan oo kale ah waxaa taageera "dhaqanka guud" ee warbaahinta waxayna muujiyaan ganacsi.

Professor Robert Spitzer (1932–2015) wuxuu kamid ahaa tirooyinka ugu muhiimsan muddadii ficilada fadeexada aheyd ee hogaaminta Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Mareeykanka sanadii 1973, isaga oo sameyay dadaalkasta si looga saaro khaniisiinta liiska cudurada maskaxda, Spitzer wuxuu sameeyay dhaqdhaqaaqa "LGBT", laga yaabee inbadan oo kale, ka hesho ixtiraam iyo amar ka timid bulshada LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Si kastaba ha noqotee, ku dhawaad ​​30 sano ka dib, shir ay leeyihiin Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Maskaxda ee Mareykanka 2001, Spitzer wuxuu ka warbixiyay natiijooyinka daraasadihiisii ​​ugu dambeysay ee ah “boqolkiiba 66 ragga iyo 44 boqolkiiba dumarka waxay gaareen heer wanaagsan oo ah howla galmo galmo,” taasi waa, “waxay adkeysteen xasilooni, xiriir jacayl xagga jinsiga ah sanadka oo dhan, helitaanka qanac ku filan xiriir qiiro leh lammaanahooda, ugu qiimeeyay ugu yaraan 7 dhibcood qiyaasta 10-ka sare, galmo la yeelasha lammaane galmada ee cr ugu yaraan bil kasta, oo marna ama si dhif ah uga fikirin ku saabsan xiriirka khaniisiinta inta lagu jiro galmada ”; markii dambe, natiijooyinka waxaa lagu soo saaray joornaalka Archives of Sexual Behaviour (Spitzer 2001; 2003a). Tani waxay gabi ahaanba ka soo horjeesatay dacaayadihii dacaayada ee LGBT ee ku saabsana dabeecada loo maleyn karo ee soo jiidashada khaniisiinta. Jahannamo waxay ka qarxday agagaarka Spitzer: "Maanta, geesigii dhaqdhaqaaqa khaniisiinta ayaa si lama filaan ah u noqday Yuudas" (van den Aarweg 2012). Maqaalka Spitzer waxaa si adag u dhaleeceeyay dadka caanka ku ah daweynta dabiibayaasha sida A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kennette Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, iyo Roger Worsington (Rosik 2012).

Waxa xiiso leh, sida uu xusay Dr. Christopher Rowsick, qaar ka mid ah dhinacyada cambaareynaya shaqada Spitzer ee 2003 waxay ahaayeen sidan soo socota: daraasada waxay ku saleysantahay wareysiyada shaqsiyadeed ee muunad laga soo qaatay ururrada wadatashiga iyo Ururka Qaranka ee Daraasadda iyo Daaweynta khaniisnimada (NARTH) (Wilde 2004) ) Tani waa heerka ugu sarreeya ee munaafaqnimada: shaqo lagu soo bandhigayo natiijooyinka daraasad shakiyeed LGBT ayaa lagu dhaleeceeyay adeegsiga qaab la mid ah kii loo adeegsaday shaqada u doodista LGBT, tusaale ahaan daraasadda Shidlo iyo Schroeder waxay sidoo kale ku saleysan yihiin warbixinno shaqsiyadeed (Shidlo iyo Schroeder 2002 ) Xaqiiqdii, dhammaan sayniska cilmi nafsiga iyo cilmiga kale ee bulshada waxay si weyn ugu tiirsan yihiin isgaarsiinta shaqsiyadeed iyo warbixinnada is-sheegashada ah ee walxaha cilmi-baarista. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, qayb badan oo ka mid ah daabacadaha u doodista LGBT ee ku saabsan carruurta ay soo korsadeen labada qof ee isku jinsi ah ayaa lagu saleynayaa saamiyo yaryar oo ay soo ururiyeen ururada khaniisiinta ah (Marks 2012).

Ugudambeyn, ka dib toban sano oo nacayb ah oo ka soo kordhay isaga, Spitzer wuu isa soo dhiibay. Markii uu jiray da'da 80, wuxuu warqad u qoray tifaftireyaasha 'Archives of Sexual Behaviour' isagoo ka codsaday inuu ka noqdo qodobka (Spitzer 2012). Wuxuu kaloo ka raali galiyay dhamaan bulshada khaniisiinta ah "waxyeelo". Dr. van den Aardweg wuxuu xasuustaa wada hadal taleefanka ah oo uu la yeeshay Professor Spitzer, inyar ka dib markii la daabacay maqaalkiisii ​​2003, kaasoo uu kaga hadlay isku dayga looga hortagayo dhalleeceeyayaasha: (Spitzer 2003b): “Waxaan weydiiyay inuu sii wadan doono baaritaankiisa, ama xitaa uu isku dayo. Miyuu la shaqeeyaa dadka leh dhibaatooyinka khaniisiinta ah ee raadinaya caawinaad khubaro ah oo ah “beddelaad ah”, taas oo ah, caawimaad iyo taageero si loo beddelo danaha ay wadaagaan kuwa isu galmooda ... Jawaabtiisu waxay ahayd mid aan sinnayn. Maya, isagu mar dambe ma taaban doono mowduucan. Wuxuu ku dhowaaday niyad ahaan ka dib markii ay soo weerareen shaqsiyaad xunxun oo xagjiriin ah iyo taageerayaashooda. Waxay ahayd il nacayb badan. Qofka runti waa lagu jebin karaa khibradaha noocan oo kale ah. ” (Spitzer 2003b).

Cilmibaadhe kale oo shaqadiisa inta badan ay soo xigtaan kuwa u ololeeya khaniisiinta ayaa ah Professor Charles Roselli oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Oregon. Professor Roselli wuxuu ku bartay geedi socodka neerfaha ee moodooyinka idaha. Marxaladihi hore ee howshiisa, Professor Roselli waxay sameysay tijaabooyin si ay u darsaan dabeecada dhaqan ahaaneed ee adhiga. Wuxuu soo jeediyay in qaar ka mid ah hormoon la'aanta ka hortagga uurka ay carqaladeyn karto dabeecadda galmada ee wananka. Qoraaladiisii ​​hore ee mawduucan, daraasadaha Professor Roselli waxay diirada saarayeen oo keliya hagaajinta taranka xoolaha iyo saamaynta ay ku leedahay dhaqaalaha, iyo Roselli waxay qireen khayaanada barashada cilmiga galmada aadanaha ee moodooyinka xayawaanka, iyagoo xusay: “Daraasadaha looga golleeyahay fahamka qodobbada xukuma dhaqanka galmada iyo bacrinnimada. Idaha ayaa muhiimad weyn u leh taranka xoolaha. Macluumaadka laga helo hormoonnada, neerfayaasha, hidda-wadaha iyo arrimaha deegaanka ee go'aamiya waxyaabaha la doorbido ee wada-hawlgalayaasha galmada waa inay u oggolaadaan xulasho wanaagsan oo ido ah oo taranka iyo natiijada, waxay leeyihiin qiime dhaqaale. Si kastaba ha noqotee, daraasadani waxay sidoo kale leedahay muhiimad balaaran oo loogu talagalay fahamka horumarka iyo xakameynta dhiirigelinta galmada iyo xulashada lammaanaha noocyada kala duwan ee naasyada, oo ay ku jiraan aadanaha. Marka tan la eego, waxaa muhiim ah in la fahmo in dhaqanka galmada ee wananka ee loogu talagalay nin kale aan si buuxda loogula jaan qaadi karin khaniisnimada qofka, maxaa yeelay jihada qofka ee galmada waxaa ka mid ah aragtida, khiyaali iyo khibrad, iyo sidoo kale dhaqan galmo oo la arkay ”(Roselli 2004, p. . 243).

Maqaalkiisa dib u eegista ee 2004, Professor Roselli wuxuu qirtay inuusan helin caddayn lagu qanci karo aragtidiisa [dheellitir la'aanta hoormoonka intrauterine], wuxuuna xusay fikrado kala duwan si uu u sharaxo dabeecadaha isku jinsiga ah ee wanyada qaarkood (Roselli 2004, p. 236 - 242). Howlihiisa, Roselli aad ayuu ugu nugulaa dadka LGBT qaab-dhismeedkiisa iyo fasiraadiisa, mana uusan sinaba u muujin aragtiyaha LGBT-ka ee shakiga leh.

Si kastaba ha noqotee, Professor Roselli ayaa dhibay oo cadaadis geliyay dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT ee ku saabsan furitaanka shaybaarka shaybaarkiisa - in kasta oo sida muuqata aysan jirin hab kale oo rakhiis ah oo lagu barto gawracatada (Cloud 2007). Roselli isla markiiba waxay ku dhawaaqday "khaniisyada" iyo "ololi." Maqaalka cinwaankiisu yahay "Gacmaha Gee Shey Gay!" Jariidada Sunday Sunday ee ka soo baxda London, Roselli waxaa loogu yeeray "madaxa sirdoonka qarsoon ee khaniisiinta" (Ersly 2013, p. 48). PETA, qaab ahaan wakiilkeeda, ciyaartooy caan ah iyo u dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT + dhaqdhaqaaqa Martina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), waxay ku biirtay rabshadaha sii kordhaya. Dhaqdhaqaaqayaashu waxay u direen Roselli iyo shaqaalaha kala duwan ee Jaamacadda Oregon qiyaastii 20 kun oo waraaqo ah iyagoo wata hanjabaado iyo aflagaado ("waxaad u baahan tahay inaad toogato!", "Fadlan dhin!", Etc.) (Ersly 2013, p. 49).

Dhowr sano ka dib, markii Roselli, oo laga yaabo inuu baray khibrada qadhaadh ee ka soo horjeedda fikradaha guud, u beddelay hadallada "LGBT +" - dhaqdhaqaaqa, maqaalkii xigay wuxuu ku qoray: "Xulashada lamaanayaasha galmada ee aadanaha waxaa lagu baran karaa moodooyinka xayawaanka iyadoo la adeegsanayo baaritaanno gaar ah ... , Tijaabooyinka doorbidida lamaanaha xayawaanka waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu muujiyo nooca jihada qofka ”(Roselli 2018, p. 3).

Dr. Ray Milton Blanchard oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Toronto waa maamule ku takhasusay cilmiga jinsiga wuxuuna ka soo shaqeeyay guddi-hoosaadka aqoonsiga Jinsiga ee Ururka Dhimirka ee Ururka Maanka ee Mareykanka kaasoo soo saaray kala soocidda DSM-IV. Dr. Blanchard wuxuu qiyaasay in soo jiidashada khaniisiinta (oo ay ku jiraan pedophilia khaniisiinta) iyo transsexualism (DSM-IV cillad aqoonsiga jinsiga, hadda DSM-5 dysphoria jinsiga) ay sababto jawaabaha difaaca ee gaarka ah ee labka ah oo la mid ah kuwa jinsiga labka ah. . Inkasta oo Dr. Blanchard hadalkiisii ​​saynis uu yahay mid aad loo xakameeyay oo ku dhawaad ​​LGBT-propagandism, waxaa silciyey dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT sababta oo ah wuxuu aaminsan yahay in transsexualism ay tahay cillad maskaxeed. Tani waa wax aflagaado ah oo lagu aflagaadeynayo fikirka LGBT ee casriga ah, waana sababta Dr. Blanchard uu si adag u naqdiyay qaar ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha LGBT (Wyndzen 1996). Waxaa intaa dheer, wareysiga, Blanchard wuxuu xusay: "Waxaan dhihi lahaa, haddii aad ka bilaabi karto xoq, iska indha taariikhda oo dhan ee ka saarista khaniisnimada ee DSM, jinsiga caadiga ah wuxuu ku saabsan yahay taranka" (Cameron 2003). Marka laga hadlayo transsexualism, Dr. Blanchard wuxuu yiri: "Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee siyaasadeynta transsexualism-haddii aad tahay ama aad ka soo horjeedo - waa in la iska indho tiro ama la diido dabeecadeeda aasaasiga ah sida nooc ka mid ah cillad maskaxeed" (Blanchard 2013 on Twitter).

Dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT oo ka socda mashruuca Bilerico ayaa wax ka qoray Blanchard: "Haddii Dr. Blanchard uu yahay qof waalan oo aan lahayn jago ama maamul, si fudud ayaa loo aamini karaa. Laakiin tani maahan kiis - liddi ku ah, wuxuu ku jiray guddiga Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga Mareykanka ee mas'uul ka ah paraphilias iyo cilladaha galmada "(Tannehill 2014). Haddii aad macnaha saxdo, u dhaqdhaqaaqaha waxa uu ka cabanayaa in Dr. Blanchard "u leeyahay awood" haddii kale "waxa ay fududaan lahayd in la ceebeeyo." Waa intaas.

Dr. Mark Regnerus oo ka tirsan jaamacadda Texas ma uusan lahayn awood Blanchard markii uu ku daabacay natiijooyinkiisa sanadkii 2012 joornaalka lagu falanqeeyay ee cilmiga bulshada ee cilmiga bulshada in xiriirka khaniisiinta waalidku uu si xun u saameeyo caruurta (Regnerus 2012). Daabacaadda waxay sababtay saameynta bambo qarxinta meel ka durugsan bulshada saynisyahano ah ee ka shaqeeya arrimaha cilmiga bulshada. Daahfurkaan ayaa ka hor yimid guud ahaan, kaas oo lagu aasaasay bulshada sayniska xorta ah ee Mareykanka tan iyo bilowgii 2000-meeyadii oo ku saabsan maqnaanshaha saameynta dareenka galmoodka waalidiinta ee carruurta oo sababay xanaaqa ururada bulshada khaniisiinta ah. Regnerus si dhakhso leh ayaa loogu magac daray "khaniisnimada" waxaana lagu eedeeyay natiijadiisa ka soo horjeedda sharci ahaanshaha "guurka khaniisiinta" (sheekadu waxay dhacday ka hor go'aankii caanka ahaa ee Maxakamada Sare ee Mareykanka), in kasta oo Regnerus uusan doodda noocaas ah meelna uga soo saarin maqaalka. Saxaafadda xorta ah xitaa waxay ugu yeeratay Regnerus "maroodi dukaanka china ee cilmiga bulshada" (Ferguson 2012).

Cilmiga cilmiga bulshada, Gary Gates, oo ah maamulaha machad ku takhasusay jinsiga iyo aqoonsiga jinsiga ee jaamacada California, wuxuu hogaamiyay koox labo boqol oo cilminafsiyeedka 'LGBT' ah oo warqad u saxeexday madaxa tifatiraha joornaalka cilmiga bulshada oo ka codsanaya inay u magacaabaan koox saynisyahano ah oo khibrad gaar ah u leh waalidnimada LGBT. in loo qoro gabagabo faahfaahsan oo muhiim ah maqaalka uu qoray Regnerus (Gates 2012).

Xaqiiqda jirta ayaa ah in Gary Gates, oo ku nool lammaane isku jinsi ah, ay aad u dhaleeceysay dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT “sidii khaa'innimo ujeedoyinka laga lahaa" (Ferguson 2012) markii ay daabaceen daraasad in kaliya 3,8 boqolkiiba dadka Mareykanka ah ay isku tilmaamaan inay yihiin khaniisiin ( Gates 2011a). Tani waxay ka soo horjeedday bayaankii "10%" ee ka yimid shaqada takhaatiirta caanka ah ee Alfred Kinsey, oo wakiil ka ah mid ka mid ah hayada dacaayadda ee LGBT. Sida Gates si cad u wadaageen, "Markii cilmi baaristeyda markii ugu horreysay la daabacay, boggaga caanka ku ah boggaga internetka iyo taageerayaashooda waxay iigu yeeraan" mas'uuliyad darro ", waxay dhalleeceeyeen cambaareynta shaqadayda, waxayna xitaa aniga ila barbardhigeen Nazis (Gates 2011b).

Sikastaba, sanad uun kadib, Gates wuxuu hogaaminayay cadaadiskii Regnerus iyo daraasadihiisi shakiyeysanaa ee LGBT. Ninka u dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT Scott Rose wuxuu warqad furan u diray madaxweynaha jaamacadda Texas, isaga oo ka dalbaday cunaqabateyn ka dhan ah Regnerus oo uu ku daabacay "dambi anshaxeed" (Rose 2012). Jaamacadda ayaa ku jawaabtay inay biloowday tijaabo lagu ogaanayo haddii daabacaadda Regnerus ay leedahay “corpus delicti” si loo bilaabo baaritaanka rasmiga ah ee lagama maarmaanka ah. Hantidhawrku muu muujin wax iswaafaqsan oo ka jira ficilada Regnerus oo leh heerar anshaxeed oo cilmiyaysan, mana jiro wax baaritaan ah oo la bilaabay. Si kastaba ha noqotee, sheekada ayaa ka fogayd. Regnerus wuxuu khalkhal galiyay buugaagta, warbaahinta, iyo daabacaadaha rasmiga ah, kaliya ma ahan qaab cambaareyn ah oo ku saabsan shaqadiisa sayniska (hababka falanqaynta iyo socodsiinta xogta tirakoobka), laakiin sidoo kale qaab cayiman shaqsiyeed iyo hanjabaad caafimaad iyo xitaa nolosha (Wood 2013).

Christian Smith, oo ah borofisar cilmiga cilmiga bulshada ah oo agaasime ka ah Xarunta Daraasaadka Diinta iyo Bulshada ee Jaamacadda Nore Dame, ayaa ka faalooday dhacdadan: “Kuwa soo weeraraa Regnerus ma furan karaan ujeeddooyinkooda siyaasadeed ee saxda ah, sidaa darteed istaraatiijiyadoodu waxay ahayd in ay sumcad u yeeshaan fulinaya "sayniska xun". Tani waa been. Maqaalkiisa [Regnerus] ma aha kaamil - mana jiro maqaal waligiis kaamil ah. Laakiin marka laga eego aragtida cilmiyaysan, tani kama xuntahay waxa sida caadiga ah lagu daabaco joornaalada cilmiga bulshada. Shaki kuma jiro, haddii Regnerus ay daabacday natiijooyinka ka soo horjeedda iyadoo la adeegsanayo isla habkaas, qofna kama caban lahaa qaabkiisa. Intaa waxaa sii dheer, mid ka mid ah dhaliilkiisa ayaa muujiyey walaac hanaan ku saabsan daraasadihii hore ee ku saabsan isla mowduuca, cilladdiisa oo aad uga daran xaddidaadda looga wada hadlay si faahfaahsan maqaalka Regnerus. Sida iska cad, daraasadaha daciifka ah ee yimaada gabagabada "saxda" ayaa laga aqbali karaa marka loo eego daraasadaha adag ee soo saara natiijooyinka "hal-abuurka ah" (Smith 2012).

Dr. Laurence Meyer iyo Dr. Paul McHugh, oo daabacay dib-u-eegis ballaadhan oo ku saabsan cilmi-baarista sayniska ee New Atlantis, oo cinwaankeedu yahay Galmada iyo Jinsiga: Natiijooyinka laga helayo bayoolojiga, cilmu-nafsiga, iyo sayniska bulshada, ayaa cadaadis culus kala kulmay dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT + (Hodges 2016). Shaqadooda, qorayaashu waxay si taxaddar leh oo taxaddar leh u muujiyeen asal la'aanta hadal-haynta dhaqdhaqaaqa khaniisiinta ee la xiriirta sababaha soo jiidashada khaniisiinta, iyagoo ku soo gabagabeynaya "falanqaynta natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista bayoolojiga, cilmu-nafsiga iyo bulshada ... ma muujin wax caddeyn cilmi ah oo ku saabsan qaar ka mid ah sheegashooyinka ugu badan ee la faafiyo ee ku saabsan galmada" (Mayer iyo McHugh 2016, p. 7).

Dr. Quentin van Mieter, oo ah saaxiibka Mayer iyo McHugh ee Jaamacadda Johns Hopkins, ayaa sheegay in markii hore, Mayer iyo McHugh ay qorsheeyeen inay daabacaan maqaalkooda qaar ka mid ah qorayaasha waaweyn ee awoodda u leh dib-u-eegista joornaalada sayniska ah ee takhasuska leh, laakiin tifaftirayaasha ayaa ka diiday iyaga marar badan, iyagoo xusaya xaqiiqada ah in shaqadooda “Si khaldan siyaasiyan” (Van Meter 2017).

Maqaal ay soo saareen Mayer iyo McHugh ayaa isla markiiba si xun loogu weeraray kooxaha dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha LGBT + - dhaqdhaqaaqa. Ololaha Xuquuqda Aadanaha (HRC), oo, sida ku xusan boggeeda internet, uu yahay wakiilka ugu weyn ee LGBT + uuna leeyahay miisaaniyad sanadeedka $ 50 milyan, daabacay faallo ku saabsan Mayer iyo McHugh, isagoo caddeeyay in qorayaashaas "Mislead", "faafin nacayb", iwm. Dhaqdhaqaaqayaashu waxay bilaabeen inay cadaadis saaraan tifaftirayaasha joornaalka, iyagoo dalbaday in laxakameeyo maqaalka (Hanneman 2016). Tafaftireyaasha joornaalka ayaa xitaa lagu qasbay inay daabacaan warqad rasmi ah oo looga jawaabayo eedeymaha HRC ee loogu magac daray "Been iyo cagajuglaynta ka socota Ololaha Xuquuqda Aadanaha," oo ay ka faalloodeen qaar ka mid ah weeraradii ugu xumaa. Tafaftireyaasha New Atlantis ayaa xustay: “Isku daygan waxashnimada ah ee lagu bahdilayo waa mid wax dumin u leh sayniska, oo loogu talagalay in lagu burburiyo jiritaanka is-afgaranwaa ka dhex dhaca arrimaha sayniska ee muranka badan dhaliyay. Xeeladaha cabsi gelinta ee noocan ah waxay wax u dhimayaan jawiga cilmi baaris lacag la’aan ah oo furan, taas oo ay tahay in hay'adaha cilmiga leh ay taageeraan ”(Tifaftirayaasha The New Atlantis 2016).

Dhaqdhaqaaq la mid ah oo ka socda dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha LGBT ayaa lala xiriiriyay daabacaadda Dr. Lisa Littman, oo ah kaaliyaha borofisar ee dhaqanka iyo cilmiga bulshada ee Jaamacadda Brown. Dr. Littman wuxuu bartay sababaha qalliinka ee "dhakhso-bilawga jinsiga dysphoria" (magaca loogu talagalay transsexualism dhalinyarada) ee dhalinyarada waxayna soo gabagabeeyeen in rabitaankooda lama filaanka ah ee dib u habeynta jinsiga ay ku faafi karaan asxaabta oo laga yaabo inay noqoto habka la qabsiga cudurada ee da'da Dhibaatooyinka la xiriira (Littman 2018). Kahor intaanay isku-dhawaaqin naftooda "transgender," dhallinyaradu waxay daawadeen fiidiyowyo ku saabsan dib-u-dejinta jinsiga, oo lala xiriiriyay transsexuals shabakadaha bulshada, oo akhriyay ilaha "transgender". Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar badan ayaa saaxiib la ahaa hal ama in ka badan oo transsexuals ah. Saddex meelood meel jawaab bixiyaasha ayaa sheegay in haddii ay ugu yaraan hal kuray transgender ku lahaayeen goobahoodii bulsheed, in ka badan kala bar dhalinyarada kooxdan ayaa sidoo kale bilaabay inay aqoonsadaan "transgender." Kooxda ay 50% xubnaheeda noqdaan "transgender" ayaa 70 jeer ka sarreeya inta la filayo ee dhacdadan dhalinyarada. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa la ogaaday in ka hor intaanay bilaabin dysphoria jinsiga, 62% jawaab-bixiyeyaashu waxay heleen hal ama in ka badan oo lagu ogaanayo caafimaadka maskaxda ama cillad maskaxeed. Iyo 48% ee kiisaska, jawaab-bixiyeyaashu waxay la kulmeen dhacdo naxdin leh ama walaac leh ka hor bilawga " dysphoria jinsiga," oo ay ku jiraan cagajuglaynta, xadgudubka galmada, ama furiinka waalidka. Dr. Littman ayaa soo jeediyay in waxa loogu yeero. fiditaanka bulshada iyo is-qaadsiinta dadka dhexdooda ayaa door weyn ka ciyaara sababaha cilladda aqoonsiga jinsiga. Midda kowaad waa "fidinta saamaynta ama habdhaqanka guud ahaan koox dadweyne" (Marsden 1998). Midda labaad waa "habka ay shakhsi ahaan iyo asxaabtooduba midba midka kale u saameeyaan siyaabaha kicinaya dareenka iyo dabeecadaha kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay wiiqaan horumarkooda ama waxyeello u geystaan ​​kuwa kale" (Dishion iyo Tipsord 2011). Natiijooyinka daraasadda ayaa xitaa lagu dhajiyay mareegta jaamacadda Brown. Laakiin daabacaadan, sidii la filayey, waxaa la kulmay eedeymo xamaasad leh oo ah "transphobia" iyo dalabaadka faafreebka. Maamulka jaamacada ayaa si degdeg ah u soo galay oo si degdeg ah uga saaray maqaalkii cilmi-baarista boggooda. Sida laga soo xigtay madaxa, u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha bulshada jaamacadda "waxay muujiyeen walaac ah in natiijooyinka daraasadda loo isticmaali karo in lagu wiiqo dadaallada lagu taageerayo dhalinyarada transgender iyo iska indha-tirka fikradaha xubnaha bulshada transgender" (Kearns 2018).

Professor Jeffrey S. Flier, madaxii hore ee Dugsiga Caafimaadka Harvard, ayaa arrintan ka faallooday: “Dhammaan sannadihii aan ku jiray akadeemiyadda, weligay ma arag fal-celin caynkaas ah oo ka soo baxday joornaal dhowr maalmood ka dib markii la daabacay maqaal uu joornaalku mar hore hubiyay. , asaagii dib loo eegay, oo la aqbalay. Mid ayaa kaliya u qaadan kara in falcelintani ay qayb weyn ka ahayd jawaab-celinta cadaadiska xooggan iyo hanjabaadaha - si cad ama qarsoodi ah - in ugu xun ee dib-u-celinta warbaahinta bulshada ay ku dhici doonto PLOS Mid haddii aan tallaabo faafreeb ah la qaadin "(Flier 2018) .

Professor Kenneth Zucker oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Toronto waa agaasimihii hore (waa la xiray bishii Diseembar 2015) Rugta Aqoonsiga Jinsiga ee Caruurta iyo Qoysaska Xarunta La-qabatinka iyo Caafimaadka Maskaxda (CAMH).

Borofisar Zucker wuxuu daabacay liis aad u fiican oo ku saabsan ciladaha aqoonsiga jinsiga, wuxuu xubin ka ahaa kooxda DSM-IV iyo DSM-IV-TR kala-saarista kooxaha shaqada wuxuuna hogaamiyay Kooxda Shaqada Khilaafaadka Jinsiga iyo Jinsiga Mareykanka. "DSM-5." Borofisar Zucker si dhib yar ayaa loogu magacaabi karaa shakiga 'LGBT', waxayna ahayd hoggaankiisa in Ururka Cilmiga Maskaxda ee Mareykanka “uu cusboonaysiiyay” cudurka 'ciladda aqoonsiga jinsiga' '' dysphoria ',' isagoo meesha ka saaray ereyga '' cilad '' cudurka ogaanshaha kuna guuleysanaya dadka LGBT (Thompson 2015).

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Rugta Aqoonsiga Jinsiga ee hore, Professor Zucker wuxuu la shaqeeyay bukaannada da'doodu u dhaxayso 3 ilaa 18 sano, taas oo ka soo horjeeda mabaadi'da caadiga ah ee adeegyada carruurta ee "jinsiga-wanaagsan" ee Kanada, kuwaas oo bixiya gargaar kasta oo suurtagal ah ee ku-beddelka jinsiga carruurtan oo kale - taageerada muujinta jinsiga la rabo iyadoo la beddelayo magacyada, dharka, dhaqanka iyo habab kale - ilaa ay carruurtu ka gaadhaan da'da sharciga ah ee qaliinka iyo qaadashada hormoonnada. Taa baddalkeeda, Dr. Zucker wuxuu rumaysnaa in da'dan yar, aqoonsiga jinsiga uu yahay mid aad u jilicsan oo dysphoria jinsigu uu hoos u dhici doono waqti ka dib (Zucker iyo Bradley 1995). Habkani wuxuu ahaa mid liddi ku ah fikirka LGBT, Dr. Zucker shaqadiisa waxaa muddo dheer cadaadis kala kulmayay dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa LGBT. Inkasta oo la aqoonsan yahay jiritaanka noocyo kala duwan oo daaweyn ah oo loogu talagalay cilladda aqoonsiga jinsiga (Ehrensaft 2017), maamulka Xarunta Qabatinka iyo Caafimaadka Maskaxda ayaa go'aansaday in la sameeyo xisaabinta hawlaha Dr. Zucker (Thompson 2015). Dib-u-eegayaasha la xushay waxay ku qoreen warbixintooda, "Intii lagu jiray dib u eegista, laba mawduuc oo waaweyn ayaa u soo baxay walaaca dib u eegista: marka hore, in Rugta caafimaadku ay u muuqato inay u dhaqmayso sidii wax ka baxsan nidaamka Xarunta Caafimaadka Dhimirka iyo Balwadda gaar ahaan iyo guud ahaan bulshada, iyo - marka labaad, hawlaha Rugta caafimaadku uma muuqdaan kuwo u dhigma daaweynta casriga ah iyo dhaqanka hawlgalka. Jawaab-celinta macaamiisha iyo daneeyayaashu waxay ahaayeen kuwo togan iyo kuwo taban oo ku saabsan Rugta. Qaar ka mid ah macaamiishii hore ayaa aad ugu riyaaqay adeegga ay heleen, halka qaar kalena ay dareemeen in habka takhaatiirta ay tahay mid aan habboonayn, niyad-jab iyo aan waxtar lahayn. Bulshada xirfadleyda ahi waxay aqoonsadeen tabarucaadka akadeemiyadeed ee Rugta, halka qaar ka mid ah daneeyayaasha ay muujiyeen walaac ku saabsan qaabka daryeelka hadda." (CAMH 2016).

Dib-u-eegayaashu waxay sidoo kale qoreen inay martiqaadeen dad aan la aqoonsan si ay uga faalloodaan waayo-aragnimadooda rugta caafimaadka, iyadoo mid ka mid ah uu sheegay in Dr. Zucker "uu ka codsaday inuu shaadhka iska siibo horteeda dhakhaatiirta kale ee goobta joogta, wuu qoslay markii uu oggolaaday, ka dibna u yeedhay. ' dulin timo yar leh.' (Singal 2016a). Dr. Zucker isla markiiba waa la eryay (shaqaale labaad ee wakhtiga buuxa ee rugta, Dr. Haley Wood, ayaa hore loo eryay), sidaa awgeed Rugta Aqoonsiga Jinsiga waa la xidhay. Hagaag, xaqiiqda ah in "daneyaal qaar ka mid ah ay muujiyeen walaac" (in kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in rugta aqoonsiga jinsiga ee dhaqanka ay heshay aqoonsi tacliimeed) iyo eedeymaha aan la hubin ee daaweynta anshax-darrada ah - taas oo, habka, ka dib, laga saaray eedaysanaha (Singal 2016b) — ayaa ku filan in la isticmaalo faafreeb adag.

Dr. Robert Oscar Lopez oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda California State, oo isaga laftiisu ku koray laba lammaane isla markaana isu arka inuu yahay laba jinsi, wuxuu daabacay maqaal 2012, "Kobcinta Laba Hooyo: Sawirka Untold ee Caruurta", isaga oo ka sheekeeyay khibraddiisa aadka u xun ee barbaarinta laba lammaane. Haweenka, kuwaas oo markii dambe isaga u rogay qancin LGBT ka walaacsan guurka khaniisiinta iyo korsashada carruurta. Tani waxay horseeday cagajugleyn deg deg ah iyo eedeymo ku saabsan blogging (Flaherty 2015). Lopez wuxuu sii waday inuu qoro isla khudbadii, taas oo ka dhalatay in lagu daro liisaska “hadalada nacaybka” ee ururrada dacaayadaha ee LGBT sida Ololaha Xuquuqda Aadanaha (HRC shaqaalaha 2014) iyo GLAAD (GLAAD).

Qoraal kastoo jilicsan oo LGBT-ga shaki kujiro waxaa isla markiiba lagu gartaa nacayb.

Tan waxaa sidoo kale caddeyn u ah haweeney lagu soo barbaariyay lamaane isku jinsi ah, Heather Barwick, oo daabacday dareenkeeda - gudaha geetada macluumaadka ee warbaahinta ee aragtiyada dhaqameed - warqad furan oo ku socota "LGBT +" - bulshada. Barwick wuxuu yiri si ka duwan caruurta la kulantay furiinka, ugana duwan caruurta ay soo korsadeen lamaanaha isqaba, caruurta lammaanaha isku jinsiga ah waa la dhaleeceynayaa hadii ay go'aansadaan inay ka cabanayaan xaaladooda: Inbadan oo naga mid ah aad ayaan uga cabsaneynaa inay hadlaan oo aan kaaga sheekeeyo dhibaatadeena iyo xanuunkeena, maxaa yeelay sabab kastoo jirta, waxaad moodaa inaadan dhageysaneyn. Wixii aadan rabin inaad maqasho. Haddii aan dhahno waan ku dhibtoonay waalidkeen oo isku jinsi ah, waxaa naloo diiday ama waxaa nalagu calaamadeeyay kuwa neceb ... ”(Barwick 2015). Bil kadib, gabadh kale oo lammaanaha is guursata ah ayaa daabacday warqad furan, oo ay ku dhaleeceynayso dhaqanka guud ee bulshada "LGBT +" ee kujira: "... Weligay iskuma tixgelin doono inaan noqdo mid aan dulqaad lahayn oo aan is-ilaalin karo sida bulshada LGBT, oo u baahan dulqaad kulul iyo xamaasad leh, laakiin uma muujinayo dulqaad wadaag, mararka qaarkood xitaa xubnaheeda. Xaqiiqdii, beeshani waxay weeraraysaa qof kasta oo aan ku raacsanayn, si kasta oo si qalbi furan loo muujiyo khilaafkaas ... ”(Walton 2015).

Jahawareer qaldan oo xagga cilmiga ah awgeed

Saynisyahanada iyo dhammaan dadka ku xiran cilmiga sayniska waa inay had iyo jeer isku dayaan inay ka fogaadaan sii socoshada dhaqanka iyo siyaasada taas oo qayb ka ah nashaadaadkooda saynis. Sayniska oo ah rabitaan weligiis iyo shaqsi ahaaneed ah oo raadinaya aqoon ku saabsan adduunka nagu wareegsan ayaa go'aaminaya waxa "sax ah", oo ku saleysan caddeyn, iyo "walaacyada ay muujiyeen qaar ka mid ah dhinacyada xiiseynaya bulshada". Haddii aysan jirin caddeyn noocaas ah ama ay is burinayaan, markaa waxaan ka hadli karnaa oo keliya aragtiyaha iyo fikradaha. Saynisku waa inay noqotaa mid guud, taas oo ah, u adeegso isla shuruudo loogu talagalay fasiraadda tijaabooyinka iyo cilmi baarista. Ma jiro daabacaad kufilan; shaqo kasto oo saynis ah waxay leedahay xadeynteeda iyo cilladdeeda. Si kastaba ha noqotee, haddii daraasad ama daabacaad ay natiijooyinkoodu yihiin kuwa loo yaqaan 'LGBT' ay shaki ka muujinayaan xaddidan dariiqa, iyo xannibaaddaani ma oggolaaneyso gabagabada kama dambaysta ah, markaa xaddidaad dariiqa la mid ah ayaa lagu aqoonsaday daraasad ama daabacaad ay natiijooyinkoodu yihiin LGBT-dacaayaddu waa isku mid. uma oggolaanayo inuu sawiro gabagabada. Tusaale ahaan, xaddidaado badan oo habab ah ayaa lagu muujiyay shaqooyinka caanka ah ee loo yaqaan 'LGBT' ee u doodista Alfred Kinsey (Terman 1948; Maslow iyo Sakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) iyo Evelyn Hooker (Cameron iyo Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Si kastaba ha noqotee, shaqooyinkan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay yihiin tusaalooyin ay ka mid yihiin "qancinta iyo xaqiiqooyinka cilmiyaysan ee la caddeeyay" ee loo adeegsaday in lagu sameeyo go'aanno dhaqan-siyaasadeed iyo cilmi-baaris cilmiyeed. Isla mar ahaantaana, xaddidaad kasta oo ku saabsan daabacadaha shaki-galinta 'LGBT' ee shakiga leh runti wuu tirtirayaa oo wuxuu u beddelaa "naaqusnimo." Haddii kale, kani waa tusaale caadi ah oo isha ku jira iyo indho isku jir ah.

Dr. Lauren Marx oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Louisiana State ayaa daabacay 2012 dib-u-eegis lagu sameeyay 59 waraaqo saynis ah (Marks 2012) oo ku saabsan carruurta lagu soo koray lammaaneyaasha isku jinsiga ah; waraaqahaas ayaa loo adeegsaday dood ahaan bayaanadda Ururka Cilmi-nafsiyeedka Mareykanka ee ah in aysan jirin wax saameyn ah oo cilaaqaadka waalidnimo ee waalidka ku yeeshaan carruurta. (APA 2005). Marx wuxuu tilmaamay cillad-darrooyinka iyo xaddidanda shaqooyinkan. Dib-u-eegista Dr. Marx kaliya looma indho-indheyn oo waxaa hogaaminaya ururrada cilmi-baarista, laakiin waxaa sidoo kale loogu magacdaray "cilmi-baaris tayo hooseysa," taasoo "aan ku habooneyn joornaal daabacay cilmi-baaris asal ah" (Bartlett 2012)

Dhinacyo badan, sida kor lagu muujiyey, cilmi-baarayaashu si macquul ah ayey uga baqayaan oo waxay ka fogaanayaan shaacinta natiijooyinka LGBT-ee shakiga leh, waxayna xitaa diidayaan inay ka shaqeeyaan jihooyinka "mamnuuca ah". Xaqiiqadani ma qalloocineysaa cilmiga? Shaki la’aan. Tusaale ahaan, Madaxweynihii hore ee Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga Mareykanka (1979-1980), Dr. Nicholas Cummings, wuxuu rumeysan yahay in cilmiga bulshada uu hoos u dhacayo maxaa yeelay wuxuu ku hoos jiraa kalitalisnimada dadka u dhaqdhaqaaqa arrimaha bulshada. Dr. Cummings wuxuu sheegay in marka ay Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga ee Mareykanku ay cilmi baaris sameeyaan ay kaliya sameeyaan "markay ogaadaan waxa ka soo bixi doona ... kaliya daraasadaha natiijooyinka wanaagsan ee la saadaalin karo ayaa la aqbali karaa" (Ames Nicolosi nd).

Madaxweyne kale oo hore oo ka tirsanaa Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga Mareykanka (1985-1986), Dr. Robert Perloff, ayaa yiri: "... Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga Mareykanka aad bey 'siyaasad ahaan ugu saxsan yihiin' ... waxayna aad ugu adeegaan danaha gaarka ah ..." (Murray 2001).

Clevenger shaqadiisa wuxuu ku tilmaamay aflagaado nidaamsan oo laxiriira daabicista qodobbada mowduuca khaniisnimada (Clevenger 2002). Wuxuu muujiyey inay jirto heyb sooc ku dhisan hay'ad ka hortagaysa daabacaadda maqaal kasta oo aan ku habboonayn faham gaar ah oo siyaasadeed iyo fikradeed xagga khaniisiinta. Clevenger wuxuu sidoo kale ku soo gabagabeeyey in Ururka Maskaxda ee Mareykanka, sida ururada kale ee xirfadleyda ah, ay sii kordhayaan siyaasad ahaan, taasoo horseedeysa shaki ku saabsan jiritaanka qoraalkooda iyo dhex-dhexaadnimada howlahooda, in kasta oo ay wali si weyn u ixtiraamaan oo loo adeegsado garsoorka. arrimaha. Fikradaha cilmi baarayaasha ee ka soo horjeedda caqiidada liistada ayaa la quusiyaa oo la yareeyaa.

Qaado, tusaale ahaan daraasadda 2014-ka oo cinwaankeedu yahay "Marka xiriirku beddelo maskaxda: Tijaabad ku saabsan gudbinta taageerada sinnaanta khaniisiinta", kaas oo Michael Lacourt oo ka socda Los Angeles uu baaray jawaabaha dadka deggan su'aal ku saabsan waxa loogu yeero "Sharciyeyn" guurka lammaane isku jinsiga ah ee ku saleysan aqoonsiga galmada ee wareysteyaasha (LaCour and Green 2014). LaCourt wuxuu ku dooday in markii waraystuhu u muuqdo inuu yahay khaniis, tani waxay si weyn u kordhisay suurtagalnimada jawaab celin. Natiijooyinka ayaa mar kale ku faafay cinwaannada warbaahinta hoggaamisa. LaCourt waxay noqotay ku dhawaad ​​xiddig. Si kastaba ha noqotee, waxaa la dhihi karaa inuu canaantiisa uu dilay markii akhristaha aan xiiseyneynin uu ogaadey in LaCourt gabi ahaanba beenisay xogta daraasaddiisa (Broockman et al. 2015). Daabacaadda LaCourt ayaa dib loogu yeeray (McNutt 2015), laakiin, markale, wararka dib u soo celinta kuma aysan faafin warbaahinta.

Saxafiga Naomi Riley ayaa sharraxay kiiska daabacaadda Mark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). Sannadkii 2014, borofisar ka tirsan jaamacadda Columbia, Mark Hatzenbühler ayaa sheegay inuu helay waxyaabaha soo socda: khaniisiinta ku nool meelaha leh “nacayb” aad u hooseeya oo filasho nololeed 12 sano ka hooseeya kuwa ku nool aagagga "xorriyadda". Si loo helo faham fiican: farqiga u dhexeeya 12-sanadood ayaa ka badan farqi la mid ah oo u dhexeeya dadka sigaarka cabba iyo kuwa aan sigaarka cabbin. Dabcan, daraasadda daraasadda Hatzenbühler waxay ku faafay guud ahaan cinwaannada warbaahinnada guud, halka kuwa ku doodaya in la fogeeyo ee diida khaniisnimada ay yihiin wax caadi ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, mid ka mid ah warbaahinnadaas midkoodna kuma sheegin daabacaadda joornaalka cilmiga bulshada iyo daawada ee cilmibaareyaasha aan kor ku soo xusnay, borofisar ka ah Jaamacadda Texas Mark Regnerus, isku dayeen inay ku daydaan natiijooyinka Hatzenbühler oo ay heleen xog aad u kala duwan - ma jiraan wax saameyn ah "heerka nacaybka" ee ku saabsan filashada nolosha ee khaniisiinta. (Regnerus 2017). Regnerus wuxuu si daacad ah isugu dayay toban hab oo kaladuwan oo xisaabinta ah iyadoo la isku dayay in la xaqiijiyo xogta uu sheegay Hatzenbühler, laakiin ma jirin hal qaab oo muujinaya natiijooyin tirakoob ahaan muhiimad weyn leh. Regnerus wuxuu soo gabagabeeyey: “Isbadallada ku yimid daraasaddii hore ee 'Hatzenbühler' (oo sidaas awgeed natiijooyinkiisii ​​muhiimka ahaa) ay u nugul yihiin fasiraadda mawduuca inta lagu jiro cabbiraadaha sidaas darteedna loo tixgelin karaa inaynan khusaynin" (Regnerus 2017).

Cilmiga bulshada, 'xiisad dhab ah oo wax ka bedelid ah' (ie, celcelis ahaan, si kale haddii loo dhigo caalimnimo) ee daraasadaha la daabacay ayaa ilaa maanta dhacay. Sanadkii 2015, mashruuc cilmi baaris oo ballaaran oo loogu magac daray "Reproducibility Project", oo uu hogaaminayo Brian Nosek oo ka tirsan jaamacada Virginia, ayaa loo xilsaaray inuu ku celiyo natiijada 100 daraasadood oo cilmi nafsi ah oo la daabacay - seddex dalool meel kaliya ayaa la soo saaray (Aarts et al. 2015).

Richard Horton, tifatiraha guud ee joornaalka sayniska The Lancet, wuxuu walaac ka muujiyay maqaalka qoraa:

“... Inta badan suugaanta sayniska, laga yaabee kala badh, waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan si dhab ah uga tarjumeynin xaqiiqda. Waxaa hareeyay daraasado leh shaybaarro yar yar, saameyn la dayaci karo, falanqeyn aan ku filneyn, iyo isku dhacyo muuqda oo xiiso leh, oo ay weheliso jahwareer ku saabsan isbeddellada moodada ee ahmiyadda weyn leh, sayniska ayaa u leexday dhinaca mugdiga ... Baahida muuqata ee dabeecadda cilmi baarista ee aan la aqbali karin ah ee bulshada sayniska ayaa cabsi leh ... Si loo qanciyo saynisyahannadu badanaa waxay u habeeyaan xogta si ay ula jaanqaadaan aragtidooda adduunka ama ay ula qabsadaan mala-awaalka xogtooda ... Dabagalkayaga "ahmiyadda" ayaa sumeeya suugaanta sayniska oo leh sheeko xariirooyinka tirakoobka ee tirakoobka badan ... Jaamacadaha ayaa ku lug leh loolan joogto ah lacag iyo tayo ... wax yar ha ka beddelin dhaqanka sahaminta, oo mararka qaarkood xuduud la leh xumaanta ... ”(Horton 2015).

Farqiga u dhexeeya aragtida warbaahinta ee daabacaadda Regnerus iyo Hatzenbühler waa iska cadahay: kaliya in gunaanadyada qaarkood laga aqbalo kuwa kale [1].

Professor Walter Schumm oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Kansas, isla mawduucan, ayaa xusay: “… Daraasado ayaa muujiyey in qorayaal badan oo cilmiyaysan, markay dib u eegaan suugaanta, ay u muuqdaan inay tixraacayaan daraasad qaab daciif ah, haddii daraasadaha noocan oo kale ah laga soo saaro natiijada la rabay ee lagu taageerayo mala-awaalka wax saameyn ah kuma yeelan… "(Schumm 2010, p. 378).

Sannadkii 2006, Dr. Brian Meyer oo ka tirsan kulliyadda Gettysburg ayaa xusay, ku saabsan saamaynta warbaahinta ee Adams et al., Cadaawadda khaniisnimada ayaa la sheegay inay muujineyso "khaniisnimo qarsoon" (Adams et al. 1996): "... Maqnaanshaha [cilmi baaris ku celis ah] ayaa si gaar ah u wareersan haddii aad tixgeliso heerka dareenka ee ka dhashay maqaalka [Adams et al. 1996]. Waxaan u aragnaa mid xiiso leh in warbaahin badan (maqaallada joornaalada, buugaagta, iyo bogagga internetka ee aan la tirin karin) ay aqbaleen mala-awaalka nafsaaniga ah sharraxaad u ah khaniisnimada, xitaa iyada oo aan la helin caddayn dambe oo soo socota ... ”(Meier et al. 2006, p. 378).

Sannadkii 1996, Dr. Alan D. Sokal, oo ah borofisar cilmiga fiisigiska ka dhiga Jaamacadda New York, ayaa soo gudbiyay warqad cinwaankeedu yahay "Trangressing the Boundries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" joornaalka akadeemiyada qoraalka Bulshada. Tifaftirayaasha Qoraalka Bulshada ayaa go'aansaday inay daabacaan maqaalkan (Sokal 1996a). Waxa ay ahayd tijaabo – maqaalku waxa uu ahaa been abuur dhammaystiran – maqaalkan Sokal, isaga oo ka hadlaya dhibaatooyinka hadda jira ee xisaabta iyo fiisigiska, waxa uu gabi ahaanba si la yaab leh u soo bandhigay muhiimadda ay u leeyihiin dhinaca dhaqanka, falsafada iyo siyaasadda (tusaale ahaan, waxa uu soo jeediyay in cuf-jiidka quantum uu yahay dhismo bulsheed) si loo soo jiito dareenka tacliinyahannada casriga ah ee su'aal ka keena ujeeddada sayniska, waxay ahayd qoraal si xariif ah u qoran oo cilmi-baadhisyo falsafadeed oo casri ah oo cilmi-baariseed oo casri ah, oo aan lahayn wax macne ah (Sokal 1996b). Sida Sokal u sharraxay: "Muddo dhowr sano ah waxaa i dhibay hoos u dhaca muuqda ee heerarka ujeeddooyinka garaadka ee meelaha qaar ee cilmiga aadanaha ee Maraykanka. Laakiin anigu waxaan ahay physicist: haddii aanan fahmi karin faa'iidooyinka shay sidan oo kale ah, malaha waxay ka tarjumaysaa ku filnaan la'aantayda. Marka, si aan u tijaabiyo heerarka garaadka guud, waxaan go'aansaday in aan sameeyo tijaabo dhexdhexaad ah (haddii aan si buuxda loo xakamayn): ma jariiradda daraasaadka dhaqameed ee Waqooyiga Ameerika, oo shaqaalaheeda tifaftirka ay ka mid yihiin nalalka sida Fredric Jameson iyo Andrew Ross, daabacaan wax aan macno lahayn haddii tani ay tahay wax aan macno lahayn. (a) si fiican buu u dhawaqayaa (b) wuxuu ku sasabayaa eexda fikradeed ee tifaftirayaasha? Jawaabtu, nasiib darro, waa haa.” (Sokal 1996b).

Xaqiijinta kale ee xaaladda xun ee sayniska casriga ah waxaa bixiyay saddex saynisyahano Mareykan ah - James Lindsey, Helen Plakrose iyo Peter Bogossyan, kuwaas oo sanadka oo dhan si ula kac ah u qoreen qodobo aan macno lahayn oo xitaa si cad oo aan macquul ahayn u soo qoray "maaddada cilmiga" ee qaybaha kala duwan ee cilmiga bulshada si ay u caddeeyaan: fikirka fikradahan waqti hore ayaa ka adkaaday dareenka guud. Ilaa iyo bishii Agoosto 2017, saynisyahano, oo hoos imanaya magacyo khayaal ah, waxay direen 20 maqaallo been abuur ah oo loogu talagalay cilmi baaris caadi ah oo loo diro joornaalada sayniska ee dib loo eegay. Mawduucyada shaqooyinku way kala duwan yihiin, laakiin dhammaantood waxay ku nuuxnuuxsadeen muuqaallo kala duwan oo ka yimid halganka lagula dagaallamayo "caddaalad darrada bulshada": daraasadda dheddig-laboodka, dhaqanka masiirnimada, arrimaha aragtida isir-nacaybka, hanashada galmada, wanaagga jirka, iyo wixii la mid ah. Maqaal kasta, aragti fikir xagjirnimo xagjirnimo ah ayaa horay loo sii qaaday iyadoo la cambaareynayo mid ama mid kale “dhisid bulsheed” (tusaale ahaan, doorarka lamaanaha). Marka laga eego aragtida cilmiyaysan, qodobbada waxay ahaayeen kuwo si cad oo waadax ah aan loo adkaysan karin isla markaana u adkaysan kari waayey dhaleeceyn kasta.

Maqaal lagu qoray joornaalka Areo, Lindsay, Plakrose iyo Bogossian ayaa ka hadlay ujeeddadooda ficilkooda: “... Wax cilmiga ku jira ayaa qaldamay, gaar ahaan meelaha qaarkood ee aadanaha. Haatan cilmi baaris cilmiyaysan ayaa lagu sameeyay si adag, oo aan loogu gogol xaarayn raadinta runta, laakiin loo muujiyo niyad jabka bulshada iyo isku dhacyada asal ahaan ku saleysan. Mararka qaarkood waxay ku xukumaan aagagga shuruud la'aan, saynisyahannadu waxay sii kordhinayaan cabsi gelinta ardayda, maamulayaasha, iyo waaxaha kale, iyagoo ku khasbaya inay ku dhegaan aragtidooda. Tani ma ahan aragti adduunka ee sayniska ah, waana mid ka hooseysa. Dad badan, dhibaatadan waa mid si muuqata oo muuqata, laakiin ma hayaan caddeyn qancisa. Sababtaas awgeed, waxaan ka shaqeynayey wax barasho muddo dhan sanad ah, anagoo u aragna inay tahay qeyb muhiim ka ah dhibaatada… ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

Hawshan, waxaa jira hal weji oo isku xiraya dhammaan 20ka waraaqo ee sayniska ah, in kasta oo aan adeegsannay habab kala duwan, oo aan ku soo bandhigno kuwan ama fikradahan iyada oo ujeedadu tahay sidii aan u arki lahayn sida tifaftirayaasha iyo dib-u-fiiriyayaashu uga falcelin lahaayeen. Mararka qaar waxaan la nimid nooc nooc ka baxsan ama fikir bini aadamnimo ah oo aan bilownay inaan sare u qaadno. Maxaad u qori weyday warqad ku saabsan sida ragga loo tababbaray sida eeyaha si looga hortago dhaqan rabshadeed? Marka shaqadeena “Park for Dog Socodka” ayaa soo muuqday. Oo maxaad u qori weyday daraasad iyada oo lagu sheegayo in marka qofku si qarsoodi ah u khiyaaneeyo, isagoo ka fikiraya naag (iyada oo aan oggolaansho laga haysan, oo ay waligeed ogaan doonin), inuu ku kaco xadgudub galmo iyada ka dhan ah? Markaa waxaan helnay daraasadda Naasaha. Iyo sababta aan u dhihi karin in sirdoonka qarsoodiga ah ee macmalku ay khatar tahay, maadaama ay tahay barnaamij duug ah, misogynistic iyo imperialistic, adoo adeegsanaya falanqaynta nafsaaniga ah ee qoraaga Frankenstein, Mary Shelley iyo Jacques Lacan? Waxay caddeeyeen - oo ay heleen shaqadda “Feminist Artificial Intelligence”. Ama waxaa laga yaabaa inaad horay u soo dhigto fikradda ah in jir dufan ahi uu dabiici yahay, sidaa darteedna dhisidda xirfadleyda ah ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la soo bandhigo nooc cusub oo loogu talagalay dadka dufanka leh Akhriso "Barashada Fat" oo waad fahmi doontaa waxa dhacay.

Mararka qaar waxaan baran jirnay daraasado hore oo niyad jab ah si aan u fahamno meesha iyo waxa xun, waxaanan isku daynay inaan xoojino dhibaatooyinkaas. Ma jiraa shaqo "Feminist Glaciology"? Hagaag, waan nuqul ka sameyn doonnaa waxaanna qori karnaa shaqo ku saabsan cilmiga xiddigta dumarka, halkaas oo aan ku caddeynay in astrology-ga dheddigga iyo khaniisiinta in loo qaddariyo inay tahay qayb muhiim ka ah sayniska cilmiga xiddigiska, oo ay tahay in lagu sumadeeyo misogyny. Falanqeeyayaasha ayaa si xamaasad leh u qaatay fikirkan. Laakiin maxaa dhacaya haddii aan u isticmaalno habka falanqaynta mowduuca in aan isku darsanno fasiraadaha xogta aad jeceshahay? Maxaa diidaya. Waxaan qornay maqaal ku saabsan dadka ka shaqeeya transgender, halkaasoo ay taas ku sameeyeen. Ragga miyay u isticmaalaan "kaydadka ragga" si ay u muujiyaan awoodooda hoos u dhaca halkaas oo bulshada aan aqbali karin? Dhibaato malahan. Waxaan daabacnay warqad, soo koobisiddu waa sidan soo socota: "Baaraha cilmiga arrimaha jinsiga wuxuu aadayaa maqaayad leh waardiyeyaal qaawan si ay u ogaadaan sababta loogu baahan yahay." Waxaad la yaabtay aragtiyo guud oo la aqbalay, oo ma waxaad dooneysaa sharaxaaddaada tan? Anaga qudhaydu waxbaan sharaxnay waxkasta oo ku jira shaqadeena "Dildo", anagoo siinayna jawaabta su'aashan soo socota: "Maxay ragga toosan had iyo jeer ugu dhaqmayaan taabashada futada, maxaase dhacaya haddii ay bilaabaan inay tan sameeyaan?" Waxaan siinaa tilmaan ah: sida ku xusan qodobkayaga joornaalka cilmiga sayniska Sekshiwalka iyo Dhaqanka, ragga kiiskan waxay leeyihiin cadaawad aad u yar oo ku wajahan dadka transgender iyo transgender-ka, waxayna noqon doonaan dumar badan.

Waxaan isticmaalnay habab kale. Tusaale ahaan, waxaan ka fikirnay in aan qoro “maqaal horumarsan” oo leh soojeedin ah in laga mamnuuco ragga cadaanka ah ee ku jira kuliyada in ay ka hadlaan dhagaystayaasha (ama macallinka ka dhig jawaabta e-maylkooda u yimid), ka dibna, marka lagu daro wax kasta, ka dhig inay fadhiistaan ​​salka silsiladaha si ay u dareemaan inay ka qoomamoonayaan oo ay wax uga beddelaan dembigooda taariikhiga ah. Si dhakhso leh ayaa loo sheegay intaan la qaban. Soo-jeedinteennu waxay heshay jawaab-celin firfircoon, waxayna umuuqataa in titan ee falsafadda haweenka, joornaalka "Hypatia" inuu si diirran uga fal celiyay. Waxaan la kulannay su'aal kale oo adag: "Waxaan la yaabanahay haddii cutubka ka soo baxa Miinada Hitler ee Kampf la daabici doono haddii dhedigu dib u qoro?" Waxay soo baxday in jawaabtu ay ahayd mid togan, maadaama joornaalka cilmiga dumarka ee Affilia ay aqbashay qodobka daabacaadda. Ku dhaqaaqista wadada sayniska, waxaan bilownay inaan ogaano inaan wax qaban karno hadii aysan ka gudubneyn qaab dhismeedka guud ahaan la aqbali karo akhlaaqda oo aan muujino fahamka suugaanta haatan jirta.

Si kale haddii loo dhigo, waxaan helnay sabab wanaagsan oo aan aaminsanaano haddii aan si sax ah ugu habboon nahay suugaanta jirta oo aan ka amaahanno (tanina marwalba way suurtagal tahay - waa inaan tixraacno ilaha aasaasiga ah), waxaan fursad u heli doonnaa inaan sameyno odhaah kastoo siyaasad ku dhisan. Arin kasta, hal iyo su’aal aasaasi ah ayaa ka soo kacday: maxaan u baahan nahay inaan qoro iyo maxaan u baahan nahay inaan soo xigano (dhamaan iskuxiraheena, inta jid ahaan, waa wax dhab ah) sidaa darteed nolosheenna waxaa loo daabici doonaa saynis ahaan duulimaadka sare. ”

Qodobbadaas si guul leh ayaa loo tijaabiyay loona daabacay joornaalada asxaabta ee dib loo eegay. Sababtoo ah "dabeecadooda cilmiga ah ee tusaalaha ah", qorayaashu xitaa waxay heleen 4 casuumad si ay u noqdaan kuwa wax ku fiiriya joornaalada sayniska, iyo mid ka mid ah maqaalada ugu xun, "Dog Park", waxay ku faaneen booska liisaska qodobbada ugu wanaagsan joornaalka haweenka ee “Jinsiga, Meesha iyo Dhaqanka”. Cilmiga opus wuxuu ahaa sidan soo socota:

Barooyinka eydu waxay kufsiga kufsadaan waana meel ku baahsan dhaqanka kufsiga eeyaha, halkaas oo ay ka jirto cadaadin habaysan "eeyaha la dulmiyay", kaasoo noo oggolaanaya inaan cabirno habka aadanaha u wajaho labada dhibaato. Tani waxay ku siinaysaa fikrad ah sida ragga looga daayo rabshada galmoodka iyo murugada ay u jeedaan ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

Xayeysiis

Dhaqdhaqaaqe Mareykan ah oo qoraa ah, oo aan qarin waxyaabaha ay doorbidaan qaniisiinta, borofisar cilmiga aadanaha Camilla Paglia, buugeeda Vamps And Tramps back in 1994, xustay: “... Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay, xaaladdu waxay noqotay mid faraha ka baxday: hab cilmiyeysan oo mas'uul ah ayaa macquul ah marka hadalka caqliga leh ay xakameeyaan duufaannada , kiiskan, u dhaqdhaqaaqayaasha khaniisiinta ah, oo leh xagjirnimada xagjirnimada ah, sheeganaya lahaanshaha gaarka ah ee runta ... Waa inaan ka digtoonaanno jahwareerka suurtagalka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqdhaqaaqa khaniisnimada ee sayniska, kaas oo abuuraya dacaayad ka badan runta. Saynisyahannada khaniisiinta waa inay noqdaan saynisyahanno marka hore, ka dibna khaniis… ”(Paglia 1995, p. 91).

Oraahda ugu dambeysa waa xoogaa cajiib ah. Beddelka aragtida fikirka iyo aragtida bulshada ee xirfadyahannada caafimaadka dhimirka - ma aha indha indheyn caafimaad iyo xaqiiqooyin saynis ah - waxay saameyn xoog leh ku leedahay natiijooyinka baaritaanka. Nasiib darrose, inbadan oo ka mid ah kuwa bartay khaniisnimada ayaa si cad diiradda u saaray natiijo cayiman.

Baarayaasha natiijooyinkooda waxay beeniyaan fikirka "khaniisiinta oo ah qaab jiheyn" ayaa inta badan lagu dhaleeceeyaa iyada oo ku saleysan mabda'a "ad hominem circumstantiae". Kani waa dhaqan dumisnimo xun oo dood, halkii laga doodi lahaa xaqiiqda doodda lafteeda, loo diidayo iyadoo la tilmaamayo duruufaha, dabeecadda, ujeeddooyinka ama astaamaha kale ee qofka keena dooda, ama qofka la xiriira dooda. Tusaale ahaan, xaqiiqda ah in saynisyahanku uu muuminiin yahay ama taageerayo axsaab siyaasadeed oo leh aragti muxaafid ah, in maqaalku lagu soo daabacay "joornaal aan guud ahayn" ama joornaal aan dib loo eegin, iwm. Intaa waxaa dheer, isku day kasta oo lagu weecinayo dooddan 180 digrii waxaa isla markiiba lagu hayaa eedeymo ku saabsan dhaqan xumo, “saxsanaan siyaasadeed”, “nacayb siyaasadeed” iyo xitaa faafinta nacaybka.

Naftaada u xukumaan.

Carl Maria Kertbeny, buug-yaraha Australiyaanka ah ee soo saaray ereyada heterosexuality, monosexuality, iyo khaniisnimada (oo hore isku-galmoodka galmoodka loo yaqaan 'sodomy ama pederasty), wuxuu ahaa khaniis (Takács 2004, p. 26-40). Qareenka Jarmalka oo soo saaray ereyga "hanuuninta galmada" oo dalbaday in xiriirka khaniisiinta loo tixgeliyo mid caadi ah sababtoo ah waxay ahaayeen kuwo dhalan, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, wuxuu ahaa khaniis (Sgusch 2000). Edward Warren, oo ah milyaneer Mareykan ah oo xiisaynaya waayihii hore, wuxuu siiyay dadweynaha koob la sheegay in qadiimi ah oo ay ku sawiran yihiin ficillada socod-socodnimada, kaas oo lagu eedeeyay inuu xaqiijiyay dhaqanka khaniisnimada ee Giriiggii hore (waxa loogu yeero Koobka Warren), wuxuu ahaa khaniis (BrightonOurStory). 1999). Cilmi-nafsiga Dr. Alfred Kinsey-"aabihii kacaanka galmada ee Maraykanka" wuxuu ahaa lab iyo dhedig (Baumgardner 2008, p. 48) wuxuuna la yeeshay rag kale, oo ay ku jiraan ardaygiisa iyo qoraaga Clyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. .59). Dhakhtarka cilmi nafsiga Fritz Klein, oo ah qoraaga Miisaanka Hanuuninta Galmada ee Klein, wuxuu ahaa lab iyo dhedig (Klein iyo Schwartz 2001). Dr. Evelyn Hooker waxay daraasaddeeda caanka ah ku bilaawday dhiirigelinta saaxiibkeed Sam Frome iyo ragga kale ee khaniisiinta ah (Jackson et al., 1998, bogga 251-253), warbixinteedii ugu horreysay ee arrintan ku saabsan waxaa lagu daabacay majaladda khaniisiinta ee Mattachine. Dib u eegis ( Hooker 1955). Cilmi-nafsiga Paul Rosenfels, oo daabacay Khaniisnimada: Cilmi-nafsiga Habka Hal-abuurka ee 1971, kaas oo baadhay soo jiidashada khaniisiinta sida kala duwanaansho caadi ah, oo ku lug lahaanshaha door ku lahaa dhacdooyinka 1973, wuxuu ahaa khaniis (Paul Rosenfels Community website nd).

Dr. John Spiegel, oo loo doortay madaxweynaha Ururka Dhakhaatiirta Maskaxda ee 1973, wuxuu ahaa khaniis (iyo xubin ka mid ah waxa loogu yeero "GayPA") (ereyada 81, 2002), sida asxaabta kale ee ka qeyb qaatay ka saarida khaniisnimada liiska liidashada: Ronald Gold (Humm 2017), Howard Brown (Brown 1976), Charles Silverstein (Silverstein iyo White 1977), John Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) iyo Richard Green (Green 2018). Dr. George Weinberg, oo ku taqasusay ereyga 'khaniisiinta' ee salka ku haya xiriirada lala yeesho asxaabta khaniisiinta ah, wuxuu ahaa dagaal yahan ololeeya dhaqdhaqaaqa khaniisiinta (Aabsan 2002).

Dr. Donald West, oo sameeyay "fikradaha" in shakhsiyaadka ka shakisan khaniisnimada inay noqon karaan "khaniisiin qarsoon," naftiisa waa khaniis (West 2012). Dr. Gregory Herek, oo ku takhasusay “khaniisnimada,” oo ka tarjumaya qeexitaanka “dambiyada nacaybka,” laftiisu waa khaniis (Bohan iyo Russel 1999). Qoraayaasha daraasadaha waaweyn, oo loo tarjumay xaqiijinta asal ahaan noolaha ee khaniisnimada, waa khaniisiin: Dr. Simon LeVey ("daraasadda hypothalamus") (Allen 1997), Dr. Richard Pillard ("daraasadda mataanaha mataanaha") (Mass 1990) iyo Dr. Dean Heimer ("Daraasadda hidda-wadaha") (The New York Times 2004). Dr. Bruce Badgemeal, oo daabacay buug sheeganaya in khaniisnimadu ay tahay mid baahsan oo caadi ku ah xayawaanka iyo in "cawaaqibka bini-aadamka ay aad u weyn yihiin" ayaa isagu laftiisa khaniisnimada (Kluger 1999). Dr. Joan Rafgarden, oo ah taageere aragtida fikirka "dabiiciga" ee khaniisiinta iyo transsexualism ee xayawaanka, waa nee Jonathan Rafgarden, oo dhexgalay faragelinta caafimaadka ee caagga ragga iyo dumarka da'da 52 sano (Yoon 2000).

Warbixinta Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga Mareykanka ee ku saabsan daaweynta dib-u-celinta gay-ga ayaa soo gabagabeysay in "dadaallada lagu beddelayo jihada galmada aysan u badneyn in lagu guuleysto oo ay qaadaan khatarta waxyeellada, liddi ku ah sheegashada dhakhaatiirta daaweynta dib-u-celinta iyo u doodayaasha" (APA 2009, p. V) ; warbixintan waxaa abuuray koox hawleed ka kooban todobo qof, kuwaas oo Judith M. Glassgold, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Lee Beckstead, Clinton W. Anderson ay yihiin khaniis, iyo Robin Lyn Miller waa labada jinsi (Nicolosi 2009). Qoraaga Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga ee Maraykanka oo kale oo ku saabsan carruurta ay koriyaan lammaanaha isku jinsiga ah, kuwaas oo qoray in "wax daraasado ah oo lagu ogaaday in carruurta lesbian ama waalidiinta khaniisiinta ah ay yihiin kuwo liidata marka la barbar dhigo carruurta waalidiinta jinsiga ah" (APA 2005, para. 15), Professor Charlotte J. Patterson oo ka tirsan Jaamacadda Virginia waa madaxwaynihii hore ee Qaybta 44, APA's lesbian, khaniis, iyo koox hoosaadka u doodista labada galmood, iyo xubin booqasho oo ka tirsan Barnaamijka Shahaadada Qalinjabinta Caafimaadka LGBT ee Kulliyada Farshaxanka iyo Sayniska Columbia (GW). Kulliyadda Columbia). Dr. Clinton Anderson, oo Dr. Patterson uu uga mahadceliyey "caawintii qiimaha lahayd" ee ay ka bixisay warbixinta (APA 2005, p. 22), waa khaniis (kor eeg). Toddobada qof ee kale ee uu Dr. Patterson uga mahadceliyey "faallooyinka waxtarka leh" waxaa ka mid ahaa Dr. Natalie S. Eldridge, oo ah khaniis (Eldridge et al., 1993, p. 13), iyo Dr. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, yaa khaniis ah (Dayton Daily News 2009)), Dr. April Martin waa lesbian (Weinstein 2001) iyo "hormuud u ah u doodista galmoodka qadhaadh iyo habaynta qoyska beddelka ah" (Manhatann Alternative. nd). Iyo nuqulkii hore ee warbixinta (APA 1995), Dr. Patterson wuxuu sidoo kale u mahadceliyay Dr. Bianca Cody Murphy, sidoo kale lesbian (Plowman 2004).

Igor Semenovich Kon, taariikhyahan iyo falsafad-yaqaan kaasoo faafiyay tiro howlo ah oo si qumman u sharraxay khaniisnimada bulshada Ruushka, ayaa si joogta ah u taageeray hadallada xanafta leh ee dhaqdhaqaaqa khaniisiinta ee Russia, waa qaataha deeqaha ka yimid Mareykanka iyo ururada kale ee LGBT +, wuxuu ku dhammaaday keligiis, weligiis ma dhaafin. aan guursan (Kuznetsov iyo Ponkin 2007). Celia Kitzinger iyo Susan (Sue) Wilkinson, xubnaha awoodda leh ee Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga ee Ingiriiska iyo Ururka Cilmi-nafsiga ee Mareykanka, qorayaasha buugaag iyo daabacado badan ayaa dhalleeceeya fahamka dhaqameed ee doorka jinsi iyo khaniisnimada, ayaa is qaba midba midka kale (Davies 2014). Psychiatrist Martha Kirkpatrick, qoraa daraasadda 1981 ee '' wax saameyn ah '' ku saabsan waalidnimada waalidnimada lammaanaha isku jinsiga ah, waa haweeney lesbian ah (Rosario 2002). Khabiirka dumarka Catherine O'Hanlan, qoraa maqaalo ah oo ku saabsan khaniisnimada, waxay guursataa haweeney (The New York Times 2003). Dr. Jesse Bering, faafinta dhammaan noocyada waxa loogu yeero. "Galmo kale", waa khaniis (Bering 2013).

Waxaan halkan ku joojin doonaa falanqaynta shakhsiyaadka dacaayadaha LGBT ee sayniska, sababtoo ah tani maaha ujeedada maqaalkan. Shakhsi ahaan, waxaan aaminsanahay in falanqaynta Ad Hominem ee maadada ay tahay mabda'a khaldan oo khaldan ee sayniska waana in laga fogaado kharash kasta. Dhibic

Waxaa intaa dheer, waa in la aqoonsadaa inay jiraan saynisyahano khaniisiin ah oo leh dhiiranaan ah inay soo bandhigaan natiijooyinka shakiga ah ee LGBT: tusaale ahaan, Dr. Emily Drabant Conley, oo ah kalkaaliye caafimaad khaniisiya ah oo ka socda shirkadda genomic “23andme” (Rafkin 2013), oo ku soo bandhigay sawirka natiijada natiijooyinka daraasadda dheer ee genomic ururinta dookhyada galmada ee shir sannadeedka bulshada American American of Human Genetics ee 2012 - daraasaddan laguma helin xiriir ka dhexeeya soo jiidashada khaniisiinta iyo hidda-wadayaasha (Drabant et al., 2012). In kasta oo, inta aan ogsoonahay, sababaha aan la aqoon, Drabant uma uusan soo gudbin agabkan si loogu daabaco joornaal dib loo eegay.

Laakiin diidmada mabda'a "Ad hominm" waa inay noqotaa mid caalami ah oo sayniska ah. Xaaladda jirta, haddii qof yiraahdo "A", waa inuu dhahaa "B". Waa wax aad u munaafaqnimo ah munaafaqnimo si loo naaquso daraasadaha qaarkood oo ku saleysan aragtida siyaasadeed ama aaminsanaanta ruuxiga ah ee baarayaasha, tusaale ahaan, maxaa yeelay daabacaadan waxaa lagu sameeyay joornaal ay daabaceen Ururka Caafimaadka ee Katooliga, ama sababta oo ah daraasada ayaa lacag ka heshay Machadka Witherspoon Conservative, isla mar ahaantaana iska indha tirey xogta kor ku xusan. baarayaasha soo bandhigaya natiijooyinka u doodista LGBT. Kadibna, sida ugu habboon, markii laga hadlayo dhibaatada soo jiidashada khaniisiinta, mabda'a 'Ad hominm' looma adeegsan karo tarjumaadda iyo gunaanad kasta.

gunaanad

Sayniska looma qaybin karo siyaasad ahaan "sax" iyo " khaldan," moodada iyo muxaafid, dimuqraadi ah iyo kalitalisnimo. Sayniska laftiisu ma noqon karo dacaayad LGBT ama shaki LGBT. Si fudud loo dhigo, hababka sayniska - ifafaale nafsaaniga ah iyo falcelinta, fayrasyada iyo bakteeriyada - gabi ahaanba waa danaynayaan aragtida siyaasadeed ee saynisyahanka iyaga daraaseeya; Bakteeriyadu waxba kama oga "dagaallada dhaqanka". Kuwani waa xaqiiqooyin jira sida loo bixiyay, waa la iska indho tiri karaa oo keliya ama kuwa iyaga sheega waa la faafreeb karaa, laakiin xaqiiqooyinkaas lagama saari karo xaqiiqda. Cilmigu waxa uu ku dhisan yahay habka cilmiga ah, qof kasta oo cilmiga u rogaya shay kale, iyada oo aan loo eegin yoolka uu hagayo – bini’aadminimada, fikirka iyo siyaasadda, caddaaladda bulshada iyo injineernimada bulshada, iwm – waa daaciyiinta dhabta ah ee “Pseudoscience”. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bulshada cilmi-nafsiga, sida bulshooyinka kale ee dadka leh caqiidadooda iyo rabitaankooda, waxay hoos yimaadaan eex. Iyo eexdan dadka qaarkood, waxa loogu yeero. qiyamka "neoliberal" ayaa runtii si xoog leh loogu muujiyay adduunka casriga ah. Arrimo badan ayaa lagu tilmaami karaa inay sabab u yihiin eexdan – waa dhaxal bulsho iyo mid taariikheed oo cajiib ah, taasoo keentay inay soo ifbaxaan “Taboos cilmiyeed”, loolan siyaasadeed oo aad u xooggan oo ka dhashay munaafaqnimada, “ganacsiga” cilmiga sayniska oo horseeday raadinta dareenka. , iwm. Dabeeci ahaan, dhibaatada eexda cilmigu kuma koobna eexda qiimaynta khaniisnimada, laakiin waxaa ku jira arrimo kale oo badan oo inta badan muhiim u ah horumarka aadanaha. Haddii eexda sayniska si buuxda looga fogaan karo ayaa weli ah muran. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, fikradayda, waxaa suurtagal ah in la abuuro shuruudo loogu talagalay geeddi-socodka sayniska ee siman ee ugu habboon. Mid ka mid ah shuruudahan waa madax-bannaanida buuxda ee bulshada sayniska - dhaqaale, siyaasadeed iyo, aan ka sii muhiimsanayn, xorriyadda warbaahinta.

Macluumaad Dheeraad ah

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Ogeysiis

1 Encyclopedia Britannica waxay ku qeexday dacaayad sidan soo socota: “U doodid, baahinta macluumaadka - xaqiiqooyinka, doodaha, wararka xanta ah, ama waxyaabaha beenta ah - si loo saameeyo aragtida dadweynaha. Propaganda waa dadaal badan ama ka yar oo nidaamsan oo lagu maareeyo aaminsanaanta, cilaaqaadka ama ficilada dadka kale ayagoo adeegsanaya astaamo (ereyo, dhaqdhaqaaqyo, dhejisyo, taallo, miyuusig, dhar, go'aan, timo, sawiro qadaadiicda iyo waraaqaha boostada, iwm.). Ujeedo ujeedo iyo xooga xoog saarida khalkhalgelinta kicinta dacaayadda ah wada xiriirka caadiga ah ama isweydaarsiga fikradaha xorta ah ee fudud. Borograamku waxa uu leeyahay himilo gaar ah ama himilooyin gaar ah. Si loo gaadho iyaga, dacaayad ayaa si ula kac ah u doorta xaqiiqooyinka, doodaha, iyo astaamaha waxayna u soo bandhigaan qaab si loo gaaro saamaynta ugu weyn. Si kor loogu qaado saamaynta, waxaa laga yaabaa inuu seego xaqiiqooyinka muhiimka ah ama uu ka jeediyo, wuxuuna isku dayi karaa inuu ka jeediyo dareenka daawadayaasha meelaha kale ee macluumaadka. ” https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

2 Siyaasi Dhaqameed

Garabka bidix ee 3 Garabka Bulshada

4 Marka waxaa lagu magacaabay qoraalka

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