Yawancin wannan kayan an buga su a cikin Jaridar Rukuni na Ilimi da Ilimin Halayyar dan Adam: Lysov V. Kimiyya da luwadi: banbancin siyasa a cikin Ilimin zamani.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-4034-2019-2-6-49

“Mai aikata laifin kimiyya ya bata sunan gaskiya
'yar'uwar tagwaye - kimiyyar "karya", wanda
Kawai tsari ne na akida.
Wannan akidar ta kawo wannan amana
wanda yayi daidai da mallakar kimiyya ta gaskiya. "
daga Austin Rousse littafin Fake Science

Takaitaccen

Kalamai irin su “an tabbatar da dalilin da ke haifar da luwadi” ko kuma “ba za a iya canza sha’awar ɗan luwadi ba” a kai a kai a manyan wuraren ilimantarwa na kimiyya da kuma Intanet, waɗanda aka yi niyya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ga mutanen da ba su da ilimin kimiyya. A cikin wannan labarin, zan nuna cewa al'ummar kimiyyar zamani sun mamaye mutanen da ke tsara ra'ayoyinsu na zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin ayyukansu na kimiyya, suna mai da tsarin kimiyya ya zama mai ban sha'awa. Wadannan ra'ayoyin da aka yi hasashe sun haɗa da maganganun siyasa da dama, ciki har da dangane da abin da ake kira. "'Yan tsiraru na jima'i", wato "Liwadi shine nau'in jinsin jima'i na al'ada a tsakanin mutane da dabbobi", cewa "shawarar jinsi ɗaya na asali ne kuma ba za a iya canzawa ba", "jinsi wani gini ne na zamantakewa wanda ba'a iyakance ga rarraba binary", da dai sauransu. da sauransu. Zan nuna cewa ana ɗaukar irin waɗannan ra'ayoyi na al'ada, kwanciyar hankali, kuma an kafa su a cikin da'irorin kimiyya na Yammacin Turai na zamani, ko da idan babu kwararan hujjoji na kimiyya, yayin da sauran ra'ayoyin nan da nan ana lakafta su a matsayin "pseudoscientific" da "ƙarya," ko da lokacin da suke da hujja mai karfi. bayan su. Ana iya bayyana dalilai da yawa a matsayin musabbabin irin wannan son zuciya - wani gagarumin gado na zamantakewa da tarihi wanda ya haifar da bullar "tabo ta kimiyya", gwagwarmayar siyasa mai tsanani da ta haifar da munafunci, "cinyar da" kimiyyar da ke haifar da neman abubuwan jin dadi. , da dai sauransu. Ko zai yiwu a kauce wa son zuciya gaba daya a kimiyya ya kasance mai kawo rigima. Koyaya, a ganina, yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙira yanayi don ingantaccen tsarin kimiyya daidai gwargwado.

Gabatarwar

A watan Afrilun 2017, masaniyar bayanai USA Today ta wallafa wani bidiyo mai taken Psychology of Infertility (Amurka A yau ta hanyar MSN) Labarin ya ba da labarin wasu ma'aurata uku waɗanda ba za su iya samun yara ko da masu jima'i ba tare da rigakafin juna ba - wato sun sha wahala daga rashin haihuwa, bisa ga fassarar Healthungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (Zegers-Hochschild 2009, p. 1522). Kowane ɗayan ma'auratan sun magance matsalar rashin haihuwa ta wata hanya - saboda haɗarin fitsari, ɗaukar ciki da kuma amfani da uwa mai maye. Bidiyon an tsara shi sosai kuma an tattara shi a cikin sanannen kimiyya, kuma an bayyana tarihin kowane ma'aurata daki-daki.

Ko ta yaya, USA USA kafofin watsa labarai kafofin watsa labarai, a wata hanya ta talakawa kuma ba tare da karancin raha da walwala ko hankali ba, ya lissafa wasu maza biyu daga cikin ma'auratan biyu wadanda suka sami matsalar lafiya (gaza haihuwa da gabobin jiki). Marubutan bidiyon a wani yanayi mai ratsa jiki da ban mamaki sun bayyana wa masu sauraro cewa matsalar "rashin haihuwa" ta 'yan luwadi Amurkawa biyu - Dan da Will Neville-Reyben - shine cewa "basu da mahaifa" (Itace 2017) Wataƙila, USA Today ta yarda cewa ga wani ɓangaren masu sauraron ta, har yanzu ba a san irin waɗannan hanyoyin zurfin jikin namiji da mace ba. Hanya ɗaya, wata hanya, ɗaya daga cikin manyan labarun labarai ita ce gardamar cewa inshora na likita ya kamata ya rufe kashe kuɗaɗen ma'aurata don maganin rashin haihuwa.

Saƙonnin wannan yanayin, cike da wauta na ɗabi'a, ba sabon abu bane a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Atlantika, kuma, a zahiri, ana samun karuwa a cikin bayanan Rasha da kuma shahararrun kimiyyar kimiyya. Bayani game da "ingantacciyar hanyar sanadiyyar liwadi" ko "dubu ɗaya da rabi na dabbobi masu luwadi" an yi su ne a cikin shahararren taron ilimin kimiyya don samari.

A wannan labarin, zan nuna cewa a cikin al'umman kimiyyar zamani mutane waɗanda ke aiwatar da ra'ayinsu na masu sassaucin ra'ayi a cikin ayyukansu na kimiyya, suna sa kimiyya ta ƙi gaba da gaba. Wadannan ra'ayoyin masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun hada da jerin maganganun farfaganda game da abin da ake kira "'Yan tsiraru masu jima'i" ("LGBT"), wato, "liwadi wata al'ada ce ta bambancin mace da mace a tsakanin mutane da dabbobi", "sha'awar jinsi daya ba ta canji kuma ba za a canza ta ba," "jinsi sigar zaman jama'a ce, ba ta takaita ga tsarin binary ba" da sauransu

Daga baya a rubutun zan ambaci ra'ayoyi irin su furofaganda na LGBT¹. A lokaci guda, akwai ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi waɗanda suka saɓa kan abin da ke sama, Zan kira su LGBT-m. Zan nuna cewa bayar da shawarar LGBT a cikin jami'ar ilimi ta zamani an dauki shi a matsayin al'ada, mai dagewa kuma ingantacce, koda babu tabbataccen shaidar kimiyya, yayin da ra'ayoyin LGBT masu sarkakiya kuma ana yiwa lakabi da "mafificin-kimiyya" da "arya", ko da kuwa ana goyan bayan su tabbatacce factology.

Kimiyya da Ilimin Siyasa

Matsayi na farko mai mahimmanci don fahimtar menene ilimin kimiyya shine tantance menene hanyar kimiyya. Hanyar kimiyya ta ƙunshi matakai da yawa: (1) gabatar da tambaya (abin da ake buƙatar yin nazari): ƙayyade maƙasudin da batun, makasudin da manufofin binciken; (2) aiki tare da wallafe-wallafe: nazarin batutuwan akan wannan batun da wasu suka riga sun bincika; (3) hango wata hasashe: kirkirar wani zato game da yadda tsari karkashin binciken ya gudana da abin da zai iya faruwa idan aka fallasa shi; (4) gwaji: gwada hangen nesa; (5) nazarin sakamakon: nazarin sakamakon gwaji da kuma tabbatar da girman yadda aka tabbatar da hasashen cutar; kuma, a karshe, (6) karshe: kawo wa wasu sakamakon gwaji da bincike.

Wannan tushe don karatu ya zama tushen binciken kimiyya na ƙarni, kuma ma'ana, hanyar da aka sa gaba ya ba 'yan adam damar cimma sakamako mai ban sha'awa.

Koyaya, kamar yadda Farfesa Henry Bauer ya fada a cikin 1992, ilimin kimiyya kuma, musamman, sanannen ƙungiyar kimiyyar yana ƙara komawa da baya ga tsarin kimiyya don bin akidar sassauƙa kamar yadda hanya mafi mahimmancin "fassara" a kimiyyance "fassara duniyar da ke kewayenta (Bakin 1992) Don haka, an rage babbar hanyar kimiyya zuwa abubuwa masu zuwa: (1) ma'anar matsalar kuma, gwargwadon yiwuwa, guje wa batutuwan "da aka hana", misali. jinsi da jinsi kamar yadda aka yanke hukunci game da rayuwa, "yanayin daidaituwa tsakanin mace da mace" a zaman rayuwar jama'a; (2) bincika abin da wasu suka riga sun yi nazari, da kuma zaɓin sakamakon da ba su da sabani da akida; (3) hango wata hasashe: zato na bayanin wata matsala wacce ba ta sabawa akidun sassaucin ra'ayi; (4) gwaji: gwaji kokwanto; (5) nazarin sakamakon: yin watsi da rage mahimmancin "sakamakon" yayin da ake haɓakawa da sake nazarin sakamakon "tsammanin"; kuma a karshe; (6) karshe: sanarwar sakamako wanda bisa nasarar “goyon baya” akida mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Bawai Farfesa Bauer bane kadai ke damu da wannan sauyi na akida a kimiyance.

Misali, wani yanke kamala game da matsayin ilimin zamani wanda Farfesa Ruth Hubbard yayi (Hubbard da Wald 1993), Farfesa Lynn Wordel (Wardle 1997, 852), Dr. Stephen Goldberg (Goldberg 2002), Dr. Alan Sokal da Dr. Gene Brichmont (Sokal da Brichmont 1998), Kirkirar baƙi na Amurka (Kirsten Powers) (Mai iko 2015), da Dr. Austin Ruse (Rage 2017).

Farfesa Nicholas Rosenkrantz na Makarantar Shari'a ta Georgetown da Farfesa Jonathan Haidt na Jami'ar New York har ma sun kafa Heterodox Academy, wani aikin kan layi wanda ya mayar da hankali kan matsalar kamanceceniya ta akida da tsayin daka ga mabanbantan ra'ayi a cibiyoyin manyan makarantu na Amurka.Heterodox na makarantar kimiyya.nd).

Dokta Bret Weinstein ya bar Kwalejin jihar ta Evergreen bayan ya ki shiga wani abin da ake kira "Ranar Kasancewa" - lokacin da aka shigar da wakilan kowace kabila da wata kabila ban da Caucasians a jami'a - daliban haushi da gwagwarmaya sun tsokane shi.Weinstein xnumx) Daga baya, tare da dan uwansa, Dr. Eric Weinstein da sauran masana kimiyya, ya kafa wata al'umma, cikin wasa da wasa ana kiransa "Duniyar Yanar Gizo mai kwakwalwa"Bari xnumx). Dan jarida Bari Weiss ya bayyana wannan al'umma kamar haka: "Na farko, waɗannan mutane a shirye suke don kare ra'ayinsu mai tsanani, amma a lokaci guda suna yin muhawara a cikin farar hula, a kan kusan dukkanin batutuwa masu dacewa: addini, zubar da ciki, ƙaura, yanayin sani. Na biyu, a lokacin da ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi game da duniya da abubuwan da ke kewaye da mu sukan ƙi gaskiyar gaskiyar, kowa ya ƙudurta yin tsayayya da masu yada ra'ayoyin siyasa. Na uku kuma, wasu sun biya farashin son bayyana wasu ra’ayoyinsu ta hanyar korarsu daga cibiyoyin ilimi da suka zama masu adawa da tunanin da ba na al’ada ba – da kuma samun masu saurare a wasu wurare” (Bari xnumx).

Ga waɗanda ba su da sha'awar wannan matsala a baya, ƙarfin akidar akida ta kimiyya na iya zama kamar ba mamaki. Zasu iya yin imani da tunani cewa a kimiyyan zamani kawai abubuwan da aka tabbatar ba tabbas ne kawai, kuma komai ya dogara ne da zato, hasashe, ra'ayoyi da kuma tsarin siyasa da siyasa. Koyaya, ana ɗauka zaton zace-zace, hasashe, ra'ayoyi da kuma tsarin siyasa da siyasa a matsayin “tabbatattun hujjoji” ana samun su cikin matsaloli da yawa.Bakin 2012, c. 12), wasu daga cikinsu suna da babban kukan jama'a. Misali, sha'awar luwadi '' nau'in jima'i ne na ɗan adam ', ko kuwa rashin nuna halin ɗabi'a ne (ba tare da fitina ba) na halayen jima'i tare da jan hankalin yara, dabbobi, ko abubuwa marasa ƙima? A cikin waɗannan batutuwan, har ma da wasu, hanyar kimiyya ta zama wanda aka azabtar da ra'ayoyin siyasa (Wright da Cummings 2005, p. Xiv).

Yi la'akari da mai zuwa: a yau, a cikin ilimin kimiyya, masu bincike waɗanda suke da'awar suna da abin da ake kira Abubuwan da suka shafi “cigaba” sun fi wanda suke da da'awar cewa 'ra'ayin mazan jiya ne' (Abubuwan 2016) Za a iya samun jerin kyawawan littattafai na takwarorin mutane waɗanda ke nuna daidai wannan batun a cikin ɗakunan tarihin cibiyar Heterodox da aka ambata a sama (Heterodox Academy nd Binciken Gida) Kuma ra'ayoyin watsa labarai na LGBT sune ɗayan manyan bangarorin akidojin 'yanci na zamani.

A cikin zance na sirri, ɗayan takwarorina, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam kuma Ph.D. a ɗayan manyan biranen Rasha (ya tambaye ni kada in bayyana sunansa saboda yana tsoron sakamakon samun wani ra'ayi) da raha ya ba ni labarin ƙaƙƙarfan ka'idodin "zamani" sanannen kimiyyar, don haka Yi hukunci da batutuwan da suka danganci luwaɗan: duk abin da ke nuna kowane tabbataccen tabbaci ga luwaɗan ya nuna ta hanyar misalin kimiyya da kuma hanyar kimiyya ta misali. Bi da bi, duk abin da ya nuna kowane irin shakku game da luwaɗan, ana yi masa lakabi da “ruɗami daga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi” (hira ta sirri, 14 ga Oktoba, 2018). Ta wata ma'ana, a cikin "kimiyar zamani" don shakkar "daidaituwa" na liwadi ya zama daidai da shakkar "ci gaba" na zamanin da al'adun gargajiya. Don tabbatar da wannan sabon abu, kawai mafi sauƙin lura da masaniyar kimiyyar zamani ya isa. Gwamnatocin ƙasashe masu arziki da kafuwar gwamnatocin ƙasashe masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke da tabbaci na yarda game da luwaɗanci, kamar dai ba makawa ne kuma tabbatacciyar gaskiya, kamar cewa mata ne kaɗai za su iya haihuwar mutane (ko da yake ina jin tsoron hakan ta fuskar abin da ke faruwa a fagen “transgenderism” a yau) , wannan misalin za'a soki mai tsanani).

Sauya masaniyar kimiyya daidai ta hanyar siyasa

Wasu suna jayayya cewa siyasa siyasa da muhawara ta jama'a dole ne su kasance masu hankali ga batutuwa da yawa saboda mummunan gado na tarihin ɗan adam. Amma gaskiyar kimiyya ba ta da alaƙa da siyasa. Akwai bambance-bambance na halitta tsakanin jinsunan mutum (phenotypes) (Sarki 2005), akwai bambance-bambance na halitta a tsakanin jinsunan mutane (Evans da DeFranco 2014) da sauransu. Tabbas, irin wadannan bayanan an yi amfani da su a matsayin 'muhawara' 'ga manyan laifuka da kisan kiyashi a cikin tarihin mutane, kuma ya kamata bil'adama da al'umma su kiyaye wannan a ko da yaushe. Babu wata hujja don rashin daidaito.

Duk da haka, shafukan da aka ambata a sama na bakin ciki na tarihi ba sa watsi da wanzuwar dabi'un ilimin halittar jiki da bambance-bambancen jima'i a cikin mutane, saboda suna faruwa a cikin yanayi kuma an ƙaddara su ta hanyar halitta. Alal misali, mutum ba zai iya haihuwa ba saboda halayen halittu na jikinsa (rashin mahaifa, da farko, kamar yadda USA Today ya lura da kyau). Za mu iya guje wa magana game da shi kawai, mu ƙyale waɗannan abubuwa na zahiri na zahiri, ko canza ma'anar kalmar "mace" - wannan bai ƙara kome ba ga gaskiyar kimiyyar da ba ta girgiza ba. Hujjojin kimiyya sun wanzu ba tare da la’akari da fassararsu ta masu akidar koyarwar siyasa ba, ko da kuwa an jera su a cikin wani shela ko rabe-rabe na cututtuka, ba tare da la’akari da daidaiton siyasa ba.

A ganina, kafa wata aya daidai tsakanin “daidaituwar siyasa” da kimiya yana daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin zamaninmu, kuma wannan hujja tana hana sabuwa da bidi'a. Wasu masu binciken suna da irin wannan ra'ayi (Hunter 2005) Dangane da kamusar HarperCollins a cikin Ingilishi ta Biritaniya, “daidaituwar siyasa” tana nufin “nuna fifiko, musamman ta hanyar kin amfani da kalmomin da ake ganin cin mutunci ne, nuna wariya ko yin Allah wadai, musamman game da launin fata da jinsi” (Hanyar Ingilishi ta Collins nd) Kuma bisa ga ƙamus na Webster na "Random House" na Turanci na Amurka, "daidaita siyasa" "... ana nuna shi, a matsayin mai mulkin, ta hanyar sadaukar da kai don aiwatar da haɓakar ƙa'idar aiki kan kabilanci da jinsi, halayyar jima'i ko muhalli" ()Dictionaryamus / Thesaurus nd).

Masu gabatar da bayanan cikin gida Belyakov da marubutan sun bayyana "daidaituwar siyasa" ba tare da ra'ayin da bai dace ba:

"... Daidaita siyasa shine ɗayan samfuran al'ummomin haɓakawa ta zamani, wanda ke haifar da rikice-rikicen al'adu, rarrabuwar kawuna, rarrabuwar kawunan al'umma da kuma zuwa farkon masu rikice-rikice. Dimokuradiyya a cikin irin wannan al'umma ta bayyana a matsayin tsarin zamantakewa, wanda baya nuna ikon yawancin mutane, amma da farko kare haƙƙin kowane ɗan ƙarami, har zuwa mutum. A zahiri, hatta mafi yawan mulkin dimokiradiyya ba shi da ikon kare duk haƙƙin da yake shelanta da tabbatar da cimma buri na kowane memba na al'umma. Wata hanyar kwaikwayon mafita ga wannan matsala ita ce amfani da yaren harshe na daidaituwa ta siyasa, wanda ke ba da shawarar yin amfani da waɗancan kalmomi da maganganun da suka shafi jinsi da jinsi, shekaru, kiwon lafiya, matsayin zamantakewa, da bayyanar wakilan wasu ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda za su yi la'akari da cin mutunci da wariya. Don haka, "daidai ne a siyasance" a kira mutum baƙar fata “Baƙon Ba'amurke”, ɗan Indiya "ɗan asalin Amurka", mai nakasa "cin nasara da matsaloli saboda yanayinsa na jiki (ƙalubalanci a jiki), da kuma mai son" a kwance bisa " A kwance a hankali, talakawa - “marasa galihu”, mutumin da ke yada jita-jita - “mai tara abubuwan da aka ƙi” (masu tattara), da dai sauransu Don hana ƙyamar “minoran tsiraru na jima'i”, ko kuma “mutanen da ba su da al'adun gargajiya. fuskantarwa ”(kuma ingantacciyar hanyar siyasa ce), kafin agaetsya amfani da su, misali, kalmar nan "gay" da "kishili." Hakanan an same su da laifin “Sexist” morphemes, wadanda ake zargin suna alamta da darajan maza sama da mata, abin kuma abin takaici ne. Kalmomin suna da alaƙa da tushen “mutumin” (shugaban), shugaban gaban (shugaban), mai kashe gobara (ma'aikacin gidan wuta), ma'aikacin gidan waya (ma'aikacin gidan waya) ana ba da shawarar cire su daga amfani da su cikin fifita kujera, mai kulawa, mai kashe wuta, mai ɗaukar saƙo, bi da bi . Saboda wannan dalili, daga yanzu ya kamata a rubuta kalmar mace a matsayin "womyn" (ko ma american na farji), kuma maimakon wakilin sunan shi, nasa, ya kamata koyaushe ya yi amfani da ita, ita (ita, ita). Don guje wa bayyanar ta'addancin ta'addanci ga dabbobi da tsire-tsire, kalmomin dabbobi (dabbobin gida) da tsire-tsire na gida (tsirrai na gida) wanda ke wakiltar mutum kamar yadda majibincin ke ba da shawarar maye gurbin sahabban dabba (sahabban dabbobi) da sahabbai na botanical (sahabban shuka) ... "(Belyakov da Matveychev 2009).

Don haka, "daidaituwar siyasa", idan muka share ma'anar wannan kalmar daga “sahihancin siyasa”, ba wani abu bane illa yin takunkumi.

Wasu akidu na al'adu na koyarwar hagu-sassaucin ra'ayi sun zama lafuzzan jama'a wanda ba wanda ke da 'yancin yin ritaya, ko da su masana kimiyya ne, malamai ko ɗalibai. Duk wani masanin kimiyya wanda yake so ya sami fitarwa da kuma kudade yakamata yayi amfani da yaren "daidaita siyasa." Saboda haka, "daidaituwar siyasa" wani lokaci ana kiransa da gaskiya "fascism mai sassaucin ra'ayi", yana jaddada munafunci na masu shelar 'yanci wanda yake aiki azaman masu fasikanci masu izgili (Ppedoƙarin 2017).

A bayyane yake yadda "daidaituwar siyasa" ke rikitar da ilimin kimiyya, tunda yana lalata duk ka'idojin kimiyya da ka'idodi. Wadannan ka'idojin ana iya samar dasu baki daya kamar yadda kowa ya dace da shi, a bayyane yake, rashin son kai, shakkar ra'ayi, wadanda aka dauke su a kimiyance a zahiri, kazalika da saukin gaskiya da kuma rashin munafunci. Koyaya, a yau abin da aka ɗauka da farko ba a ɗaukarsa kamar haka. A ƙarshe, yin jayayya cewa wani abu yana da babu makawa kuma ba a tantance shi ba a lokacin da akwai tabbataccen hujja ga akasin (wanda sanannu ne ga masanan kimiyya kuma ba na son kai ba) ne kawai mara gaskiya ne da rashin kunya.

A wannan bikin, ɗan jaridar Tom Nichols ya lura:

"... Ina jin tsoron cewa za mu nisanci shakkuwar yanayin lafiya game da maganganun kwararru daban-daban game da guguwar masana kwatankwacinsu: zuwa ga wutar da Google ta samar, bisa Wikipedia da kuma bayanan boge daga masana kwararru da laymen, malamai da ɗaliban da suka sani kuma suke da sha'awar ... "(Nichols xnumx).

Wikipedia da Youtube a matsayin tushen "ilimi"

Wikipedia na daya daga cikin shafukan Intanet da aka fi ziyarta, wacce ke gabatar da kanta a matsayin "encyclopedia" kuma yawancin wadanda ba kwararru ba harma da 'yan makaranta sun yarda da ita a matsayin madogara ta gaskiya wacce babu kokwanto. Wani dan kasuwa na Alabama mai suna Jimmy Wales ne ya bude shafin a shekarar 2001. Kafin kafa Wikipedia, Jimmy Wales ya kirkiro aikin Intanet na Bomis, wanda ya rarraba hotunan batsa, gaskiyar da yake matukar kokarin cirewa daga tarihin sa (Hansen xnumx; Schilling xnumx).

Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa Wikipedia amintacciya ce, saboda "kowane mai amfani zai iya ƙara labarin ko gyara labarin da ke yanzu." Wannan gaskiyar magana ne - a zahiri, duk bayanan da basu dace da lafazin sassaucin ra'ayi da hagu ba za a lasafta su saboda kasancewar manyan hanyoyin tabbatar da labarin wanda a ciki akwai abin da ake kira da ake kira matsakaici - masu gyara waɗanda ke wakiltar wasu ƙungiyoyi masu sassaucin ra'ayi, alal misali, matsakaici daga "LGBT +" - motsi wanda zai iya shirya ko musun kayan (Jackson 2009) Don haka, duk da ainihin manufarta ta tsaka tsaki, Wikipedia tana da ra'ayin nuna wariya mai yawa da nuna wariyar launin fata.

A cikin wata kasida a cikin mujallar FrontPageMagazine, David Swingle ya yi nazari kuma ya nuna cewa aikin Wikipedia yana gabatar da matsayin ra'ayi game da masu editocinsa na dindindin kuma na yau da kullun, wasu daga cikinsu (musamman a cikin bangarorin rikice-rikicen zamantakewa) masu gwagwarmaya ne da ke neman tasiri ga ra'ayoyin jama'a (Xaukar xnumx) Misali, Swingle ya kirkiri:

"... Kwatanta [Labaran Wikipedia] game da Ann Coulter²) da kuma game da Michael Moore (Michael Moore³) Labarin game da Coulter ya ƙunshi kalmomin 9028 (a kan 9 na watan Agusta 2011 na shekara). Daga cikin wannan adadin, kalmomin 3220 sun kasance a cikin sashe na "rikice-rikice da La'anci", wanda ya bayyana adadin abubuwan da suka faru tare da Coulter kuma sun nakalto ambato na masu sukar da suka yi mata suka, akasarinsu tsakanin masu ra'ayoyi da masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Wannan shine, 35,6% na labarin da aka kayyade wa Ann Coulter an sadaukar da shi don gabatar da shi cikin mummunan haske, jayayya da cike da zargi.

A gefe guda, wani labarin game da Moore ya ƙunshi kalmomin 2876 (wanda yake daidai da matsakaicin girman labaran game da adadi na siyasa akan Wikipedia), wanda kalmomin 130 suke cikin sashin "Abubuwan Taɗi". Wannan shine 4,5% na labarin gaba ɗaya na Moore.

Shin wannan yana nufin cewa "mai karatu" mai karatu ya yi imanin cewa Coulter ya ninka sau takwas fiye da na Moore? ... ”(Xaukar xnumx).

A cikin labarin, dan jaridar Joseph Farah ya rubuta cewa Wikipedia:

“... ba wai kawai wakilin rashin gaskiya bane ne da nuna banbanci. Wannan mai siyar da kayayyaki ne na karya da baƙar magana, irin waɗanda duniya ba ta taɓa sani ba ... "(Farah 2008).

Bugu da kari, Wikipedia yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar sadarwar jama'a da kuma kwararrun masu gudanar da harkoki wadanda suke cire duk wani mummunan abu game da abokan cinikin su kuma suna gabatar da abubuwan son zuciya (Grace 2007; Gobara 2007) Kodayake ba a yarda da irin wannan gyaran da aka biya ba, Wikipedia ba ta yin aiki da ka'idodinta, musamman ga manyan masu ba da gudummawa.

Wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia Larry Sanger, wanda ya bar aikin, ya yarda cewa Wikipedia ba ta bin ka'idodin tsaka tsaki na (Arrington 2016).

Mai bincike Brian Martin ya rubuta a cikin aikinsa:

“...Duk da bin umarnin mai amfani, ana iya yin gyare-gyare na tsattsauran ra’ayi a cikin Wikipedia, wanda ake ci gaba da kiyayewa. Dabaru don gyara son zuciya na shigarwar Wikipedia sun haɗa da share bayanai masu kyau, ƙara bayanai mara kyau, yin amfani da zaɓi na tushen son rai, da ƙari mai mahimmancin takamaiman batutuwa. Don kiyaye son zuciya a cikin shigarwa, ko da wasu masu amfani ne suka nuna shi, mahimman dabarun sun haɗa da gyara shigarwar, zaɓi aiwatar da dokokin Wikipedia, da toshe editoci...” (Martin 2017).

Duk bayanan Wikipedia akan LGBT + ya kamata a amince da abin da ake kira masu shiga tsakani, da duk wasu hujjoji da sukai watsi dasu daga kayan. Tsarin shiga tsakani na wakilin LGBT + wajibi ne ga duk labaran LGBT +, kuma matsakanci ne wanda ya yanke shawarar abin da za a buga da abin da ba zai yi ba. Dokar Wikipedia.

Don haka, duk labaran Wikipedia masu alaƙa da LGBT + suna da son kai, suna son kai, kuma suna wakiltar tattara bayanan da aka shirya ne kawai daga wasu shaƙatawa ko kuma gaba ɗaya marasa ilimin kimiyya, hanyoyin fasaha. Ba shi yiwuwa ba kawai don ƙara sabon labarin, ko don yin ƙari a kan labarin da ake ciki ba, amma har ma da canza kalma ɗaya idan ta saba wa akidar da ba a faɗi ba "ko dai mai kyau ko babu".

Kimanin misalai 300 na aikin Wikipedia, gami da batun LGBT +, ana rubuce a shafin yanar gizo na Conservapedia (Conservapedia 2018).

Misali, a cikin Wikipedia, na dogon lokaci, wani labarin game da dabi'ar jinsi daya tsakanin dabbobi (wanda ita kanta nuna wariya ce, duba babi na 2) ya kunshi jumla mara hankali game da "jinsin dabbobi 1500", wanda Wikipedia ta gabatar a matsayin gaskiyar kimiyya. - duk da cewa babu wasu kafofin da ke ambaton waɗannan adadi. A zahiri, wannan ma'aikacin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi ne mai taken Petter Böckmann ya gabatar da wannan taken kuma aka gabatar da shi a shekarar 2006, wanda Böckmann da kawo shi a cikin labarin Wikipedia a 2007. Shekaru 11 kawai bayan haka, an share bayanan: yayin tattaunawar, Böckman bai iya samar da wata majiya ba kuma ya yarda da batun bayanin: 

Daga qarshe, kamar yadda masu zartarwar Wikipedia ke da'awar:

“… Wikipedia shafin yanar gizo ne mai zaman kansa wanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia Foundation ta kebantu da shi kuma ana kula da ita ne kawai ta Kwamitin Amintattu na Gidauniyar Wikimedia. Wikipedia da Gidauniyar Wikimedia suna da 'yancin kafa nasu ka'idoji game da wanda zai iya rubutawa da kuma shirya labarai a shafin ... A matsayin shafin yanar gizo na sirri, Wikipedia tana da' yancin toshewa, hanawa, ko kuma taƙaita duk wani mai karatu karanta ko gyara abubuwan da shafin ya kunsa saboda kowane irin dalili, ko ma ba tare da wani dalili ba ... Gidauniyar Wikimedia tana da cikakkiyar dama ta sauya dokokinta kan duk wani dalili da ta ga ya dace - ko ma ba tare da wani dalili ba, kawai saboda "kuna son" ... "(Wikipedia: Magana ta 'Yanci 2018).

Wannan "encyclopedia" din shine babban tushen "ilmi" game da duniya ga yawancin matasa ...

Wata hanyar samun bayanai don laymen zamani ita ce sabis ɗin watsa shirye-shiryen bidiyo na YouTube, wanda ƙungiyar kamfanin Google ke da shi. Shafin YouTube ya hukumta kansa a matsayin wata hanya ta kyauta wacce ake alakantawa da magana a cikin LGBTKIAP +, ko kuma maganganun da basu dace da lafazin LGBTKIAP + ba. Wannan ba haka bane.

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ƙara fuskantar YouTube da hana wasu ra'ayin mazan jiya (Carlsson 2018) An sa ido kan YouTube a cikin tashar "PragerU" da sauran tashoshi wadanda ke bayyana ra’ayin da ya sha bamban da ra’ayin masana akidun sassaucin ra'ayi.

Nean rahoton FoxNews sun ambata wasiƙar YouTube ta ciki wanda ya zo garesu a watan Afrilun 2017, wanda ke dalla-dalla yadda takunkumin bidiyo ya gudana. Daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa yawan censorship a YouTube bai zama bayyananne ga yawancin mutane ba shine saboda kamfanin na da wayo wanda baya isa ya goge duk wani bidiyo da yake so ya soki. Madadin haka, an gabatar da “yanayin ƙuntatawa” saboda yawancin bidiyo.⁴. Irin waɗannan bidiyo ana toshe su a harabar makarantu, makarantu, ɗakunan karatu, da sauran wuraren jama'a; ba za a duba su daga ƙananan orsan ƙasa da masu amfani da rajista ba. An ƙuntata abubuwan da ke taƙaita shafin da gangan don ƙarshen, saboda haka yana da wahala a samu. Bugu da kari, an sanya su ta hanyar boka: wadanda suka sanya bayanan su ba za su iya samun kudi a kansu ba, balle yawan ra'ayoyi.

Tunanin, alal misali, cewa New York Times ta daina siyarwa a majalissar labarai - zaku iya, ba shakka, samun shi, amma kawai ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. Kuma, ƙariɗa, - na musamman kyauta. Wato an hana masu buga labarai yin kudi suna sayar da jaridu. Babu shakka, irin waɗannan ayyukan zasu faɗi ƙarƙashin ma'anar sa maye.

Menene ƙididdigar takunkumi don bidiyo na YouTube? Kamar yadda aka fada a cikin bayanan, sanya takunkumi ya hada da, Ina fadi, "rikice-rikicen addini ko rikon sakainar kashi", da "matattarar rikice-rikice, abubuwan tsokana." Babu ma'anar abin da ta kasance - ba a ba da izini ga abin da yake - rigima game da addini, baƙuwar ra'ayi, addini ko abubuwan da ke tayar da hankali. YouTube ne ya yanke wannan shawarar, kuma yana da siyasa kamar yadda zai yiwu.

FoxNews ta buga misali: YouTube ta gano tashar PragerU a matsayin wani "tashin hankali" don jefa shakku kan zargin wariyar launin fata tsakanin 'yan sandan Amurka. Idan bakayi la'akari da duk jami'an 'yan sanda na Amurka a matsayin masu nuna wariyar launin fata ba, to, a cewar YouTube, zakuyi musayar "maganganu masu matukar rikitarwa, masu tayar da hankali." Don haka bidiyon “PragerU” an fitar da shi da gaskiya kuma, a zahiri, ya ba da sanarwar cewa yana haifar da kiyayya. A lokaci guda, bidiyon da suke da'awar "dabi'ar fararen mugunta ne" suna kan YouTube ba tare da wani takunkumi ba.

Bayani yana ba da cikakkiyar fahimta game da inda YouTube ke ɗaukar hoto. Takardar ta yi bayanin cewa kamfanin ya kuduri aniyar '' yancin mallakar mallaka, gami da fa'idodin da ke tattare da bambancin ra'ayi da hada kai. " Daga cikin wadanda YouTube ta dorawa takunkumi game da "abun da ke da tsaurin ra'ayi" wata kungiya ce da ke da matsanancin ra'ayi, ciki har da ra'ayoyin "LGBT +", - "Cibiyar shari'ar talauci ta Kudancin"Ammar; Yanada 2018).

Barazanar Dissenters

Yawancin, da aka ba da kuɗi kuma, sakamakon haka, kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi masu tasiri kamar Cibiyar Shari'ar Talauci ta Kudancin, suna amfani da ƙwarewar farkon 1970s na ƙarni na karshe (duba Babi na 14), ƙirƙirar yanayin da kowane mai magana, har ma da cikakken kimiyya ke jayayya. , wanda bai zo daidai da lafazin “LGBT +” ba, haɗarin rasa abubuwa da yawa - daga aiki zuwa kiwon lafiya. Koda a lokacin wayewar zamanin "babban ilimin kimiyya" da "daidaituwa ta siyasa", masu binciken da suka kare ra'ayoyi da suka sha bamban da “hanyar babban jam’iyya” suna fuskantar hadarin da za a tuhume su da “rashin bin doka”, “mugunta da rashin tausayi” ()Marmor xnumx), “Rashin yarda, nuna wariyar launin fata da nuna wariyar ra'ayi” (Shekarar 1986) Irin waɗannan zarge-zargen suna da goyan bayan "al'adar al'ada" a cikin kafofin watsa labarai kuma suna nuna kasuwanci.

Farfesa Robert Spitzer (1932 zuwa 2015) yana daga cikin mafi mahimmancin mutane a lokacin ayyukan daungiyar Fatawar ta Amurka a 1973, yana yin duk ƙoƙarin da ya kamata don kauda liwadi cikin jerin matsalar tabin hankali, Spitzer yayi don motsi na "LGBT", watakila fiye da sauran, samun girmamawa da izini daga ƙungiyar LGBT (Bayer 1981).

Koyaya, kusan shekaru 30 daga baya, a wani taro na Psyungiyar Hauka na Amurka a 2001, Spitzer ya ba da rahoto game da sakamakon bincikensa na kwanan nan cewa "kashi 66 cikin dari na maza da kashi 44 na mata sun sami kyakkyawan kyakkyawan aiki na maza," wato, sun ci gaba da daidaituwa, ƙaunar halayyar jima'i a duk shekara, samun wadatar zuci daga dangantakar abokantaka da abokin aikinsu, wanda ya ƙira aƙalla maki 7 akan ma'auni 10, yin jima'i da abokin tarawa a c a kalla a kowane wata, kuma ba a taba yin saurin hango batun saduwa da jima'i ba "; daga baya, an buga sakamakon a mujallar Archives of Jima'i (Spitzer 2001; 2003a). Wannan ya sabawa akidar yada jita-jita ta LGBT game da dabi'un da za'a iya yarda da shi ta hanyar liwadi. Jahannama ta barke a kusa da Spitzer: "A yau, jarumi na ƙungiyar gay ya zama ba zato ba tsammani ya zama Yahuza" (van den Aarweg 2012). Labarin Spitzer ya yi mummunan suka game da shahararrun masu tsananta wa azzalumi kamar A. Lee Becksted, Helena Carlson, Kenneth Cohen, Ritch Savin-Williams, Gregory Herek, Bruce Rind, da Roger Worsington (Rosik 2012).

Abin sha'awa, kamar yadda Dr. Christopher Rowickick ya lura, wasu daga cikin fannoni na aikin Spitzer na 2003 sun kasance kamar haka: binciken ya samo asali ne daga tambayoyin sirri daga samfurin da aka zana daga kungiyoyin shawarwari da Associationungiyar forasa don Nazari da Magunguna na Luwaɗan (NARTH) (Wilde 2004) ) Wannan shine mafi girman matakin munafurci: wani aikin da aka gabatar da sakamakon binciken LGBT mai saurin ra'ayi game da yin amfani da wannan hanyar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin aikin bayar da shawarwari na LGBT, alal misali binciken Shidlo da Schroeder suma sun dogara ne akan rahotannin sirri (Shidlo da Schroeder 2002 ) A zahiri, duk ilimin kimiyyar halayyar dan adam da sauran kimiyyar zamantakewa sun dogara ne da hanyoyin sadarwa da bayanan kai. Bugu da kari, adadin litattafan bayar da shawarwari na LGBT game da yaran da ma'aurata suka yi renonsu ya danganta ne da kananan samfuran da kungiyoyin kishili suka tattara (Marks 2012).

A ƙarshe, bayan shekaru goma na ƙiyayya da ke tayar da shi, Spitzer yayi sallama. A lokacin yana da shekara 80, ya rubuta wasika ga editocin Archives of Jima'i dabi'ar neman ya janye labarin (Spitzer 2012). Ya kuma nemi afuwa ga daukacin al'umman 'yan luwadi da "cutarwa". Dr. van den Aardweg ya tuno wata tattaunawa ta wayar tarho da Farfesa Spitzer, wani dan lokaci bayan buga labarin nasa a 2003, inda ya yi magana game da kokarin shawo kan masu sukar: (Spitzer 2003b): “Na tambaye shi ko zai ci gaba da bincikensa, ko ma ya gwada Shin yana aiki tare da mutanen da ke da matsalar luwadi waɗanda ke neman taimakon "madadin" masu sana'a, wato taimako da tallafi don canza sha'awar ɗan kishili zuwa masu yin jima'i ... Amsar ba ta yi daidai ba. A'a, ba zai sake taɓa wannan batun ba. 'Yan bindigar da magoya bayansu sun yi masa kawanya bayan kusan harin da ya sosa masa rai. Ruwan ƙiyayya ne. Mutumin da gaske ne irin wannan halin zai iya karye mutum. ” (Spitzer 2003b).

Wani mai binciken wanda masu fafutukar luwadi ke yawan ambatarsa ​​shine Farfesa Charles Roselli na Jami'ar Oregon. Farfesa Roselli yayi nazarin ayyukan neurobiological a cikin tsarin tumakin gida. A farkon matakan aikinsa, Farfesa Roselli ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen don nazarin halayen zamantakewa na tumaki na gida. Ya ba da shawarar cewa wasu daidaituwa na hormonal intrauterine na iya rushe halayen jima'i na raguna. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa na farko kan wannan batun, karatun Farfesa Roselli ya mayar da hankali ne kawai kan inganta kiwo tumaki da tasirinsa ga tattalin arziƙi, kuma Roselli ya yarda da matsayin furucin nazarin halayen mutane game da halayen dabbobi, tare da ambata: “Nazarin da aka yi shine don fahimtar abubuwan da ke haifar da halayen jima'i da haihuwa. raguna suna da mahimmanci a fili don kiwon tumaki. Bayanin da aka samo akan yanayin hormonal, na asali, kwayoyin halitta da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli waɗanda ke ƙayyade fifiko na abokan tarawa yakamata su ba da zaɓi mafi kyau na tumaki don haifuwa kuma, a sakamakon haka, suna da darajar tattalin arziki. Koyaya, wannan binciken ma yana da mahimmancin dacewa don fahimtar haɓakawa da kulawa da sha'awar jima'i da zaɓi na abokin tarayya don nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da mutane. Dangane da wannan, yana da muhimmanci a fahimci cewa halayyar ɗan rago da ke nufin wani namiji ba za a daidaita ta daidai da kishiyar mutum ba, saboda yanayin jima'i na mutum ya ƙunshi fahimta, rudu da gwaninta, gami da lura da halayen jima'i "(Roselli 2004, p. . 243).

A cikin labarin bita na 2004, Farfesa Roselli ya yarda cewa bai sami tabbataccen shaida game da ka'idarsa [na intrauterine rashin daidaituwa na hormonal], kuma ya ambaci ra'ayoyi daban-daban don bayyana halin jima'i a cikin wasu raguna (Roselli 2004, shafi na 236 - 242). A cikin ayyukansa, Roselli ya kasance mai kula da mutanen LGBT sosai a cikin tsarinsa da fassararsa, kuma tabbas ba ta kowace hanya ta bayyana ra'ayoyin LGBT na shakka ba.

Ban da haka, Farfesa Roselli ta zage ta da tsananta daga masu gwagwarmayar LGBT saboda bude kayan maye a dakin gwaje-gwajenta - kodayake babu wata hanya mafi arha da za a yi nazarin ragon jikin dabbobin (Cloud 2007). Nan da nan Roselli ya ba da sanarwar "phoan kiyayya" da "flayer." A cikin wata kasida mai taken “Hannu Ya Kashe Shehun Gay!” a cikin jaridar London Sunday Times, an kira Roselli “shugaban masu shirya maƙarƙashiya a kan luwadi” (Ersly 2013, shafi 48). PETA, a cikin wakilin wakilin, sanannen ɗan wasa kuma mai fafatukar ƙungiyar LGBT + Martina Navratilova (PETA UK 2006), ya shiga cikin tashin hankali. Masu gwagwarmaya sun aika da Roselli da sauran ma'aikata daban-daban na Jami'ar Oregon game da haruffa 20 tare da barazanar da cin mutunci ("kuna buƙatar harba!", "Don Allah ku mutu!", Da sauransu) (Ersly 2013, p. 49).

Bayan fewan shekaru bayan haka, lokacin da Roselli, mai yiwuwa ya koyar da ɗacin gogewar adawa na gaba ɗaya ra'ayoyi, ya juya zuwa maganganun "LGBT +" - motsi, a cikin labarin da ya biyo baya ya rubuta: “Za a iya yin nazarin fifikon abokan jima'i a cikin mutane a cikin dabbobin dabba ta amfani da gwaje-gwaje na musamman ... Duk da ajizancin , Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen da aka fi so na abokin dabba don yin kwatancin yanayin jima'i na mutum "(Roselli 2018, shafi na 3).

Dokta Ray Milton Blanchard na Jami'ar Toronto mai iko ne kan ilimin jima'i kuma ya yi aiki a kan Kwamitin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Amirka. Dokta Blanchard yayi hasashe cewa sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi (ciki har da ɗan luwaɗi) da kuma transsexualism (DSM-IV cuta na ainihi na jinsi, yanzu DSM-5 dysphoria jinsi) suna haifar da martani na musamman na rigakafi na maza kamar na jima'i na namiji. rashin daidaituwa (Blanchard 1996) . Kodayake zancen kimiyya na Dr. Blanchard yana da kamewa sosai kuma kusan LGBT- farfaganda, masu fafutukar LGBT suna tsananta masa saboda imaninsa cewa transsexualism cuta ce ta hankali. Wannan wani abu ne na sabo ga akidar LGBT na zamani, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa Dr. Blanchard ya sha kakkausar suka daga wasu masu fafutukar LGBT (Wyndzen 2003). Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wata hira, Blanchard ya lura: "Zan iya cewa, idan za ku iya farawa daga karce, ku yi watsi da dukan tarihin ban da liwadi daga DSM, jima'i na al'ada shine game da haifuwa" (Cameron 2013). Game da transsexualism, Dokta Blanchard ya bayyana: "Mataki na farko na siyasantar da jima'i-ko kun kasance ko a kan shi - shine watsi ko ƙaryatãwa game da ainihin yanayinsa a matsayin nau'i na rashin hankali" (Blanchard 2017 akan Twitter).

Wani mai fafutukar LGBT daga aikin Bilerico ya rubuta game da Blanchard: “Idan Dr. Blanchard ya kasance wani irin mahaukaci ne ba tare da matsayi ko iko ba, za a iya bata masa suna cikin sauki. Amma wannan ba batun ba ne - akasin haka, yana kan kwamitin kula da ilimin halin dan adam da ke da alhakin parphilias da kuma rikice-rikice na jima'i "(Tannhill 2014). Idan kun sami ma'anar daidai, mai fafutuka yana korafin cewa Dr. Blanchard "yana da iko" in ba haka ba "zai kasance da sauƙi a zubar da mutunci." Shi ke nan.

Dokta Mark Regnerus na Jami'ar Texas ba shi da ikon Blanchard lokacin da ya buga abubuwan bincikensa a cikin 2012 a cikin mujallar da aka yi nazarin mujallar Ilimin Kimiyya ta Zamani cewa mahaifa na liwadi yana cutar da yara (Regnerus 2012). Bugawar ta haifar da sakamakon fashewar bam kusa da al'ummar masana kimiyya waɗanda ke aiki a fannin ilimin halayyar dangi. Wannan gano ya sabawa babban abu, wanda aka kafa shi a cikin alumman amurka masu sassaucin ra'ayi tun farkon shekarun 2000 game da rashin tasirin sha'awar jima'i na iyaye akan yara kuma ya haifar da fushin kungiyoyin jama'a masu luwadi. Regnerus nan da nan an sanya shi a matsayin "kishiya" kuma an zarge shi da sakamakon da ya samu ta hanyar ba da izinin "auren luwadi" (labarin ya faru a gaban shahararren hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka), kodayake Regnerus bai gabatar da irin wannan mahawara a ko'ina cikin labarin ba. Kafofin watsa labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun kira Regnerus “giwa a cikin shagon china na ilimin zamantakewar jama'a" (Ferguson 2012).

Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Gary Gates, darektan Cibiyar Jima'i da Jima'i a Jami'ar California, ya jagoranci gungun masana kimiyyar zamantakewa na LGBT da ɗari biyu waɗanda suka rattaba hannu kan wasiƙa zuwa editan-in-shugaban na mujallar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya na zamantakewar al'umma yana neman su nada ƙungiyar masana da ke da ƙwarewa ta musamman a cikin harkar iyayen LGBT don rubuta cikakken bayanin ƙarshe game da labarin da Regnerus (Gates 2012).

Faifan lamarin shine Gary Gates, wanda ke zaune cikin masu jinsi daya, masu fafutukar LGBT sun soki su da cewa "azzalumi ne ga akida" (Ferguson 2012) saboda buga wani binciken da kashi 3,8 cikin dari na Amurkawa suka bayyana kansu a matsayin 'yan luwadi ( Gates din 2011a). Wannan ya musanta maganar "10%" daga aikin shahararren masanin kimiyyar halittar nan Alfred Kinsey, wanda ke wakiltar ɗayan yaudarar farfagandar LGBT. Kamar yadda Gates ya fada a bayyane, "Lokacin da aka buga bincike na, manyan masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizon masu luwadi da madigo sun kira ni" mara hankali, "sun yaba da aikina, har ma sun gwada ni da Nazis" (Gates 2011b).

A cikin kowane hali, kawai shekara guda bayan haka, Gates ya jagoranci tsananta wa Regnerus da bincikensa na LGBT-m. Wani dan gwagwarmaya LGBT Scott Rose ya aika da wasika ga shugaban Jami'ar Texas, inda ya bukaci sanya takunkumi a kan Regnerus saboda buga shi a matsayin "laifi mai da'a" (Rose 2012). Jami'ar ta amsa cewa ta fara gwajin ne domin sanin ko littafin Regnerus din yana da '' corpus delicti '' don fara binciken hukuma wanda ya kamata. Binciken bai bayyana wani daidaituwa a cikin ayyukan Regnerus tare da ka'idojin ɗabi'a na ɗabi'a na kimiyya ba, kuma ba a fara binciken ba. Koyaya, labarin bai yi nisa ba. Regnerus ta kasance ta hanyar tashin hankali, kafofin watsa labaru, da kuma wallafe-wallafen hukuma, ba su da izini game da aikin aikin kimiyya (hanyoyin bincike da aiki da bayanan ƙididdiga), har ma a cikin maganganun maganganun mutum da barazanar kiwon lafiya har ma da rayuwa (Itace 2013).

Christian Smith, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Addini da Al'umma a Jami'ar Notre Dame, yayi tsokaci game da wannan lamari: "Wadanda suka kai hari Regnerus ba za su iya yarda da ainihin dalilinsu na siyasa ba, don haka dabarunsu su kassara shi. aiwatar da "mummunan kimiyya". Wannan qarya ce. Labarinsa [Regnerus] cikakke ne - kuma babu labarin da ya taɓa zama cikakke. Amma daga ra'ayi na kimiya, wannan ba mafi muni ba ne fiye da abin da ake yawan bugawa a cikin mujallolin zamantakewa. Babu shakka, idan Regnerus ya buga sakamakon akasi ta hanyar amfani da hanya ɗaya, da babu wanda zai yi gunaguni game da hanyoyin sa. Bugu da kari, babu daya daga cikin masu sukar da ya nuna damuwa game da karatuttukan da suka gabata game da wannan batun, dabarun da suka fi karfin iyakokin da aka tattauna dalla-dalla a cikin labarin Regnerus. Babu shakka, karatuttukan karatu da suka isa ga matsayin “daidai” an yarda da su fiye da karatun da suka fi karfi wadanda ke samar da “sakamako mara ma'ana” (Smith 2012).

Dokta Lawrence Meyer da Dokta Paul McHugh, waɗanda suka wallafa cikakken nazarin binciken kimiyya a cikin New Atlantis, mai taken Jima'i da Jinsi: Nemo daga Ilimin Halittu, Ilimin Kimiyya, da Kimiyyar Zamani, sun sami matsin lamba mai yawa daga ƙungiyar LGBT + (Hodges 2016). A cikin ayyukansu, marubutan sun nuna kyakkyawar kulawa kuma a hankali sun nuna rashin tushe daga maganganun maganganu na motsawar 'yan luwadi dangane da abin da ya jawo hankalin' yan luwadi da madigo, inda suka kammala da cewa "nazarin sakamakon binciken ilmin halitta, na tunani da na zamantakewa ... bai bayyana wata hujja ta kimiyya ba game da wasu maganganun da ake yadawa akai akai game da jima'i" (Mayer da McHugh 2016, shafi na 7).

Dokta Quentin van Mieter, abokin aiki na Mayer da McHugh na Jami'ar Johns Hopkins, ya ce da farko, Mayer da McHugh sun yi niyyar buga labarinsu a cikin wasu manyan ƙasashe na fagen nazari na musamman na mujallu na kimiyya, amma masu gyara sun ƙi su, suna mai faɗi gaskiyar aikinsu. "Ba daidai bane a siyasa" (Van Mita 2017).

Labarin Mayer da McHugh nan da nan masu gwagwarmayar LGBT + suka yi karo da karfi - ƙungiya. Kamfen Kare Hakkokin bil'adama (HRC), wanda bisa ga shafin yanar gizonsa, shine wakilin LGBT + mafi girma kuma yana da kasafin kudi na shekara-shekara na kusan dala miliyan 50, ya buga sharhi kan Mayer da McHugh, suna masu cewa wadannan marubutan “Mislead”, “yada ƙiyayya”, da sauransu. Masu gwagwarmaya sun fara matsa lamba kan editocin jaridar, suna neman a bata labarin (Hanneman 2016). Editocin mujallar har ma an tilasta musu buga wata wasika da ke aiki a kan tuhumar da HRC ta yi da ake kira "iesarya da Cin Hanci daga Yankin Kare Hakkin Bil Adama," inda suka yi tsokaci kan wasu munanan hare-hare. Editocin na New Atlantis sun lura: “Wannan yunƙurin ƙoƙari na tsoratarwa abu ne mai ɓarna ga ilimin kimiyya, wanda ke da niyyar lalata wanzuwar rashin jituwa da juna kan al'amuran kimiyya. Tsarin tsoro na wannan nau'in yana lalata yanayi na bincike kyauta, wanda buɗaɗɗun bincike, wanda cibiyoyin kimiyya dole ne su tallafa "(Editocin The New Atlantis 2016).

Irin wannan orgy daga masu fafutuka na LGBT yana da alaƙa da littafin Dr. Lisa Littman, mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin ɗabi'a da ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Brown. Dokta Littman yayi nazarin dalilan da ke haifar da karuwa a cikin "dysphoria jinsi na sauri" (sunan transsexualism na samari) a tsakanin matasa kuma ya kammala cewa sha'awar su ba zato ba tsammani na sake canza jinsi na iya yadawa ta hanyar takwarorinsu kuma yana iya zama tsarin magance cututtuka na shekaru. -matsalolin da suka shafi (Littman 2018). Kafin bayyana kansu "transgender," matasa sun kalli bidiyo game da sake fasalin jinsi, sadarwa tare da masu jima'i a kan cibiyoyin sadarwar jama'a, kuma suna karanta albarkatun "transgender". Bugu da ƙari, da yawa sun kasance abokai tare da ɗaya ko fiye da transsexuals. Kashi na uku na masu amsa sun ba da rahoton cewa idan suna da aƙalla matashin transgender guda ɗaya a cikin da'irar zamantakewar su, fiye da rabin matasa a cikin wannan rukunin suma sun fara bayyana a matsayin "transgender." Ƙungiyar da kashi 50% na membobinta suka zama "transgender" sau 70 fiye da yadda ake tsammanin yaduwar wannan abu a tsakanin matasa. Bugu da ƙari, an gano cewa kafin fara dysphoria na jinsi, 62% na masu amsa suna da ɗaya ko fiye da bincike na lafiyar hankali ko rashin ci gaba na neurodevelopment. Kuma a cikin 48% na lokuta, masu amsa sun fuskanci wani abu mai ban tsoro ko damuwa kafin fara " dysphoria jinsi," ciki har da zalunci, cin zarafi, ko kisan aure na iyaye. Dr. Littman ya ba da shawarar cewa abin da ake kira. cudanya tsakanin jama'a da juna suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin sanin jinsi. Na farko shine "yaɗuwar tasiri ko hali a cikin ƙungiyar jama'a" (Marsden 1998). Na biyu shine "tsarin da mutum da abokansa suka yi tasiri a junansu ta hanyoyin da ke motsa motsin rai da halayen da zasu iya lalata ci gaban kansu ko cutar da wasu" (Dishion da Tipsord 2011). Har ma an buga sakamakon binciken a shafin yanar gizon Jami'ar Brown. Amma wannan littafin, kamar yadda aka zata, ya gamu da zarge-zargen "transphobia" da kuma buƙatun tantancewa. Hukumar jami'ar ta shiga cikin hanzari ta cire labarin binciken daga gidan yanar gizon ta. A cewar shugaban jami'a, masu fafutuka na jami'a "sun bayyana damuwa cewa za a iya amfani da sakamakon binciken don bata sunan kokarin tallafawa matasa masu canza jinsi da kuma watsi da ra'ayoyin membobin al'ummar transgender" (Kearns 2018).

Farfesa Jeffrey S. Flier, tsohon shugaban Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard, ya yi tsokaci game da batun: “A cikin dukan shekarun da na yi a makaranta, ban taɓa ganin irin wannan amsa ba daga wata jarida kwanaki da yawa bayan wallafa wani labarin da mujallar ta riga ta tantance. , nazari na tsara, kuma an karɓa.” don bugawa. Mutum zai iya ɗauka kawai cewa wannan amsa ya kasance a cikin babban ɓangare na mayar da martani ga matsananciyar matsa lamba da barazana - a bayyane ko a bayyane - cewa mafi munin abin da ya faru na kafofin watsa labarun zai sami PLOS Daya idan ba a dauki matakin tantancewa ba "(Flier 2018).

Farfesa Kenneth Zucker na Jami'ar Toronto shine babban darektan tsohuwar (wanda aka rufe a watan Disamba na 2015) Clinic Identity Clinic don Yara da Iyalai a Cibiyar Addiction da Lafiyar Hauka (CAMH).

Farfesa Zucker ya buga jerin gwano masu ban sha'awa game da rikice-rikicen jinsi, ya kasance memba na kungiyar DSM-IV da DSM-IV-TR rukuni-rukuni na aiki kuma ya jagoranci Workingungiyar chiwararruwar Lafiyar Jima'i da Identwararrakin Jima'i na forungiyar. "DSM-5." Yana da wuya a kira Farfesa Zucker dan LGBT mai jan hankali, kuma yana ƙarƙashin shugabancinsa ne Psyungiyar Hauka ta Amurka ta “sabunta” maganganun “matsalar rashin hankalin maza” zuwa “dysphoria”, cire kalmar “cuta” daga kamuwa da cuta zuwa nasarar mutanen LGBT (Thompson 2015).

Wata hanya ko wata, a cikin tsohon Clinic Identity Clinic, Farfesa Zucker ya yi aiki tare da marasa lafiya masu shekaru 3 zuwa 18 shekaru, sabanin ka'idoji na yau da kullun na ayyukan kula da yara na "jinsi" a Kanada, wanda ke ba da kowane taimako mai yuwuwa a cikin canjin jinsi. irin wadannan yara - goyon baya wajen bayyana jinsin da ake so ta hanyar canza sunaye, tufafi, halayya da sauran hanyoyi - har sai yara sun kai shekarun tiyata da shan hormones. Madadin haka, Dokta Zucker ya yi imanin cewa a wannan lokacin ƙuruciyar, asalin jinsi yana da matukar wahala kuma dysphoria na jinsi zai ragu akan lokaci (Zucker and Bradley 1995). Wannan tsarin ya sabawa akidar LGBT, kuma aikin Dr. Zucker ya dade yana fuskantar matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar LGBT. Duk da sanin kasancewar nau'ikan jiyya daban-daban don matsalar asalin jinsi (Ehrensaft 2017), gudanarwar Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jiki da Lafiya ta yanke shawarar gudanar da binciken ayyukan Dr. Zucker (Thompson 2015). Masu sharhi da aka zaɓa sun rubuta a cikin rahoton su, "A yayin da ake bitar, manyan jigogi guda biyu sun fito a matsayin damuwa ga masu bitar: na farko, cewa asibitin ya bayyana yana aiki ne a matsayin wani abu mai mahimmanci a cikin tsarin Addiction da Mental Health Center musamman da kuma al'umma gaba ɗaya, kuma - na biyu, ayyukan Clinic ba ze dace da aikin asibiti na zamani da aikin aiki ba. Sake mayar da martani daga abokan ciniki da masu ruwa da tsaki sun kasance duka masu inganci da mara kyau game da Asibitin. Wasu tsoffin abokan ciniki sun gamsu da sabis ɗin da suka karɓa, yayin da wasu suna jin cewa tsarin ƙwararrun ba shi da daɗi, takaici da rashin amfani. Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun sun fahimci gudunmawar ilimi na Clinic, yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki suka nuna damuwa game da tsarin kulawa na yanzu." (CAMH 2016).

Masu sharhin sun kuma rubuta cewa sun gayyaci masu ruwa da tsaki da ba a san ko su wanene ba, domin su yi tsokaci kan abubuwan da suka faru a asibitin, inda daya ya bayyana cewa Dr. Zucker “ya bukace shi da ya tube rigarsa a gaban sauran likitocin da ke wurin, ya yi dariya lokacin da ya amince, sannan ya kira shi. wani 'kadan mai gashi.' (Singal 2016a). Nan take aka kori Dr. Zucker (An kori ma’aikaciyar asibitin ta biyu, Dokta Haley Wood, tun da farko), don haka an rufe asibitin Identity Clinic. To, gaskiyar cewa "wasu masu ruwa da tsaki sun nuna damuwa" (duk da cewa aikin Clinic Identity Clinic's ya sami karbuwa na ilimi) da kuma zargin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba na rashin da'a - wanda, ta hanyar, wanda ake zargi ya janye daga baya (Singal 2016b) - ya isa a yi amfani da tsattsauran ra'ayi.

Dokta Robert Oscar Lopez na Jami'ar Jihar California, wanda shi ma ya girma a cikin masu yin luwadi biyu kuma ya dauki kansa a matsayin mai jinsi, ya buga wata makala a cikin 2012, "Haɓakawa Tare da Uwa biyu: Ra'ayin Untold na Yara", yana ba da labarin ƙwarewar da ba ta ji da shi sosai ba game da haɓaka ma'aurata biyu. mata, waɗanda daga baya suka juya shi ya zama mai gamsarwa game da LGBT game da luwaɗan gay da ɗaukar yara. Wannan ya haifar da cin zarafin kai tsaye da kuma zargin yanar gizo (Flaherty 2015). Lopez ya ci gaba da rubuta wannan jawabai, sakamakon wanda aka sanya shi cikin jerin 'maganganun ƙiyayya' na irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin farfagandar LGBT kamar Camungiyoyin Kare Hakkin ɗan adam (ma'aikatan HRC 2014) da GLAAD (GLAAD nd).

Duk wani sanarwa koda mafi ƙanƙantar da sanarwa ta LGBT-m sanarwa nan da nan ana nuna shi a matsayin ƙiyayya.

Hakanan wata mace ce da ta tashi cikin ma'aurata masu jinsi daya, Heather Barwick, wacce ta buga abin da ke burge ta - a cikin bayanan kafafen yada labarai na ra'ayoyin gargajiya - budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga "LGBT +" - al'umma. Barwick ya ce ba kamar yaran da suka dandana saki ba, kuma ba kamar yaran da ma'aurata ke karbar su ba, ana caccakar yara masu jinsi daya idan suka yanke shawarar yin korafi game da halin da suke ciki: “… Akwai mu da yawa. Da yawa daga cikinmu muna jin tsoron magana da faɗa muku wahalar da muke sha, saboda kowane irin dalili, da alama ba ku saurara. Abin da ba kwa son ji. Idan muka ce muna wahala saboda iyayenmu masu jinsi guda sun tashe mu, ko dai ba za a yi watsi da mu ba ko kuma a ɗauke mu a matsayin masu ƙiyayya ... ”(Barwick 2015). Wata daya bayan haka, wata 'yar wasu ma'aurata' yan madigo ta buga budaddiyar wasikarta, inda take sukar al'adun mulkin kama karya na "LGBT +" a cikin ta: “... Ba zan taba daukar kaina na zama mai rashin hakuri da son kai kamar na kungiyar LGBT ba, wanda ke bukatar zafi da son hakuri, amma baya nuna haƙuri da juna, wani lokacin har membobinta. A hakikanin gaskiya, wannan al'umma tana kai hari ga duk wanda bai yarda da ita ba, duk yadda aka bayyana rashin jituwa ... "(Walton 2015).

Rushewar ilimin kimiya saboda akida

Masana kimiyya da duk mutanen da ke da alaƙa da ilimin kimiyya koyaushe su yi ƙoƙari su nisanci ci gaba da al'adu da siyasa a zaman wani ɓangare na ayyukan kimiyya. Kimiyya azaman madawwami ne da son kai don bincika ilimi game da duniyar da ke kewaye da mu ta yanke shawarar abin da ke "daidai", bisa ga shaidu, ba kuma "damuwar da wasu mahalarta masu sha'awar ke cikin al'umma ba". Idan babu irin wannan hujja ko kuma suna da sabani, to zamu iya Magana ne kawai game da tunani da hasashe. Kimiyya dole ne ta kasance gama gari, wato, amfani da ma'auni ɗaya don fassarar gwaje-gwaje da bincike. Babu ingantaccen littafin; kowane aikin ilimin kimiyya yana da iyaka da gazawarsa. Koyaya, idan binciken ko ɗabi'a wanda sakamakonsa LGBT-mai ɗorawa ya bayyana iyakance hanya, kuma wannan ƙuntatawa ba zai bada izinin yankewa ta ƙarshe ba, to ƙuntatawa ta makamancin hanyoyin da aka gano a cikin binciken ko littafin wanda sakamakonsa shine LGBT-furofaganda ta hanyar iri ɗaya ne. baya bada damar yanke hukuncin karshe. Misali, an nuna gazawar hanya da yawa a cikin sanannen aikin bayar da shawarwari na LGBT na Alfred Kinsey (Terman 1948; Maslow da Sakoda 1952; Cochran et al. 1954) da Evelyn Hooker (Cameron and Cameron 2012; Schumm 2012; Landess nd).

Koyaya, ana daukar waɗannan ayyukan azaman misalai dauke da "tabbataccen ingantaccen hujjojin kimiyya" waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don yanke hukunci mai mahimmanci na siyasa da siyasa. A lokaci guda, duk ƙuntatawa a cikin LGBT-wallafe-wallafe masu ƙarancin ra'ayi a zahiri suna lalata shi kuma ya mai da shi "ɓarna." In ba haka ba, wannan misali ne na kwalliya na tsalle da kwalli a cikin ido.

Dokta Lauren Marx na Jami’ar Jihar Louisiana da aka buga a 2012 sake nazarin takardu na kimiyya 59 (Alama 2012) akan yaran da aka yi wa mazajen auren jinsi ɗaya; an yi amfani da waɗannan takardu azaman hujja game da sanarwar Psyungiyar Halayyar Ilimin Halayyar Amurka cewa babu wani sakamako na dangantakar abokiyar aure ta mahaifa a kan yara. (APA 2005). Marx ya nuna gazawa da kuma takaitattun ayyukan wadannan ayyukan. Ba wai kawai watsi da sake nazarin Dr. Marx ba ne ta hanyar jagorancin kungiyoyin bincike, amma kuma an yi masa lakabi da "ƙarancin bincike," wanda "bai dace ba don mujallar da ke wallafa ainihin binciken" (Bartlett 2012).

Ta hanyoyi da yawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, masu bincike suna da tsoro da gaskiya kuma suna guje wa bayyana sakamakon binciken LGBT, kuma har ma sun ƙi yin aiki a cikin irin waɗannan "haramtattun hanyoyin". Shin wannan hujja ta gurbata kimiyya? Babu shakka. Misali, tsohon Shugaban Psychoungiyar Psychowararrun Americanwararrun Americanwararrun Amurkawa (1979-1980), Dokta Nicholas Cummings, ya yi imanin cewa ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewar jama'a yana fuskantar koma baya saboda yana ƙarƙashin mulkin kama karya na masu fafutuka na zamantakewa. Dokta Cummings ya bayyana cewa lokacin da Psychoungiyar Psychowararrun Americanwararrun Americanwararrun Americanwararrun Amurka ke gudanar da bincike, tana yin hakan ne kawai “lokacin da suka san abin da sakamakon zai kasance ... karatu kawai da kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau ake yarda da shi” (Ames Nicolosi nd).

Wani tsohon shugaban Psychoungiyar Psychowararrun Americanwararrun Americanwararru na Amurka (1985-1986), Dokta Robert Perloff, ya bayyana cewa: "... Psychoungiyar Psychowararrun Americanwararrun Americanwararrun Americanwararrun Americanwararrun Americanwararrun too too ita ma 'ba ta dace da siyasa ba' ... kuma ta yi biyayya ga buƙatu na musamman ..." (Murray 2001).

Clevenger a cikin aikinsa ya bayyana wani tsari na nuna bambanci wanda ke da alaƙa da wallafa labarai kan batun luwaɗanci (Clevenger 2002). Ya nuna cewa akwai wata doka da aka kirkira wacce ta hana buga duk wani labarin da bai yi daidai da takamaiman fahimtar siyasa da akida na luwadi ba. Har ila yau Clevenger ya kammala da cewa Psyungiyar Haƙƙin Ilimin Amurka, kamar sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru, suna ƙara zama da siyasa, suna haifar da shakku game da gaskiyar maganganunsu da rashin nuna bambancin ayyukansu, kodayake ana girmama su sosai kuma ana amfani da su a fannin shari'a. al'amurran da suka shafi. Ra'ayoyin masu binciken da suka saɓa wa koyarwar 'yanci suna nutsuwa da keɓantattu.

Misali, nazarin shekarar 2014 mai taken: "Lokacin saduwa ta canza tunani: Gwajin gwaji kan watsa tallafi na nuna goyon baya ga luwadi", wanda a ciki Michael Lacourt daga Los Angeles yayi nazarin amsoshin mazaunan a tambaya a kan dangane da ake kira "Halalta" aure-jinsi daya dangane da yanayin jima'i na masu tambayoyi (LaCour and Green 2014). LaCourt ya bayar da hujjar cewa lokacin da mai tambayoyin ya nuna kamar dan luwadi ne, wannan ya kara nuna yiwuwar amsar da take bayarwa. Sakamakon kuma ya bazu cikin labaran manyan labarai. LaCourt ya zama kusan tauraro. Koyaya, ana iya faɗi cewa tsatsauran ra'ayinsa sun kashe shi lokacin da wani mai son karatu ba da daɗewa ba ya gano cewa LaCourt ya lalata bayanan a cikin bincikensa (Broockman et al. 2015). An sake buga littafin LaCourt (McNutt 2015), amma, sake, labarin tunawa bai yadu zuwa kafofin watsa labarai ba.

Jarida Naomi Riley ta bayyana karar Mark Hatzenbühler (Riley 2016). A cikin 2014, malamin Jami'ar Columbia Mark Hatzenbühler ya bayyana cewa ya gano masu zuwa: 'yan luwadi da ke zaune a wuraren da ke da "nuna wariya" suna da ƙanƙancin rayuwa na shekaru 12 ƙasa da waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan "masu sassaucin ra'ayi". Don kyakkyawar fahimta: bambanci na shekaru 12 ya fi bambanci iri ɗaya tsakanin masu shan sigari na yau da kullun da masu shan sigari. A zahiri, labarin binciken Hatzenbühler ya bazu a kan manyan labarai na kafofin watsa labaru, yayin da masu ba da fatawar marginalization waɗanda suka ƙi yarda da liwadi sun sami hujjar "kimiyya" a matsayin al'ada. Koyaya, babu ɗayan waɗannan kafofin watsa labarun da suka ambata littafin a cikin mujallar Social Science and Medicine da masanin da aka ambata a sama, malami a Jami'ar Texas Mark Regnerus, ya yi ƙoƙarin yin sakamakon Hatzenbühler kuma ya sami bayanai daban-daban - babu tasirin "matakin wariyar ra'ayi" game da rayuwar masu luwadi (Regnerus 2017). Gaskiya Regnerus yayi ƙoƙari iri daban-daban na ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a ƙoƙarin tabbatar da bayanan da Hatzenbühler ya bayyana, amma ba hanya ɗaya da ta nuna sakamakon ƙididdiga ba. Regnerus ta kammala: "Masu canji a cikin asalin binciken [Hatzenbühler] (sabili da haka mahimman abubuwan bincikensa) suna da matukar damuwa ga fassarar batun yayin aunawa wanda za'a iya la'akari da su ba mahimmanci" (Regnerus 2017).

A ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewa, ainihin “rikicin sake fasalin kwafi” (watau maimaitawa, ta wata ma'anar duniya) na karatun da aka buga har zuwa yau. A cikin 2015, babban aikin bincike wanda ake kira Rabaren Ruwa, wanda Brian Nosek na Jami'ar Virginia ya jagoranta, an umurce shi da maimaita sakamakon nazarin karatun mutum 100 da aka buga - kashi ɗaya cikin uku ne kawai aka sake fitarwa (Aarts et al. 2015).

Richard Horton, babban edita a jaridar kimiyya The Lancet, ya bayyana damuwarsa a cikin labarin marubucin:

“... Mafi yawan wallafe-wallafen kimiyya, watakila rabi, watakila ba sa nuna gaskiyar. Ya cika da karatu tare da ƙananan samfuran, sakamakon da ba zai yiwu ba, rashin cikakken bincike, da kuma rikice-rikicen sha'awa, tare da nuna damuwa game da yanayin zamani na mahimmin mahimmanci, kimiyya ta juya zuwa duhu ... Bayyanar irin wannan yanayin binciken da ba za a yarda da shi ba a cikin masana kimiyya abin firgita ne ... A cikin nemansa don burge masana kimiyya galibi sukan daidaita bayanai don dacewa da hangen nesa na duniya ko daidaita tunaninsu ga bayanan su ... Neman mu "mahimmanci" yana lalata littattafan kimiyya tare da tatsuniyoyin almara na ilimin lissafi da yawa ... Jami'o'in suna tsunduma cikin gwagwarmaya ta neman kuɗi da baiwa ... Kuma masana kimiyya ɗaiɗai, gami da babban jagorancin su. yi kadan don canza al'adun bincike, wanda a wasu lokuta kan iyakance a kan sharri ... "(Horton 2015).

Bambanci tsakanin halayyar kafofin watsa labarai zuwa bugawar Regnerus da Hatzenbühler a bayyane yake: kawai wasu lusarshe sun yarda da wasu [1].

Farfesa Walter Schumm na Jami'ar Kansas, a kan wannan maudu'in, ya ce: "… Nazarin ya nuna cewa marubutan kimiyya da yawa, lokacin da suke nazarin wallafe-wallafen, sukan koma ne ga tsarin rashin karfi ta hanyar hanya idan irin wannan karatun ya fitar da sakamakon da ake so a goyan bayan tunanin babu tasiri… "(Schumm 2010, shafi na 378).

A cikin 2006, Dokta Brian Mayer na Kwalejin Gettysburg ya lura, game da tasirin kafofin watsa labarai na Adams et al., Wannan kiyayya ta liwadi da ake zargin tana nuna "ɓoye ɓoyayyun liwadi" (Adams et al. 1996): "... Rashin [bincike mai maimaitawa] yana da matukar damuwa. idan mutum yayi la’akari da matakin hankalin da aka samar ta hanyar labarin [Adams et al. 1996]. Mun ga yana da ban sha'awa cewa yawancin kafofin watsa labarai (labaran jarida, littattafai, da kuma shafukan yanar gizo marasa adadi) sun yarda da tunanin kwakwalwa a matsayin bayani ga homophobia, koda kuwa babu wasu shaidun tabbatarwa na gaba ... "(Meier et al. 2006, shafi na 378).

A cikin 1996, Dokta Alan D. Sokal, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar New York, ya gabatar da takarda mai suna "Transgressing the Boundaries: Towards a Transformative Hermeneutics of Quantum Gravity" zuwa mujallar ilimi Social Text. Editocin Rubutun zamantakewa sun yanke shawarar buga wannan labarin (Sokal 1996a). Gwaji ne - labarin ya kasance cikakkiya ne - a cikin wannan labarin Sokal, yana tattauna wasu matsalolin da ake fuskanta a halin yanzu a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi, kwata-kwata ya isar da muhimmancinsu a fagen al'adu, falsafa da siyasa (misali, ya ba da shawarar cewa kima nauyi ne. ginin zamantakewa) don jawo hankalin masu sharhi na ilimi na zamani waɗanda ke tambayar haƙiƙanin kimiyya, rubutacciyar wayo ce ta bincike tsakanin ilimin falsafar zamani, ba tare da wata ma'ana ta zahiri ba (Sokal 1996b). Kamar yadda Sokal ya bayyana: “Shekaru da yawa na damu da raguwar ma’auni na haƙiƙanin tunani a wasu fagagen ilimin ɗan adam na Amurka. Amma ni masanin kimiyya ne kawai: idan ba zan iya fahimtar fa'idodin irin wannan ba, watakila yana nuna rashin isa na ne kawai. Don haka, don gwada ƙa'idodin ilimi na yau da kullun, na yanke shawarar gudanar da gwaji kaɗan (idan ba a sarrafa shi gaba ɗaya) gwaji: wata babbar mujallar nazarin al'adu ta Arewacin Amurka, wacce ma'aikatan edita suka haɗa da masu haske kamar Fredric Jameson da Andrew Ross, za su buga cikakkiyar maganar banza idan wannan maganar banza ce. (a) yana da kyau kuma (b) yana ɓata ra’ayin masu gyara? Amsar, abin takaici, eh ce.” (Sokal 1996b).

Wani tabbaci game da mummunan yanayin kimiyyar zamani an samar da shi ta hanyar masana kimiyya guda uku na Amurka - James Lindsay, Helen Plakrose da Peter Bogossyan, waɗanda a tsawon shekara da gangan suka rubuta cikakkun bayanai marasa ma'ana kuma har ma suka fallasa bayanan "kimiyya" a fannoni daban daban na kimiyyar zamantakewa don tabbatar da: akida a cikin wannan filin. tun tuntuni rinjayi na hankali. Tun daga watan Agusta na 2017, masana kimiyya, a karkashin sunayen masu gurbata bayanai, suka aiko da rubutattun labarai guda 20 wadanda aka tsara su azaman binciken kimiyya na yau da kullun ga mujallolin kimiya na fati. Batutuwa na ayyukan sun banbanta, amma dukkansu an sadaukar da su ga bayyanai daban-daban na gwagwarmaya da "zalunci na zamantakewa": karatun mata, al'adar maza, al'amuran ka'idodin jinsi, tsarin jima'i, kyautatawar jiki, da sauransu. A cikin kowane labarin, an gabatar da ra'ayin tsattsauran ra'ayi mai la'antar ɗayan ko wata “tsarin zamantakewa” (alal misali, matsayin mata da maza). Ta fuskar kimiyya, labaran sun kasance marasa fahimta kuma ba za su iya yin tsayayya da zargi ba.

A cikin wata kasida a cikin mujallar Areo, Lindsay, Plakrose da Bogossian sun yi magana game da dalilin wannan aika-aikar: “… Wani abu a kimiyance ya bata daidai, musamman a wasu bangarorin na mutane. Yanzu binciken kimiyya ya kasance tabbatacce, mai sadaukar da kai ba don binciken gaskiya ba, amma don takaicin zamantakewa da rikice-rikice waɗanda ke tasowa bisa tushen su. Wani lokacin sukan mamaye wadannan yankuna ba tare da wani sharadi ba, kuma masana kimiyya suna kara tsoratar da dalibai, masu gudanarwa, da sauran sassan, suna tilasta musu su tsaya ga ra'ayinsu. Wannan ba kimiyyar kimiya bace, kuma baya ne. Ga mutane da yawa, wannan matsalar ta zama mafi bayyane kuma bayyananniya ce, amma ba su da tabbataccen hujja. Saboda wannan dalili, mun kasance muna aiki a fagen ilimi tsawon shekara guda, muna ganinsa muhimmin bangare ne na matsalar ... ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

"A cikin wannan tsarin, akwai dunƙuya ɗaya da ta haɗu da duka takardu na kimiyya guda 20, kodayake mun yi amfani da hanyoyi da yawa, muna gabatar da waɗannan ko waɗancan ra'ayoyin tare da niyyar ganin yadda masu gyara da masu bita za su yi. Wani lokaci mukan zo da wani nau'in ɓarna ko kuma tunanin ɗan adam kuma muka fara inganta shi. Me zai hana a rubuta takarda game da yadda ya kamata a horar da maza kamar karnuka don hana al'adar tashin hankali? Don haka aikinmu “Park for Dog Walking” ya bayyana. Kuma me zai hana a yi nazarin tare da bayanin cewa lokacin da mutum ya ruɗe asirce, yana tunanin mace (ba tare da yardarta ba, kuma ba za ta taɓa sani game da hakan ba), ya aikata lalata da ita? Don haka mun sami nazarin Masturbation. Kuma me zai sa ba za a ce mafi girman bayanan sirri na wucin gadi yana da hatsarin gaske ba, tunda an tsara shi ne na mahara, misogynistic da imperialistic, ta amfani da psychoanalysis na marubucin Frankenstein, Mary Shelley da Jacques Lacan? Sun ba da sanarwar - kuma sun sami aikin "Fihirisar Artificial Intelligence". Ko wataƙila gabatar da ra'ayin cewa jikin mai mai na halitta ne, sabili da haka a cikin ƙirar ƙwararrun likitoci yana da mahimmanci don gabatar da sabon rukuni don mutanen mai? Karanta "Nazarin Fat" kuma zaku fahimci abin da ya faru.

Wani lokaci muna yin nazarin karatun da muke ciki na rashin gamsuwa don fahimtar inda kuma abin da ya faru, sannan muyi ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa waɗannan matsalolin. Shin akwai wani aiki "Feminist Glaciology"? To, za mu kwafa shi mu kuma rubuta aiki kan ilimin taurari na mata, a inda muke shelanta cewa tauraron mata da 'yan luwadi ya kamata a matsayin wani ɓangare na ɓangaren ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya, wanda ya kamata a yi wa lakabi da misogyny. Masu bita sun kasance masu matukar farin ciki game da wannan ra'ayin. Amma menene idan muka yi amfani da hanyar nazarin batun jingine fassarar bayanan da kuka fi so? Me zai hana. Mun rubuta labarin game da mutanen transgender masu aiki, inda kawai suka yi hakan. Shin maza suna amfani da '' ajiyar maza '' don nuna ƙarancin mazarsu a can ta hanyar da al'umma ba ta yarda da ita ba? Babu matsala. Mun buga takarda, taƙaitaccen abin da yake kamar haka: "Mai binciken matsalolin matsalolin jinsi ya shiga gidan abinci tare da mata masu tsirara don neman dalilin da yasa ake buƙatarsa." Ya baka mamaki game da abubuwan da aka yarda gaba daya, kuma kana neman bayananka akan wannan? Mu da kanmu mun bayyana komai a cikin aikinmu "Dildo", muna ba da amsar wannan tambaya: "Me ya sa madaidaiciya maza yawanci ba sa lalata da azzakari, kuma menene zai faru idan suka fara yin hakan?" Muna ba da alama: bisa ga labarinmu a cikin babban littafin mujallar kimiyya "Jima'i da Al'adu", maza a wannan yanayin ba za su sami rashin jituwa ga mutane masu aikata tauhidi da masu transgender, kuma za su ƙara zama mata.

Munyi amfani da wasu hanyoyi. Misali, munyi tunanin ko zamu rubuta "labarin mai ci gaba" tare da gabatar da shawarar hana farar fata a kwalejoji yin magana a cikin masu sauraro (ko kuma sanya malamin ya amsa wasikun imel da suka zo dasu), sannan kuma, baya ga komai, sanya su su zauna a kasa cikin sarƙoƙi. Saboda haka suna jin nadama kuma suna gyara saboda laifin da suka aikata. Nan da nan yace fiye da aikatawa. Shawararmu ta sami amsa mai daɗi, kuma ga alama cewa titan na falsafar mata, mujallar "Hypatia" ta amsa masa da kyakkyawar ƙauna. Mun fuskanci wata mawuyacin tambaya: "Ina mamakin idan za a buga babi daga ma'anar Mine Kampf ta Hitler idan mata suka sake fassara ta?" Ya juya cewa amsar da aka bayar ta tabbatacciya ce, tunda jaridar ilimin mata ta Affilia ta karɓi labarin don bugawa. Ci gaba tare da hanyar kimiyya, mun fara fahimtar cewa zamu iya yin komai idan har bai wuce tsarin rayuwa da aka amince da ita gaba daya ba kuma mu fahimci fahimtar littattafan kimiyya na yanzu.

A takaice dai, muna da kyawawan dalilai don yin imani da cewa idan mun dace da wallafe-wallafen da suka dace kuma muka aro daga gare ta (kuma wannan kusan yana yiwuwa koyaushe - kawai muna buƙatar tushen asalin ne), za mu sami damar yin duk wata sanarwa ta fuskar siyasa. A kowane yanayi, tambaya guda ɗaya tak takamaiman tambaya: me muke buƙatar rubuta kuma menene muke buƙatar ɗauka (duk hanyoyin haɗin gwiwarmu, haƙiƙa, haƙiƙa ne) domin a buga maganarmu ta zama kimiyyar jirgin sama. "

An gwada waɗannan abubuwan cikin nasara kuma an buga su a cikin mujallu na mujallu na mujallu na mujallar kimiyya. Saboda “kyawun dabi’ar iliminsu”, marubutan har ma sun sami gayyata 4 don zama masu yin bita a cikin mujallolin kimiyya, kuma ɗayan labaran da ba su dace ba - “Dog Park” - sun yi alfahari da matsayi cikin jerin mafi kyawun kasidu a cikin manyan labaran mujallolin ƙirar mata. "Jinsi, Wuri da Al'adu". Labarin wannan opus ya kasance kamar haka:

“Karejen shakatawa na Dog suna aikata fyade kuma wuri ne na fadada al'adar fyade, a inda ake zaluntar" kare da aka zalunta ", wanda ya ba mu damar auna hanyar mutumtaka da matsalolin biyu. Wannan yana ba da ra'ayi game da yadda za a yaye maza daga tashin hankalin jima'i da ƙiyayya da suke so ”(Lindsay et al. 2018).

Ad hominem

'Yar gwagwarmaya kuma marubuciya Ba'amurkiya, wacce ba ta boye son da take yi wa' yan luwadi, farfesa a kan 'yan Adam Camilla Paglia, a cikin littafinta mai suna Vamps And Tramps a shekarar 1994, ta ce: “... A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, lamarin ya wuce gona da iri: tsarin kimiyya mai cikakken iko ba zai yiwu ba yayin da masu hadari ke sarrafa magana ta hankali. , a wannan yanayin, 'yan gwagwarmayar neman' yan luwaɗi waɗanda, tare da cikakkiyar son zuciya, suna da'awar mallakar gaskiya kawai ... Dole ne mu san rikice-rikicen da ke tattare da haɗarin gwagwarmayar 'yan luwadi da kimiyya, wanda ke haifar da furofaganda fiye da gaskiya. Ya kamata masana kimiyya 'yan luwadi su zama masana kimiyya da farko, sannan kuma gay gay ”(Paglia 1995, shafi na 91).

A karshe magana ne da ɗan abin ƙwarai. Canza ra'ayi na ra'ayi da zamantakewar masana kwantar da hankali na likitancin kwakwalwa - ba lurar likitanci da abubuwan kimiyya ba - suna da tasiri sosai a kan sakamakon bincike. Abin takaici, yawancin wadanda ke yin nazarin luwadi suna da hankali a kan wani sakamako.

Masu binciken wanda sakamakon binciken su suka karyata ra'ayi game da "liwadi a matsayin hanyar daidaituwa" ana yawan sukar su a kan ka’idar “ad hominem circumstantiae”. Wannan mummunan aikin mugunta ne wanda ake kawo hujja, maimakon tattaunawa na zahiri game da gardamar kanta, ta hanyar nuna yanayin, yanayi, muradi ko wani sifa na mutumin da ya kawo hujja, ko mutumin da ke da alaƙa da jayayya. Misali, gaskiyar masanin kimiyyar mumini ne ko kuma yana goyon bayan jam’iyyun siyasa ne da ra’ayin mazan jiya, cewa an buga labarin a cikin “ba babban labari ba” ko mujallar da ba ta yin nazari ba, da dai sauransu. Haka kuma, duk wani yunƙuri na juyar da wannan mahawara a game da digiri 180, to nan take ya gutsuro da zargin saɓo, da rashin 'daidaituwar siyasa', '' tsubbace tsintsiya '' har ma da yaɗuwar ƙiyayya.

Yi hukunci da kanku.

Carl Maria Kertbeny, ɗan littafin ɗan ƙasar Austriya wanda ya ƙirƙira kalmomin madigo, madigo ɗaya, da luwadi (wanda a baya ana kiran jima'i na jima'i a matsayin luwadi ko ɗan luwaɗi), ɗan luwadi ne (Takács 2004, shafi 26-40). Lauyan Jamus wanda ya kirkiro kalmar "daidaitawar jima'i" kuma ya bukaci a yi la'akari da dangantakar luwadi na al'ada saboda sun kasance na asali, Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, ɗan luwadi ne (Sgusch 2000). Edward Warren, hamshakin attajirin nan Ba’amurke mai sha’awar zamanin da, ya ba wa jama’a wani tsohon kofi da ake zargi da hotuna na ayyukan ta’addanci, wanda ake zargin ya tabbatar da ka’idojin luwadi a tsohuwar Girka (wanda ake kira gasar Warren), dan luwadi ne (BrightonOurStory). 1999). Masanin ilimin halittu Dokta Alfred Kinsey-"mahaifin juyin juya halin jima'i a Amurka" - ya kasance bisexual (Baumgardner 2008, shafi na 48) kuma yayi jima'i da wasu maza, ciki har da dalibinsa da marubucin Clyde Martin (Ley 2009, p. . 59). Masanin ilimin halin dan Adam Fritz Klein, marubucin Klein Sexual Orientation Scale, ya kasance bisexual (Klein da Schwartz 2001). Dokta Evelyn Hooker ta fara shaharar bincikenta ne bisa shawarar abokinta Sam Frome da sauran mazan luwadi (Jackson et al., 1998, shafi na 251-253), kuma an buga rahotonta na farko kan batun a mujallar 'yan luwadi Mattachine. Bita (Hoker 1955). Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Paul Rosenfels, wanda ya buga Luwadi: The Psychology of the Creative Process a 1971, wanda yayi nazarin sha'awar ɗan luwadi a matsayin bambance-bambancen al'ada, kuma wanda shigarsa ya taka rawa a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na 1973, ɗan luwadi ne (Paul Rosenfels Community website nd).

Dokta John Spiegel, wanda aka zaba a matsayin shugaban kungiyar likitocin kwakwalwa na Amurka a 1973, ɗan kishili ne (kuma memba na abin da ake kira "GayPA") (kalmomin 81, 2002), kamar sauran abokan aiki waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga wariyar liwadi daga jerin ɓatarwa: Ronald Gold (Humm 2017), Howard Brown (Brown 1976), Charles Silverstein (Silverstein da White 1977), John Gonsiorek (Minton 2010) da Richard Green (Green 2018). Dr. George Weinberg, wanda ya kirkiri ma'anar amfani da kalmar "nuna kiyayya" a ƙarƙashin tasirin hulɗa tare da abokai na abokan luwaɗan, mayaƙi ne na ƙungiyar ɗan kishili (A shugaban 2002).

Dr. Donald West, wanda ya kirkiri "hypothesis" da cewa duk wanda ke shakkar luwaɗanci na iya zama “ɓoyayyen ɗan luwadi,” shi kansa ɗan luwaɗi ne (West 2012). Dr. Gregory Herek, kwararre ne a cikin '' kiyayya tsakanin maza da maza, 'tare da fahimtar ma'anar “laifukan ƙiyayya," shi kansa ɗan luwaɗi ne (Bohan da Russel 1999). Marubutan babban binciken, wanda ake fassara su a matsayin tabbatar da asalin asalin halittar 'yan luwadi,' yan luwadi ne: Dr. Simon LeVey ("nazarin hypothalamus") (Allen 1997), Dr. Richard Pillard ("nazarin tagwaye") (Mass 1990) da Dr. Dean Heimer ("Binciken halittar gay") (New York Times 2004). Dr. Bruce Badgemeal, wanda ya wallafa wani littafi yana iƙirarin cewa liwadi yaduwa kuma al'ada ce tsakanin dabbobi kuma "sakamakon da mutane ke da yawa suna da yawa," shi kansa ɗan kishili ne (Kluger 1999). Dokta Joan Rafgarden, mai tallafawa hasashe game da "dabi'ar" liwadi da transsexualism a cikin dabbobi, nee Jonathan Rafgarden, wanda ya shiga cikin aikin likita don filayen maza ga mata a shekarun 52 (Yoon 2000).

Rahoton kungiyar ta Ba'amurke a kan maganin maye gwanda ya kammala da cewa "kokarin canza ra'ayin jima'i da kuma daukar nauyin cutar sarai, (Apa 2009, p. An kirkiro wannan rahoto ta hanyar aiki na mutane bakwai, wanda Judith M. Glassgold, Jack Drescher, Beverly Greene, Lee Beckstead, Clinton W. Anderson 'yan luwadi ne, kuma Robin Lyn Miller ya kasance bisexual (Nicolosi 2009). Marubucin wani rahoton wani jami'in halin mutum-lokaci akan yara ta tashi da ma'aurata masu jinsi daya, wadanda suka gano cewa 'yar uwarsu' '(Apa 2005, para. 15), Farfesa Charlotte J. Patterson na Jami'ar Virginia ita ce tsohuwar shugabar Rukunin 44, ƙungiyar madigo ta APA, gay, da rukunin bayar da shawarwarin bisexual, kuma mamba mai ziyara a cikin LGBT Health Graduate Certificate Programme a Columbia College of Arts and Sciences (GW). Kolejin Columbian). Dr. Clinton Anderson, wanda Dokta Patterson ya gode wa "taimako mai mahimmanci" tare da rahoton (APA 2005, shafi na 22), ɗan luwadi ne (duba sama). Sauran mutane bakwai da Dokta Patterson ya gode wa "maganganun maganganu" sun hada da Dr. Natalie S. Eldridge, wanda ke da lu'u-lu'u (Eldridge et al., 1993, shafi na 13), da Dr. Lawrence A. (Larry) Kurdek, wanda yake ɗan luwaɗi (Dayton Daily News 2009)), Dr. April Martin ɗan madigo ne (Weinstein 2001) kuma “majagaba ne a cikin ba da shawara ga jima’i da madaidaicin tsarin iyali” (Manhatann Alternative. nd). Kuma a cikin rahoton farko na rahoton (APA 1995), Dokta Patterson ya kuma gode wa Dr. Bianca Cody Murphy, ita ma 'yar madigo (Plowman 2004).

Igor Semenovich Kon, wani masanin tarihi kuma masanin falsafa wanda ya buga ayyuka da dama da ke nuna halayyar ɗan luwaɗi ga al'umar Rasha, ya kasance yana goyan bayan lafazin ƙungiyar ɗan kishili a Rasha, mai karɓar tallafi ne daga fromasar Amurka da sauran ƙungiyoyin LGBT +, sun shuɗe ɗaya, ba ba su yi aure ba (Kuznetsov da Ponkin 2007). Celia Kitzinger da Susan (Sue) Wilkinson, mambobi ne na Psyungiyar Psychological na Ingila da Psyungiyar Halayyar Halayyar Amurka, marubutan littattafai da yawa da kuma sukar lamirin gargajiya game da matsayin jinsi da maza, suna auratayya da juna (Davies 2014). Psychiatrist Martha Kirkpatrick, marubucin nazarin 1981 akan "babu sakamako" akan halayyar iyaye a cikin ma'aurata masu jinsi guda ɗaya, 'yar madigo ce (Rosario 2002). Likita Gyneco Catherine O'Hanlan, marubucin labarai game da luwaɗanci, ya auri wata mace (The New York Times 2003). Dokta Jesse Bering, albishir na kowane irin abin da ake kira. "Madadin jima'i", ɗan kishili ne (Bering 2013).

Zan dakata anan nazarin halayen masu yada farfagandar LGBT na kimiyya, saboda wannan ba shine manufar wannan labarin ba. Da kaina, na yi imani cewa nazarin Ad Hominem na abu kuskure ne kuma maras kyau ka'ida don kimiyya kuma ya kamata a kauce masa ta kowane farashi. Dot.

Haka kuma, yakamata a gane cewa akwai masana kimiyyar jinsi masu luwadi wadanda suke da karfin gwiwa don gabatar da sakamakon LGBT-mai rahusa: misali, Dr. Emily Drabant Conley, likitan mata 'yar madigo daga kamfanin halittar kwayoyin "23andme" (Rafkin 2013), wanda ya gabatar a matsayin sakonni sakamakon babban binciken kwayoyin halitta haɗuwa da abubuwan zaɓi na jima'i a babban taron shekara-shekara na Societyungiyar Jama'a ta Humanan Adam a cikin 2012 - binciken bai samo wata alaƙa ba tsakanin sha'awar ɗan kishili da kwayoyin halitta (Drabant et al., 2012). Kodayake, kamar yadda na sani, saboda dalilai da ba a san su ba, Drabant bai ƙaddamar da waɗannan kayan don bugawa a cikin mujallar da aka yi nazari ba.

Amma kin amincewa da ka’idar “Ad hominm” dole ne ya zama ruwan dare a kimiyance. A wannan yanayin, idan wani ya ce “A”, ya kamata ya ce “B”. Babban tsananin munafurci ne don ɓatar da wasu karatun dangane da ra'ayoyi na siyasa ko kuma gaskatawar ruhaniya na masu bincike, alal misali, saboda an buga littafin ne a cikin wata mujallar da Medicalungiyar Likitocin Katolika ta buga, ko kuma saboda binciken ya sami kuɗi daga Cibiyar Nazarin Littattafan Mazan jiya, kuma a lokaci guda watsi da bayanan da ke sama akan masu bincike suna gabatar da sakamakon tallafin LGBT. Bayan haka, idan aka yi magana kan matsalar diyar luwadi, bai kamata a yi amfani da manufar “Ad hominm” ba wajen fassara duk wani ma'ana.

ƙarshe

Ba za a iya raba kimiyya zuwa siyasa "daidai" da "ba daidai ba," gaye da ra'ayin mazan jiya, dimokiradiyya da mai mulki. Kimiyya da kanta ba zata iya zama farfagandar LGBT ko shakka LGBT ba. A taƙaice, hanyoyin kimiyya - abubuwan da suka faru na psychophysiological da halayen, ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta - ba su da sha'awar ra'ayin siyasa na masanin kimiyyar da ke nazarin su; ƙwayoyin cuta ba su san kome ba game da "yaƙe-yaƙe na al'adu". Waɗannan su ne hujjojin da suka wanzu kamar yadda aka ba su, ba za a iya watsi da su ba ko kuma waɗanda suka ambace su za a iya tantance su, amma waɗannan abubuwan ba za a iya fitar da su daga gaskiya ba. Ilimin kimiyya ya ginu ne a kan hanyar kimiyya, duk wanda ya mayar da kimiyya zuwa wani abu daban, ko da wane irin hadafinsa ne yake jagoranta - dan Adam, akida da siyasa, adalcin zamantakewa da injiniyan zamantakewa, da dai sauransu - su ne ainihin masu wa'azin "pseudoscience". Koyaya, al'ummar kimiyya, kamar kowace al'umma na mutanen da ke da imani da burinsu, suna ƙarƙashin son zuciya. Kuma wannan son zuciya ga wasu mutane, wanda ake kira. Ƙimar "neoliberal" hakika an bayyana su sosai a cikin duniyar zamani. Ana iya bayyana dalilai da yawa a matsayin dalilin wannan son zuciya - wani abin ban mamaki na zamantakewa da tarihi wanda ya haifar da bullar "tabo ta kimiyya", gwagwarmayar siyasa mai tsanani da ta haifar da munafunci, "cinyar da" kimiyyar da ke haifar da neman abubuwan jin dadi. , da sauransu. A dabi'ance, matsalar son zuciya a kimiyya ba ta iyakance ga son zuciya ba a cikin kimantawa na liwadi, amma ya haɗa da wasu batutuwa masu yawa waɗanda galibi suna da mahimmanci kuma suna da mahimmanci ga ci gaban ɗan adam. Ko za a iya kauce wa son zuciya gaba daya a kimiyya. Koyaya, a ganina, yana yiwuwa a ƙirƙira yanayi don ingantaccen tsarin kimiyya daidai gwargwado. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan shine cikakken 'yancin kai na al'ummar kimiyya - kudi, siyasa da, ba ma mahimmanci, 'yanci daga kafofin watsa labaru.

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Bayanan kula

Encyclopedia 1 Encyclopedia Britannica ya bayyana farfagandar kamar haka: “Shawarwari, watsa bayanai - gaskiya, muhawara, jita-jita, rabin gaskiya, ko karya - don yin tasiri ga ra'ayin jama'a. Farfagandar farfadowa ita ce mafi girma ko toasa ta hanyar tsari don sarrafa ma'anar, alaƙa ko ayyukan wasu mutane ta hanyar alamomi (kalmomi, gestures, posters, monum, music, sutura, yanke shawara, salon gyara gashi, zane a kan tsabar kudi da tambura, da sauransu). Tsanani da kwantar da hankali kan magudi ya bambanta farfaganda ta hanyar sadarwa ta zamani ko musayar ra'ayoyi kyauta. Mai yada jita-jita yana da takamaiman buri ko manufa. Don isa zuwa gare su, masu ba da labari suna da gangan zaɓi ainihin hujjoji, mahawara, da alamomi kuma gabatar da su ta wannan hanyar don samun babban sakamako. Don haɓaka tasirin, yana iya rasa mahimman bayanai ko kuma karkatar da su, kuma yana iya ƙoƙarin kawar da hankalin masu sauraro daga wasu bayanan. " https://www.britannica.com/topic/propaganda

Masanin Siyasa na 2

NUMan rajin Communityungiyar 3 na Wing

4 Don haka an sa masa suna a cikin abin tunawa

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