Dzina langa ndi Christopher Doyle. Ndine katswiri wamisala mkati Ndalama Zachithandizo Padziko Lonsendipo ine ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo kale.
Ndinakulira m’banja lokonda kwambiri. Makolo anga sanandizunze, amandichirikiza ndikundilandira. Komabe, ndili mwana, sindinathe kukhazikitsa ubale weniweni ndi bambo anga. Pali zinthu zina zomwe sitimavomereza - ndinali wokonda kwambiri, waluso, wopanga; bambo ake anali wokonza, wodziwa ntchito zonse. Ndipo ndimakumbukira momwe kumayambiriro kwa unyamata wanga, ndinkaona kuti sindili ngati iye. Monga kuti ndife osiyana. Ndipo zidandivuta kwambiri kuti sindimatha kudziwa kulimba mtima kwa abambo anga, ndi dziko lawo.
Palibe ngozi zomwe zidandichitikira. Ndidakulitsa kukonda thupi langa, ndinalibe mavuto nazo. Zokhazo zomwe zidandichitikira ndili ndi zaka za 8 ndikuti kwa pafupifupi chaka ndidawonongedwa ndi wachibale wachikulire. Zinali zovuta kwambiri kuti nditha kupulumuka izi, chifukwa sindinamve kuti nditha kuyankhulanso ndi banja langa. Ndinkamva manyazi kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe zinkachitikazo, ndipo izi zidapanganso chisokonezo mkati mwanga: malingaliro ogonana kwa atsikana ndi anyamata onse. Kupatula apo, ndinali mwana kwambiri - panthawiyo ndinali 8 kapena 9 wazaka. Sindinayambenso uchinyamata. Chifukwa chake, kugonana kwanga kudadzuka molawirira kwambiri.
Kuyesa kwanga kugonana ndi atsikana kunayamba ndili ndi zaka 9 - 10, ndipo makolo anga, nditaphunzira za zochita zanga, adandichititsa manyazi kwambiri. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti kuyambira nthawi imeneyi ndinawalepheretsa azimayi, chifukwa ndinayamba kuganiza kuti kukhala ndi malingaliro akugonana kunaliipa, kulakwa. Ndipo ndinamva manyazi kwambiri chifukwa cha zikhumbo zanga zokhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kukhala ocheperako. Sizinali zovomerezeka kuti pa nthawi ino kukhala ndimakonda zogonana, kapena zogonana, kapena china chonga icho. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zidandikhudza kotero kuti ndidaleka kusiya chibwenzi changa ndikuyamba kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Zoti sindimatha kulankhula ndi abambo anga komanso zoti bambo anga sanathe kundilumikizana ndi kundithandiza ndi vutoli zinandiwononga kwambiri ndili mwana. Ndinkamva manyazi komanso kusowa kwa ubale ndi abambo anga, ndipo koposa zonse - ndimakonda kukhala ndi amayi anga. Ndinali ngati iye: tonse tinali omvera. Tidalumikizana mwamphamvu kwambiri, mwina ngakhale mwamaganizidwe kwambiri. Chifukwa chake kuyambira ndili mwana kwambiri ndimakonda kwambiri mayi anga ndipo ndimasiyana ndi bambo anga. Ndipo izi zidandiyambitsa malingaliro osiyanasiyana otsutsana, makamaka atagwiriridwa.
Mu 11 - 13 zaka, ndidayamba kuyesa anyamata azaka zanga. Nthawi imeneyo, ndimatha kubisa, chinali chinsinsi. Koma zimatanthawuza zambiri kwa ine - ndinapeza chitsimikizo chachikulu kuchokera pamenepo. Zoti anyamata ena amafuna kuti ndizigonana zinakulitsa kudzidalira kwanga. Koma tsopano, ndikayang'ana m'mbuyo, ndazindikira kuti sindinali ndekha. Izi sizinandithandizire kumva bwino, koma ndinangodzaza dzenje lomwe linapangidwa chifukwa cha zosafunikira zakukhosi ndi abambo anga komanso amuna ena ochokera komwe ndimakhala. Zinali zosavuta kwa ine kuti ndigonane ndi anyamata komanso anzanga kuposa kukhala wamwamuna komanso wopanda cholimba. Unali moyo woyipitsitsa - Ndinkakhala moyo wachiphamaso, ndikwaniritsa zosowa zanga zakukhutitsidwa kudzera mu kugonana ndi anyamata ena. Koma pansi pamtima, zomwe ndimafunitsitsadi kuti ziwonekere kwa iwo osati mu kugonana. Zoti amangondikonda komanso kukhala ndi anzanga. Nthawi zonse ndimakhala ngati wandiona. Sindinamvepo kuti ndimagwirizana nawo, kapena monga momwe aliri. Ndimamva kuti ndasiyana ndi dziko lapansi. Ndinkawona kuti ndine wosiyana ndi iwo, ngati kuti china chake sichili bwino, ndipo ndimaona kuti sindingathe kulumikizana ndi anyamata ena pamlingo wokulirapo.
Mchimwene wanga anali katswiri wa mpira ndi masewera a baseball, ndipo ngakhale ndinali wokonda masewera ambiri, ndinali kutali ndi msinkhu wake. Anali wamkulu kuposa ine, zaka pa 5 - 6, chifukwa chake makolo anga adamtamanda m'masewera. Monga, Chris sangakhale woipa, koma sadzakhala ngati Bill. Chris ndiwosamala komanso wokonda kupanga, amatha kuimba bwino - izi zili m'gawo lake. Chifukwa chake sindinalimbikitsidwe kugwira ntchito za abambo, monga momwe mchimwene wanga analimbikitsira. Ndinkawongolera kwambiri zochitika za azimayi, kwa china chake chomwe chinali chofanana ndi jini pazomwe ine ndiri. Chifukwa chake kukwezedwa kwa amuna mu banja langa sikunali kofunika kwambiri kwa ine.
Kenako ndinapita kukoleji ndikupitiliza kukhala ndi malingaliro amenewa, kugona ndi amuna komanso kulephera kukhazikitsa ubale wabwino ndi amuna kapena akazi. Ndipo ndidafika pomwe ndidayamba kuvutika mtima kwambiri chifukwa chofuna kugonana ndi amuna anzanga, ndipo ndidatopa kwambiri kuthana ndi izi. Ine ndinali 21 - 22. Nditamaliza maphunziro awo ku koleji, ndidazindikira kuti moyo wanga sunali wopanda malire, kuti sindinali munthu owona mtima m'moyo wanga, ndipo ndikufunika kupeza amuna omwe angandilandire monga ine. Mapeto ake, ndidawapeza kutchalitchi - ku parishi ya achinyamata, omwe ndidalumikizana nawo. Amandikonda ndikundilandira monga ine.
Ndipo, ndizomwe zidasintha pakusintha kwanga: nditangopanga ubale ndi abambo - ndiko kuti, ndi gulu la amuna omwe amandikonda ndikundilandira monga ine, ndi yemwe ndimawona kuti nditha kukhala wodalirika komanso zowona mtima pamalingaliro ake - kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumangosowa. Ndipo ndikukumbukira momwe tsiku lina ndidadzuka, ndikuzindikira kuti sindimakondanso kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Izi, zachidziwikire, sizinachitike ngati zamatsenga. Kusinthako kunali kwapang'onopang'ono, koma zoona, mpaka tsiku lina ndidazindikira kuti kwa ine sikunali funso. Kwa ine panokha, inali nkhani ya miyezi itatu kapena isanu ndi umodzi.
Tsopano, ndikukhala ndi chidziwitso changa, komanso kukhala psychotherapist yemwe amagwira ntchito ndi makasitomala omwe amayendetsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndikudziwa kuti nthawi zambiri, amuna omwe amalimbana ndi malingaliro awo ogonana amuna kapena akazi anzawo amakhala osagwirizana ndi amuna amsinkhu wawo. Mwanjira ina, ena a ife, kuphatikiza inemwini, timangokhala mu gawo loyambirira la zochitika zogonana. Ndipo kwa ine ndekha, kuti kukopa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kupita, ndiyenera kudutsa gawo lomwe kukomerana ndi amuna kumachitika. Izi ndi zomwe zidandithandiza kuthana ndi cholera ndikubwerera njira yanga, momwe, pomvetsetsa kwanga, nditha kukhala munthu weniweni.
Izi zisanachitike, maulumikizidwe anga anali amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ndinayesa kukhazikitsa maubale oti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma palibe chomwe chinandithandiza. Ambiri a iwo analibe ngakhale opusa. Ndinagonana ndi akazi, koma sizinatheke, osati chifukwa sindinakopeke nawo, kuchokera kumbali yanu. Mpaka pomwe timadzimva kuti timakondedwa komanso kuvomerezedwa ndi amuna amsinkhu wathu, ndipo sitili oyandikira kwa iwo, ndipo sitimamva kuti ndife ofanana ndi iwo, zingakhale zovuta kuti apange ubale wabwino ndi mkazi. Izi zimafuna ubale wapakati ndi abambo - izi ndizomwe ndimafunikira, ndipo zidandithandizadi pakusintha kwanga.
Sindikudziwa ngati ndimakhulupirira kuti ine ndinabadwa ndi chikopa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ndidasokonezeka pogonana, ndipo ndidachita manyazi ndi izi. Ndinganene molimba mtima kuti sindikufuna kukhala otere, ndipo sindinasankhe izi. Anandiuza kuti ndinabadwa mwanjira imeneyi, ndipo mwina ndimaganiza kwakanthawi. Koma zachidziwikire, palibe magwero omwe akanandiuza kuti sindiyenera kukhala chotere. Panalibe aliyense wondiuza izi.
Zaka za 8 zatha kuyambira ndili ndi vuto logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Sindikumva kukopeka ndi kugonana komweko. Nthawi zambiri. Ndipo ndikufuna kuuza abale ndi alongo anga onse omwe ali amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo ndimakukondani, ndikuti sindikukutsutsani ndi mbiri yanga, zokumana nazo zanga. Ndimalemekeza nkhani yanu komanso zomwe mwakumana nazo, ndipo sindigawana nawo kuti ndikuwopsezeni, kapena ndikupangitsani kuti muziona kuti ndinu oyipa kuposa ine. Ndikungofuna kuti mudziwe kuti kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikuli kwapadera. Izi sizomwe mumabadwira nazo koma ndizomwe zimakula. Ndipo ngati mukufuna, mutha kusintha.
Ndakhala ndikugwira ntchito yothandizira kwazaka pafupifupi zitatu. Pazaka zopitilira zitatu, ndidavomera ndikuthandizira pafupifupi amuna zana limodzi pagulu limodzi. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi achinyamata azaka zaunyamata ndi 20 wazaka zambiri. Ndimagwiritsa ntchito maukadaulo angapo, ndipo onsewa ndi njira zazikulu zamaganizidwe, osati njira zamtundu wankhanza kapena china chake. Othandizira ambiri omwe akhudzana ndi nkhaniyi - onse amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamatsenga zamagulu. Timathandiza makasitomala kumvetsetsa mabala am'mbuyomu. Timawathandiza kulumikizana ndi malingaliro awo enieni. Kwa makasitomala athu, malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sakukhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena malingaliro ogonana. Ichi ndi chivundikiro cha zosafunikira zamavuto am'mbuyo komanso mabala akale. Ndipo timathandizira makasitomala kumvetsetsa chifukwa chomwe ali ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Timawululira zakomwe zimayambitsa kenako ndikuwathandiza kuthana ndi zosowa zawo munjira zabwino. Timachiritsanso mabala am'mutu omwe amawapangitsa kuti agonane ndi zosowa za abambo.
Gawo loyamba ndikukhazikika komanso kuchitira kwachikhalidwe. Timathandizira makasitomala kusiya machitidwe ogonana, kuwathandiza kupeza chithandizo chothandizira. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa kasitomala kuti pakuchiritsa akuyenera kukhala ndi amuna ambiri omwe amathandizira pakukweza kwake: alangizi akulu, anzawo ndi amuna ena omwe, monganso iwowo, ali panjira yakugonjetsa - onse omwe kuchokera kwa iwo angalandire chithandizo ndi malingaliro audindo . Gulu lothandizira limawathandiza kumvetsetsa zomwe zikubisika pakukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zimathandizira kuphunzira luso laulendo, kufotokoza momwe mukumvera ndikumafikira mizu, kudutsa pamwamba. Pamwambapa ndi kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo kukhumudwa, kuda nkhawa, kudzikayikira, kusowa chiyembekezo, komanso makamaka kudana ndi zambiri nthawi zambiri.
Choyamba, muyenera kumvetsetsa chomwe chimayambitsa kukopeka ndi kugonana kwanu, ndipo timathandiza makasitomala kuzindikira. Kenako timawathandiza kuthetsa machitidwe awo ogonana ndikuwawululira zakukhosi kwawo. Monga ndidanenera kale, kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumabisala nkhawa, kukhumudwa, kudziona kuti ndi wopanda pake, kusowa chiyembekezo komanso kumva kuti sakukwaniritsa zofunikira. Nthawi zambiri, malingaliro awa amaphatikizidwa ndi chisoni chachikulu ndi chisoni. Poona izi mwamphamvu mu gawoli ndikuzikonza, makasitomala amayamba kuona kuti tsopano atha kulimba mtima ndi abambo omwe ali ndi ubale wathanzi. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti athe kulumikizana ndi maumuna omwe nthawi zambiri samatha kulumikizana.
Mu gawo lachiwiri, tikugwira ntchito yodziwitsa ena. Limodzi mwa mabuku omwe ndikugwira ntchito amatchedwa "Masiku a 10 kuti adziyese pawokha". Ndikuyesera kuthandiza makasitomala kumvetsetsa malingaliro awo opanda nzeru. Timaphunzitsanso zolimba komanso kugwira ntchito ndi “mwana wamkati”. "Mwana wamkati" ndi liwu lina loti "osadziwa kanthu". Ndipo timawathandiza kumvetsetsa zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti akhale amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zimawapangitsa kuti azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Timawathandiza kumvetsetsa kuti nthawi zambiri kufunikira kwawo kwa chikondi ndikofunikira kwa mwana. Cholinga chogwira ntchito ndi "mwana wamkati" ndikuthandiza "mwana wawo" kumvetsetsa zosowa zomwe sizinakwaniritsidwe ali mwana komanso momwe angazikwaniritsire lero.
Pa magawo 3 ndi 4, ntchito yakuya ya psychodynamic imachitika. Gawo lachitatu nthawi zambiri limayang'ana kuchiritsa mabala a abambo ndi abambo, ndipo gawo lachitatu likuyang'ana pochiritsa mabala a amayi ndi amayi. Akafika pagawo lachinayi, kasitomala adzachepetsa kukopa kwake, ndipo ayamba kukopa munthu wina. Ndipo pano timachititsanso maphunziro a psycho-makamaka kwa makasitomala omwe akufuna zibwenzi atsikana ndikukwatiwa. Pamodzi ndi maphunziro a psycho, timaphunzitsa maubwenzi ndikumvetsetsa anyamata kapena akazi: momwe mungathanirane ndi akazi, momwe mungakhalire nawo, zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana pa deti, kuzindikira omwe ali, momwe amawonekera, zomwe amakonda pa iwo komanso zomwe akufuna bwenzi kapena mkazi.
Zambiri mwa zokopa zathu sizikudziwa. Timakopeka ndi anthu osazindikira. Chifukwa chake, mu gawo lachinayi tikuyesetsa kubweretsa makasitomala omwe amakumana ndi azimayi ndipo mwina atenga banja kuti amvetsetse zomwe ali ndi mtundu wa akazi omwe akufuna kukhala nawo. Maphunziro aubwenzi ndiofunika kwambiri. Timaphunzitsana zaubwenzi nthawi yonse yamankhwala. Zimayamba ndi kumanga ubale ndi abambo ena, chifukwa makasitomala anga ambiri omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kwenikweni, sanakhalepo ndi ubale wabwino ndi abambo. Nthawi zonse amadziona kuti ndi otsika komanso opatulidwa. Timawaphunzitsa momwe angaikire malire oyenera. Timaphunzitsanso momwe tingathanirane ndi abambo ena, momwe titha kukhalira ndi kulumikizana bwino, ziyembekezo zabwino komanso zoyipa kuchokera kuubwenzi, ndi zosowa zawo, zosowa zawo zenizeni zaubwenzi. Izi ndizokhudza ubale ndi abambo.
Ubale ndi akazi ndi ofanana kwambiri. Makasitomala akangophunzira kukhala ndi maubale oyandikana ndi abambo, amakhala okonzeka kupitiliza kuyanjana ndi akazi. Koma mpaka ubale uwu wathanzi ndi abambo ukakhazikitsidwa, sangadziwe momwe angakhalire ndi mkazi. Samazunza akazi moyenera. Uwu ndiubwenzi wochezeka, m'malo mwa ubale womwe ukuyenera kukhala waomwe mungathe kukhala mkazi wanu. Chifukwa chake choyamba, ayenera kuyandikira abambo asanafike pafupi ndi akazi.
Ndipo chipembedzo sichofunikira kuti zinthu zisinthe.
Kuwonjezera: mafotokozedwe atsatanetsatane amachitidwe osintha ndi omwe anali amuna kapena akazi anzawo (mu Chingerezi)
Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndizovuta kwambiri m'maganizo, ndipo zambiri zotsutsana ndi malingaliro! Chilichonse chimaperekedwa m'njira yosangalatsa komanso yomveka bwino.
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Umboni wabwino kwambiri! Chilichonse chimawunikidwa, chokhazikika, mosasinthasintha! Zikomo chifukwa chonena zoona!
Zifukwa zakutulukira kwa zizolowezi za LGBT, zosokoneza pakugonana ndi njira zochotsera
Zolakwa za Chekatilo wochita zachiwerewere, tinsel yakunja yozungulira anthu a LBT ndiye nsonga ya zosokoneza zogonana. Kuphunzira za zomwe amayambitsa anali akatswiri pakuphunzitsa za psychology yofufuza ntchito komanso ntchito ya Kamerton popewa zizolowezi. Adapangitsa kuti apeze mawonekedwe - zosokoneza zonse zakugonana zimawonekera chifukwa chofuna kudzutsa chilakolako chogonana (changa) ndikuchikwaniritsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana zopepuka (powonera zolaula, mnzakeyo akapanda kusokoneza, kumvetsetsana kumachitika mwachangu pakati pawo. amuna kapena akazi okhaokha)
Mwachitsanzo, zilakolako zoterezi ku Chekatilo zinamupangitsa kuti apange zongopeka ndi zochitika zomwe zinalimbikitsidwa ndi kuyang'ana pa kulira kwakukulu panthawi ya zosangalatsa za kugonana kwa anthu opanda pokhala m'nyumba yomwe ili pafupi ndi munda wake. Pambuyo pake, kwinakwake mu lamba wa m'nkhalango, adadula ziwalo za anthu omwe adazunzidwa, kuzipachika ndikusangalala ... . Ozunzidwa anali anthu 64, kenako anali ndi otsatira omwe amafuna kumenya mbiri yake.
Kufunafuna zokopa zakunja kunamulimbikitsa kuti ayambe kunyoza mnzake pomumanga pabedi. Ndipo m'ma salons a ku Germany ndi Japan, amuna adadzutsidwa ndikumukwapula ndi zikwapu, kuimitsidwa ndi kumangidwa, kuti pasakhale chilakolako chobwezera.
Zolinga zogonana za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zinali zofanana kwambiri, zomwe zinayambitsa kutuluka kwa blues, pinki ndi anthu omwe adapanga ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, umu ndi mmene kachilomboka kanaonekera m’malo ochitirako chipatala komanso nyumba zopumirako. Kamtsikana kakang'ono kuyambira zaka 14 adayamba kukhutiritsa azimayi ochezera pamalipiro. Popeza misomaliyo inkayenera kudulidwa mosalekeza, patapita nthawi msomali pa chala chogwira ntchito unkafunika kuzulidwa. Popita nthawi, idayamba kufunidwa mumzinda wachigawo.
Wothandizira wamkulu wa zosokoneza za kugonana anali ndende ndi madera, zomwe zinapangitsa kufunikira kochita izi ngakhale atamasulidwa. Kukondana kwachidziwitso chaupandu (nyimbo "Amayi ndimakonda wakuba") kunalimbikitsa kuyambika kwa zizolowezi monga chiwerewere ndi kulolera ngakhale m'mabanja.
Muzamankhwala ndi psychology, kusiyanitsa koteroko sikupangidwa; kwa iwo chilichonse ndi lumenium - zizolowezi zachikondi zomwe zili ndi zizindikiro zawo zomwe ziyenera kuthandizidwa, ndalama, inde. Samvetsetsa kuti potchula zizindikiro amalimbitsa chizolowezi ichi mwa munthu.
Chisangalalo cha kugonana ndicho champhamvu kwambiri pambuyo pa chisangalalo chauzimu chomwe munthu amakhala nacho panthawi yosangalatsa (zokhutiritsa popanda kudya). Kukonda ana, chikhumbo chochitira ena zabwino, kumakulitsa luntha lofunika kumvetsetsa umunthu waumwini, umene umachitikira monga chimwemwe chosatha. Apo ayi, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zopanda phindu.
Agiriki akale anati: “Chikondi chimagwirizanitsa mapulaneti.” Chikondi chimagwirizanitsa anthu amene sali osiyana nawo.” Choncho, pamaso pa chikondi, anthu amayesetsa kuti apeze chimwemwe akabweretsa chisangalalo kwa anzawo. Izi ndi zikhalidwe za kukhalapo kwa banja, kumene makhalidwe abwino ndi maziko a kukhalapo kwake.
Mulungu sasonkhanitsa anthu ofanana kuti apange banja, kuwasonkhezera kukulitsa nzeru zawo, kumvetsetsa matanthauzo atsopano a maganizo. Ndipo panjira iyi, kuvulala kochuluka kumawonekera pamene munthu amasiya kukhulupirira mwa iyemwini, kuthekera kwake kumvetsetsa munthu wina wa kugonana ndi luso. Kuledzera ndi zomangira zomwe zimalepheretsa kukula kwa luntha ndi mapangidwe a malingaliro.
Ndinakumana ndi anthu amene ananena moyamikira kuti: anandithandiza kukhala mwamuna; adandithandiza kukhala mkazi. Komanso, pamaso pa ana awiri kale.
Koma panalinso milandu yoteroyo. Ndinagwira ntchito ndi wothamanga wamanja pamanja pa maphunziro a luntha mu njira yolimbikitsira ndi kumasula, ndipo m'phunziro lachinayi adafunsa funso - "Chinachake sichikuyenda bwino kwa ine ndi atsikana, mwinamwake ndiyenera kupanga chikondi ndi anyamata. ?” Zikuoneka kuti ali ndi zaka 4, pa msasa wa masewera, anavulazidwa ndi mtsikana yemwe anayesa kupanga mwamuna kwa maola awiri. Chovulalacho chinali choopsa kwambiri kotero kuti chinapweteka kwambiri m'chiuno ndipo tsiku lina adatengedwa ndi ambulansi kuti achite opaleshoni ya appendicitis. Atandimanga, ululuwo unatha mwadzidzidzi, dokotala wa opaleshoni anagunda m’mimba mwanga ndi nkhonya yake.
Popeza amadziwa kale zambiri za maphunziro anzeru, tinagwira ntchito kudzera muukadaulo wopewera pafupifupi mphindi makumi awiri. Patapita miyezi inayi, iye anakwatira ... Choncho, amene akufuna kuchotsa frigidity kapena kusowa mphamvu, mukhoza kukopera buku nzeru maphunziro a thupi ndi masewera ndi mutu. ntchito.
ndiwe wopenga, mtsinje wampatuko wotere ...