Matsayin ra'ayi a halin yanzu an yarda da shi a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu dangane da abin da liwadi bai dace da ƙididdigar asibiti ba sharadi ne kuma rashin cancantar sahihanci ne na kimiyya, tunda yana nuna daidaitaccen tsarin siyasa ne kawai, kuma ba ƙudurin kimiyya ba.

Zaɓin mai banƙyama na Psyungiyar Hauka na Amurka (APA), wanda ya cire luwaɗan daga cikin jerin matsalolin rashin hankalin, ya faru ne a watan Disamba 1973. Wannan ya gabace ta ta hanyar al'amuran-siyasa na siyasa na 1960 - 1970. Al'umma ta gaji da mamayar Amurkawa a Vietnam da matsalar tattalin arziki. Bornungiyoyin zanga-zangar matasa an haife su kuma sun sami farin jini sosai: ƙungiya don haƙƙin bakaken fata, motsi don 'yancin mata, ƙungiyar antiwar, ƙungiyar ta rashin daidaito tsakanin al'umma da talauci; al'adun hippie sun inganta da niyyar kwanciyar hankali da 'yanci; amfani da ilimin kwakwalwa, musamman LSD da marijuana, ya yadu. Sannan dukkan tambayoyin gargajiya da akidunsu an yi tambaya. Lokaci ne na tawaye ga kowace hukuma. ^[1].

Duk abubuwan da ke sama sun faru ne a inuwar barazanar yawan mutane da kuma neman maganin hana haihuwa.

Preston Cloud, wanda ke wakiltar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, ya bukaci a kara karfi A cikin "R" СЋР ± С ‹РјРё РѕСЃСѓС ‰ ествимы Р СЃРїРѕСЃРѕР Р ° РјРёВ » kula da yawan jama'a, ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati ta halatta zubar da ciki da kungiyoyin luwaɗi ^[2].

Kingsley Davis, daya daga cikin jiga-jigai wajen bunkasa manufofin hana haihuwa, tare da yaduwar hanyoyin hana daukar ciki, zubar da ciki da haifuwa, ya gabatar da gabatar da "nau'ikan saduwa da ba na al'ada ba":

“Batutuwan haifuwa da nau'ikan jima'i na jima'i ana haɗuwa da su ta hanyar shiru ko ƙin yarda, kodayake babu wanda ke shakkar tasirin waɗannan matakan don hana juna biyu. Babban canje-canjen da suka wajaba don yin tasiri ga motsawar haihuwa yakamata su zama canje-canje a tsarin iyali, matsayin mata da abubuwan jima'i. " ^[3]

Matar Davis, masanin zamantakewa Judith Blake, ta ba da shawarar kawo ƙarshen harajin haraji da gidaje waɗanda ke ƙarfafa haihuwa da kuma kawar da takunkumin doka da zamantakewa kan luwaɗi ^[4].

Mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a Albert Blausteinwanda ya shiga cikin halittar asalin ƙasashe masu yawa, nunacewa a iyakance haɓakar yawan jama'a, ya zama dole a sake yin ƙa'idodi da yawa, ciki har da akan aure, tallafin iyali, shekarun yarda, da kuma liwadi.

Akwai kuma wadanda madigo a fili zargi a cikin matsalar yawaitar duniya.

A cikin yanayi mai cike da rudani na wannan lokacin juyin juya hali, lokacin da jama'a masu juyin juya hali (da sauran) suka fara tayar da hankali, shigar kuɗi na Moore, Rockefeller, da Ford ya ƙara ƙarfafa kamfen ɗin siyasa na amincewa da luwaɗi a matsayin hanyar rayuwa ta yau da kullun da ake so ^[5] . Batun da aka haramta a baya ya koma daga duniyar da ba a zata ba zuwa duniyar muhawara mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi tsakanin magoya baya da masu adawa da daidaita luwaɗi ya bayyana a kafofin watsa labarai.

A cikin jawabinsa na shekarar 1969 na Tsarin Tarayyar Turai, Shugaba Nixon ya kira karuwar yawan jama'a "ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar makomar ɗan adam" kuma ya yi kira da a dauki mataki cikin gaggawa . ^[6] A wannan shekarar, Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Kula da Iyaye ta Duniya (IPPF) Frederick Jaffe ya fitar da takardar da ke nuna " ƙarfafa ci gaban luwaɗi " a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin rage yawan haihuwa . ^[7]

Ba zato ba tsammani, bayan watanni uku, tarzomar ta Stonewall ta barke, inda kungiyoyin 'yan luwadi da madigo suka gudanar da tarzoma a kan titi, barna, cinna wuta da kuma arangama da' yan sanda har tsawon kwanaki biyar. An yi amfani da sandunan ƙarfe, duwatsu da Molotov hadaddiyar giyar. AT littafin marubucin ɗan luwaɗi David Carter, wanda aka fi sani da sunan “babban makami” don tarihin abubuwan da suka faru, ya bayyana yadda istsan gwagwarmaya suka katange titin Christopher da tsayar da motocin da kai hari kan fasinjoji idan ba ɗan luwaɗi ba ko kuma sun nuna haɗin kai da su. Wani direban tasi da ba a san shi ba wanda da gangan ya juya kan titi, ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya daga wani taron mutane da ke cike da rudani ya fara kunna motar sa. Wani direba kuma an buge shi bayan ya fita daga mota don tsayayya da vandals tsalle sama da shi  ^[8].

Nan da nan bayan tarzomar, masu fafutuka sun ƙirƙiri "Jam'iyyar 'Yantar da 'Yan Luwadi," wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a kan "Jam'iyyar 'Yantar da Ƙasa" a Vietnam. Suna bayyana cewa masu tabin hankali suna ɗaya daga cikin abokan gaba na jama'a, sun shafe shekaru uku suna kai hare-haren ban mamaki , suna wargaza tarurrukan APA da jawabai na farfesoshi waɗanda suka ɗauki luwadi a matsayin cuta, har ma suna yi musu barazana da dare. Kamar yadda Farfesa Charles Socarides, ƙwararre a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam na jima'i kuma mai shiga kai tsaye a cikin waɗannan abubuwan, ya rubuta a cikin labarinsa:

"Ƙungiyoyin 'yan bindiga na masu fafutukar 'yan luwaɗi sun ƙaddamar da wani gagarumin kamfen na cin zarafi ga ƙwararru waɗanda suka gabatar da hujjoji kan cire luwaɗi daga jerin abubuwan da suka kauce wa hanya; sun kutsa kai cikin taruka inda ake tattauna matsalar luwaɗi, sun haifar da rikici, sun yi wa masu magana zagi, da kuma katse gabatarwa. Wani babban mai fafutukar 'yan luwaɗi a cikin jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai na musamman ya haɓaka wallafa kayan da aka yi niyya ga masu kare ra'ayin ilimin halittar jiki na sha'awar jima'i. An yi ba'a da kuma yin amfani da labaran da aka yanke bisa ga tsarin kimiyya na ilimi a matsayin "wani abu mara ma'ana na nuna wariya da bayanai marasa tushe." An ƙarfafa waɗannan ayyukan ta hanyar wasiƙu da kiran waya waɗanda ke ɗauke da zagi da barazanar tashin hankali na zahiri har ma da hare-haren ta'addanci." ^[9]

A cikin watan Mayu na 1970, masu fafutuka, suka watse cikin taron Majalisar APA na Kasa a San Francisco, suka fara murɗewa da maganganu masu zagi, wanda hakan ya haifar da jin kunya da damuwa da likitocin suka bar masu sauraro. An tilastawa shugaban ne ya katse taron. Abin mamaki, babu wani martani daga masu gadi ko masu tilasta doka. Arfafa gwiwa saboda rashin ɗaukar nauyinsu, istsan gwagwarmaya sun hana wani taron APA, wannan lokacin a Chicago. Bayan haka, yayin taron a Jami'ar Kudancin California, masu gwagwarmaya sun sake yin wani rahoto game da luwaɗan. Masu fafutuka sun yi barazanar lalata babban taron shekara-shekara mai zuwa a Washington idan sashen nazarin luwadi bai kunshi wakilan kungiyar masu luwadi ba. Maimakon isar da barazanar tashe-tashen hankula da rikice-rikice ga ilimin hukumomin tabbatar da doka, masu shirya taron na APA sun hadu da masu satar mutane kuma sun kirkiro wani kwamiti ba na luwadi ba, amma na masu luwadi. ^[10].

Yayinda yake magana da masu fafutukar 'yan luwadi sun bukaci mahaukacin:  
1) ta watsar da halayenta mara kyau game da liwadi;
2) ya ba da sanarwar "ka’idar cuta" a bainar jama'a;
3) ya ƙaddamar da wani aiki mai ƙarfi don kawar da '' wariyar ra'ayi 'guda ɗaya kan wannan batun, duka ta hanyar aiki kan canza halaye da sake fasalin majalisa;
4) sunyi shawara kan ci gaba mai gudana tare da wakilan ƙungiyar 'yan luwadi.

"Labaran mu: "Dandali, alfahari da lafiya" и "Dama yana da kyau.". Tare da mu ko ba tare da ku ba, zamuyi aiki da himma don karban wadannan dokokin kuma mu yaki wadanda ke gaba da mu. ” ^[11]

Akwai ingantacciyar ra'ayi cewa wadannan tarzoma da ayyukan ba komai ba ne face wasan kwaikwayon da masu wasan kwaikwayo ke yi da kuma yawan activan gwagwarmaya waɗanda aikinsu ba tare da kariya daga sama za a daina nan da nan ba. Wannan kawai ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar matsakaici a cikin 'yan jaridu a kusa da "' yancin waɗanda aka zalunta 'da kuma tabbacin ɗaukar halayen liwadi ga jama'a, yayin da duk abin da ke sama an riga an ƙaddara. A cikin yanayin da aka saba, shigarda haramtattun shigar azzalumai cikin taron rufewa yakamata ace:

A shekarar 1970, marubucin ka'idar sauyin al'umma , Frank Notestein, yayin da yake magana da manyan jami'ai a Kwalejin Yaƙin Ƙasa, ya lura cewa "ana kare luwaɗi bisa ga dalilan cewa yana taimakawa wajen rage yawan jama'a" ^[4].

Jikar Shugaban APA John Spiegel, wacce daga baya ta fito, ta ba da labarin yadda, yayin da yake shirya fagen juyin mulki na cikin gida a cikin APA, ya tara mutane masu ra'ayi iri ɗaya, suna kiran kansu "GayPA," a gidansu don tattauna dabarun haɓaka matasa, masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa manyan mukamai maimakon masu launin toka ^[12] . Don haka, masu ra'ayin 'yan luwaɗi suna da babban katangar shiga cikin shugabannin APA.

Ga yadda shahararren masanin kimiyya kuma likitan tabin hankali na Amurka Farfesa Jeffrey Satinover ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a waɗannan shekarun a cikin kasidarsa mai suna "Babu Kimiyya ko Dimokuraɗiyya" ^[13] :

A shekarar 1963, Kwalejin Magunguna ta New York ta umarci Kwamitinta kan Lafiyar Jama'a da ya shirya rahoto kan luwaɗi, wanda ya samo asali daga damuwa cewa halayen luwaɗi suna yaɗuwa cikin sauri a cikin al'ummar Amurka. Kwamitin ya cimma matsaya kamar haka:

" Luɗa da madigo hakika cuta ce. Ɗan luwaɗi mutum ne mai rikicewar motsin rai, ba zai iya ƙulla dangantaka ta yau da kullun tsakanin maza da mata ba... Wasu 'yan luwaɗi sun wuce matsayin kariya kawai kuma suna da'awar cewa wannan karkacewa yana wakiltar wata hanya mai kyau, mai daraja, kuma mafi kyau ta rayuwa... "

Bayan shekaru 10 kawai, a cikin 1973, ba tare da gabatar da wani muhimmin bayanan bincike na kimiyya ba, ba tare da lura da bincike da ya dace ba, matsayin masu yada labaran luwadi ya zama yanayin koyar da tabin hankali (kimanta yadda hanya ta canza a cikin shekaru 10 kawai!). "

A cikin 1970 Socarides yayi ƙoƙari ƙirƙirar ƙungiya don nazarin luwaɗi daga mahangar asibiti da kimiyya kawai, yana tuntuɓar reshen APA na New York. Shugaban sashen, Farfesa Diamond, ya goyi bayan Socarides, kuma an kafa irin wannan rukuni na mahaukata ashirin daga likitocin kwakwalwa daga asibitoci daban-daban a New York. Bayan shekaru biyu na aiki da tarurruka goma sha shida, kungiyar ta shirya rahoto wanda ba makawa game da liwadi a matsayin rashin tabin hankali kuma ta gabatar da wani shiri na warkewa da taimakon zamantakewar ‘yan luwadi. Duk da haka, Farfesa Diamond ya mutu a 1971, kuma sabon shugaban reshen APA New York ya kasance mai goyon bayan akidar luwadi. An ƙi amincewa da rahoton, kuma an ba marubutansa wata alama da ba za ta yiwu ba cewa duk wani rahoto da bai amince da luwaɗi a matsayin bambancin al'ada ba za a ƙi shi. An tarwatsa kungiyar.

Robert Spitzer, wanda ya cire luwadi daga jerin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa, ya yi aiki a kan kwamitin edita na DSM, jagorar bincike game da rikicewar hankali, kuma ba shi da masaniya game da 'yan luwadi. Bayyanar da shi kawai ga lamarin shi ne ya yi magana da wani mai rajin kare dangi mai suna Ron Gold, wanda ya dage cewa shi ba shi da lafiya, wanda daga nan ya dauki Spitzer zuwa wani biki a wani mashaya, inda ya gano manyan membobin APA. Abinda ya gani ya buge shi, Spitzer ya yanke hukunci cewa liwadi kanta bai cika ka'idojin rikicewar hankali ba, tunda ba koyaushe yake haifar da wahala ba kuma ba lallai bane ya kasance yana da alaƙa da yanayin duniya gaba ɗaya ban da namiji.  "Idan rashin iya aiki da kyau a cikin jijiyoyin cuta cuta ne, to ya kamata ma a ɗaura auren mazinaci a matsayin cuta." Ya ce, yin watsi da gaskiyar cewa ɗaurin aure wani zaɓi ne na zahiri da za a iya tsayawa a kowane lokaci, amma liwadi ba shi bane. Spitzer ya aika da shawarwari ga kwamitin gudanarwa na APA don cire luwaɗan a cikin kowane ɗaya daga cikin jerin matsalolin tabin hankali, kuma a cikin Disamba 1973 na shekara, 13 na membobin kwamitin 15 (yawancin waɗanda aka nada kwanannan GeyP proteges) suka zaɓi cikin yarda. Dr. Satinover a sama labarin ya ba da tabbacin wani tsohon ɗan luwadi da ke halartar wani biki a cikin ɗakin ɗaya daga cikin membobin majalisar APA, inda ya yi bikin nasara tare da abokinsa. 

Ba shi yiwuwa a tabbatar da daidaituwar liwadi daga mahangar ilimin likitanci, ba za ku iya zaɓa kawai ba. Anyi amfani da wannan hanyar ta "kimiyya" a Zamanin Zamani yayin yanke shawarar ko duniya tana da zagaye ko kuma tana kwance. Dokta Socarides ya bayyana shawarar APA a matsayin "yaudarar hankalin mahaifa na karni." Irin wannan shawarar ce kawai, wacce za ta iya girgiza duniya, za ta kasance idan wakilai zuwa Majalisar Tarayyar likitocin Amurka, tare da tuntuɓar masu shiga tsakani na likitocin asibiti da kamfanonin inshorar asibiti, sun jefa ƙuri'a don ayyana cewa duk nau'ikan cutar kansa ba su da wata illa don haka ba sa buƙatar magani.

Bayan kaɗa ƙuri'ar, masu adawa da ƙudurin sun sami nasarar shirya zaɓen raba gardama tsakanin dukkan membobin APA kan batun, wanda hakan ya zama babbar barazana ga ƙungiyar 'yan luwaɗi. Sai ƙungiyar 'yan luwaɗi ta NGTF, bayan ta karɓi adireshin dukkan membobinta (fiye da 30,000) daga wani daraktan APA, ta aika musu da wasiƙu waɗanda, a madadin shugabannin APA, ta yi kira ga likitocin tabin hankali da su goyi bayan sauye-sauyen sunayen da aka amince da su. A wata ma'anar, da alama Hukumar Daraktocin APA ce ta aiko da wasiƙar. Kimanin likitocin tabin hankali 10,000 ne suka amsa wasiƙar, waɗanda kashi 58% daga cikinsu suka goyi bayan ƙuri'ar kwamitin. Don haka, daga cikin dukkan likitocin tabin hankali a Amurka, kashi 19% ne kawai suka goyi bayan shawarar cire wariyar jinsi, kuma mafi yawansu, bayan sun koyi darasi daga mummunan gogewar abokan aikinsu, sun fi son su ɓoye ra'ayoyinsu don tsoron sakamako. An amince da gyaran. Duk da haka, APA ta lura da waɗannan:

"Babu shakka masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan luwaɗi za su yi iƙirarin cewa ilimin tabin hankali ya amince da luwaɗi a matsayin 'al'ada' kamar yadda ake yi wa ɗan luwaɗi. Za su yi kuskure. Ta hanyar cire luwaɗi daga jerin cututtukan tabin hankali, kawai muna yarda cewa bai cika sharuɗɗan ayyana cuta ba, ... wanda ba yana nufin cewa al'ada ce kuma tana da inganci kamar yadda ake yi wa ɗan luwaɗi ba." ^{[ 14 ]}

Bidiyo cikin Turanci: https://youtu.be/jjMNriEfGws

Saboda haka, an maye gurbin ganewar " 302.0 ~ Luwadi " da ganewar " 302.00 ~ Luwadi Mai Girman Kai " kuma an koma zuwa rukunin cututtukan da suka shafi tunanin ɗan adam. A ƙarƙashin sabon ma'anar, 'yan luwadi ne kawai waɗanda ke fuskantar rashin jin daɗi daga sha'awarsu za a ɗauke su marasa lafiya. "Ba za mu ƙara dagewa kan lakabin cuta ga mutanen da ke da'awar cewa suna da lafiya kuma ba sa nuna lahani na gabaɗaya a cikin tasirin zamantakewa ba," in ji APA. Duk da haka, babu wani dalili mai ƙarfi, hujjojin kimiyya masu gamsarwa, ko shaidar asibiti da aka bayar don ba da hujjar irin wannan canjin a matsayin likita kan luwadi. Wannan ya tabbata har ma da waɗanda suka goyi bayan shawarar. Misali, farfesa na Jami'ar Columbia Ronald Bayer, ƙwararre kan ɗabi'ar likitanci, ya lura cewa shawarar cire luwadi ba ta samo asali ne daga "ƙaddamarwa mai ma'ana bisa ga gaskiyar kimiyya ba, amma ta yanayin akida na lokacin" :

"Duk tsarin ya saba wa ƙa'idodin warware tambayoyi na kimiyya. Maimakon yin nazarin bayanai da gangan, likitocin tabin hankali sun sami kansu cikin takaddama ta siyasa." ^[15]

"Uwar ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin 'yan luwaɗi," Barbara Gittings, shekaru ashirin bayan jawabinta a taron APA, ta amsa da cewa :

“Bai taba yanke shawarar likita ba kuma shi ya sa komai ya faru cikin sauri. Bayan haka, shekaru uku kawai suka shude tun lokacin da aka fara kaduwa a taron APA kuma kafin a jefa ƙuri’ar kwamitin gudanarwa don fitar da liwadi daga cikin jerin cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa. Shawara ce ta siyasa ... Mun warke cikin dare tare da bugun alƙalami. " ^[16]

Evelyn Hooker ta bayar da wannan binciken, wanda galibi ake gabatar da shi a matsayin "hujja" a matsayin hujja game da "daidaituwar" luwadi, bai hadu da ka'idojin kimiyya ba, tunda samfurinsa karami ne, ba na bazata ba ne kuma ba na wakilci, kuma hanyar da kanta ta bar abin da ake so. Bugu da kari, Hooker bai yi kokarin tabbatar da cewa 'yan luwadi a kungiyance daidaikun mutane ne masu daidaito ba kamar maza da mata. Dalilin binciken nata shine don bayar da amsa ga tambayar: "Shin liwadi ya zama alama ce ta keɓaɓɓiyar cuta?" A cewar ta: "Abinda kawai ya kamata muyi shine mu sami lamari guda daya wanda amsar ba haka bane." Watau, manufar binciken ita ce gano aurarraki guda ɗaya waɗanda basu da ilimin halin ƙwayar cuta.

Nazarin Hooker ya haɗa da 'yan luwadi 30 kawai waɗanda achineungiyar Mattachine ta zaɓa a hankali. Wannan kungiyar ta 'yan luwadi ta gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na farko kuma ta zabi mafi kyawun' yan takara. Bayan gwada mahalarta ta amfani da gwaji guda uku (Rorschach spots, TAT da MAPS) da kuma gwada sakamakon su tare da ƙungiyar "maza da mata", Hooker ya yanke shawara mai zuwa:

"Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa wasu 'yan luwadi suna da matukar damuwa, har ma mutum zai iya ɗauka cewa luwadi kariya ce daga tabin hankali. Amma abin da yawancin likitoci ke ganin yana da wuya su yarda da shi shi ne cewa wasu 'yan luwadi na iya zama mutane na yau da kullun, ba za a iya bambance su ba, sai dai sha'awar jima'i, daga mutanen da ba su da alaƙa da maza da mata. Wasu ba wai kawai suna da 'yanci daga cututtuka ba (idan mutum bai dage cewa luwadi da kansa alama ce ta cututtuka ba), amma a zahiri mutane ne masu kyau, suna aiki a babban mataki." ^[17]

A wata ma'anar, ma'aunin "daidaituwa" a cikin bincikenta shine kasancewar daidaitawa da aiki a cikin zamantakewa. Duk da haka, kasancewar irin waɗannan sigogi ba ya ware kasancewar cututtuka ba. Saboda haka, ko da ba tare da la'akari da rashin ƙarfin ƙididdiga na girman samfurin ba, sakamakon irin wannan binciken ba zai iya zama shaida cewa luwaɗi ba cuta ce ta hankali ba. Hooker da kanta ta yarda da "iyaka" na aikinta kuma ta bayyana cewa kwatanta ƙungiyoyin mutane 100 zai iya bayyana bambance-bambance. Ta kuma lura da rashin gamsuwar 'yan luwaɗi a cikin dangantaka ta sirri, wanda ya bambanta su sosai da ƙungiyar kulawa. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin gwaje-gwajen Rorschach, masu binciken sun sami manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu akan alamomi da yawa (Alamomin Wheeler) kuma sun gano yanayin jima'i a cikin 40% na maza, idan aka kwatanta da 25% tare da zato bazuwar. Don haka, iƙirarin Hooker cewa ba ta sami wani babban bambanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu a cikin kowace gwajin ta ba daidai ba ne kawai.

Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan kan masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi na LGBT* ya gano cewa kusan kashi 94% suna da aƙalla matsalar ɗabi'a ɗaya ^[18] , wanda ya ninka adadin a cikin ƙungiyar masu sha'awar jinsi iri ɗaya ^[19].

A ƙarshen shekarar 1977, shekaru huɗu bayan abubuwan da suka faru, an gudanar da wani bincike da ba a san ko su waye ba game da likitocin tabin hankali na Amurka waɗanda suka kasance membobin APA a cikin mujallar kimiyya ta Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality. Kashi 69% na likitocin tabin hankali da aka yi wa tambayoyi sun yarda cewa "liwadi yawanci daidaitawa ce ta cututtuka, sabanin bambancin al'ada," kuma 13% ba su da tabbas. Yawancinsu sun kuma bayyana cewa 'yan luwadi ba sa jin daɗi fiye da maza da mata (73%) kuma ba su da ikon yin dangantaka mai kyau da ƙauna (60%). Jimillar kashi 70% na likitocin tabin hankali sun ce matsalolin 'yan luwadi sun fi alaƙa da rikice-rikicen cikin gida nasu fiye da ƙyamar al'umma ^[20].

Abin lura ne cewa a cikin shekarar 2003 sakamakon Wani bincike na kasa da kasa tsakanin masu tabin hankali game da dabi'un su game da luwaɗan ya nuna cewa mafi yawan suna ɗaukar luwaɗan a matsayin halayen ɗabi'a, kodayake an cire shi daga jerin matsalolin rashin hankalin da ya shafi tunanin mutum. ^[21].

A shekarar 1987, APA ta cire duk wani bayani game da luwadi a hankali daga cikin sunayenta, a wannan karon ba tare da ta damu da yin kaɗa ƙuri'a ba. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bi sawun APA kawai, kuma a shekarar 1990, ta kuma cire luwadi daga rarrabuwar cututtuka, tana riƙe da bayyanarta ta girman kai kawai a sashe na F66. Saboda dalilan daidaiton siyasa, wannan rukuni, a takaice, ya haɗa da yanayin maza da mata, wanda "mutum yana son canzawa saboda matsalolin tunani da ɗabi'a da ke tattare da shi . "

A lokaci guda, yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa manufar gano cutar luwaɗi ce kawai ta canza, ba tushen kimiyya da na asibiti da ke bayyana ta a matsayin cuta ba - wato, karkacewa mai raɗaɗi daga yanayin da aka saba gani ko tsarin ci gaba. Idan gobe likitoci suka kaɗa ƙuri'a cewa mura ba cuta ba ce, wannan ba yana nufin za a warkar da marasa lafiya ba: alamomin cutar za su ci gaba da wanzuwa, koda kuwa ba ta cikin jerin ba. Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Masu Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Amurka ko Ƙungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ba cibiyoyin kimiyya ba ne. WHO kawai hukuma ce ta gwamnati a cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana daidaita ayyukan tsarin ƙasa, kuma APA ƙungiya ce ta ƙwadago. WHO ba ta ma yi ƙoƙarin yin iƙirarin akasin haka ba - ga abin da gabatarwar rarrabuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa ta ICD-10 ta ce:

"Waɗannan bayanai da jagororin ba a yi nufin su zama na nazari ba kuma ba sa da'awar cewa cikakken bayani ne game da yanayin ilimin da ake da shi game da cututtukan kwakwalwa. Suna wakiltar ƙungiyoyi ne kawai na alamu da sharhi waɗanda adadi mai yawa na masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawara a ƙasashe da yawa na duniya suka amince da su a matsayin tushen da ya dace don ayyana iyakokin rukunoni a cikin rarrabuwar cututtukan kwakwalwa." ^[22]

Daga mahangar nazarin kimiyya, wannan magana ta yi kama da abin mamaki. Rarraba kimiyya dole ne ta dogara ne akan ƙa'idodi masu ma'ana, kuma duk wata yarjejeniya tsakanin ƙwararru na iya zama sakamakon fassarar bayanai na asibiti da na gwaji, kuma ba a tsara ta ta kowace akida ba, har ma da mafi kyawun jin kai. Ra'ayi kan wata matsala gabaɗaya ana karɓar ta ne kawai saboda yanayinta na tushen shaida, ba ta hanyar umarni daga sama ba. Idan muna magana ne game da hanyar magani, yawanci ana aiwatar da ita azaman gwaji a cikin cibiyoyi ɗaya ko da yawa. Sakamakon gwajin ana buga shi a cikin jaridun kimiyya, kuma bisa ga wannan rahoton, likitoci suna yanke shawara ko za su ci gaba da amfani da wannan hanyar. A nan, duk da haka, sha'awar siyasa ta ƙiyayya da kimiyya ta mamaye rashin son kai da sahihanci a kimiyya, kuma an yi watsi da fiye da ƙarni na ƙwarewar asibiti da ta gwaji, wanda a bayyane yake nuna asalin cutar luwaɗi. Wannan hanyar bayan zamanin da ta gabata ta warware matsalolin kimiyya masu rikitarwa ta hanyar ɗaga hannuwan mutum tana ɓatar da tabin hankali a matsayin kimiyya mai mahimmanci kuma, sake, tana wakiltar misali na karuwancin kimiyya don amfanin wasu ƙarfin siyasa. Har ma da Oxford Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry ya lura cewa yayin da a wasu yankuna, kamar asalin schizophrenia ko baƙin ciki, ilimin tabin hankali ya yi ƙoƙarin zama mai kimiyya gwargwadon iko, a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi luwaɗi, ilimin tabin hankali yana aiki kamar "mai hidimar magabatansa na al'adu da siyasa" ^[23].

Ka'idodin Jima'i na Duniya Rukunin 44 APA, wanda aka fi sani da Society for Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan gaba ɗaya na masu fafutukar LGBT. Su ne suka yada maganganun da ba su da tushe a madadin dukkanin APA “Liwadi wani bangare ne na al'ada game da rayuwar ɗan adam".

Dokta Dean Byrd, tsohon shugaban Associationungiyar Nationalasa na Nazari da Magungunan jinsi, ya zargi APA da yaudarar kimiyya:

“APA ta zama kungiya mai siyasa tare da shirin fafutukar neman luwaɗan a cikin littattafan ta, duk da cewa tana matsayin kanta ƙungiyar kimiyya ce da ke gabatar da shaidar kimiyya a cikin nuna son kai. APA ta dakatar da bincike da nazari na bincike wanda ya karyata matsayinta na siyasa kuma ta tsoratar da mambobi a cikin matakan da suke adawa da wannan cin zarafin hanyar kimiyya. Da yawa an tilasta musu yin shuru don kar su rasa matsayin sana'arsu, wasu kuwa an wulakanta su, kuma an lalata darajarsu - ba wai saboda karatun ba su da daidaito ko kimar su, amma saboda sakamakon da suka samu ya sabawa kafaffiyar hukuma ta “manufa”. ".^[24]

Sources

1. Gubanov IB. Renaissance ta Al'adu da ƙungiyoyin jama'a gabaɗaya a San Francisco a cikin 1966 - 67: shela kan haihuwar "sababbin mutane" (2008)
2. Robin Elliott, Girma na Jama'a na Amurka da Tsarin Iyali (1970)
3. Sarana Davis, Manufofin Yawan Jama'a: Shin Shirye-shiryen Yanzu Suna Ci Gaba?
4. Matthew Donna, Ikon isan Adam shine Tarihi: Sabbin Ra'ayoyi akan Yaƙin Internationalasa na toasa don Growuntata Ci gaban Popuan Adam (2003)
5. A. Carlson. Al'umma, Iyali, mutum (2003). Shafin 104
6. Richard Nixon: Saƙo na Musamman ga Majalisa game da Matsalar Growaruwar Mutane (1969)
7. FS Jaffe, Ayyuka masu mahimmanci ga Nazarin Policyididdigar Yawan Jama'a don Amurka (1969)
8. David Carter Stonewall: tarzoma wacce ta haifar da juyin juya halin 'yan luwadi (2004), Shafi 186.
9. Socarides CW. Siyasa na Jima'i da Mahimmancin Kimiyya: Sakamakon luwaɗan. A Journal of Psychohistory. 10th, a'a. 3 ed. Xnumx
10. Donn Teal Mayakan gay (1971))
11. Frank Kameny. Gay, Proud, da kuma Lafiya (1972)
12. Kalmomin 81: https://www.thisamericanlife.org/204/transcript
    
13. Satinover J. Babu kimiyya ko dimokiradiyya. Linacre na Quarterly. Fitowa 66: A'a. 2, Mataki na 7. 1999; 84.
14. Halin jima'i da rikicewar yanayin jima'i: Canjin da aka gabatar a cikin DSM-II, bugun 6th. Nuna Takardar APA A'a. 730008. - Bugawa game da Magungunan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar Amurka, 1973. - ISBN 978-0-89042-036-2.
15. Bayer R. Liwadi da Hauka na Amurka: Siyasar Bincike. Xnumx
16. Eric Marcus Yin Tarihi: gwagwarmayar ɗan luwaɗi da 'yan madigo daidai, 1945-1990 (1991)
17. E. Hooker. Daidaitawar Aikin Neman Mazinaci (1957)
18. Jon Grant. Rashin Tsarin Personan Adam a Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, da Transgender Chemically Dependative Patience (2011)
19. Haɗin kai na lalacewar watan 12-watan barasa da rikice-rikicen amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi da rikicewar halaye a cikin Amurka: sakamako daga Binciko na Nationalasa na onasa game da Barasa da Yanayi
20. Lokaci Jina'i: Marasa lafiya, 1978
21. Haƙuri: haɗin kai tsakanin bambance-bambance. Matsayin masu ilimin tabin hankali
22. ICD-10: Rashin Tsarin hankali da Halayen, shafi na 21.
23. Liwadi, matsalar rashin sanin yakamata ta maza, da kuma ilimin halin mahaukuta // Littafin Tarihi na Ilimin hauka. - Oxford UP, 2005. C.127.
24. Dean Byrd. APA da Luwaɗanci: Laifi na yaudarar kimiyya

Zabin:

Pavel Parfentiev: Yadda liwadi ya daina zama cuta

Liwadi: matsalar tabin hankali ko kuwa?

LGBT* lafiyar kwakwalwa da ta jiki