Nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa vuto loteteza miyambo yamabanja masiku ano. Makhalidwe abanja komanso mabanja ndiye maziko omwe anthu amamangidwapo. Pakadali pano, kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka makumi awiri, zizolowezi zowononga banja lachikhalidwe zafalikira dala m'maiko ena akumadzulo. Ngakhale pamaso pa kutha kwa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo, nkhondo yatsopano - demographic. Mothandizidwa ndi chiphunzitso chonena za kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi, njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa kubadwa zopangidwa ndi akatswiri owerengera anthu zidayamba kufotokozedwa. Mu 1994, Msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa UN pa Chiwerengero cha Anthu ndi Chitukuko unachitikira, pomwe njira zomwe zidatengedwa pazaka 20 zapitazi kuti zithetse "mavuto azachuma" adayesedwa. Ena mwa iwo anali "maphunziro azakugonana", kuchotsa mimba ndi kulera, "kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi". Ndondomeko yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa kubadwa komwe kwafotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, kupititsa patsogolo ntchito zosabereka komanso njira zosagwirizana ndi chikhalidwe zimatsutsana ndi zofuna za Russian Federation, zomwe anthu ake akuchepa kale. Zikuwoneka kuti Russia ikuyenera kukana zikhalidwe zomwe zatchulidwa, kuteteza banja lachikhalidwe ndikukhazikitsa njira zowathandizira pamalamulo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zisankho zingapo zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa pamalingaliro akunja komanso amkati mwa mfundo zaboma pofuna kuteteza miyambo yamabanja. Pogwiritsira ntchito pulogalamuyi, Russia ili ndi mwayi wonse wokhala mtsogoleri wapaulendo wapabanja padziko lapansi.
Mawu osakira: zoyenera, kudziyimira pawokha, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kubereka, mfundo zakunja, banja.
Makhalidwe auzimu ndi amakhalidwe, omwe aiwalika kale m'maiko angapo, m'malo mwake, atipangitsa kukhala olimba. Ndipo nthawi zonse tidzateteza ndi kuteteza mfundo izi.
Purezidenti Vladimir Putin
Kulankhula ku Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, 21.04.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX
Zikhalidwe zamabanja achikhalidwe komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu
Makhalidwe abanja komanso mabanja ndiye maziko omwe anthu amamangidwapo. M'miyambo yonse yazikhalidwe, mosasamala mtundu wamakhalidwe, kubadwa ndi kuleredwa kwa ana zinali maziko azikhalidwe zomwe zimamangidwa, zikhulupiriro ndi maubale a anthu.
M'magulu am'banja, mayanjano oyambira ndi maphunziro a munthuyo zimachitika, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu wake wovomereza. Dulani bwaloli - anthu adzasowa, adzagawika anthu ena owongolera omwe safunika kuganizira zamtsogolo za ana awo. Ndiwo banja lomwe limalumikiza mibadwo itatu kapena inayi, yomwe imasamalirana. Chifukwa chake, poteteza mabanja ndikubereka ana, anthu amadziteteza okha, kulemera kwake, ulamuliro wawo komanso kukhulupirika kwawo - mtsogolo.
Nthawi yomweyo, kuyambira theka lachiwiri la zaka makumi awiri, zizolowezi zowononga banja lachikhalidwe zakhala zikufalikira mwadala kudziko lakumadzulo. Ntchito yopanga cholinga idayamba kunyozetsa chikhristu ndi zipembedzo zina zamwambo zomwe zimalimbikitsa mabanja. M'malo moyesa maziko owonetsetsa padziko lonse lapansi omwe amaonetsetsa kuti moyo wa munthu aliyense suyenda bwino, koma gulu lonse, malingaliro okondweretsedwa adanenedwa omwe amachotsa malingaliro azomwe akuchita ndikuyika zabwino zawo pamwamba pa wamba. Popeza itagonjetsedwa pa Cold War, Russia idataya Iron Curtain, chifukwa cha zomwe "zopita patsogolo" zakumadzulo zidatsata pambuyo pa Soviet. Zipatso zawo zowawa - monga kusokonekera kwa malingaliro, kuchepa kwa kubadwa, kumangidwanso kwa malangizo auzimu ndi amakhalidwe ndi kudzisunga pakati - tikukolola mpaka lero.
Pankhani yankhondo yolimbana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi, yoyendetsedwa ndi osewera padziko lonse lapansi, zofunikira pabanja zimakhala chida chandale komanso mphamvu zandale zomwe zimakopa anthu ofuna chilungamo.
Zoyimira zakale za chiwonongeko cha miyambo
Ngakhale pamaso pa kutha kwa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo, nkhondo yatsopano - demographic. Mu 1944, Hugh Everett Moore, wapampando wa komiti yayikulu ya United States League of Nations Association, adakhazikitsa thumba lothandizira mabungwe owongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu.
Mu 1948, adafalitsa mabuku omwe adalimbikitsa mkangano wa ku Malthusian wonena za kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikuwononga Dziko Lapansi: Our Plundered Planet lolembedwa ndi Fairfield Osborne ndi The Road to Survival lolembedwa ndi William Vogt. Pamodzi ndi bomba la Population Bomb la Hugh Moore Foundation (1954), lomwe linakulitsa chiwopsezo cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikulengeza kufunikira kochepetsa kuchuluka kwa ana, mabukuwa adayambitsa mantha. Vuto la kuchuluka kwa anthu lidatengedwa ndi omwe adalemba za demokalase, andale komanso UN [1].
Mu 1959, Unduna wa Zachikhalidwe ku US udapereka lipoti lonena za kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zidatsimikiza kuti kuchuluka kwachulukidwe kwa anthu kukuwopseza bata padziko lonse lapansi. Ripotilo lidanenanso zakufunika kofulumira kwa kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu. Malingaliro a Neo-Malthusian adalanda mabungwe aboma aku US mpaka adayamba kuvomereza kuti anthu akukhala "khansa yapadziko lapansi." "M'zaka za m'ma 70 dziko lapansi lidzagwidwa ndi njala - mamiliyoni a anthu adzafa ndi njala, ngakhale pali mapulogalamu othamangitsidwa omwe akuvomerezedwa," a Paul ndi Anne Ehrlich adalemba m'buku lawo lotsogola "Overpopulation Bomb" ndipo adafuna "kudula" nthawi yomweyo kutuluka kwa chotupa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu "[2] ...
Mu 1968, loya waku America Albert Blaustein adanenetsa kuti poletsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, pamafunika kusintha malamulo ambiri, kuphatikiza aukwati, kuthandizira mabanja, zaka zovomerezeka, komanso kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [3].
Kingsley Davis, m'modzi mwa anthu otsogola pakukhazikitsa njira zakulera, adadzudzula omwe akukonzekera mabanja chifukwa chosiya njira "zodzifunira" zoletsa monga kulembetsa ndi kulimbikitsa kutsekeka ndi kutaya mimba, komanso "njira zosagonana" [4]. Pambuyo pake, adazindikira zakulera ngati zofunikira, koma zosakwanira, mwa zina, njira zakulera monga kugonana kopitilira muyeso, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kupha ana [5].
Mu 1969, polankhula ku Congress, Purezidenti Nixon adati kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi "chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu kutha kwa anthu" ndikupempha kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu. Chaka chomwecho, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) Frederic Jaffe adalemba chikumbutso chofotokoza njira zolerera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kulera, kuchotsa mimba, kulera mopanda malire, kuchepetsa chithandizo chamankhwala, komanso kulimbikitsa kukula kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe zipolowe za Stonewall zidayamba, pomwe amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adalengeza zamisala mdani # 1 ndipo, atapanga bungwe "Homosexual Liberation Front," adachita zipolowe, kuwotcha ndi kuwononga zinthu. Kupsyinjika kwazaka zitatu ku American Psychiatric Association (APA) kudayamba, limodzi ndi zochitika zowopsa ndikuzunza akatswiri, ndikumaliza ndikuchotsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [4]. Kupatula apo, pokhapokha kupatula amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamndandanda wamatenda amisala, zinali zotheka kuyamba kulimbikitsa moyo wokhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati chikhalidwe chabwinobwino komanso chathanzi, cholimbikitsidwa ndi akatswiri owerengera anthu kuti achepetse kuchuluka kwa obadwa.
Mu 1970, wolemba nthanthi yakusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, a Frank Knowstein, polankhula ku National War College pamaso pa akuluakulu, adati "kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatetezedwa chifukwa kumathandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu" [6]. Akatswiri ena adadzudzula amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi [7].
Mu 1972, lipoti la The Limits to Growth lidasindikizidwa ku Club of Rome, momwe zochitika zonse zabwino zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu zimafunikira kusintha kwandale komanso ndale, zomwe zimawonetsedwa mwakuletsa kubereka pamlingo wotsika wachilengedwe.
Kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo, kuchepa kwa anthu padziko lapansi kwathandizidwa ndikulipidwa ndi njira zomwe zikupititsa patsogolo kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kusowa kwa ana, ndikuchotsa mimba. Lipoti la National Security Council NSSM-200, lomwe lidafotokoza zakufunika kochepetsa kuchuluka kwa ana, limalimbikitsa "kuphunzitsidwa" kwa achichepere za kufunikira kwa banja laling'ono. Mu 1975, lamulo la Purezidenti Ford "NSSM-200" lidakhala chitsogozo pamachitidwe aku US akunja.
Njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa kubadwa zopangidwa ndi olemba demokalase zimayambitsidwa mosalekeza pamalangizo ena oteteza ufulu wa anthu: ufulu wa ana, ufulu wobereka wa amayi, komanso kuteteza azimayi ku nkhanza zapakhomo (Msonkhano wa Istanbul).
Mu 1994, Msonkhano wapadziko lonse wa UN pa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi chitukuko udachitika, pomwe njira zomwe zidatengedwa pazaka 20 zapitazi kuti zithetse "mavuto azachuma" adayesedwa. Zina mwazinthuzi zimawerengedwa kuti ndi "maphunziro azakugonana", kuchotsa mimba ndi kulera, "kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi". Kupita patsogolo kwadziwika m'maiko ambiri komwe kwatsika pamlingo wakubadwa [8].
Mu 2000, World Health Organisation (WHO) ndi UNFPA (bungwe la United Nations lomwe likuthana ndi "mavuto azachuma") adavomereza chikalata cha IPPF ndikupempha maunduna azaumoyo kuti awunikenso malamulo, makamaka okhudzana ndi kuchotsa mimba ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [9].
Mu 2010, miyezo ya WHO yokhudzana ndi maphunziro azakugonana ku Europe idapangidwa, yomwe imagogomezera kukwezedwa kwa maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa ana komanso kugonana koyambirira kwa ana [10].
Mu Meyi 2011, Khonsolo ya Council of Europe Yokhudza Kupewa ndi Kulimbana ndi Chiwawa Kwa Amayi Ndi Chiwawa Cha M'nyumba (Msonkhano wa Istanbul) idatsegulidwa kuti isayine ku Istanbul. Turkey idakhala dziko loyamba kuvomereza Msonkhanowu. Komabe, zaka 10 pambuyo pake, mu Marichi 2021, adalamulidwa kuti achoke. "Msonkhanowu, womwe poyambirira unkateteza ufulu wa amayi, udasankhidwa ndi gulu la anthu omwe amayesa kukhazikitsa zachiwerewere, zomwe sizigwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha mabanja komanso mabanja aku Turkey," adatero. [11]
Zowonadi, lipoti yaku Sweden lokhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa Msonkhano wa Istanbul likuwonetsa kuti zovuta zomwe mabungwe aboma akuchita pa amayi ndi ana omwe ali pachiwopsezo chovuta ndikuwunika. Chiwerengero cha milandu yokhudza amayi idakwera kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2018. Njira zomwe zatengedwa zokhudzana ndi kuwonongedwa kwa zikhulupiriro zachikhalidwe komanso "maphunziro azakugonana" zikuwonetsedwa: "sukulu iyenera kutsutsana ndi mitundu ya amuna ndi akazi"; "Maphunziro azakugonana amaphatikizidwa m'maphunziro angapo aphunziro m'masekondale oyenera komanso apamwamba, komanso maphunziro a akulu"; "Malinga ndi maphunziro apadziko lonse lapansi a sekondale oyenera komanso apamwamba, aphunzitsiwo ali ndi udindo wapadera wowonetsetsa kuti ophunzira alandila zidziwitso zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso maubwenzi apamtima" [12]. Pulofesa G.S. Kocharian mu lipoti lake la Public Chamber of the Russian Federation adawulula zolinga zamaphunziro otere a "maphunziro azakugonana" - kukakamiza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "[13].
Pa Novembala 29, 2019, Federation Council idasindikiza kukambirana pagulu lamulo lokhazikitsidwa "Popewa Zachiwawa Pabanja ku Russian Federation." Patriarchal Commission on Family, Amayi ndi Chitetezo cha Ana adati: "Pachifukwa ichi, sizosadabwitsa kuti lamuloli likuchirikizidwa kwambiri ndi mabungwe omwe ali ndi malingaliro otsutsana ndi mabanja (malingaliro a LGBT, chikazi), komanso ambiri a mabungwe, omwe amalandila ndalama zakunja movomerezeka. Atolankhani ena ambiri komanso mabungwe akunja akumuthandiziranso, samabisa machitidwe awo olimbana ndi Russia "[14].
Mbiri yakudziko ndi zadziko
Njira zomwe zatengedwa padziko lonse lapansi zabweretsa zosintha zomwe sizinachitikepo pamakhalidwe, chikhalidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu. Ngati tilingalira zoyesayesa zochepetsera kubadwa kwa mdani wazandale ngati nkhondo, zimakhala zowonekeratu kuti nkhondo idalengezedwa kalekale.
Mu 2011, malinga ndi lamulo la Barack Obama, chitetezo cha ufulu wa "ochepa ogonana" chidakhala chofunikira pamalamulo akunja aku America [15]. Zaka khumi pambuyo pake, mu 2021, Purezidenti Joe Biden adasaina lamulo "loteteza ndikulimbikitsa ufulu wa gulu la LGBT padziko lonse lapansi" [16]. Pambuyo pake, boma la Germany lidatengera lingaliro loti "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex" ("LGBTI") mu mfundo zake zakunja.
Magazini yotchuka "Lancet" idasindikiza ntchito ya gulu la akatswiri ochokera ku Yunivesite ya Washington, pomwe zochitika zakubala, kufa, kusamuka komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu m'maiko 195 kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2100. Ntchitoyi idalipiridwa ndi Bill ndipo Melinda Gates Foundation. Maphunziro azimayi komanso mwayi wopeza njira zakulera amadziwika kuti ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuchepa kwa chonde m'njirayi. Pofika 2100, mayiko 23 akuyembekezeka kuchepetsa anthu awo kupitirira 50%. Ku China ndi 48%. Pofika chaka cha 2098, United States idzakhalanso chuma chambiri. Zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kuti mayiko omwe ali ndi ziwerengero zobadwira zomwe sizingasinthidwe azisungabe anthu azaka zogwira ntchito posamuka, ndipo ndi okhawo omwe azikhala ndi moyo wabwino. Kuchuluka kwa chonde m'munsi mwa magawo osinthidwa m'malo ambiri, kuphatikiza China ndi India, zidzakhudza chuma, chikhalidwe, zachilengedwe komanso ndale. Njira zakukalamba kwa anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu opuma pantchito zipangitsa kuti mapenshoni agwe, inshuwaransi yazaumoyo komanso chitetezo cha anthu, kutsika kwachuma ndi ndalama [17].
Mwaulemerero wonse wa ntchitoyi, pali zomwe zikuwonekeratu kuti: olembawo sanaganizire zakukula kwakukulu kwa "LGBT" komanso "opanda ana" m'badwo wachinyamata, omwe adakulira "pamaphunziro azakugonana" ndi zabodza zakusowa ana. Anthu a LGBT amadziwika ndi chizolowezi chodzipha komanso kuchuluka kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana, omwe nthawi zambiri amatsogolera kusabereka.
Chifukwa chofalitsa nkhani zomwe zikukula chaka chilichonse, anthu a "LGBT" komanso kuchuluka kwa machitidwe achilendo akuchulukirachulukira. Zonena kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu "a LGBT" mgulu la anthu sikunasinthe ndikuti "adangobisala zomwe akukonda" sizowona. Kukula kwamanambala kwa "LGBT" sikungathe kufotokozedwa kokha ndi kutseguka kwa omwe adafunsidwa pazofufuza izi: zimagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika za matenda opatsirana pogonana omwe amapezeka mwa anthuwa [18]. Malinga ndi lipoti laposachedwa kuchokera ku Gallup Institute of Public Opinion, 5,6% ya akulu ku United States amadzizindikira kuti ndi "LGBT" [19]. Ndipo ngakhale chiwerengerochi chikuwoneka chochepa, malinga ndi msinkhu, chimakhala ndi ziwopsezo. Ngati mu mbadwo wa "okhulupirira miyambo" omwe adabadwa chaka cha 1946 chisanafike 1,3% yokha amadziona ngati "LGBT", ndiye kuti m'badwo Z (omwe adabadwa pambuyo pa 1999) alipo kale 15,9% a iwo - pafupifupi wachisanu ndi chimodzi! Zichitika ndi chiyani kwa achinyamata, omwe adadutsa mumabodza okwiya kwambiri a "LGBT", akafika zaka zoberekera?
Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri ndichakuti ambiri a Generation Z, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi "LGBT" (72%), akuti ndi "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" [19]. "Amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" amakhala pachiwopsezo chazovuta zakuthupi komanso zamaganizidwe, ngakhale kuyerekezedwa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [21]. Amasamutsa matenda kuchokera pagulu lachiwopsezo (amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) kupita kwa anthu ambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana, kuphatikizapo omwe sachiritsika ndipo amayambitsa kusabereka [22]. Nthawi yomweyo, kuwonjezeka kwamatenda ndi machitidwe owopsa kumanenedweratu pakati pa "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" [23].
Mbadwo watsopano ukukula pamaso pathu, wokonda kudzipha ndi matenda; transsexualism (opunduka "kuyanjananso pakati pa amuna ndi akazi") komanso omenyera ufulu wodziyimira panokha akulimbikitsidwa. Titha kuganiza kuti mavuto omwe akuyembekezeredwa adzabwera kale, kudabwitsa anthu apadziko lonse lapansi.
Chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kuchuluka kwakubala kwathunthu (TFR) -, pafupifupi, mayi m'modzi amabereka nthawi yobereka. Kuti anthu azikhala m'malo osavuta, TFR = 2,1 ikufunika. Ku Russia, monga m'maiko ambiri otukuka, chizindikirochi sichikutsika pazinthu zoberekera ndi zina zomwe zimakhudza kukana kapena kuthekera kwakubereka ana ndi amayi kumabweretsa pafupi tsiku lomwe anthu adasowa. Zanenedwa kale kuti ku Generation Z m'modzi mwa anthu aku America asanu ndi mmodzi amadziona ngati LGBT, koma ngati tilingalira za jenda, zimawonekeratu kuti amayi amatengeka kwambiri ndi malingaliro owononga. Mwa atsikana achichepere ku United States ku 2017, 19,6% sanadziyese ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [19]. Poganizira momwe zinthu zilili, mkazi m'modzi mwa amayi asanu alionse omwe azaka zobereka samadziona kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha!
Zitenga mawu ambiri kuti afotokoze kuchepa kwamakhalidwe azikhalidwe za azungu, koma manambalawa amalankhula okha. Matenda opatsirana pogonana monga chlamydia, gonorrhea ndi syphilis awonjezeka mzaka zaposachedwa ku United States ndi Europe.
Ku Germany, pakati pa 2010 ndi 2017, kuchuluka kwa chindoko kudakwera ndi 83% - mpaka 9,1 milandu pa 100 anthu [000].
Mwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku England, kuyambira 2015 mpaka 2019, kuchuluka kwa matenda a chlamydia kudakulirakulira - ndi 83%; chinzonono - ndi 51%; chindoko - 40%. Matenda opatsirana pogonana nawonso akuchulukirachulukira. Mu 2019, panali 10% more syphilis and 26% more gonorrhea than in 2018 [25]
Dziko la Netherlands lawonanso kuwonjezeka kwanthawi zonse kwa matenda opatsirana pogonana [26].
Dziko la Finland ndilo lapamwamba kwambiri pachaka chomwe sichinalembedwepo mu National Register of Infectious Diseases. Kufalikira kwa matenda kumachitika makamaka pakati pa achinyamata: pafupifupi 80% mwa omwe amapezeka amapezeka azaka zapakati pa 15-29. Kuchuluka kwa chinzonono ndi chindoko nakonso kwawonjezeka [27].
Ku United States, mitengo ya matenda opatsirana pogonana yawonjezeka kwa chaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi chotsatira ndipo yafika pachimake [28].
Kusintha kwa anthu amtunduwu sikuchitika. Akuluakulu opuma pantchito, m'kalata yolembedwa ndi a Valeurs actuelles, adachenjeza Purezidenti Emmanuel Macron kuti France ikukumana ndi "ngozi yakufa" yokhudzana ndi kusamuka komanso kugwa kwa dzikolo. [29]
Kuthetsa vuto lachiwerengero cha anthu mmaiko ena kumabweretsa mikangano pakati pa mayiko omwe akuchulukirachulukirachulukira omwe akusamukira kudziko lina komanso omwe akuyesera kuteteza nzika zawo.
Anthu aku Europe ndi United States akumvetsetsa zakusinthidwa komwe sikuphatikizidwa ndi osamukira kudziko lina ndipo ayamba kuthandiza andale omwe ali okonzeka kutsutsa kuwonongedwa kwa anthu awo munthaka wosungunuka. Russia, kumbali inayo, ikuwonetsa kuthandizira kuchuluka kwa kubadwa ndipo ikuyamba kuteteza miyambo yake, ikulengeza poyera kuti sivomereza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndikukana njira zothanirana ndi anthu zomwe zikulimbikitsidwa.
Chonde ku China chatsika kwambiri kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa People's Republic of China. People's Bank of China idalimbikitsa kuti Beijing isiyiretu njira yoletsa kuchuluka kwa ana kuti asataye mwayi wawo wachuma ku United States ndi mayiko ena akumadzulo [30]. Pankhaniyi, magulu achikazi omwe amafuna kuti apewe ubale ndi amuna adatsekedwa m'malo ochezera achi China. [31]
MI6 wamkulu waku Britain wazamayiko akunja poyankhulana ndi The Sunday Times adati boma la Russia lili pamavuto chifukwa dziko la Russia likuchepa mphamvu: "Russia ndi mphamvu yofooketsa, pazachuma komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu... "[32].
Zochitika pakadali pano, komanso zonena za atsogoleri andale, zikuyenera kuwonedwa potengera momwe anthu akumenyanirana komanso zandale, momwe anthu okhala mdziko muno komanso zaka zawo zidzagwira ntchito yayikulu poteteza anthu ndi chuma kukhazikika. Muyeso womwewo uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa andale ku Russia, kuphatikiza ma NGO. Monga momwe tikuwonera, zochita zawo pamiyeso yofunikira yochepetsera kuchuluka kwa kubadwa ("maphunziro azakugonana", kukhazikitsidwa kwa Msonkhano wa Istanbul (RLS), kuthandizira "LGBT" ndi ukazi) ndizofanana.
Udindo wa Russian Federation
Ngakhale kuti mabungwe ena aboma, monga Rospotrebnadzor, alengeza [33] zakufunika kwa "maphunziro azakugonana", Russia yayamba kusiya njira zochepetsera anthu, ndikuphatikiza malingaliro achikhalidwe m'malamulo ndi Constitution. Pa referendum, anthu aku Russia adatsimikizira zowona kuti ukwati ndi mgwirizano wamwamuna ndi mkazi. Pali andale omwe amafotokoza poyera kufunika kosiya malingaliro aku Western ndi mgwirizano ndi WHO. Chithandizo cha mabanja, umayi, zikhalidwe zikukhala zokulira pankhani zandale. Andale akumvetsetsa kuti Russia ndi dziko lamayiko osiyanasiyana, ndipo kukhazikitsidwa kwa "maphunziro azakugonana" komanso malamulo odana ndi mabanja chifukwa chonamizira kuti "kuthana ndi nkhanza zapabanja" zitha kuchititsa kuti maboma asakhulupirire.
Kutenga nawo gawo pamgwirizano wapadziko lonse wogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi "LGBT" olimbikitsa anthu pantchito zawo sikugwirizana ndi malingaliro a Russia. Referendum yasintha njira yomwe ikuwathandizira ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zopewera misala. Mwachitsanzo, komiti ya UN yothana ndi tsankho kwa azimayi (CEDAW) ikufuna kuti Russian Federation iwononge malingaliro azikhalidwe pokhudzana ndi udindo wa abambo ndi amai, kuphatikiza atsogoleri achipembedzo, kukhazikitsa "maphunziro azakugonana", kuthetsa kupewetsa mimba ndikulembetsa uhule [34].
Ku Russian Federation, pali malamulo omwe amateteza ana kuti asalimbikitsidwe kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Article 6.21 of the Administrative Offices Code of the Russian Federation) ndi zidziwitso zowopsa zovulaza thanzi lawo ndi chitukuko chawo (436-FZ). Zolemba izi cholinga chake ndi kuteteza ana ku "maphunziro azakugonana", kufunsira kwa akatswiri azamisala komanso akatswiri azakugonana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira yovomerezera kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso kuchokera pakukweza zachiwerewere "zachikhalidwe" pa intaneti.
Ngakhale mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikiza omwe ali ochokera kumayiko akunja, akufuna kuti malamulo omwe amateteza ana achotsedwe, malamulowa ndiosagwira. Roskomnadzor sazindikira mwaokha zinthu zomwe zikuphwanya lamuloli. Kuti tidziwe zambiri ngati mayeso owopsa, akatswiri amafunika mayeso, ndipo zofunsira za makolo zoletsa nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa. Magulu oletsedwa ndi masamba nthawi yomweyo ayambiranso ntchito yawo pogwiritsa ntchito ulalo watsopano.
Anthu aku Russia akukwiyitsidwa ndi malingaliro omwe akukula mosalekeza a malingaliro odana ndi mabanja komanso "LGBT", zochitika za olemba mabulogu, ojambula, komanso atolankhani. Pali kulimbikitsidwa kwa miyambo ndi mabanja.
M'malo osiyanasiyana ndi matebulo ozungulira, andale komanso anthu wamba akufuna kuti asaletse kufalitsa nkhani zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso transsexualism, kuchotsa mimba, kusabala ana ndi machitidwe ena omwe amachepetsa kuthekera kwakubala kwa anthu.
Popeza kukwezedwa kwa maubale osagwirizana ndi kutumizidwanso kwa amuna ndi akazi sikungayambike popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi asayansi ndi zamankhwala pazinthu izi monga zachizolowezi, maofesi ena azaumoyo ku Russia adathandizira pempho la gulu la Science for Truth kwa asayansi, anthu wamba komanso andale [35]. Pempholi, lomwe lidasainidwa ndi anthu masauzande masauzande aku Russia, likuyesa njira zingapo zomwe cholinga chake ndikuteteza ana kuzinthu zovulaza ndikusiya malingaliro akumadzulo okhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Palibe amene akukayikira kuti njira zotsatirazi za opanga malamulo ku Russia ziphatikizidwa ndi zolemba zosakhutira za omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi aku Russia.
Makhalidwe achikhalidwe ngati chida chachilendo
Mtsogoleri wa sayansi wa German-Russian Forum, Alexander Rahr, polankhula pa pulogalamu ya "Right to Know" pa TVC channel, adapereka mawu a ndale wamkulu wa ku Ulaya yemwe adayankha funso la chifukwa cha mkangano pakati pa mayiko a Kumadzulo. ndi Russia: "Kumadzulo kuli nkhondo ndi Putin chifukwa ali pankhondo ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha." Zoonadi, dziko la Russia silimenyana ndi anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchepetsa mabodza a maubwenzi omwe si achikhalidwe kwa ana.
Atsogoleri andale zakumadzulo akudziwa kuti Russia ikukana kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsera kuchuluka kwa ana omwe amafunsidwa m'mayiko awo. Potengera njira yayitali yakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, zochitika zosamukira komanso kuwukira kwa anthu, akuluakulu aku Europe pano, mothandizidwa ndi United States, sadzatha kusiya kulimbana ndi Russia. Kupatula apo, timathandizira kuchuluka kwa kubadwa mdziko lathu, kuletsa kuyambitsa ndikufalitsa njira zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa kubadwa, kudziyika tokha pamalo opindulitsa kwambiri. Wina akhoza kungoganiza zoyeserera zowonjezeka zosokoneza izi, kusintha boma ndikupitilizabe kuzunza ana ndi kuwononga miyambo yomwe idayamba mzaka za tisanu ndi zinai.
A Sergei Naryshkin, Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), anena izi pamsonkhano wapadziko lonse wokhudza zachitetezo: gulu la LGBT, limafalitsa malingaliro azachikazi okhwima kwambiri ... Zikuwonekeratu kuti anthu oterewa ndi zinthu zabwino kusokoneza, makamaka ngati ali ndi iPhone yolumikizidwa ndi netiweki ”[36].
Kuyankha pamavuto adziko lapansi kudali kukwaniritsidwa kwa mutu wazikhalidwe zamakhalidwe m'moyo wapagulu waku Western Europe. Osangokhala mphamvu zokhazokha, komanso omasulira nawonso amaphatikiza chitetezo cha mabanja m'mawu awo, ndipo zovuta zosamuka ndizomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kotere [37].
Ngakhale kufunikira kwakuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro komanso kupembedza pakati pa Azungu, gawo lalikulu la iwo likudzizindikiritsabe kuti ndi Akhristu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Pew Research Center, 64% aku France, 71% aku Germany, 75% aku Switzerland ndi 80% aku Austrian adayankha kuti amadzizindikiritsa kuti ndi Mkhristu. [38] Zipembedzo zachikhristu, kupatula Apulotesitanti, sizigwirizana ndi miyambo yomwe si yachikhalidwe (ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuvomereza kuchotsa pakati). Akatolika, mosiyana ndi Apulotesitanti ku Germany, ndiogawanika, koma nthawi zambiri amatsatira. Ngakhale zili choncho, mipingo yonse imadzitsutsa kwa opondereza omwe amapititsa patsogolo tsankho, kusankhana mitundu komanso malingaliro odana ndi Semiti, mothandizidwa ndi mfundo zosamukira [37]. Kuphatikiza apo, munthu ayenera kulingalira za ummah wachisilamu womwe ukukula ku Europe, womwe ndi wosalolera kufalitsa anthu.
M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, Central ndi Kum'mawa kwa Europe akhala akuganiza zodzipangira dzina lake, ndipo nkhani yosamukira kudziko ndi yomwe imathandizira izi. Dera lakum'mawa kwa Europe limadzizindikiritsa podzipatula kwa anthu othawa kwawo omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chachilendo komanso ochokera kumayiko aku Western Europe [39].
Ku Hungary, lamulo lidayambitsa ntchito yoletsa kukwezedwa kwa zikhalidwe zosagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa ana. [40] Hungary ikutsutsa mwamphamvu kuvomerezedwa kwa Msonkhano wa Istanbul. Poyankha pakudzudzulidwa, Viktor Orban adayitanitsa atsamunda a European Union [40].
Khothi ku Bulgaria lati Msonkhano wa Istanbul sukugwirizana ndi Malamulo aku Bulgaria. Mawu a khothi ku Bulgaria sasiya kukayikira kuti "LGBT" ndi Msonkhano wa Istanbul amalumikizidwa ndi ulusi wolimba. [41]
Poland ichoka pamgwirizanowu. Unduna wa Zachilungamo ku Poland adati Msonkhano wa Istanbul ndiwovulaza chifukwa umafuna kuti sukulu ziziphunzitsa ana zokhudzana ndi jenda. [42] Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti chipani cholamula cha Law and Justice chimagwirizana ndi Tchalitchi cha Katolika ndipo chatsimikiza mtima kulimbikitsa miyambo yamabanja. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dziko la Poland alengezedwa kuti ndi opanda LGBT, pomwe mizinda isanu ndi umodzi itaya ndalama kuchokera ku European Union.
Izi zikutsimikiziranso zavumbulutsidwe ndi Alexander Rahr ndikuwonetsa malingaliro a European Union kumayiko omwe akuyesera kusunga miyambo yawo, kudziyimira pawokha komanso kudziwika kwawo, okonzekera zachuma ndi ndale mokhudzana nawo. Mfundo zachikhalidwe ndizida zakunja, koma zakuthwa konsekonse.
Kugwiritsa ntchito poyera njira zankhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe cholinga chake ndikuchepetsa kubadwa kwa mdani wazandale, komanso kuphatikiza "zosavomerezeka" mu mfundo zakunja kwa United States ndi mayiko ena, kumafuna kutsutsa mwadala.
Ziri zachidziwikire kuti mdziko lamakonoli, anthu omwe ataya ufulu wawo, koma akudziwa zoyeserera zoyipa zomwe zikuchitika pa iwo, adzafunafuna mfundo zowathandizira komanso zitsanzo. Windo la mwayi likupangidwa momwe munthu angakwanitse kupanga mtundu wokongola wamakhalidwe potengera zikhalidwe, ndipo, zikuwoneka, China yayamba kale kupanga mtundu wotere, kutsatira miyambo.
Magawo a mapangidwe a chithunzi cha tsogolo la Russia
Kuti Russia ikhale chitsanzo chamayiko ena, m'pofunika kuchita zingapo paziwonetsero zakunja ndi zamkati zamalamulo aboma. Pali maziko amalingaliro amachitidwe awa, ndipo aphatikizidwa mu Constitution: Mulungu, banja, ana ndi miyambo. Izi sizongoganizira chabe, koma maziko a kuteteza dzikolo. Russia iyenera kuwulutsa nthawi zonse kunja ndikuwakhazikitsa mdziko muno.
Padziko lonse lapansi tikufunika kupenda mapangano ndi zikalata za UN ndi WHO, zomwe zikukhazikitsidwa ndizokhazikitsa anthu ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa ana. Unikani zomwe akutenga nawo mbali ndikudzudzula zolemba zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi Constitution ya Russia ndi National Security Strategy ya Russian Federation.
Yambitsani mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi womwe umasiyanitsa "yankho la mavuto amitundu" pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongera mabanja ndi chikhalidwe, kuteteza moyo wamunthu kuyambira nthawi yobadwa, kuwonetsetsa kuti maphunziro akugwirizana komanso chitukuko cha anthu kutengera mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino. Mwachitsanzo, Msonkhano Wachitetezo cha Banja pamlingo wa Russia-Belarus Union State ndikutheka kuti mayiko ena alowa. Pangani nsanja zokambirana momwe mungakwaniritsire mgwirizanowu ndi mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kuchoka m'manja mwa Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Europe (ECHR). Monga Purezidenti wa Russia V.V. Putin, kuti "akwaniritse" lingaliro lopanga chiwonetsero cha Russia cha khothi ili [43].
Kuzindikira mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi komanso aku Russia omwe akuchita nawo zotsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu kukhala osafunikira. Pangani njira zodziwira ndikuchepetsa ntchito zamabungwewa.
Pa mulingo wa boma Ndikofunika kupereka chithandizo chokwanira kwa mabanja omwe ali ndi ana, mpaka yankho lathunthu lavuto la nyumba.
Khazikitsani lamulo laza yunifolomu yamabanja akulu ndi njira zowathandizira.
Apatseni chithandizo chaulere kwa ana omwe ali ndi matenda obadwa nawo Perekani achinyamata maphunziro apamwamba aulere.
Lonjezerani maphunziro a sukulu ndi maphunziro kuti muphunzire miyambo yachikhalidwe ndikupanga malingaliro oyenera kubanja.
Khazikitsani lamulo "On Bioethics and Biosafety", lokhazikitsa kufunikira kwakuteteza moyo wamunthu ndi thanzi pamagawo onse, kuyambira pathupi mpaka paimfa.
Pangani "Institute of the Family" - bungwe lazasayansi pakati pa Academy of Science kuti akhazikitse maziko omwe amathandizira zofunikira pabanja komanso thanzi, zomwe zipanga njira zolerera, maphunziro ndi kukulitsa umunthu wogwirizana.
Apatseni asayansi aku Russia mwayi wofalitsa zolemba zasayansi m'mabuku owunikiridwa ndi anzawo osawopa ntchito ndi malipiro. Gawo la bonasi pamalipiro a asayansi limadalira pazofalitsa zoterezi. M'mikhalidwe "yolondola andale" ndikuwunika, zofalitsa zakumadzulo ndi ku Russia zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zimapewa kusindikiza zolemba zomwe zikutsutsana ndi malingaliro olimbikitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, transsexualism ndi zina zotere zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zimakakamiza kuwonetsedwa kwaulere kwa asayansi.
Onetsani zoletsa zazikulu pakufalitsa zinthu zowononga kudzera mumawebusayiti, nyimbo ndi ntchito zofalitsa, ndi sinema. Pangani njira yothandiza kutsekereza chidziwitso chomwe chimaphwanya Lamulo N 436-FZ "Pachitetezo cha Ana ku Zomwe Zidzawonongetse Thanzi Labwino." Kukakamiza Roskomnadzor kuwongolera kuchotseratu zidziwitso zomwe zili zowopsa kwa ana asadayesedwe mlandu.
Kukhwimitsa chilango chophwanya lamuloli "Pachitetezo cha ana kuzidziwitso zomwe zimawononga thanzi lawo ndikukula." Zindikirani kutenga nawo gawo panjira yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso "kusintha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ngati kuvulaza pang'ono pansi pa Article 112 ya Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Kulimbitsa chilango cholimbikitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchotsa mimba, kusowa ana komanso mitundu ina yakuchulukitsa anthu pakakhala zovuta zaposachedwa.
Kufalitsa malingaliro am'banja pokhazikitsa dongosolo lazamakhalidwe abwino, labwino.
Tetezani banja kuti lisasokonezedwe popanda chifukwa, ikani zopinga zovuta pakukhazikitsa Msonkhano wa Istanbul kapena malamulo ofanana.
Pokumbukira kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingalirowa, maziko olimba a kuthandizira boma kwa mabanja komanso miyambo yabanja ipangidwe, pomwe Russia ili ndi mwayi wokhala mtsogoleri wadziko lonse wazoyendetsa mabanja, kuthandizira ndi kuthandizira amenewo akufuna kutetezera ufulu wawo komanso ufulu wawo wodziyimira pawokha potengera malingaliro ndi kufunika kwa chitukuko.
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[28] Matenda opatsirana pogonana amafika nthawi yayitali kwa zaka 6 zotsatizana. - Url: https://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/2021/2019-STD-surveillance-report.html (tsiku lofikira: 13.07.2021).
[29] Asitikali aku France anachenjeza Macron za kuwopsa kwa kugwa kwa dzikolo. - Url: https://ria.ru/20210427/razval-1730169223.html (tsiku lofikira: 13.07.2021).
[30] Banki Yaikulu ku China yapempha kusiya njira zakulera chifukwa cha chiopsezo chotsatira America. - Url: https://www.forbes.ru/newsroom/obshchestvo/426589-centrobank-kitaya-prizval-otkazatsya-ot-kontrolya-rozhdaemosti-iz-za (tsiku lofikira: 13.07.2021).
[31] Kutsekedwa kwa magulu azachikazi pa intaneti ku China kuyatsa kuyitanitsa azimayi kuti 'azikhala limodzi'. - Url: https://www.reuters.com/world/china/closure-online-feminist-groups-china-spark-call-women-stick-together-2021-04-14/ (tsiku lofikira: 13.07.2021 ).
[32] 'C' ya MI6: Tinachenjeza Putin zomwe zingachitike akaukira Ukraine. - Url: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mi6s-c-we-warned-putin-what-would-happen-if-he-invaded-ukraine-wkc0m96qn (tsiku lofikira: 18.05.2021/XNUMX / XNUMX) ...
[33] Rospotrebnadzor adanena zakufunika kwamaphunziro azakugonana m'masukulu. - Url: https://lenta.ru/news/2020/12/04/sekposvett/ (tsiku lofikira: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[34] Kutsiriza kuwunika pa lipoti lachisanu ndi chitatu la periodic of the Russian Federation. - Url: http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsnINnqKYBbHCTOaqVs8CBP2%2fEJgS2uWhk7nuL
22CY5Q6EygEUW%2bboviXGrJ6B4KEJtSx4d5PifNptTh34zFc91S93Ta8rrMSy%2fH7ozZ373Jv (дата обращения: 18.05.2021).
[35] Kudandaula: Tetezani ulamuliro wa asayansi komanso chitetezo cha anthu ku Russia. - Url: https://pro-lgbt.ru/6590/ (tsiku lofikira: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[36] Zolankhulidwa ndi Director of the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation S.E. Naryshkin. - Url: https://www.mid.ru/foreign_policy/international_safety/regprla/-/asset_publisher/YCxLFJnKuD1W/content/id/3704728 (tsiku lofikira: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[37] Burmistrova E.S. The Old World - New Values: the Concept of Traditional Values in Political and Religious Discours of Western Europe (pa Chitsanzo cha France ndi Germany / ESBurmistrova // Makhalidwe Abwino. - 2020. - No. 3. - P. 297-302.
[38] Akuluakulu aku Western Europe amadziwika kuti ndi achikhristu. - Url: https://www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/pf_05-29-18
_religion-western-europe-00-01 / (tsiku lofikira: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[39] Timofeeva O.V. Kusonkhanitsa Mtundu, Kuteteza Mtundu: Central ndi Eastern Europe Kufufuza National Identity / OV Timofeeva // Central ndi Eastern Europe - 2020. - № 3. - mas. 288-296.
[40] Lamulo loletsa mabodza a LGBT pakati pa ana adayamba ku Hungary. - Url: https://rg.ru/2021/07/08/vengriia-priniala-zakon-o-zaprete-propagandy-lgbt-sredi-nesovershennoletnih.html (tsiku lofikira: 13.07.2021).
[41] Chisankho No. 13. - Url: http://www.constcourt.bg/bg/Acts/GetHtmlContent/f278a156-9d25-412d-a064-6ffd6f997310 (tsiku lofikira: 18.05.2021).
[42] Msonkhano waku Istanbul: Poland isiya mgwirizano wamayiko aku Europe wokhudza kuchitira nkhanza amayi. - Url: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53538205 (tsiku lofikira: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
[43] Putin adathandizira lingaliro lopanga chiwonetsero cha Russia cha ECHR. - Url: https://www.interfax.ru/russia/740745 (tsiku lofikira: 18.05.2021/XNUMX/XNUMX).
Yumasheva Inga Albertovna,
Wachiwiri kwa State Duma wa Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, membala wa Komiti ya Mabanja, Akazi ndi Ana (Moscow), membala wa Russian Council on International Affairs (RIAC) ndi Council on Foreign and Defense Policy (SVOP) , membala wa board ya IPO "Union of Orthodox Women".