Maulosi

Koyambilira kwa 1990, olimbana ndi amuna okhaokha ku America adayesetsa kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azindikire kuti ndi "gulu lotetezedwa" lapadera ku Khothi Lalikulu. Kuti gulu lina la anthu alandire chitetezo, liyenera kukhala loyambirira, lokhalokha komanso lokhalitsa (zomwe gay siili). Motere, olimbana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo amayambitsa nthano zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatengedwa mosavuta ndikufalitsa ndi zofalitsa. Mosiyana ndi zenizeni za sayansi komanso malingaliro wamba, zidanenedwa kuti munthu m'modzi mwa khumi ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo kuti kukopeka ndi kugonana ndi khalidwe lobadwa nalo, ngati liwiro, lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi jini lapadera komanso losasinthika ngati khungu. Poyesera kuti adzifanane ndi magulu amtundu wina omwe kale anali oponderezedwa, ochita zachiwerewere mpaka adapanga mawu osayenera monga "zazing'ono zakugonana" komanso "anthu ogonana".

Popeza zidziwitso zakuchipatala zakuchotsa bwino kukopa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kusintha moyo wamunthu wamba Amakhala ngati wopanda ntchito komanso wowopsa, komanso kwa ochita zachipembedzo komanso okonda zipembedzo.

Dziwani kuti bungwe la American Psychological Association mopanda malire lidasewera mpaka zigawenga zomwe zimapangitsa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azinene kuti chinyengo cha sayansi ochokera m'mabungwe ena aluso. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mafunso okhudzana ndi kugonana komanso amuna ndi akazi ali muofesi APN 44omwe amadziwika kuti "Society for the Psychology of Sexual Oriental and Gender Diversity", omwe amakhala atapangidwa kale ndi omwe amatsogolera LGBT ndi omwe amawathandizira.

Mwawo zofalitsaCholinga cha anthu wamba, APA imasankha mosankha zinthu zomwe zimanena kuti kubwezeretsanso mankhwalawa sikothandiza ndipo kungakhale kovulaza, koma mabuku akatswiricholinga cha akatswiri, APA imapereka zidziwitso zambiri:

“Chomaliza umboni wazowona wonetsani kuti malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kusinthidwadi mwachirengedwe mwamakasitomala omwe ali ndi chidwi, komanso kuti kuyesa kuyambiranso sikubweretsa vuto lamalingaliro. "

Palibe zatsopano zomwe zapezeka mu izi - kumbuyo ku 1973, mu yake chikalatachoAPA ikufuna kupatula pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mndandanda wazosokoneza maganizo, APA idatero "Njira zamakono zamankhwala zimalola gawo lalikulu la ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akufuna kusintha malingaliro awo kuti atero".

APA idasindikizidwanso mu 2009 lipoti odzipereka kwathunthu ku reoriitive tiba (SOCE). Ndizosangalatsa kuti olemba 7 a nkhaniyi, omwe amati amapatsa tsankho ndi yankho lolunjika ku funso loti kuthekera kosintha malingaliro osayenera a chilakolako chogonana, 6 musabise zomwe amakonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ... Komabe, atawunikiranso mozama zolemba za asayansi, olembawo adavomereza mosaganizira kuti kuchuluka kwa njira zodalirika zofufuzira sikungatilole kuti tiwone kuti mitundu yamankhwala osasinthasintha amakono osagwira ntchito.

Malingana ndi ntchito 2015 ya chaka:

“Machenjezo amphamvu akuti chithandizo chofuna kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ‘chingathe kuvulaza’ n’ngosocheretsa komanso kuvulaza anthu onse. Mabungwe monga APA ndi WHO kwenikweni akunamiza anthu akamachenjeza kuti pangakhale ngozi koma akulephera kufotokoza kuti:
(1) Ntchito zonse zama akili zamavuto onse amwini komanso apakati zimatha kukhala zovulaza; 
(2) Sayansi yodalirika sinasonyezebe ngati chiwopsezo cha chithandizo cha kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chili chachikulu, chofanana, kapena chocheperapo kuposa chiwopsezo chamankhwala ena aliwonse.”

Dokotala Wolemekezeka waku Russia, psychotherapist, psychologist ndi wamisala Yan Genrikhovich Goland Amadziwa izi: pazaka za 60 zomwe akhala akuchita m'maganizo, adathandizira 78 ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso 8 transgender odwala kuti athetse kukopa kosafunikira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso zovuta zodziwikitsa kugonana. "Awa akhala agogo, agogo ngakhalenso agogo aamuna," akutero.

Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - vuto losinthika la neurotic

Ian Goland amagwira ntchito mu psychotherapeutic chithandizo cha neurosis, phobia, vuto laumunthu komanso matenda amisala yokhudza kugonana, omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso transsexualism (code F66.x1 ndi F64.0 mu ICD-10). Kuchuluka kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumagwirizana kwathunthu ndi zovuta zina zamanjenje. Yerekezerani:
  • Anthu omwe ali ndi neurosis (OCD) yokakamira amapanga 2.3% Chiwerengero cha US.
  • A Lesbian, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso omwe amakonda kupanga bisex 2.3% Chiwerengero cha US.

Kubwerera ku 1956, dokotala wazamisala wotchuka Edmund Bergler adawona kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi "Chiwonetsero chodalirika cha ma neurosis omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba chamankhwala ochiritsira omwe ali ndi njira ya psychodynamic kuyambira zaka 1 mpaka 2, pokhapokha ngati wodwalayo akufunadi kusintha".

Zochitika za Jan Goland zikugwirizana kwathunthu ndi zomwe mnzake waku America adachita. “Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatha kuchiritsidwa ngati munthu akufuna kuthandizidwa,” akutero a Jan Genrihovich. Ngati palibe chikhumbo chotere, palibe zotsatira. Odwala anga ndi okhawo omwe sangapirire kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amakhala ndi cholinga, chikhumbo komanso ayenera kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Musaganize kuti ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi olimbana ndi amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amapita kuma parishi ndi mapikicha. Omwe akuvutika ndi izi ndi ochulukirapo kuposa omwe amasonkhana m'magulu azachipani. "

Kodi anthu amakhala bwanji amuna kapena akazi okhaokha?

“Palibe mtundu uliwonse wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Wasayansi waku America, yemwe akuti adapeza jini lachiwerewere, posakhalitsa adavomereza kuti anali kulakwitsa, koma atolankhani sanatiuze kalikonse za izi. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti katswiri wa zamoyo zamtunduwu nayenso anali kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngati "kutulukira nthawi" koteroko kunapangidwa, ndiye ndikuganiza kuti jini ili likadakhala likuwonetsedwa pa mbendera ya anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma palibe chomwecho. Amuna kapena akazi okhaokha samabadwa, amakhala. Kuti mukhale ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimayenera kuchitika zomwe zimakhudza mapangidwe azakugonana. Mwachitsanzo: mwana wamwamuna adabadwa ndikulankhulidwa pakati pa atsikana, amasewera ndi zidole, ana aakazi-amayi - m'masewera a atsikana. Adakhazikitsa mtundu wachikazi. Kapena, tinene, anali ndi bambo ake, osayanjanitsika, osayanjanitsika ndi maphunziro, osakhala otanganidwa ndi zochitika zawo, ndipo mwanayo adakula yekha. M'masukulu a ballet, Suvorov, masukulu a cadet, chilengedwe chimathandizira kukula kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ndipo, kumene, kuzika - chidziwitso cholimba cha ubwana chokhudzana ndi kukhutitsidwa ndi kugonana. Kinsey adanenanso kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakonda kukopeka ndi kugonana kwawo, amachita maliseche ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pali zinthu zambiri, zitha kutchulidwa kosatha. Chomvetsa chisoni ndichakuti ali ndi zaka 16-17, kukula kwamnyamata kumadalira manja omwe amagwera. Ngati igwera m'manja mwa mkazi wabwino - imakhala yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, imagwera m'manja mwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - imakhala yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ndizosangalatsanso kuti ana ambiri omwe agwiriridwa akupitilizabe kunyamula ndodoyo. Kukula, amayamba kuzunza ana, chizolowezi chawo chofuna kugona ndi ana chimakula ndikukhazikika ”.

Kodi mankhwalawa amatenga nthawi yayitali bwanji?

"Kwa ine, njira yothandizira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha imatenga miyezi 10 mpaka chaka chimodzi ndi theka mpaka zaka ziwiri, komanso kwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuyambira zaka ziwiri mpaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Izi zimatengera kudziwa komanso kuzindikira kwa wochiritsa matenda amisala. Pomwe katswiri wazamisala kapena wochita zama psychology atachita izi, sipadzakhala zotsatira zabwino. Achinyamata ambiri azachipatala tsopano sakudziwa konse kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatha kuchiritsidwa ngati wodwalayo ali ndi cholinga. "

Kodi munganene chiyani kwa iwo omwe akunena kuti chithandizo chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndiwongoyesa chabe chifukwa cha phindu, popeza sichingapange?

"Odwala anga ambiri adachiritsidwa nthawi ya Soviet, ndipo chithandizo ku USSR, monga mukudziwa, chinali chaulere. Kodi mfundo yovutitsa wodwala wanga ndi iti kwa chaka chimodzi ndi theka, kuphatikiza pantchito ya maola angapo, osapeza ndalama yake ngati singathe? Ndimagwira ntchito pazotsatira. Ndidatenga odwala anga ochiritsidwa kupita ku seminale ndi misonkhano yambiri ya sexopathology, madokotala odziwika komanso aphunzitsi odziwika padziko lonse lapansi adalankhula nawo, pakati pawo G. S. Vasilchenko, P. B. Posvyansky, A. I. Belkin - onse adawona zotsatira za chithandizo changa. Komanso, akatswiri otchuka amisala adanyadira pomwe adatsogolera munthu yemwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti akhale amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - Auguste Trout, Milton Erickson, William Masters ndi Virginia Johnson ndi ena ambiri. "

Zikuwoneka kuti ndinu woyamba komanso yekhayo katswiri ku Russia, wogwira nawo ntchito yothandizirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha?

"Mphunzitsi wanga - pulofesa Nikolai Vladimirovich Ivanov ine ndisanakhale ndi zotsatira za 2, ndipo mphunzitsi wake - zotsatira za Igor Stepanovich Sumbaev - 7. I. S. Sumbaev anali woyamba, wachiwiri anali N. V. Ivanov, wachitatu anali ine. ”

Kodi mutha kuthana ndi amuna kapena akazi onse?

“Ayi. Munthu amatha kuthandizidwa pokhapokha ngati akudwala zomwe zimamukopa, amamuzindikira kuti ndiwopweteka komanso ali ndi chifukwa chomuthandizira kuti amuchotse. Ngati avomera zomwe amakonda, ndipo, osangalala nazo, sizingam'gwire ntchito. Uku ndikungotaya nthawi, yathu komanso kwa odwala. ”

Pazomwe njira yamankhwala imakhalira, ubale wa cosmonaut Alexei Leonov ali ndi chithandizo chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso zambiri zosangalatsa - mu kanema:

Kuwonjezera:

• Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane njira ya psychotherapy J. G. Goland patsamba lake: goland.su

• Nkhani yolembedwa ndi Jan Goland kuchokera pagulu la zopangidwa ku Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry: "Pamakonzedwe opanga akatswiri azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha"

• Mafunso ndi Ian Goland ochokera ku 2014 wa chaka chatsatanetsatane patsamba “Dziko la Russia»

• Pulofesa A. I. Belkin za J. G. Goland

• Edmund Bergler: Chithandizo cha Kugonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha

• Nthano ya kusakhazikika kwa malingaliro azakugonana

• "Achinyamata ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kugonana amuna okhaokha" - nkhani kuchokera ku The New York Times

• Joseph Nicolosi: Zowopsa Za Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha

• Kubwezeretsanso mankhwala - Njira yaposachedwa yochotsera chidwi chosagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo.

• Kodi zokopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimapangidwa bwanji? (kanema)

• Omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatiuza momwe angasinthire (kanema)

• Gerard Aardweg: chitsogozo chodzithandiza nokha

• Amuna okhaokha ku US ayamba kusiya malingaliro akuti "abadwa kwambiri"

• Mbiri yakupatula kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera mndandanda wazovuta zamisala