Mafi yawan kayan da ke ƙasa ana buga su a cikin rahoton bincike. "Lafazin lafazin 'yan luwadi a madadin bayanan kimiyya”. doi:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

(1) Yaran da ma'aurata masu jinsi daya ke da su na da haɗarin haɓaka hanyar liwadi, rashin yin jima'i da ɗaukar salon luwadi - an samo waɗannan sakamakon har ma a cikin binciken da marubutan masu aminci ga motsin "LGBT +" suka yi.
(2) Nazarin da aka ambata masu gwagwarmayar LGBT + - ƙungiyoyi da alaƙa (suna kare da'awar cewa babu wani bambance-bambance tsakanin yara daga iyalai na gargajiya da kuma yaran da ma'aurata masu jinsi guda ɗaya suka haɗu) suna da kasawa. Daga cikin su: ƙananan samfurori, hanyar nuna son kai ga waɗanda ke da amsa, da ɗan takaitaccen lokacin lura, rashi controlungiyoyin kulawa da nuna bambancin ƙungiyoyin kulawa.
(3) Nazarin da aka gudanar tare da manyan samfurori na wakilai tare da dogon kallo sun nuna cewa, ban da haɗarin da ake samu na ɗaukar rayuwar ɗan luwadi, yaran da iyayen da aka yiwa luwadi ɗin sun ƙasa da yara daga iyalai na gargajiya ta hanyoyi da yawa.

Gabatarwar

A cikin shekara ta 2005, Associationungiyar Halayyar Ilimin Halayyar Amurka (APA) ta ba da wata wasiƙar hukuma game da yara daga "iyalai" na jinsi ɗaya (Patterson et al. 2005). Bayan nazarin bincike daban-daban na 59 na irin waɗannan yara, APA bai ga wata hujja ba cewa yara a cikin dangi masu jinsi ɗaya suna rayuwa mafi muni fiye da na gargajiya. An ambaci waɗannan binciken sau da yawa a cikin yanayin LGBT + - motsi, tsakanin sauran abubuwa, a cikin shari'ar kotun Amurka - ciki har da Obergefell v. Hodges ”, mafita wanda ya daidaita dangantakar jinsi-daya tare da al'adun gargajiya na 26 na watan Yuni 2015.

Koyaya, wasu kwararru basa jin tsoron rashin jituwa da “layin jam’iyya” da nuna wasu manyan kurakurai da yawa a binciken da APA tayi magana akai (Alamar 2012; Nock xnumx; Lerner 2001; Schumm xnumx) Haka kuma, har ma masu binciken da ke tabbatar da abin girmamawa dangane da “LGBT +” - motsi matsayi¹suna tilasta yin ajiyar abubuwa kuma, kodayake wucewa, ambaci shortarfin hanyoyin da yawa na irin waɗannan karatun (Biblartz xnumx; Perrin 2002; Anderssen 2002; Tasker 2005; Meezan 2005; Ryn xnumx).

Mai bincike Walter Schumm yayi kashedin cewa cikakkun kalamai game da rashin bambance-bambance sune, sanya shi cikin ladabi, kan kari, kuma akwai hadarin da masu karatu zasu iya dauke su a kan darajar fuska. Ya ba da rahoton cewa Patterson bai haɗa da karatun kamar Sarantakos ba (1996a, 2000d) da Puryear (1983), waɗanda suka sami bambance-bambance masu yawa tsakanin yara na mahaifa da iyayen kishili, dangane da wasan kwaikwayon ilimi, koyarwar jima'i, shan giya da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, karkacewar jima'i da kuma shaidar jinsi (Schumm xnumx).

Ga abin da masanan ilimin halitta Richwine da Marshall suka rubuta:

"... A cikin binciken kimiyyar zamantakewar, rashin iyawar tabbatar da tasirin da aka nufa baya nufin kai tsaye baya haifar da tasirin. Ingancin binciken da aka gudanar, musamman dangane da girma da kuma wakilan samfurin bayanan, yana taimaka wa masu ilimin halayyar dan adam sanin ko yanayin binciken ba ya nan ko kuma ba a gano su ta amfani da kayan aikin ilimin kididdiga ba. Wani muhimmin sashi na binciken da ya gabata wanda aka kwatanta yara a cikin jinsi-da-maza da iyayen maza ba ya ba da damar amincewa da ƙin kasancewar bambance-bambance idan aka kwatanta su a cikin mafi yawan samfurin jama'a.

Musamman, babban aikin wannan karatun shine da farko don kawai samun isasshen adadin waɗannan yaran don bincike. Yawancin bayanan data kasance tare da cikakkun bayanai na alƙaluma ba su da isasshen adadin iyayen da suka yi luwadi don bincike. Misali, bayanan da ake amfani da su da yawa na "Add Health" sun hada da 50 na wadannan yara, duk da cewa yawan mahalarta shine 12105 na matasa ... "(Richwine xnumx).

Mai binciken Lauren Marx ya yi cikakken bincike game da ainihin nazarin 59 wanda APA ta ambata - zamuyi la'akari da wannan bincike a ƙasa.

Nazarin Lauren Marx

A cikin 2012, mujallar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Zamani ta wallafa aikin Lauren Marx, wanda ya sake yin nazarin bayanai da kuma hanyar nazarin 59, wanda APA ya danganta bincikensa (Alamar 2012) Marx ya gano cewa “maganganun yanke hukunci, gami da wadanda APA ta yi, ba su da tushe balle makama” kuma “ba a danganta su da kimiyya ba,” samfuran sun kasance daidai; 26 daga binciken 59 basu da rukunin kula da maza ba kwata-kwata, yayin da a wasu, iyaye mata masu juna biyu (!) Galibi ana amfani da su azaman “ƙungiyar kula da maza”. Bugu da kari, babu daya daga cikin karatun da yake da isasshen ikon ilimin kididdiga da ake bukata don gano tasirin da ba'a bayyana ba. Da ke ƙasa akwai manyan matsalolin bincike.², wanda kungiyoyin gwagwarmayar "LGBT +" suke dogaro, suna kare hujja game da "rashi banbanci" tsakanin yara daga dangin gargajiya da ma'aurata.

Samfuran marasa wakilci

Domin samin amfani da bayanan kimiyya don amfani ga jama'a gaba ɗaya, samfurori (gungun waɗanda aka yi bincikensu) waɗanda aka samo bayanan ya kamata su wakilci yawan jama'a gaba ɗaya gwargwadon iko. Mafi daidaituwa ga binciken kimiyya shine samfurin yiwuwar - samfurin akan aiwatar wanda kowane memba na yawan jama'a yana da damar daidai da zaɓa cikin samfurin, kuma zaɓi ba daidai ba. A gefe guda, samfurori marasa wakilci ba su ƙaddamar da ingantattun bayanai game da yawan jama'a baki ɗaya, tunda ba wakiltarsu ba. Misali, ra'ayoyin jama'ar kasar dangane da ayyukan gwamnati ba za a iya yin nazari a kansu ba a madadin binciken magoya bayan jam’iyya daya, don ingantaccen bincike, ana bukatar samfurin da ya hada dukkan magoya bayan jam’iyyun da sauran dalilai da yawa.

Zaɓuɓɓukan da suka dace

Samfuran '' masu sauƙin kai '- a ƙididdiga, samfuran da suka dace sune samfuran da ba a samo su ta hanyar samfuri ba lokacin da babu isasshen bayanai don ƙirƙirar samfurin wakilin (alal misali, ƙarancin ƙananan lokacin da aka lura). Irin waɗannan samfurori suna samuwa don nazarin ƙididdigar, amma ba sa nuna halayen duk yawan jama'ar. Misali, hanyar kirkirar samfurin “dacewa” don karantar da iyayen a cikin jinsi daya shine talla a jaridu da mujallu ga masu sauraron luwaɗan. Daga nan sai masu binciken suka nemi mutanen da suka amsa tallata su bayar da shawarar wasu da zasu iya yarda su shiga. Ana buƙatar sahun sauran masu amsa na gaba don nuna wasu masu amsawa, da sauransu. Samfurin yayi girma bisa ga ka'idar "dusar ƙanƙara".³.

Abu ne mai sauki ka ga yadda samfuran “dace” na iya zama ba a gabatar dasu ba don nazarin yawan jama'a. Mutanen da ke da gogewa mara kyau a matsayin iyaye na iya zama da ƙarancin za su ba da kansu don yin binciken fiye da mutanen da ke da kwarewa sosai. Har ila yau, zaɓin ballan wasan ƙwallon ƙanƙan yana haifar da samfurori waɗanda suka yi kama da juna, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa fari da mazaunan birni masu arziki ke fifita a cikin karatun da suka gabata na iyayen jinsi.⁴. Samun samfurin ƙimar haƙiƙa muhimmiyar hanya ce ta bincike a fagen ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewa gabaɗaya. Ba tare da la'akari da batun ko yawan jama'a ba, ana buƙatar manyan samfurori da wakilai don isa ga ma'anar ƙarshe game da wani rukuni.

Kananan samfurori

A cikin binciken da APA ya dogara da shi, yawan yaran da aka haɓaka a cikin ma'aurata masu jima'i sun kasance 44 - yayin da jimlar adadin yara a cikin samfurin shine kusan 12; Har ila yau, akwai iyayen uwa mata kyanda 18 a cikin binciken, yayin da akwai uwaye dubu 14 a cikin samfurin (Kim Xnumx) Matsakaicin yawan yaran da iyayen da suka yi aure tare suka yi karatu a cikin binciken 44 galibi 39 ne (Kim Xnumx).

Sakamakon mummunan karya

Samplesaramin samfurori suna ƙaruwa da yiwuwar samun sakamako na mummunan-ba daidai ba, watau ƙarshen, cewa ƙarshen babu bambance-bambance a lokacin da suke da gaske. Masu bincike koyaushe suna ƙoƙari sosai don rage yiwuwar sakamakon-mummunan-sakamako. A cikin sake dubawa na 2001 na shekara (Lerner 2001) an gano cewa daga karatun 22⁵ (ana magana da shi ta hanyar masu gwagwarmayar LGBT +), a yanayi ɗaya kawai samfurin girman yana da girma don rage yiwuwar mummunan sakamako mara kyau zuwa 25%. A sauran binciken na 21, yiwuwar sakamakon mummunan sakamako ya fito daga 77% zuwa 92%.

Groupsungiyoyin kula da rashi ba daidai ba ko kaɗan

Don kammala cewa ƙungiyoyi biyu sun bambanta akan kowane matakan da ake nazarin, ya zama dole a kwatanta rukunin binciken (alal misali, yaran da suka taso daga ma'auratan jima'i) tare da ƙungiyar sarrafawa ko kwatanta (misali, yara a cikin iyalan gargajiya). A cikin kyakkyawan nazari, ƙungiyoyin biyu-nazari da sarrafawa-ya kamata su kasance iri ɗaya sai dai abubuwan da zasu iya rinjayar matakan sakamakon da ake nazari. Dangane da karatun yara a cikin ma'aurata, wannan shine yanayin sha'awar jima'i da dangantakar iyaye. Duk da haka, a cikin binciken 59 da APA ta ambata a cikin rahotonta na 2005, 33 ne kawai ke da ƙungiyoyi masu kulawa, kuma daga cikin waɗannan 33, 13 binciken sun yi amfani da yara masu iyaye mata masu juna biyu a matsayin ƙungiyar kulawa. A cikin sauran karatun 20, an bayyana ƙungiyoyi masu kulawa sosai a matsayin "iyaye" ko "ma'aurata," kuma a lokuta da yawa kawai ƙungiyoyin kulawa sun bayyana a fili cewa 'ya'yan da iyayensu suka yi aure.

Dangane da gungun masu bincike daga Cibiyar Ka'idojin Amurka:

“… Babbar matsalar [a cikin tattaunawar kan tasirin tasirin yaran da masu auren jinsi daya suka taso] shi ne cewa yawancin karatun da ke nuna babu bambanci ya dogara ne da kwatancen uwaye masu yin luwadi da matan da aka raba aurensu. Watau, suna kwatanta yara daga wasu iyalai ba tare da uba da yara daga wasu iyalai ba tare da uba ba ... "(Marguardt 2006).

Sauran batutuwan hanyoyin dabara

Masu binciken sun lura da wasu matsaloli da dama game da binciken yaran 'yan uwan ​​maza da mata. Sun ƙunshi fannoni masu yawa na matsala, irin su dogaro da amincin tantancewar bayanai, da kuma yiwuwar gurɓatar mahalarta mahaukata (misali iyayen kishiya) saboda dalilan inganta rayuwar jama'a (Meezah 2005; Lerner 2001) Bugu da kari, a cikin karatun da yawa, an sanar da mahalarta da masu bincike game da yanayin binciken.⁶, kuma wannan gaskiyar na iya haifar da rikicewa a matakai na tattara bayanai da aiki (Kim Xnumx) Don cire shi, 'yan karatun ne kawai suka yi nazari game da tasirin sakamako mai amfani na dogon lokaci, yayin da wasu illolin za su iya lura har zuwa lokacin samartaka (Perrin 2002; Ryn xnumx).

Bincike daga Mark Regnerus

A watan Yuli 2012, wata kasida a cikin mujallar da aka yi nazarin mujallar Ingilishi Nazarin ilimin kimiyyar zamantakewar zamantakewa ta buga labarin da Mark Regnerus, farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Austin (Regnerus 2012a) Labarin mai taken "Ta Yaya Banbancin Yara Yara na da Abokan Jima'i?" Sakamakon bincike don Sabon Tsarin Iyali. " Lokacin da Regnerus ya buga abubuwan bincikensa, kamfen masu sassaucin ra'ayi da cibiyoyin da ke tallafawa masu luwadi sun ƙaddamar da babban kamfen don ɓata kansa da bincikensa. Regnerus ya zarce⁷: dubun dubatar haruffa na cin zarafi da aka aika ta hanyar imel da gidansa, zargin cin fuska, zargi game da hanyoyin da sakamakonsa, kira ga kwamitin edita don cire littafinsa, da kuma shugabancin Jami'ar Austin don yin watsi da shi (Smith 2012, Wood 2013).

Menene ya zama na musamman game da Regnerus? Regnerus ya bincika manya da suka girma a cikin iyalai iri daban-daban, kamar su: dangin maza da mata masu aure; gidan da iyayen suka yi luwadi; dan dangi; dangi tare da uwargidan mahaifiya / uwargida; Iyali marayu da sauran su.Mai gano cewa bisa ga alamu daban-daban na alamomin ilimin halin halayyar dan adam, iyayen da iyayensu ke da alaƙa da ɗan luwaɗi sun banbanta da yaran da suka girma a cikin cikakken tsarin al'adar gargajiya, da kuma daga yara daga wasu, mahaifa ko masu reno.

Sakamakon Rijista

Regnerus a cikin labarin ya nuna cewa an mai da hankali kan binciken a kan gwada yara daga cikakkun iyalai na gargajiya da yara waɗanda iyayensu ke da sha'awar luwadi. Idan aka kwatanta da masu amsa waɗanda suka girma tare da iyayen da suka yi aure, waɗanda suka ba da amsa waɗanda mahaifiyarsu ta kasance yar kishili ta nuna bambance-bambancen ƙididdiga a cikin sigogi masu zuwa:

• Iyali yana karɓar fa'idodin kuɗi (17% (trad. Iyali) a kan 69% (uwa a cikin luwaɗi))
• A halin yanzu akan izinin tsabar kudi (10% vs 38%)
• A halin yanzu akwai cikakken aiki (49% vs 26%)
• A halin yanzu ba a aiki ba (8% vs 28%)
• Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin 100% heterosexual (90% vs 61%)
• Zina cikin aure (13% vs 40%)
• Koyaushe ya taɓa fama da STD (8% vs 20%)
• Koya taɓa ɗanɗana taɓawar jima'i daga iyaye (2% vs 23%)
• Har abada ana tilasta yin yin jima'i da son rai (8% vs 31%)
• Fihirisar Nasarar Ilimi (Adadin Kungiya: 3,19 vs 2,39)
• Index na Iyalin Kariyar Iyaye (4,13 vs 3,12)
• Alkalumman Tasirin Tasirin Mahaifa na Iyali (2,30 vs 3,13)
• Index na Rashin damuwa (1,83 vs 2,20)
• Scale Level Matsayi (2,82 vs 3,43)
• Akai-akai na amfani da marijuana (1,32 vs 1,84)
• Mitar shan taba (1,79 vs 2,76)
• Mitar TV (3,01 vs 3,70)
• Arrestan sanda da aka kama (1,18 vs 1,68)
• Adadin abokan hulɗa na mace (tsakanin masu amsa mata) (0,22 vs 1,04)
• Yawan abokan tarayya na maza (a tsakanin masu amsa mata) (2,79 vs 4,02)
• Yawan adadin abokan tarayya na maza (tsakanin masu amsa kiran maza) (0,20 vs 1,48)

Idan aka kwatanta da masu amsa waɗanda suka girma tare da iyayen da suka yi aure, masu ba da amsa wanda mahaifinsu ya kasance ɗan luwadi sun nuna bambance-bambancen ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga masu zuwa ta hanyoyi masu zuwa:

• Iyali yana karɓar fa'idodin kuɗi (17% (trad. Iyali) a kan 57% (mahaifinsa cikin rel.))
• Kwanan nan akwai tunanin kashe kansa (5% vs 24%)
• A halin yanzu a kan izini (10% vs 38%)
• Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin 100% heterosexual (90% vs 71%)
• Koyaushe ya taɓa fama da STD (8% vs 25%)
• Koya taɓa ɗanɗana taɓawar jima'i daga iyaye (2% vs 6%)
• Har abada ana tilasta yin yin jima'i da son rai (8% vs 25%)
• Fihirisar Nasarar Ilimi (Adadin Kungiya: 3,19 vs 2,64)
• Index na Iyalin Kariyar Iyaye (4,13 vs 3,25)
• Alkalumman Tasirin Tasirin Mahaifa na Iyali (2,30 vs 2,90)
• Fuskokin Uwa na Mahaɗan Halittu (4,17 vs 3,71)
• Index na Rashin damuwa (1,83 vs 2,18)
• Alkalumman Ingantacciyar Haɗin Kai (4,11 vs 3,63)
• Alamar Matsalar Matsala (2,04 vs 2,55)
• Mitar shan taba (1,79 vs 2,61)
• Arrestan sanda da aka kama (1,18 vs 1,75)
• Adadin abokan hulɗa na mace (tsakanin masu amsa mata) (0,22 vs 1,47)
• Yawan abokan tarayya na maza (a tsakanin masu amsa mata) (2,79 vs 5,92)
• Yawan adadin abokan tarayya na maza (tsakanin masu amsa kiran maza) (0,20 vs 1,47)

Ya kamata a sani cewa alamomin masu amsawa waɗanda iyayensu suka kasance ɗan kishili don kawai ba kawai daga masu amsawa daga manyan al'adun gargajiya ba, har ma da masu amsawa waɗanda suka girma a cikin wasu nau'ikan iyalai (iyayen da suka haife su, da dai sauransu). Musamman sha'awa shine gaskiyar kasancewar mahaifa tare da sha'awar ɗan kishili yana shafar ƙirƙirar halayen jima'i a cikin yara.

Zalunci

Bugawar ta haifar da sakamakon fashewar bam nesa da jama'ar masana kimiyya waɗanda ke aiki a fannin ilimin halayyar dangi. Wannan gano ya sabawa babban hanyar, wanda aka kafa tun farkon 2000 a cikin jama'ar kimiyya na Amurka mai sassaucin ra'ayi game da rashin tasirin sha'awar jima'i na iyaye a kan yara kuma ya haifar da fushin ƙungiyoyi na ɗan kishili. Regnerus nan da nan an sanya shi a matsayin "kishiya" kuma an zarge shi da sakamakon da ya samu ta hanyar ba da izinin "auren luwadi" (labarin ya faru a gaban shahararren hukuncin Kotun Koli ta Amurka), kodayake Regnerus bai gabatar da irin wannan mahawara a ko'ina cikin labarin ba. Kafofin watsa labarai masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun ma kira Regnerus “giwa a cikin shagon china na ilimin halayyar zamantakewar asali” (Ferguson 2012).

Masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam Gary Gates, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Jima'i da 'Yanci, Jami'ar California, memba na haɗin gwiwar luwadi, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar likitoci na ɗari biyu na Falsafa da Medicine waɗanda suka aika da wasika zuwa James Wright, edita a shugaban Ilimin Nazarin Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma, mai neman bayyana, “ta yaya ake bincika wannan labarin gaba ɗaya kuma an ba shi izinin bugawa” (Gates xnumx) An buga rubutun wannan wasiƙar a shafin "The Movement for New Civil Rights", wanda mai amfani da sunan "Scott Rose" ke jagoranta - wannan shine rubutun wani mai fafutukar LGBT + - ƙungiyar Scott Rosenweig, wanda tayi ƙoƙari da yawa akan rarrabawa Regnerus.

Rosenweig ya bukaci shugabancin Jami'ar Texas a Austin da ya gudanar da bincike kan ayyukan Regnerus a matsayin "laifi mai da'a." Shugaban jami'ar ya fadawa Rosenweig cewa ta fara dubawa don tantance idan ayyukan Regnerus na dauke da "corpus delicti" wanda ya wajaba don fara binciken hukuma. Rosenweig nan da nan ya sanya labarin a shafin sa, yana kiran shi "bincike ne kan ayyukan Regnerus" (Scott Rose 2012a). Binciken bai bayyana daidaituwa a cikin ayyukan Regnerus zuwa ka'idojin ɗabi'ar kimiyya ba; Koyaya, labarin bai yi nisa ba.

A cikin ɓoye, kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafen hukuma, tsananta wa Regnerus ya fara, ba wai kawai a cikin sukar aikin aikin kimiyya ba (hanyoyin bincike da aiki da bayanan ƙididdiga), har ma da nau'in cin mutuncin mutum da barazanar kiwon lafiya har ma da rayuwa. Latterarshen ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman a matsayin mai nuna yanayin yanayin yanayin damuwa da ke tattare da wannan labarin. Regnerus ya ba da amsa dalla-dalla don sukar aikinsa a cikin wani labarin mai zuwa a cikin Nazarin Kimiyyar Zamani, wanda aka buga watanni hudu bayan na farko (Regnerus 2012b).

Amsar zargi

Labarin ya ƙunshi amsoshi ga mahimman batutuwa waɗanda suka zargi Regenerus.

1. Amfani da takaita "LM" ("mahaifiyar madigo") da "GF" ("mahaifin gay"). Nazarin Regnerus ya damu da yara masu girma waɗanda kawai suka ba da rahoton cewa ɗaya daga iyayensu yana da ɗan luwaɗi, don haka bai sami damar gano ko wannan iyayen ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi ba. Kuma a cikin Yammacin ilimin tauhidi da ilimin halayyar dan adam, wannan yana da mahimmancin ma'anar tauhidi, tunda, a ganinsu, abin da ake fahimta na ciki ya fi muhimmanci fiye da halartar luwadi. Regnerus ya yarda da wannan zargi kuma ya ce zai gyara raguwar "LM" zuwa "MLR" (mahaifiyar a cikin dangantakar 'yan madigo) da "GF" zuwa "FGR" (mahaifin a cikin luwadi) Wannan ba ya canza asalin kammalarsa da kuma daidaitawar binciken.

2. Daidaitawar iyalan masu amsawa tare da iyayen da ke da ɗan luwaɗi tare da cikakken iyalai tare da iyayen halittu masu aure sun auri juna. Babban abin sukar shine a cikin wannan kwatancen, iyalai tare da iyayen da ke da alaƙar auratayya sun haɗa da iyayen marayu, kuma rashin adalci ne idan aka kwatanta su da iyalai masu cikakken ƙarfi. Regnerus ya musanta zargin. Ya lura cewa karatun nasa ya haɗa da kwatanta nau'ikan tsarin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, gami da haɓakawa da rashin cika, tare da iyaye ɗaya, wanda a cikin, duk da haka, babu wata dangantakar liwadi. Banbancinsu da irin wadannan iyalai ma bai kasance cikin goyon bayan iyayen da ke da luwadi ba. Ya kuma lura cewa, yawan masu ma'aurata da ke da 'kwanciyar hankali' masu dangantaka da jinsi iri-iri sun sa ba zai yiwu a bambance irin waɗannan ma'aurata masu kwanciyar hankali tare da dangin maza masu aure.

3. Zaɓin iyalai na masu amsa tare da iyayen da ke da ɗan luwaɗi, azaman masu saɓani masu zaman kansu. Wannan zargi wani nau'i ne na rashin gamsuwa da ire-iren ire-ire na ma'aurata a cikin karatun nasa. Akwai yuwuwar cewa (halin da ake ciki yanzu) rashin daidaito a cikin dangin maza da mata ya kasance wani dalili ne da ke tabbatar da canjin wasu maza da mata zuwa dangin dan uwan ​​maza, kuma a wannan yanayin, rashin jituwa a cikin iyali ya zama “mai zaman kanta mai sassauci”, maimakon dangantakar liwadi. Regnerus ya ba da shawarar cewa waɗannan abubuwan na iya kasancewa suna da alaƙa ta wata hanya, amma bisa ga tsarin ilimin kimiya na zamani, ba daidai ba ne a sauya mai da hankali daga abin da aka bayyana a fili (dangantakar liwadi) zuwa ingantaccen bayyananniyar ma'anar (rashin zaman lafiyar iyali). Misali, don bincika nasarar 'yan wasan kwallon kafa, ya zama dole a dauki maimaitaccen yawan kwallayen da aka zira, bawai kyawun dribbling ba.

4. Mai da hankali kan alaƙar da ba ta dace ba. A cewar masu sukar sa, dalilin shine dangantakar rashin daidaituwa ta 'yan luwadi da ta wakana a samfurin Reginer sun kasance "abin da ya gabata" lokacin da aka yi kyamar irin wannan dangantakar, sannan kuma wani kyakkyawan samfurin na zamani zai nuna kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na irin wannan dangantakar. Regnerus ya amsa cewa bai tsara wani binciken ba don gano iyaye da dangantakar liwadi da ba ta da tabbas. Bincikensa ya ta'allaka ne ga yara manya waɗanda aka yi tashe a wani takamaiman lokaci a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi. Koyaya, ya lura da shaidar cewa auren gay a Norway da Sweden yana da hadarin kashe aure fiye da auren maza (Andersson 2006, Biblartz xnumx), kazalika da shaidar manyan matakan rabuwa da kashe aure tsakanin ma'aurata gay na zamani a Amurka (Hoff xnumx).

5. A adadi kaɗan na amintaccen ɗan kishili "dangi" a cikin samfurinsa. Zargin wani bangare ne na zargin cewa samfurin NFSS ba gabatarwa bane. Regnerus bai ɓoye gaskiyar cewa a cikin samfurinsa akwai masu amsa biyu kawai waɗanda suka rayu tare da mahaifiyar mahaifiyarsu da abokin ɗan uwanta ɗan kishili daga shekara ɗaya zuwa goma sha takwas. Koyaya, Regnerus ya sake nanata cewa burinsa shi ne ƙayyade tasirin iyayen da ke cikin dangantakar ɗan kishili, kuma ba don gano dogarowar sha'awar ɗan luwaɗi da kwanciyar hankali na abokiyar kishili ba:

“... Wasu sun dauki wannan hujja a matsayin wata alama ta samfurin zato da rashin wakilci na bayanai ... Zan lura da cewa masu sukar ya kamata su yi la’akari da takamaiman zamantakewar lokacin da dorewar kawancen‘ yan luwaɗi da yara ba su da yawa sosai ... Hakanan, irin wannan gaskiyar a matsayin ma'anar kwanciyar hankali, wanda bayar da gudummawa ga tsammanin rashin hankali, musamman bayan wallafe-wallafe da yawa na karatu dangane da samfuran bazuwar da son zuciya ... Misali, a cikin karatun da ya gabata game da yara tare da uwayen 'yan madigo, samfurin ya iyakance ga mata fararen mata masu kuɗi waɗanda za su iya biyan kuɗin aikin naƙurar roba, yayin da samfurin NFSS ta fi wakilta sosai kuma ta haɗa da matan da ba fararen fata ba daga ƙananan aji (Rosenfeld 2010, p. 757) (...) Bugu da ƙari, a cikin karatun da suka gabata game da tasirin sha'awar ɗan kishili na iyaye akan yara, "yara waɗanda suka zauna tare da iyayen aƙalla shekaru biyar" sun haɗa (Rosenfeld 2010). Ba sai an fada ba cewa irin wannan samfurin zai nuna sakamako daban-daban fiye da samfurin da zai hada yara a wajen wannan ma'aunin ... "(Regnerus 2012b).

6. Bambanci tsakanin samfurin Regnerus da bayanan cididdiga a Amurka. Cididdiga ta nuna adadin ɗimbin yaran da aka haɓaka cikin ma'aurata na luwaɗi fiye da wanda aka samu a samfurin Regnerus. Regnerus ya amsa cewa ba tambayoyin ma'aurata bane, amma yara manya; an yi tambaya game da dangantakar jima'i da iyayensu, wanda ba cikin ƙidayar jama'a ba; ƙidaya tana nuna wannan lokacin musamman a tarihin ma'auratan, yayin da bincikensa ya mai da hankali kan tunanin yara.

7. Rashin bincike game da aure mutane tare da "hadewar daidaituwa". Wasu masu sukar sun ce manya da Regnerus ta yi hira da su “yara-hade-juna” ne, kuma wannan gaskiyar ta shafi sakamakonta, ba dangantakar jinsi daya ba. Regnerus ya amsa cewa binciken nasa bai magance "etiology na liwadi ba" da kuma "ka'idar canjin yanayin daidaituwa", bai da wata hanyar sanin ko iyayen da ke cikin waɗannan aure suna da "jituwa kan juna". Kuma, bincikensa ya dogara ne akan bayanai akan yara waɗanda suka haife su a cikin wani lokacin ƙuruciyarsu ta hanyar iyayen da suka dace tare da juna.

8. Rashin bincike game da sha'awar biyun. Wannan zargi wani juzu'i ne na sakin layi na baya: wasu masu sukar lamuni sun nuna cewa a lokuta da yawa iyaye sun kasance masu luwadi. Regnerus ya amsa daidai. Bugu da kari, dukda cewa wannan bai musanta batun karshe ba, zai yi kyau muyi la’akari da wannan batun.

9. Gaskiyar cewa kwarewar dangi masu haɓaka ba a la'akari dashi. Wasu masu sukar sun lura cewa a wannan lokacin da Regnerus yayi karatu daga tunanin tsofaffin masu amsa sahihancin sa, iyayen kishili sukan dauki yaransu daga gidan marayu ko kuma su tura yaran su zuwa gidan renon yara. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan yanayi zai ba da gudummawa ga sakamakon bincike mara kyau. Regnerus ya sake nazarin bayanansa kuma ya gano shari'ar 21 na yara waɗanda suka ƙware da rayuwa a cikin gidan masu renon. A cikin halaye uku, 'ya'yan sun tashi daga dangin mai renon zuwa mahaifiyar ma'aurata da takwararta, bayan sun kasance a cikin dangi na haife - wannan ya yi daidai da yanayin farko da masu sukar suka bayyana. An aika da hudun zuwa gidan dangi bayan sun yi rayuwa cikin haɗin gwiwa - wannan ya dace da yanayin na biyu. Kuma bayanan sauran basu dace da tsarin kowane yanayi da aka bayyana ba. A takaice dai, karancin masu amsa da irin wannan kwarewar ba ta dace da wannan ka’idar ba.

Regnerus ya amsa masu sukar sa ta wata hanya mai kyau. A watan Nuwamba 2012, ya sanya bayanan samfurin NFSS a cikin shagon bayanai na ICPSR (Jami'ar Inter-Jami'ar siyasa da zamantakewar jama'a) na Jami'ar Michigan. Wannan yana nufin duk wani masanin kimiyya wanda ke da damar shiga ICPSR zai iya bincika samfurin. Nazarin Regnerus yana da sauƙin tabbatarwa, kuma bincikensa a buɗe yake - ana iya maimaita lissafin. Shekaru da yawa sun shude tun lokacin da aka shigar da bayanai, kuma ya zuwa yanzu babu wanda ya bayyana cewa samfurin ba shi da kyau ko kuma aikin ƙididdiga na Regnerus ba daidai ba ne.

Theoƙarin ɓarnatar da labarin na Regnerus an fara shi ne ta hanyar shakkun hanyoyinsa, amma ta hanyar ƙin yarda da akidar sakamakon binciken nasa. Masu sukar sa suna da masaniya cewa isasshen ƙididdigar aikin Regnerus akan irin wannan mahimmin al'amari ga al'ummar Yammacin duniya ya fito ne daga gaskiyar cewa an buga labarin nasa a cikin takarda mai sahihanci na furuci. Don haka, daga farkon, kokarin da yawa daga masu fafutukar ganin an daidaita su da kuma yada labaran luwadi, da farko, su yanke shawarar mujallar ta buga labarin.

Farfesa Darren Sherkat na Jami'ar Kudancin Illinois, memba na kwamitin edita na Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya na zamantakewa, ya ba da kansa don gudanar da duba na ciki na littafin Regnerus tare da rubuta bita daban. A cikin ayyukansa, Sherkat ya ji daɗin tallafin kamfen don ɓata Regnerus kuma ya yi daidai da Scott Rosenweig. A watan Yuli 2012, Sherkat ya ba da labari ga Scott Rosenweig (Blogger ɗin ɗayan gwagwarmaya kuma wanda ya nemi shugabancin Jami'ar Austin ya fara bincike a cikin Regnerus) ta hanyar aika masa da imel cewa yana cewa "tsarin nazarin labarin bai yi daidai ba". Rosenweig ya nakalto wannan wasika a shafin sa a karkashin taken “Sensation! Rikici da aka samu a cikin labarin ɗan kishili ”()Scott Rose 2012b) Editocin Bincike na Kimiyyar Zamani, a karkashin matsanancin matsin lamba, sun ba da daftarin sake duba Sherkat ga mujallar Chronicle of Higher Education, wacce ta wallafa ta. Sake nazarin Sherkat, wanda ya zargi masu nazarin labarin na Regnerus na “ƙarancin ƙwararren ƙwarewa” kuma ya buƙaci “nan da nan cire labarin”, wanda ya kira "shitty" (Bartlett 2012), ya sami rave sakewa da matsakaici a cikin fagen daga. Kodayake, kasancewar ra'ayin sirri na Sherkat da masana raba ra'ayinsa, ba ta shafi ƙaddarar labarin Labaranus ba.

Abin lura ne cewa daga baya Scott Rosenweig ya sanya cikakken rubutun wasikar Sherkat a shafin sa. Wasu sharhi daga ciki:

“… Regnerus ya yi karko da kuma mummunan bincike wanda bai kamata a buga shi a cikin irin wannan babba ba, mashahurin mujallar da ke da sha’awa… Kawai yana tsotse ne kuma karuwa ce ta siyasa. Daga baya, zai biya shi tare da zubar da mutunci ... Ina so in gode muku da duk sauran masu gwagwarmaya don aje wannan batun a gaba a kowane lokaci. Yaya aka sake nazarin wannan ƙwararren ɗan'uwan binciken? Masu bita kiristoci ne na dama-dama! ... "(Scott Rose 2012c)

Ko ta yaya, harin da aka kaiwa Regnerus bashi da wata cikakkiyar shaidar tabbatattun kurakurai a cikin hanyoyin da kuma nazarin binciken, don haka masu gwagwarmayar luwadi da madigo, wadanda suka dauki sakamakon binciken nasa a matsayin wata barazana ga akidarsu, sun dade da cin mutuncin mutum da binciken dalilai marasa kyau, shirki da magudi. Haka kuma, ya kamata a lura cewa don warware batun zargi na daidaito a cikin binciken, editocin Nazarin Kimiyyar Zamani sun yanke shawarar, ban da masu duba kai tsaye na labarin, bugu da attractari yana jan manyan masana uku a fannin ilimin halayyar dan Adam, domin kowa ya rubuta tsokaci game da labarin. Regnerus. Dukkanin masana (ba wai “masu tsattsauran ra’ayin addini ba”) ba wai “masu ra'ayin mazan jiya ba”, suna nuna wasu maganganu na mutum-mutumin da suka yi kama da kowane littafin kimiyya, ba su tuhumi da'a da hanyar nazarin ba kuma sun lura da mahimmancinsa (Amato xnumx, Eggebeen xnumx, Osborne 2012).

An buga wasiƙar buɗewa a cikin 2012 don tallafawa nazarin Regnerus, wanda masana kimiyya na 27 suka sanya hannu a cikin ilimin ilimin halayyar jama'a da ƙididdiga (Byron xnumx) A cikin wannan wasiƙar, ƙungiyar kwararru da masana bayanin kula:

"... A zahiri, halayen mutane na samfurinsa na iyayen masu jinsi daya - dangane da kabila da ƙabilanci - suna da kusanci da halayen yara kamar wannan daga wani masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam Michael Rosenfeld (Rosenfeld 2010), wanda, ya bambanta da Regnerus, an karɓe shi da farin ciki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da ilimin kimiyya. Hakanan ya kamata a lura da wani abin birgewa game da gaskiyar cewa Michael Rosenfeld a cikin karatunsa ya yi amfani da ayyukan ƙungiyar sanannun ƙungiyar masu binciken "Ilimin Hanyoyin Sadarwar" don tattara bayanai don labarinsa a cikin mujallar ingantaccen ilimin halayyar ɗan adam (Rosenfeld 2012), yayin da Regnerus ya yi ta sukar Darren Sherkat saboda wannan a labarin nasa. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of Aure da Iyali ya nuna sakamakon hadewa da waɗanda na Regnerus (Dankali xnumx). Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa "aikin yara a cikin iyalai masu iyayen jinsi-jinsi a kan sharuɗɗa biyu ya fi na sauran takwarorinsu a cikin dangin iyayen da suka haife su da aure ... Kamanceceniya tsakanin binciken da aka yi a wannan binciken da kuma binciken Regnerus na tambayar da'awar cewa Regnerus" ya lalata komai "... "((Byron xnumx).

Binciken Paul Sullins 

Dokta Paul Sullins ya jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa daga cikin darussan dozin da yawa da ke da'awar "babu bambanci", 4 ne kawai ke da isasshen samfurin wakilci don yin irin wannan iƙirarin. Uku daga cikinsu (Wainright da Patterson 3, 2004, 2006) sun yi amfani da samfurin samari 2008 da ake zargin sun taso a cikin ma’auratan madigo. Sullins, duk da haka, sun gano cewa mafi yawan matasa a cikin wannan samfurin (44 cikin 27) a zahiri suna zaune tare da iyayen jinsi (!), Kuma a mafi yawan lokuta waɗannan sune iyayen da suka haife su. Bayan cire su daga samfurin, ragowar mahalarta sun nuna mafi girman alamomin tunani na damuwa da cin gashin kai fiye da takwarorinsu daga iyalai maza da mata (duk da cewa aikin makaranta ya ɗan fi kyau).

Binciken Sullivan ya nuna cewa "aure" daya-daya "yana da mummunar illa ga yara, kuma tsawon lokacin da yarinyar take tare da" iyayen "jima'i, hakan shine mafi cutarwa. Idan aka kwatanta da ofa parentsan "iyayen marasa aure", masu luwadi, alamomin rashi na yara wanda "iyayen" sun kasance a cikin "aure" guda ɗaya na jima'i "ya karu daga 50% zuwa 88%; tsoro ko kullun yana ƙaruwa daga 5% zuwa 32%; alamar matsakaici a makaranta ta raguwa daga 3,6 zuwa 3,4; da cin zarafin jima'i na iyaye suna ƙaruwa daga sifili zuwa 38%.

"Duk da ci gaban shaidar da akasin haka, APA ta ci gaba da jayayya:" Babu wani binciken da aka gano cewa yaran da iyayen kishili suke da ƙasa da kowace hanya ta musamman ga iyayen iyayen maza masu luwadi. " Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da cewa wannan magana karya ce. Ga wadanda suka gamsu da cewa babu bambance-bambance, bayanan daga wannan binciken zai zama abin da ba zai yiwu ba kuma mai yiwuwa ba zai zama da wahala ba. Waɗannan bayanan, ba tare da la'akari da ko an tabbatar da su ba, canza ko musunta ta hanyar binciken nan gaba, suna nuna cewa mafi yawan ilimin game da irin waɗannan alaƙar ba daidai ba ne, kuma mun fara ƙoƙarin fahimtar yadda iyaye biyu na jinsi ɗaya suke shafar yara "(2015c Sullins).

Nazarin na huɗu (Rosenfeld 2010), yana kwatanta 3 yara na iyaye masu luwadi, ya dogara ne akan samfurin ƙidayar 174, wanda fiye da 2000% na "ma'aurata gay" sun kasance masu kuskuren kuskuren ma'aurata na maza, wanda ke haifar da rashin tausayi a cikin binciken. Masana kimiyyar da suka gano wannan bakon kuskure sun gargadi abokan aikinsu cewa da yawa daga cikin sakamakon binciken da suka dogara da wannan samfurin ba daidai ba ne.Baki na 2007). Rosenfeld ko dai bai sani ba game da shi, ko ya zaɓi yin watsi da shi. Douglas Allen, wanda yayi amfani da samfurin Kanada, ya kasa haifar da sakamakon Rosenfeld kuma ya kalubalanci kammalarsa:

A haɗuwa, sakamakonmu ya sha banban da na ainihin binciken. Yaran da ke zaune a gidajen masu jinsi guda sun sha bamban da na yara a cikin dangin gargajiya da kuma gidajen maza da mata. Muhimmancin bambance-bambance ya isa sosai don muhawarar siyasa ta yanzu da ta gaba, kuma tana nuna ainihin buƙatar ƙarin bincike ... (Allen 2012)

Sullivan ya yi nuni da cewa a mafi yawan binciken da aka yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje mai sau biyu, rashin fassara mahimman bayanai an fassara shi a matsayin shaidar “babu bambance-bambance”, duk da bambance-bambance masu yawa cikin kimantawa da banbancin girman tasirin. A cewar sa, wadannan 'karatuttuka', wadanda suke fakewa da wani tsari mai kama da kimiyya, basa bin kimiyya, amma a bayyane yake wasu manufofi na al'ada da akida.

Bugu da ƙari, babu ɗayansu da ke duban sakamakon dogon lokaci na iyayen jinsi ɗaya. Bayan magance wannan batun da kuma lura da rayuwar yaran da ma'aurata masu luwaɗi suka tashe su tsawon shekaru 13, Sullins ya gano cewa haɗarin baƙin ciki a cikin girma ya ninka na yaran da mata da miji suka haifa (51% vs.20%) , kuma haɗarin tunanin kashe kansa ya ninka sau 5 (37% da 7%). 'Yan makaranta na' yan luwadi da madigo sun kuma nuna karuwar kiba: 72% da 37%, wanda kuma ana iya danganta shi da bakin ciki (XullX na Sullins).

Tun da farko, Sallins ya gano cewa '' 'iyayen kishili' 'suna shan wahala daga matsalolin tunani sau biyu kamar yadda iyayen iyayen maza ke yin luwadi (Sullins 2015b).

Kamar yadda aka saba, saurin fusata haruffa sun tabbatar da cewa an yi amfani da labarin ne don "muhawara", kuma cewa marubucin, wanda yake da darajar Katolika, tabbas ya gurbata sakamakon. Neman tausayi da kuma nuna halin mutum da ya sanya mutum ya kasance cikin son kai da rashin gaskiya tarko ne. Irin waɗannan muhawara ba daidai ba ne kuma ba daidai ba ne, saboda ba su shafar asalin batun kuma suna kawar da hankali ga yanayin da ake ciki, suna nuna wariya. Kasancewar Katolika ya dage da gabatar da takamaiman hujja ba ya sanya gardamar kanta ba daga ma'ana ta hankali. Dokta Sallins ya gagara girmama zargi, don haka masu fafutuka suka kasa janye binciken nasa.

Tushen Tushen ilimin halin dan Adam (APa) ya faɗi cewa yara sun ɗaga kai a cikin ma'aurata maza suna daidai ko kuma su fi gaban ma'aurata daban-daban dangane da ci gaban tunani da walwala.

Duk da haka, kamar yadda Farfesa Paul Sullins ya gano, kusan dukkanin binciken da APA ta ambata an gudanar da su a kan ƙananan samfurori marasa wakilci kuma saboda haka sakamakon su ba su da tabbas sosai. Idan muka ware duk binciken da ba na wakilci ba, karatun 10 ne kawai ya rage waɗanda suka yi amfani da samfuran bazuwar. A cikin wadannan, 4 ne kawai ba su sami lahani ga yara ba daga girma a cikin ma'aurata, kuma wasu 6 sun sami lahani.

Idan aka kwatanta da yara daga iyalai daban-daban na jima'i, yaran da ke kula da ma'auratan sun fi ninki biyu haɗarin matsalolin motsin rai, ciki har da baƙin ciki, damuwa, munanan ɗabi'a, rashin alaƙar abokantaka da rashin iya tattarawa. Muna magana ne game da kowane yaro na biyar. An yi yuwuwar a gano su sau biyu tare da matsalar haɓakawa, wanda ya haɗa, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, nakasa koyo ko rashin kulawar rashin hankali.

A cikin shekarar da ta gabata, yara daga ma'auratan masu jima'i sun ninka sau biyu don ganin likita ko shan magani don matsalolin tunani. Iyaye ko wasu manya sun fi yin lalata da su sau 2, kuma sau 10 ana iya tilasta musu yin jima'i ba tare da son ransu ba.

Akwai yuwuwar mafi girma cewa waɗannan yaran sun riga sun sami rabuwar dangantakar iyaye ɗaya kafin su fara zama tare da iyaye masu jima'i. Amma kuma sun fi fuskantar rabuwar iyali su koma ma’aurata na uku, domin ma’auratan sun fi rabuwa fiye da ma’aurata.

Wani bayani mai ban sha'awa shi ne cewa yara daga ma'aurata masu jima'i ba su da yuwuwar kammala karatun sakandare sau 3, duk da cewa suna da matsakaicin maki. Paul Sullins ya yi bayanin wannan katsalandan inda ya ce a lokacin binciken, ma’auratan sun san cewa ana kallon su, don haka sun yi iyakacin kokarinsu wajen gabatar da mafi kyawun bangarensu domin gabatar da kansu da ma’auratan gaba daya ta hanyar da ta dace. . Bugu da kari, an samu maki mafi yawa daga rukunin yaran da iyayen madigo suka rene tun daga haihuwa. Akwai yuwuwar cewa an haifi waɗannan yaran ta hanyar ba da tallafi. Kuma lokacin da uwa ta zaɓi maniyyi don ɗaukar ɗan cikinta, ta nemi mai ba da gudummawa fiye da matsakaici-wanda ke da digiri na uku ko mafi girma IQ. Kuma tun da an zaɓi waɗannan yaran don basira, ana iya tsammanin za su sami ƙwarewar tunani fiye da matsakaicin yawan jama'a.

Amma a lokacin samartaka, waɗannan yaran ba za su kasance da yuwuwar yin cuɗanya da juna ba ko kuma su yi tunanin kansu a wata dangantaka ta gaba da ta haɗa da ciki ko aure.

A matsayin manya, yaran iyaye masu jima'i sau 2 suna fama da damuwa sau 4, sau 3 suna iya tunanin kashe kansu, suna iya shan taba, amfani da tabar wiwi, kuma ana iya kama su. Sun fi kusantar yin zina sau 3, sau XNUMX ba su da aikin yi da samun fa'ida.

Matan da ’yan luwadi suka reno sun kai rabin yiwuwar yin aure ko kuma dangantakar da za ta kai sama da shekaru uku da shekaru 30, kuma sau uku ba su taba yin ciki ba.

Don dalilan da ba a sani ba, cutar da yara ta fi girma idan iyayensu masu jima'i sun yi aure. Abin ban sha'awa, aure tsakanin ma'aurata yana haifar da yara daidai da abin da aure tsakanin mace da namiji ya ba su. Yaran da ke zaune tare da iyayen da suka yi aure tsakanin maza da mata sukan fi yin aiki mafi kyau, yayin da yaran da ke zaune tare da iyayen auren jinsi guda sukan yi muni. Har ila yau, haɗarin lalata da yara da cin zarafi yana karuwa idan iyaye masu jima'i sun yi aure.

Don haka, tarbiyyar jinsi ɗaya a fili yana jefa yara cikin wahala. A cikin ma’auratan, kowane yaro, ko shakka babu za a hana shi kulawar iyaye ɗaya ko biyu, wanda hakan zai haifar masa da mugun nufi ga ci gabansa da jin daɗinsa.

Wasu yara daga iyalai masu jinsi ɗaya suna ba da rahoton munanan abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafi da rashin kwanciyar hankali, amma mafi yawan korafin shine duk da samun uwaye masu ƙauna, koyaushe suna fama kuma suna jin rashin isa ba tare da dangantaka da mahaifinsu ba.

Iyaye biyu na halitta a cikin auren rashin jituwa shine mafi kyawun zaɓi don haɓakawa da jin daɗin ɗan yaro. Kasancewar duka iyaye na halitta shine mafi ƙarfin hasashen sakamako mai kyau ga yara.

Dr. Sullins

Hadarin luwadi da madigo

Duk da ikirarin istsan gwagwarmayar LGBT + - ƙungiyoyin da ake zaton karatun ba su nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin yaran da aka haife su a cikin jinsi guda ɗaya da yara daga iyalai na gargajiya, waɗannan karatun suna da matuƙar iyakance hanya. Kari akan haka, wadannan karatuttukan suna nuna bambance-bambance a cikin jinsin mutum da kuma sha'awar jima'i da yara waɗanda aka haɓaka a cikin ma'aurata guda-ɗaya daga yara daga iyalai na gargajiya. Wata sanannen mai binciken ilimin yara ne Diana Baumrind ta lura cewa:

"... Zai zama abin mamaki idan ... asalin jima'i na yara bai samo asali ƙarƙashin tasirin asalin iyayensu ba ..." ()Baumrind 1995, p. 134).

Stacey da Biblarz kamar yadda aka lura:

"... Babban adadin tarin shaidu a fagen nazarin jinsi da jima'i ba ya goyon bayan masu goyon bayan ka'idar cewa tarbiyya tsakanin ma'aurata masu jinsi daya ba ya shafar sha'awar yara ..." ((Stacey xnumx, shafi na 177) Zai zama abin mamaki idan ... asalin jima'i na yara bai samu ba a ƙarƙashin tasirin asalin iyayensu ... ”.

Stacey da Biblarz sun gudanar da bincike game da karatun 21, wanda suka zaba bisa ga ka'idoji don bin ka'idodi na ƙididdigar mahimmancin ƙididdiga da wadatar bayanai kan lura da samuwar halayen jima'i na yara na ma'aurata masu jinsi (Stacey xnumx, p. 159). Stacey da Biblarz sun gano cewa bincike kawai ya sabawa maganar “babu banbanci” idan aka batun zabi na jima'i da asalin jinsi ga yara kanana (Stacey xnumx, p. 176):

“… Marubutan dukkan karatun 21 sun kusan baki daya a cikin sanarwar cewa ba su sami bambance-bambance a cikin alamun ci gaba ko kwazon yara ba. Akasin haka, bincikenmu na hankali game da sakamakon da aka samo ya nuna cewa a cikin wasu alamomi - musamman dangane da jinsi da jima'i - yanayin jima'i na iyaye yana da ɗan mahimmanci ga yaransu fiye da masu binciken sun yi gardama ... Yaran da iyayen masu luwadi suka girma sun fi dacewa da samuwar homoerotic abubuwan da aka zaba, don yin hulɗar ɗan kishili da jagorantar salon liwadi ... "(Stacey xnumx, p. 167, 170, 171).

Masu siye da masu sihiri da Kilgus suna da ra'ayi iri ɗaya kamar Stacey da Biblarz, suna bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar halayen jima'i tsakanin ma'aurata da kuma yara a cikin al'adun gargajiya (Masu sake dubawa 2001, p. 371-374, 379-380).

A cikin wani bincike na Golombok da Tasker a cikin 1996, an yi karatun ‘ya’yan macen da maza da mata masu luwaɗi na dogon lokaci - da farko tun yana ɗan shekara goma, sa’annan a shekaru ashirin da huɗu (Golombok 1996) An gano cewa a cikin manya, 36% na yara na iyayen mata masu luwadi sun ba da rahoton cewa suna da sha'awar luwadi da bambanci mai ƙarfi, yayin da a cikin 'ya'yan mahaifiyar maza masu haila, akwai 20%. Koyaya, daga yawan adadin da aka nuna, babu ɗayan mahaifiyar macen da ta haihu da ta shiga cikin liwadi, yayin da a cikin ofya ofyan uwayen mata kishili 67% suna da dangantakar liwadiGolombok 1996, shafuka 7 - 8).

Binciken da Bailey da abokan aiki (1995) suka bincika manya manya na iyayen kishiya kuma sun gano cewa 9% na 'ya'yansu maza ne da luwadi, wanda ya fi sau da yawa fiye da yawaitar liwadi a cikin yawan jama'a (Bailey 1995).

Hakanan ya cancanci ambaci shine binciken Sarantakos (1996), wanda ya kwatanta halayen da aka samu daga malamin yara waɗanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar ma'aurata kishili idan aka kwatanta da yara daga dangin gargajiya (Sarantakos 1996).

“… A cewar malamai, wasu yara daga masu jinsi daya sun rude da asalinsu da kuma fahimtar abin da ake ganin daidai ne kuma ana tsammanin daga gare su a wasu yanayi. An ba da rahoto cewa 'yan mata daga iyayen gay sun nuna halaye da halaye na "samari" fiye da' yan mata daga iyayen da ke yin jima'i da maza. An bayar da rahoton cewa mafi yawan yara maza na mata masu luwaɗan sun fi mata a cikin ɗabi'unsu da halinsu fiye da yara maza na iyayen maza da mata. Idan aka kwatanta da samari na iyayen da ba na maza ba, sun fi sha'awar kayan wasa, ayyukan wasanni da wasannin da yawancin 'yan mata ke zaba; sun fi samari daga dangi na gargajiya kuka a yanayi na damuwa iri daya kuma galibi suna neman shawarar malamai mata ... "(Sarantakos 1996, p. 26).

Richard Redding a cikin aikin 2008 na shekarar da aka lura:

"... Karatun da aka samu ya nuna cewa yaran da ma'aurata suka yi renonsu sun fi kusantar da tsarin samar da yardar juna ta kai ga kusantar juna da kuma yin jima'i." (Ryn xnumx).

A cikin binciken Tracy Hansen, wanda ya hada da karatuttukan guda tara wadanda marubutan suka yi biyayya ga kungiyar LGBT +, wadanda suka yi nazari kan yaran da suka girmi shekarun 18, wadanda ma'aurata suka yi aure, an kuma gano cewa a cikin wadannan yaran wani adadi mai yawa na daidai. mutane marasa aureHansen xnumx) An samo irin wannan bayanan a cikin bincike na Cameron, wanda ya haɗa da karatun 'ya'yan mahaifin kishili (Cameron 2009) An samo irin wannan bayanan ta hanyar nazarin meta ta Walter R. Schumm (2010) - in an kwatanta da yara daga dangin gargajiya, ga yaran da ma'aurata suka yi renon su, da alama ɗaukar rayuwar ɗan luwadi ya fi girma (Schumm xnumx) An samo irin wannan bayanan a cikin binciken yara na 'yan luwadi da Gartrell da abokan aiki suka gudanar (Gartrell xnumx).

Jaridar 'yan luwadi Milo Yannupolos ya ce zai yi farin ciki da samun' ya, amma ba zai so ya tashe su a cikin dan luwadi ba, saboda fifikon jima'i a mafi yawan bangaren ya dogara da ilimi da muhalli, sabili da haka baya son ya dauki alhakin lamarin saboda yaran sa ba za su iya ba ya sami mafi kyawun zaɓi na haɓaka kuma bai zama mai haila ba.

Moira GreylandAn haife ta a cikin gidan da mahaifiyar 'yar madigo ce kuma mahaifiyar ɗan kishili, tana magana ne kan al'adun' 'gay' ':

“Babban bambancin da ke tsakanin al’adun‘ yan luwadi da na ‘yan luwadi shi ne imani da cewa jima’i na farko yana da kyau kuma yana da amfani, haka nan kuma da tabbataccen ilimi (kar a yaudare ku a karo na biyu da ba su san wannan ba) cewa hanya daya da za a kirkiri wani dan luwadi shi ne a ba wa yaron ilimin jima’i KAFIN ya “lalace” ta hanyar sha’awa zuwa ga yarinya ... Hakikanin imanin da iyayena suka yi shine: kowa ɗan luwaɗi ne ta hanyar ɗabi’arsa, amma maza da mata suna yanke su kuma saboda haka suna iyakance su. Jima'i da wuri yana farantawa mutane sha'awar yin jima'i da kowa, kuma wannan zai taimaka musu su zama "kansu", kawar da luwadi da haifar da farkon utopia. Hakanan zai halakar da dangin nukiliyar da aka ƙi tare da ubancincinsu, jima'i, tsufa (ee, wannan yana da mahimmanci ga masu lalata) da duk wasu maganganu. Idan yara da yawa sun kasance masu lalata tun suna ƙanana, luwadi ba zato ba tsammani zai zama "al'ada" kuma karɓaɓɓe, kuma ra'ayoyi irin na dā game da aminci za su shuɗe. Tunda jima'i wani yanki ne na halitta kuma mahaɗan kowane alaƙa, toshewa tsakanin mutane zai ɓace kuma utopia zata zo, yayin da makomar dinosaur ɗin ke jiran "al'adun maza da mata". Kamar yadda mahaifiyata ke faɗi, “Ana nitsar da yara a cikin kawunan su cewa basa son yin jima'i ... Iyayen biyu sun so in zama ɗan luwaɗi kuma sun firgita da mata ta. Mahaifiyata ta zage ni daga shekara 3 zuwa 12. Tunawa da farko da mahaifina yayi min wani abu musamman tashin hankali shine lokacin da nake shekara biyar. " (2015 Faust).

Shaidar mutanen da suka girma cikin jinsi daya “iyalai”

A watan Maris 2015, mutane shida da suka girma a cikin "dangi" masu jinsi guda ɗaya sun shigar da kara game da halalta "auren gay" a Kotun Koli. Daya daga cikinsu, Farfesa na Jami'ar Jihar California a Northridge kuma Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta kare 'yancin Yara, Robert Lopez, a cikin sanarwa raba abubuwan sirri da labarin wasu. Yana magana ne game da wahalar tabin hankali, jin rashin cikawa da begen mahaifinsa wanda ba a san shi ba, wanda uwar mahaifiyarsa ba za ta iya maye gurbinsa ba. Farfesan ya yi ikirarin cewa hotunan dangin da suke yin luwadi a kafafen yada labarai kage ne kuma ana kula da su sosai. 'Yan madigo suna da damuwa sosai game da lalata da' ya'yansu, in ji shi, kamar yadda 'yar jarida Sally Cohn ta tabbatar a labarin mai taken "Ni dan luwadi ne kuma ina son yarona ma ya yi luwadi." Yayin da sauran yara ke karanta The Adventures na Tom Sawyer kuma suka kalli Oliver Twist, an tilasta masa karanta littattafan 'yan madigo da kuma kallon fina-finan' yan madigo. Lopez ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai jinsi biyu," kuma jima'i da jinsi na farko ya faru ne yana da shekaru 13 tare da tsofaffin abokan zama biyu. 

Idan yaro daga masu jinsi daya ya lura cewa yana da mahaifiyar mahaifiyarsa, ko kuma mahaifiyarsa, amma ba shi da mahaifi, kuma yana nuna rashin gamsuwa ko hassada ga yara daga iyalai na gargajiya dangane da wannan, ana zarge shi da yin magana da "a kan daidaici", "a kan gays "Halinsa" ya ci amana "duka al'umman LGBT.

"Binciken" yarjejeniya "game da mahaifa tsakanin jinsi daya yana da halaye masu yawa. Babban rashin hasara shine zatowar da ake amfani da ita game da hanyar. Ta yaya jama'a za su tantance abin da farin ciki yake, "mai dacewa da shi" ko "wadata" yaro? A cikin irin waɗannan sigogi, mafi girman sha'awar uwa da uba, don asalinsu da 'yanci daga asalin karya da siyasa ta ɓace.
Yawancin yara ana haihuwar su kuma suna girma ba tare da tilastawa ta doka ba don biyan bukatun manya don biyan diyya don wariyar da ta gabata. Ba kamar su ba, yara na iyayen kishili suna da farashi don kawunansu. Sune "dukiyoyin" na ma'aurata gay, kuma, gwargwadon haka, jama'ar gay. Sai dai idan suna da hikima, sun san cewa alumma za su ɗauke su “dukiyoyinsu” ko da sun girma. Yaran ofan kishili yawanci suna zama abin talla da aka nuna wa jama'a don tabbatar da cewa "iyayen gay" ba su da bambanci da na maza. Na san lokuta lokacin da tsofaffi suka ja yara don ba da shaidar zur ga membobin tilasta yin doka da kuma a kotu.
Alkali Jeffrey Sutton ya yanke hukuncin cewa ma'aurata masu son jinsi daya na iya yin renon yara idan ba su da matsala. Ta yaya ya san hakan? Lokacin kankanin lokaci ya wuce tunda an halatta auren jinsi daya. Bai san abin da yara suke so ba, kuma a masaniyar ni - bai yi daidai ba ”(Lopez 2015).

Tabbas, yi tsammanin daidaito tsakanin iyaye daga mutanen wata al'umma da aka sani rashin zaman lafiya haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka jaraba don kashe kansa, raunin hankali, rashin shan giya, ƙwayoyi, tashin hankalin cikin gida и baƙar fata - shi ne, sanya shi a hankali, mai hankali. Bayan haka, a kalla "daya daga cikin" iyaye "a cikin ma'aurata ma'aurata baƙi ne ga yaran.

Yana da kyau mafi kyau ga yaro ya tashi daga mahaifiyarsa da mahaifinsa. Wannan dokar tana tallafawa da matsaloli masu yawa da matsalolin motsin rai da tunani wanda yara da yawa waɗanda ba su da marayu ko waɗanda suka tashi cikin mahaifa ɗaya ko iyayen da ke ɗauke da su ke fuskanta: ƙananan matakan lafiyar jiki da hankali, ilimi, gamsuwa ta rayuwa, tausayawa da yarda da kai, har ma da ƙarin matakan gida da lalata da mata, shan kwaya, talauci da haihuwa a wajen aure. Awayaura daga gidan gargajiya a cikin shekarun da suka gabata bai inganta jin daɗin yaron ba, kuma babu wani bayani da ya zuwa yau da ke nuna cewa renon jinsi ɗaya ya fi na iyayen da ba su da miji ko kuma waɗanda suke renonsu (alhali kuwa akwai shaidar da ke nuna cewa ba su kai su ba). Halatta auren "jinsi" ya mai da matsayin mara kyau na yara daga irin waɗannan iyalai zuwa "ƙa'idar" da ke cikin doka ga kowane yaro da aka haifa ta hanyar masu jinsi ɗaya. Haɗin kai tsakanin 'yan luwadi sun yi watsi da sha'awar yaro, ƙirƙirar gurɓatattun ra'ayoyi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin jinsi kuma, a dukkan alamu, suna da nisan gaske, ba a yi nazarin illolin da za su bayyana kansu a nan gaba ba. Karatun farko da aka kwatanta yara daga dangin iyayensu zuwa yaran da iyayensu suka sake ba su sami wani bambanci ba har sai da raunin saki ya sa kanta ya ji lokacin da ya girma.

Halin yara a cikin iyalan LGBT ya fara lalacewa cikin sauri a cikin 80s, lokacin da yakin neman "yancin gay" da halatta "aure gay" ya shiga wani yanayi mai tsanani. Yaran LGBT sun gaya wa Lopez yadda masana ilimin halayyar dan adam suka azabtar da su don jin bakin ciki a zahiri game da rashin iyaye. Wani yaro, wanda aka haifa ta hannun mahaifiyarsa ga uba gay, ya koka da masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan madigo cewa yana baƙin ciki musamman a ranar iyaye. Don haka, masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ya zarge shi da "homophobia" kuma ya tilasta shi ya nemi gafarar mahaifinsa. A cewar Lopez, ’ya’yan iyalai masu jinsi ɗaya ba sa iya faɗin gaskiya game da ƙuruciyarsu ko da sun girma. Yawancinsu ba za su taɓa yin magana a bainar jama'a ba saboda yanayin tsoro da BURITTING da yaƙin neman halalta "auren gayu" ya haifar.

Lopez da kansa ya tsananta saboda wahayinsa. An dauke shi a matsayin "makiyin daidaici", "anti-gay," "mai rarraba kiyayya da akidar Amurkawa." Babban wallafe-wallafen hagu-hagu da kuma yanar gizo sun shiga cikin lalata darajar Lopez: Huffington Post, Dama na Wing Watch, Frontiers LA da sauransu. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙungiyoyi na LGBT da kafofin watsa labarun su na sada zumunta ya sa aka hana Lopez laccoci. An sa shi cikin harin kungiyar ta jiki, a koyaushe dole ya jimre cin mutunci a wurin aiki, a taron al'adu daban-daban da kuma taron kwararru. Game da wannan zalunci da masu gwagwarmaya na hagu suka fuskanta duk dangin shida masu jinsi daya wadanda suka shigar da kara. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa sama da mutane ɗari suka zaɓi zama ba a sani ba.

Informationarin Bayani

Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani da cikakkun bayanai a cikin hanyoyin masu zuwa:

1. Dent gw Babu Banbanci?: Binciken Kula da Iyayen Jima'i. Ave Maria Law Review. 2011.
2. Kim cc Tasiri game da Iyaye-Jima'i akan Yara: Kimanta Bincike. Gidauniyar Gidauniyar. Bayar da Bishiyar A'a. 3643 | Yuni 19, 2012.
3. Byrd D. Aure na Aure yana haifar da Lafiyar Jama'a da Lafiyar Jama'a. A cikin: Menene illar ?: shin halatta auren jinsi daya da gaske yana cutar da mutane, dangi ko kuma al'umma? 16, 32 (Lynn D. Wardle ed., Lanham, Md.: Jami'ar Jami'ar Amurka, 2008).
4. Allen dw (2013). Yawan karatun digiri na biyu a tsakanin yaran gidan maza masu jinsi iri ɗaya. Yin bita game da tattalin arziki na Gidan, 11 (4), 635-658.
5. Sullins D. Matsalar Ilimin Tsammani a tsakanin Yara da Iyayen-Sexaura da Sameabi'a: Bambanci ta Ma'anar (Janairu 25, 2015). Jaridar Burtaniya ta Ilimi, Al'umma da Kimiyya ta 7 (2): 99-120, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2500537
6. Phelan je Tunawa da Mahaifansu na Mazaje masu Luwadi da Madigo. Rahoton Ilimin Halitta Vol 79, fitowa ta 3, shafi. 1027-1034.https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.1027
7. Schumm wr Bita da Kima kan Bincike kan Iyayen Jima'i da Ciki. Daidaita Sauka 2016 Dec; 119 (3): 641-760. Epub 2016 Sep 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116665594
8. Cameron P, Cameron K, Landess T. Kurakurai daga Psyungiyar Ilimin Hauka na Amurka, Psyungiyar Haƙƙin Ilimin Amurka, da Eungiyar Ilimi na Nationalasa, inungiyar a cikin wakilcin liwadi cikin taƙaitaccen bayani game da Amendment 2 ga Kotun USoli ta Amurka. Daidaita Sauka 1996 Oct; 79 (2): 383-404. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.383
9. Glenn T. Stanton, Darakta, Nazarin Tsarin Iyali http://factsaboutyouth.com/posts/are-children-with-same-sex-parents-at-a-disadvantage/
10. Heather barwick (2015) Communityan Gayum ɗin :abi'a: Youra Kidsan ku suna Rauna https://thefederalist.com/2015/03/17/dear-gay-community-your-kids-are-hurting/

Bayanan kula

1. A wasu halaye, har ma da furta.
2. An ba da cikakkar sakamakon sakamakon bincike na Marx (2012) a cikin: Kim CC Tasiri game da Iyaye-Jima'i akan Yara: Kimanta Bincike. Gidauniyar Gidauniyar. Bayar da Bishiyar A'a. 3643 | Yuni 19, 2012.
3. Misali: Helen Barrett da Fiona Tasker, “Haɓakawa tare da Iyayen ayauna: Ganewar herswarar da Iyayen 101 ke da shi game da Theira'an'a Experiansu da tersan matan,” Ewararrun Ilimi da Ilimin Yara, Vol. 18, A'a. 1 (2001), pp. 62 - 77
4. Misali: Gary J. Gates, "Kirkirar Iyali da Raba Yara tsakanin Ma'aurata Na Ma'aurata," Mayar da Iyali, Harin 2011, Majalisar Kasa kan Dangantakar Iyali
5. An yi nazarin jimlar karatun 49, amma a cikin maganganun 27 babu wasu ƙungiyoyin kwatancen kwata-kwata.
6. Ma'ana, wannan ba wani "nazarin makafi bane" ne da ke nisantar banbance-banbancen ra'ayi da kuma aiki da kimar cikin sakamako.
7. "Hakikanin amincin tsarin binciken kimiyyar zamantakewar al'umma na fuskantar barazana daga munanan kalamai na jama'a da taka tsantsan ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai da muka gani a wannan yanayin" gani Smith 2012

Mafarin tarihi

1. Amato PR. Samun halayyar yara tare da iyayen kishiyoyi da iyayen mata. Jin Sci Res. 2012 Jul; 41 (4): 771-4.
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