V. Lysov
Imelo: science4truth@yandex.ru
Zambiri mwa zinthu zotsatirazi zimasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala yowunikiridwa ndi ophunzira. Kafukufuku amakono azovuta zamagulu, 2018; Voliyumu 9, No.8: 66 - 87: V. Lysov: "Kuyimitsidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mawu akuti" Homophobia "pokamba za sayansi ndi pagulu”.
DOI: 10.12731/2218-7405-2018-8-66-87.

Zotsatira Zofunikira

(1) Maganizo otsutsa pa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha samakwaniritsa njira yozindikira ya phobia monga lingaliro la psychopathological. Palibe lingaliro loti "Homophobia", ndi mawu andale.
(2) Kugwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "homophobia" pantchito zasayansi kutanthauza chiwonetsero chonse chazovuta zogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sizolondola. Kugwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "Homophobia" kukutsutsa pakati pa malingaliro osatsutsika pakati pa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kutengera zikhulupiriro ndi njira zowonetsera ukali, kusintha malingaliro oyanjana ndikuyamba kuchita nkhanza.
(3) Ofufuzawo adawona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kugulitsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ndi njira yotsutsa yomwe anthu omwe sakuvomereza kuti akhale ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma omwe samvera chidani kapena samachita mantha ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
(4) Kuphatikiza pa zikhulupiriro ndi miyambo, maziko okhala ndi malingaliro oyipa pazakugonana, mwachidziwikire, ndi chitetezo chamthupi - kwachilengedwe kunyansidwaanakonza munjira ya kusinthika kwaumunthu kuti zitsimikizire kuti ukhondo wabwino kwambiri ndi kubereka bwino.

Mawu osakira: nthano, "homophobia", kunyansidwa, chiwopsezo, chitetezo chamthupi, kudzinyamula

DZIWANI

Pakati pagulu lofunika kwambiri, pali malingaliro osatsutsika pakugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchuluka kwa momwe amasinthira mosiyanasiyana: kuyambira pakuchirikiza kutsutsana ndi milandu kuyesa kusintha malo achikwati kuti aphatikize maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mpaka milandu yokhudza nkhanza kwa anthu omwe akuimira gulu la "LGBTKIAP +" ((Kohut 2013; Gray 2013) Mkati mwa kayendedwe ka "LGBTKIAP +", malingaliro ofunikira oterowa, mosasamala kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe ndi zifukwa zake, amasankhidwa monga otchedwa. "Homophobia" (Adams xnumx) Malinga ndi Oxford English Dictionary, leologism "homophobia" imachokera ku mawu oti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ndi "phobia" (Chichewa cha Chichewa Oxford). Mawu oti "homophobia" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazofalitsa ndi pachikhalidwe: wofufuza Nungessor adati:

"Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" tsopano kwakhala malingaliro andale ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza anthu osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ... "(Nungessor xnumx, p. 162).

«Homophobia ”imagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'mayendedwe andale amakono azubwenzi zamasiku ano (EPR 2006). Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa liwu loti "homophobia" pofotokoza malingaliro oyipa pazoyenda za "LGBTQIAP +" kutengera mfundo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri: (1) zimapanga kulumikizana pakati pa malingaliro aliwonse OTHANDIZA okhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi vuto la phobic, ndi psychopathology; (2) imapereka malingaliro olakwika ndikuwasala anthu omwe amalimbikitsa lingaliro losiyana ndi kayendedwe ka LGBTQIAP +.

Monga dokotala wa sayansi yamalamulo Igor Vladislavovich Ponkin ndi olemba anzawo amalemba mu ntchito yawo:

"... Pafupifupi zokambirana zilizonse ndi omwe amafalitsa nkhani yokhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe simukugwirizana nawo, lero zimangotengera kuti" homophobe "yonyansa, osaganizira tanthauzo lake, kuchuluka kwake komanso kuvomerezeka kwamalamulo oyeserera oterewa. M'mayiko ambiri, iwo omwe amafotokoza zakukhosi kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha samapatsidwa ufulu wamaganizidwe komanso ufulu wolankhula, osati pakamakambirana pagulu, komanso mwanjira iliyonse, poyesa kufotokoza malingaliro awo pazofalitsa. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mayitanidwe pagulu oti muzisala anthu otere: kukana ufulu wolowa m'maiko ena, kuwamanga, ndi zina zambiri. Kukambirana kosakondera komanso kutanthauzira kotere kwa kufanana pakati pa anthu onse pamaso pa malamulo ndi khothi komanso mfundo yololerana sizikugwirizana kwathunthu ndi mfundo za demokalase komanso miyezo, komanso, ziyenera kuyambitsa yankho mwachangu kuchokera kuboma, lomwe lilibe ufulu wochoka m'malo azamalamulo ndi andale zapadziko lonse lapansi chifukwa cha ndale. mfundo zoyendetsera dziko ndi chilungamo zakuyanjana kwa onse pamaso pa lamulo ndi khothi. Mawu oti "homophobe", "ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" siwoyenerera, malembo ophatikizika omwe amaperekedwa kwa otsutsa onse amalingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (mosasamala mtundu ndi mulingo wazifukwa zowonongera kutsutsa kotere), komanso aliyense amene amatsutsa kukakamizidwa kosaloledwa kwa malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (kuphatikiza ana). Mawu awa ndi zilembo zoyeserera zomwe zilipo ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chonyenga chazinthu zopusitsira kunyoza ndi kunyoza otsutsa (...) M'malo mwake, anthu omwe savomereza miyezo yokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zizolowezi ndi zikhulupiriro amatsutsa mabodza pagulu okhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, palibe "phobias", ndiye kuti, zopweteka, mantha owopsa omwe amachititsa anthuwa kuopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Anthu omwe sadziwa mawu apadera azachipatala atha kuphatikiza tanthauzo la mawu oti "homophobe" ndi kudana kwathanzi kwa anthu ndi anthu wamba (kuchokera ku Latin homo - man). Kupereka malingaliro opanda nzeru (phobias) kwa anthu omwe sagwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikuti ndi njira zopanda pake zokha, komanso cholinga chonyozetsa ulemu waumunthu wa anthu otere, kuwanamizira ... ”(Ponkin 2011).

Aptly akufotokozera njira yamagawo powanamizira "wobwebweta" Sergei Khudiev:

"... Aliyense amene angayerekeze kutsutsana kwathunthu ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi yomweyo amakumana ndi kunyozedwa komanso kukwiya. Ngati mungapeze zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zomwe siziyenera kulimbikitsidwa mwalamulo, nthawi yomweyo mudzanenedwa kuti ndinu oyipa, osalolera, otentheka, obwerera m'mbuyo komanso amwano, atsankho, achifasizimu, Ku Klux Klan, Taliban, ndi zina zotero. Njira yosavuta koma yothandiza pakuwongolera malingaliro imagwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zowonekeratu. Mwachitsanzo, mwapatsidwa chisankho cholakwika - kulanga kwambiri amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena kuwalimbikitsa m'njira iliyonse. Ngati mukutsutsana ndi kuphedwa koopsa kwa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, muyenera kukhala ovomerezeka chifukwa chokwatirana. Njira ina - "anthu ena oyipa (mwachitsanzo, a Nazi) anali kutsutsana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - inunso mumatsutsana nawo - ndiye kuti ndinu a Nazi. Ngati simukufuna kuti mudzioneke ngati Anazi, gwirizanani ndi malingaliro athu. " Wachitatu walengeza milandu yomwe amachitidwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimachitika kuti mnyamata yemwe amachita uhule amaphedwa ndi kasitomala wake - monga ziwonetsero za "homophobia", akuti kusagwirizana kulikonse ndi "ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" motero amagawanitsa anthu onse omwe amatsutsana nawo ngati zigawenga. Kupsinjika kwamaganizidwe kumeneku sikungangotengedwa ngati chiwonetsero chazinthu zopanda chilungamo, koma vuto ndiloti akukakamizidwa kwambiri ndi boma; m'maiko angapo ku Europe, kusagwirizana ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumawerengedwa kuti "kumalimbikitsa chidani" komanso mlandu woweruzidwa. Komabe, zopanda pake zamtunduwu woneneza zimawonekera tikangoyamba kuvutikira kuziganizira kwa mphindi zosachepera zisanu. Anthu a ku Taliban amalanga mowa mwauchidakwa; Kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti aliyense amene sagwirizana ndi uchidakwa ndi Taliban ndipo akufuna kukhazikitsa malamulo a Sharia pagulu? Anthu (azimuna ndi akazi) omwe amalandira ndalama ndi uhule nthawi zambiri amakhala ozunzidwa - kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti aliyense amene anganene kuti njira yopezera ndalama iyi ndiyolakwika ndipo ndi yoopsa amathandizira zigawenga? Kodi pali aliyense amene angavomereze kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe anganene kuti amadana kwambiri ndi anthu omwe amamwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo? ... "(Khudiev 2010).

MMENE HOMOPHOBIA AMASANGALIRA

Katswiri wama psychologist waku America "LGBTKIAP +" - kayendedwe (Ayyar 2002; Grimes 2017) George Weinberg adaganizira omwe adapanga mawu akuti "homophobia" komanso wolemba wa hypothesis wa gawo laling'ono la psychopathological wa malingaliro otsutsa pa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Herek 2004; Weinberg xnumx) Poyankhulana ndi buku logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, a Weinberg sapereka yankho lomveka bwino chfukwa chiyani adatenga nawo mbali mgulu la LGBTKIAP +, akuti:

"Ngakhale sindinali gonana, ndinali mfulu monga momwe ndingathere pachikhalidwe changa, komanso pazinthu zina zomwe sindimakonda kulemba za iwo" (Ayyar 2002).

A Weinberg amadzitcha yekha munthu yemwe adayika malingaliro kuti nsanje ndi mantha ndizotsutsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'ma 1960s, pokonzekera zokambirana pamsonkhano wa East Coast Homophile Organisation (Ayyar 2002; Grimes 2017) Adagawana malingaliro ake ndi omenyera ufulu wa "LGBTKIAP +", mayendedwe a Jack Nichols ndi Lige Clark, omwe adagwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "homophobia" munkhani ya magazini yolaula "Screw" (23 pa Meyi 1969 ya chaka), zomwe zimatanthawuza mantha aanthu osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti atha kukhala olakwika kwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - uku ndikoyamba kutchulidwa kwa mawuwo pazosindikizidwa (Grimes 2017; Herek 2004) Miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, mawuwa adagwiritsidwa ntchito pamutu wa The Times (Grimes 2017).

Mu 1971, a Weinberg yekha adagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Homophobia" m'nkhani yotchedwa "Mawu a Chikhalidwe Chatsopano" mu sabata la "Gay" (Grimes 2017). Mukawerenga nkhaniyi, mnzake wa Weinberg a Kenneth T. Smith (Weinberg xnumx, pp. 132, 136) kumapeto kwa 1971 adatchulapo koyamba mawu oti "homophobia" m'buku lazasayansi momwe adafunsira mulingo wapadera wodziwira zoyipa zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cholumikizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Smith 1971) Pomaliza, mu 1972, Weinberg adalemba malingaliro akuti "homophobia" m'buku la "Society and the Healthy Homosexual" (Weinberg xnumx) Chaka chotsatira, Weinberg adakhala m'modzi mwa atsogoleri a zochitika zapagulu zomwe zakonzedwa ndi American LGBTKIAP +, gulu lomwe linabweretsa lingaliro la American Psychiatric Association kupatula kuzindikiridwa kwa "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" pamndandanda wamatenda osokonezeka m'maganizo mu 1973 (Grimes 2017) Ngakhale kuti mawu oti "Homophobia" adatsutsidwa ndi onse omwe anali othandizira ndi omwe amatsutsana ndi gulu la "LGBTKIAP +", a Weinberg adakhalabe othandizira pa zomwe amakhulupirira kwa moyo wake wonse ndipo adalimbikira kuti aphatikizire "kubedwa" m'magulu azovuta zam'maganizo (Weinberg xnumx).

VUTO LOFUNITSITSA NTCHITO

Popita kutchulidwa koyamba pantchito zasayansi (1971 - 1972), tanthauzo la liwu loti "homophobia" limasiyana pamikhalidwe yaumunthu payekha (Smith 1971) ndi mantha opanda pake (Weinberg xnumx) ku malingaliro aliwonse otsutsa (kuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, kusagwirizana pakulola okwatirana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kubereka ana) (Costa 2013) George Weinberg pantchito yake adagwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "homophobia" potanthauza kuwopa kulumikizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo ngati tikulankhula za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye kuti "homophobia" amatanthauza kudzinyadira kwawo (Weinberg xnumx) Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, a Morin ndi a Garfinkle adatcha "osakwatira" munthu wotere yemwe samazindikira kuti ali ndi vuto logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Morin xnumx).

M'chaka cha 1983, Nungessor adalemba:

"..." "homophobia" lakhala lingaliro lazandale lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza malingaliro osakhala abwino kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ... "(Nungessor xnumx, p. 162).

M'chaka chomwecho, Fyfe adawonetsa kuti "kutengera amuna kapena akazi anzawo" malingaliro olakwika ndi tsankho kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Fyfe xnumx) Hudson ndi Ratchts adazindikira kuti "liwu loti" homophobia "lidayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi akatswiri komanso omwe sanali akatswiri kutanthauzira mkwiyo uliwonse kwa anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mpaka pomwe zidataya tanthauzo lake loyambirira" (Hudson xnumx, p. 357). Mu 1991, ofufuza angapo adatanthauzira "kutengera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" monga "kusankhana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Bell xnumx; Haaga xnumx), ndipo Reiter adalitcha "kusankhana ndi chikhalidwe chathu" (Rever 1991) Patatha zaka zisanu, Young-Bruehl adawona kuti "kusankhira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikusankha anthu enaake, koma kuchitapo kanthu mwachindunji" (Young-Bruehl 1996, p. 143). Pambuyo pake, Kranz ndi Cusick adatanthauzira "kutengera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ngati "mantha osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Kranz 2000) M'chaka cha 2005, O'Donohue ndi Caselles adalemba kuti zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, mawu oti "homophobia" afikira pamalingaliro aliwonse osakhulupirika, zikhulupiriro kapena zochita kwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx, p. 68).

Mu chimango cha sayansi yamaphunziro apamwamba, phobia (phobic syndrome) amatanthauza mtundu wa matenda amisala, njira yayikulu yodziwira mantha omwe alibe nkhawa (kapena nkhawa), yomwe imakula mosaletseka komanso mosaletseka nthawi zina (Kazakovtsev 2013, p. 230). Munthu yemwe ali ndi vuto la chifuwa amayesa m'njira iliyonse kuti apewe kulumikizana ndi chinthu kapena chinthu chomwe chimayambitsa phobia ndipo amavutika kwambiri ndi nkhawa komanso nkhawa. Potsimikizira kuti malingaliro omwe ali pangozi pa zochitika zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto lankhanza, Haaga (1991) adayerekeza tsankho ndi phobias, zomwe zimafotokozedwa munyuzipepala ngati "Homophobia" zimakwaniritsa zomwe zimayambitsa tsankho (onani pansipa) pansipa (Haaga xnumx).

Kufanizira kwa tebulo 1 kwa Tsankho ndi Phobia malinga ndi D.A.F. Haaga [30]

mtundu	Tsankho.	Real phobia (neurosis)
Momwe zimachitikira	mkwiyo, kukwiya	nkhawa, mantha
Kukangana kwa malingaliro	kukhalapo kwa zolinga	kusowa kufotokozera, kusakhazikika
Kuyankha	nkhalwe	kupewa chilichonse
Zoyendera pagulu	otsutsa	akusowa
Cholinga chakuyesayesa kuti tichotse dziko losavomerezeka	chinthu cha tsankho	patokha

Kuyesa kosiyanasiyana kwalingaliridwa mwanjira ina kuyeza mulingo wa malingaliro oyipa okhudza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa malingaliro (Smith 1971; Hudson xnumx; Lumby xnumx; Milham 1976; Logan 1996) Kafukufuku wa Grey ndi anzawo komanso Costa ndi anzawo adawulula miyeso ingapo yosiyanitsidwa kuti ayese malingaliro a anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa anthu omwe akuwonetsa machitidwe a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Costa 2013; Gray 2013) Njira zonse zowunikira zomwe zili ndi lingaliro limodzi lokhalokha - kusowa kwa gulu lofanizira pakukonzekera kwawo: kutsimikizika mu mayeso onse ofunikira kudakhazikitsidwa poyerekeza ndi gulu la ofunsidwa omwe adawulula zofunikira zazikulu zomwe zimangogwirizana ndi malingaliro osagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (mwachitsanzo, chipembedzo, kuvotera zipani zapakati-kumanja). Malinga ndi O'Donohue ndi anzawo, cholakwika ichi chitha kuchotsedwa poyerekeza ndi gulu la anthu omwe apezeka kuti ali ndi mlandu wogwiririra amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (O'Donohue ku Wright xnumx, p. 77). Chifukwa chake, poganizira zovuta zambiri zama psychometric ndi njira iliyonse yoyeserera yoyendera, zowonera ndi zomwe zatsimikizidwa pamaziko a njira zowunikira izi ndizokayikira (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx, p. 77). Mwambiri, sizikudziwika ngati otchedwa. "Homophobia": kuvomerezana kwa tanthauzo la liwu loti "homophobia", komwe sikunawonedwe lero, ndikofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi, ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuyambira konsekonse (mwachitsanzo, negativism) kupita patali (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx, p. 82).

Dziwani kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "kubedwa" ndi njira yodziwika bwino kumakhala kovuta malinga ndi zifukwa zinayi zikuluzikulu. Choyamba, umboni wamatsenga ukusonyeza kuti kudana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu wapadera milandu imatha kukhala phobia m'chipatala, monga claustrophobia kapena arachnophobia. Komabe, anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi malingaliro oyipa okhudzana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sapeza mayankho a thupi la phobiasZikopa xnumx) Gulu lomwe lili pano, lotchuka kwambiri la "LGBTKIAP +", "liwu loti" homophobia "silimasiyanitsa mwa mitundu iwiriyi. Kachiwiri, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa liwu loti "Homophobia" malinga ndi lingaliro la Weinberg kumapereka malingaliro akuti awa ndi boma lachipatala payekha, komabe, maphunziro satsimikizira izi, koma awonetsere kuyanjana kowonekeratu ndi gulu lazikhalidwe ndi mgwirizano wamagulu (Kohut 2013) Chachitatu, phobia mu lingaliro lazachipatalachi imalumikizidwa ndi zosasangalatsa komanso zochitika zomwe zimatsutsana ndi zochitika wamba zamunthu (Table 1), koma kudana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikukhudza zochitika wamba zamagulu a anthu (Herek 2000, 1990) Chachinayi, kugwiritsa ntchito ndale kwa mfundo yoti "homophobia" kumatanthauza kudana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zochitika monga, mwachitsanzo, kusankhana mitundu kapena kusankhana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (EPR 2006). Komabe, kusankhana mitundu kapena kusankhana mitundu ndizinthu zomwe zimachitika motsutsana ndi omwe ali ndi zikhalidwe zina zomwe sizidalira machitidwe a omwe amawanyamula (mwachitsanzo, tsankho kwa anthu aku Caucasus kapena amuna). Zomwe zimatchedwa "homophobia" mkati mwa kayendetsedwe ka LGBTKIAP + ndimakhalidwe osaganizira omwe amanyamula zikhalidwe zawo, koma machitidwe (machitidwe), makamaka, pakuwonetsa mchitidwewu, momwe kusinthana kwa gawo lokhazikika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi pazogonana ndi / kapena pagulu. Palibe ngakhale lingaliro limodzi lomwe limawerengedwa kuti ndi logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - munthu yemwe amakonda kuchita zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena kawirikawiri; yemwe amakakamizidwa kuchita chiwerewere kapena amene amachita izi modzipereka, amene amadzizindikiritsa kuti ndi "gay" kapena ayi, ndi zina, ndi zina zotero. Chitsimikizo cha mawuwa - chokhudza machitidwe, osati malingaliro abwinobwino amalingaliro - ndiye kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha Munthu yemwe samawonetsa poyera kuti ali ndi vuto lachiwerewere komanso kukhala mgulu la "LGBTKIAP +" samakumana ndi zovuta zilizonse kuchokera pagulu, zomwe sizingachitike pazovuta ngati kusankhana mitundu.

KULIMBIKITSA KWA DZUWA KWA ZINSINSI ZA POLITIKI

Popeza liwu loti "phobia" limatanthauzira momveka bwino kuchipatala ndipo limatanthauzanso kuopa kopanda malire (chidziwitso chachipatala), lingaliro lazovuta zakugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati phobia lilibe tanthauzo la sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro otsutsa pa zaluso zamakono malinga ndi mfundo za sayansi sangatchulidwe kuti "avant-garde phobia": lingaliro loterolo limangowonetsa zokongola zokha. Milandu yowonongeka mokhudzana ndi ntchito zaluso ndizinthu zosavomerezeka ndipo, mwanjira yayitali, imachitira umboni zakuphwanya kwamalingaliro kwa akatswiri. Komabe, kufunikira kwakufunika kwa milandu yotereyi yowunikira ntchito zoterezi, makamaka, onse omwe sakonda zojambulajambula izi, ndi ofanana ndi zero.

Udzu wovuta pazinthu zokhudzana ndi ntchito za anthu za LGBTKIAP + - kayendedwe, sakusungidwa ngati kuphwanya bungwe la World Health Organisation kapena American Psychiatric Association (ICD 1992; DSM 2013) Pazifukwa zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "Homophobia" pokhudzana ndi malingaliro oyipa okhudza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatsutsidwa ndi olemba ambiri (Herek 2004, Here in Gonsiorek xnumx; Kitzinger xnumx; Zikopa xnumx), ndipo mmalo mwake, mawu ambiri adafunsidwa: "heterosexism, homoerotophobia, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, atsikana osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, atsikana otsekeredwa, kuthamanga, chisembwere, chisankho chogonana" ndi ena ambiri (O'Donohue mu Wright xnumx; Sears 1997).

Komabe, mawu oti "ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" akupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito muntolankhani, pachikhalidwe chofala, ngakhale m'mabuku asayansi kutanthauzira kunyansidwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. A Connie Ross, mkonzi wa imodzi mwa magazini a anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, adati sasiya kugwiritsa ntchito liwu loti "homophobia" chifukwa chazolakwika zasayansi, popeza amawona kuti ntchito yayikulu ndi "kumenyera ufulu wa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (Taylor 2002).

Smithmyer (2011) adawonetsa izi:

“… Kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti 'homophobia' ndi njira yopondereza yomwe imaperekedwa kwa anthu omwe amateteza tanthauzo laukwati, koma osadana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (…) Kugwiritsa ntchito liwu ili ndikunyansa (…) komanso kunyoza (…) Mawu oti" homophobe "ndichinyengo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malamulo komanso makhothi ..." (Smithmyer 2011, p. 805).

Holland (2006) idazindikira kuti:

"... Ngakhale kuwerengera kosavuta kwa ziwerengero zakuchuluka kwa Edzi pakati pa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumadzudzula 'homophobia' ..." (Holland xnumx, p. 397).

Pafupifupi 100%, lipotili liziwonekeranso mwachangu ndi "kutengera anthu osokoneza banja" ndi omwe amathandizira "LGBTKIAP +".

Mu 2009, wopambana wokongola wa Miss California yemwe Kerry Prechan adachita nawo nawo gawo la Miss America. Atayankhidwa ku funso kuchokera kwa wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ayenera kukhala ovomerezeka ku America, adachotsedwa mu mpikisano ndipo adalandidwa ulemu wake wa Miss California.

Kuyankha kwa Kerry Preghan kudadzetsa mkwiyo wa atolankhani onse “olondola ndale” ku Western, adamuimbira mlandu, adafuna kuti abweze mawu ake ndipo adamuwuza poyera kuti "osayankhula"Prejean 2009) Chifukwa chiyani? Prezhan adadzipereka kuti akaike amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kundende?

Ayi, yankho lake ndi ili:

"... Chabwino, ndikuganiza ndizabwino kuti aku America atha kusankha chimodzi kapena chimzake. Tikukhala m'dziko lomwe mungasankhe pakati paukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena ukwati wachikhalidwe. Ndipo mukudziwa chiyani, pachikhalidwe chathu, m'banja mwathu, zikuwoneka kwa ine kuti ndikukhulupirira kuti ukwati uyenera kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Sindikufuna kukhumudwitsa aliyense, koma ndi m'mene ndinakulira ... "(AP 2009).

Omenyera ufulu wa LGBTKIA +, mayendedwe a Kirk ndi Madsen, adati kugwiritsa ntchito kwa liwu loti "Homophobia" kunali kothandiza kwambiri pakukonza ndale kuti asinthe maubwenzi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"... Pampikisano uliwonse wofuna kuti anthu amumvere chisoni, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ayenera kuwonetsedwa ngati anthu omwe akufuna chitetezo, kotero kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha agoneke pamtima pakufuna kukhala oteteza… Amuna achiwerewere akuyenera kuwonetsedwa ngati anthu omwe achitiridwa nkhanza pagulu… Ayenera kuwonetsedwa: zithunzi zojambula za amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; sewero lakusowa kwa ntchito ndi nyumba, kusungidwa kwa ana komanso kuchititsidwa manyazi pagulu: mndandanda ukupitilira ... Kampeni yathu siyenera kufuna thandizo lachindunji la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, m'malo mwake, tiyenera kukhazikitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho monga ntchito yayikulu ... "(Kirk 1987).

M'buku lomwe linatulutsidwa zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, Kirk ndi Madsen adatsimikiza:

"... Ngakhale mawu oti 'homophobia' atha kukhala olondola kwambiri, 'homophobia' imagwira ntchito mopanda tanthauzo ... kutanthauza mwanjira yachipatala kuti malingaliro olimbana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhudzana ndi kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe awo komanso kusatetezeka kwawo ..." (Kirk 1989, p. 221).

MALANGIZO A BIOLOGICAL

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yotsutsa yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha afunsidwa: payekha (Smith 1971), makhalidwe (O'Donohue in Wright xnumx),Grey 1991) ozindikira (Bell xnumx), chitsanzo cha kuzindikira kapena kusazindikira (Apa Gonsiorek xnumx), mantha (MacDonald 1973), zachikhalidwe (Rever 1991) Zosasamala zambiri mu zofalitsa zasayansi ndi zotchuka za sayansi zimaperekedwa kwa mitundu yachilengedwe ya Reflex.

Kuwona kopatsa chidwi kumatipatsa mwayi woganiza za zoyipa zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kukhala ndi vuto logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ellis ndi anzawo (2003) adaphunzira ophunzira a 226 aukadaulo ochokera ku mayunivesite atatu aku Britain, omwe, pogwiritsa ntchito masikelo awiri osiyana, adawunikira momwe anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amaganizira komanso momwe angachitire magwiridwe antchito omwe amagwirizana ndi zochitika zogonana amuna okhaokha (nkhani yololeza kulembetsa mayanjano, kukhazikitsidwa kwa ana, etc. .) ()Ellis 2003) Ngakhale oposa theka la omwe anafunsidwa adawonetsa kuti adagwirizana ndi zomwe zimafotokoza kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zochitika zachilengedwe kwa munthu, ochepa mwa omwe adafunsidwa adagwirizana ndi mawu enieni (mwachitsanzo, "jenda sayenera kukwatirana, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kugwira ntchito yankhondo. Ana ayenera kuphunzitsidwa lingaliro la chibadwa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ”, ndi zina). (Ellis 2003, tsamba 129). Steffens (2005) adachita kafukufuku wa ophunzira 203 aku Germany omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera kuti awunikire malingaliro otseguka (osazindikira) okhudza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Steffens xnumx) Mu ntchitoyi, malingaliro achidziwitso adaphunzira pogwiritsa ntchito mafunso angapo oyesa, ndipo malingaliro osazindikira adawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa mayanjano obisika.

Zinapezeka kuti ngakhale malingaliro azakugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali olimbikitsa kwambiri pakuyamba, malingaliro osazindikira anali atakhala oyipa kwambiri. Maganizo abwino pa zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagwirizananso ndi kudziwika kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. (Steffens xnumx, p. 50, 55). Inbar ndi anzawo (2009) adawonetsa kuti ngakhale anthu omwe amadziona ngati gulu la anthu omwe amakondera zochitika zofananirana, samadziwa kunyansidwa atawona kumpsompsona anthu omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo (Inbar 2009).  

Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ena omwe ali ndi vuto logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amazindikira kuti zimayambira kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"... Kusakondana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi pamlingo wokana ..." (Mironova 2013).

Mawu omaliza ali ndi tanthauzo la sayansi. Olemba ambiri amakhulupirira kuti pakachitika chisinthiko, otchedwa. chitetezo chamthupi - zovuta zosakhudzika za Reflex, zomwe zimapangidwa kuti ziziteteza ku zotsatira za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso majeremusi (Schall in Forgas xnumx; Faulkner 2004; Park 2003; Filip-crawford xnumx).

Chitetezo cha mthupi chimakhazikika pamalingaliro osasinthika a kunyansidwa: anthu omwe ali m'magulu achilendo, makamaka omwe amachita zinthu zosagwirizana ndi kudya, ukhondo ndi jenda, amakhala pachiwopsezo chotenga chatsopano (ndipo, Choncho, oopsa kwambiri) opatsirana opatsirana. Chifukwa chake, mukakumana ndi anthu otere, chitetezo chamthupi chimayambitsidwa, ndipo kunyansidwa mwachilengedwe (Filip-crawford xnumx, p. 333, 338; Curtis 2011a, 2011b; Curtis 2001) Popeza zogonana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi osiyana mitundu, komanso kuphatikiza mitembo kapena anthu wamba, zina, zikuyimira kugonana kosabereka, kwachilengedwe kopanda chibadwidwe, malingaliro a anthu ambiri pakuwonetsa izi ndi njira yoletsa kupewa zoopsa komanso Kugonana osagwirizana ndi anthu otere. Chiyanjano cha zonyansa ndi malingaliro osayenera pa kubereka, kuphatikiza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zochitika zachiwerewere zawonetsedwa mu maphunziro angapo (Mooijman 2016; Bishop xnumx; Terrizzi 2010; Olatunji 2008; Cottrell xnumx;  Herek 2000; Haidt 1997, 1994; Haddock xnumx). Zotsatira zake ndizosangalatsanso - kunyengerera koyipitsitsa kumakulirakulira mosazindikira momwe zimakhalira ndi zithunzi zokhala ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (Dasgupta xnumx).

Aversion ndi njira yosinthira zinthu yomwe yakhazikitsidwa kuti ilimbikitse makhalidwe omwe cholinga chake ndi kupewa chiopsezo cha matenda (Schger in Forgas xnumx; Curtis 2004, 2011b; Oaten xnumx; Tybur 2009; Fessler xnumx) Njira yosinthira iyi idapangidwa mu nyama kuti izithandizira kuzindikira kwa zinthu ndi zochitika zokhudzana ndi chiwopsezo cha matenda, ndipo, motero, kupanga ukhondo, mwakutero kuchepetsa chiopsezo chokumana ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'ono; pa gawo la kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kupita ku mtundu wa ultrasocial, ntchito zonyansa zimaganiziranso chikhalidwe, kupereka chifukwa chomalangira odana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndikupewa ophwanya chikhalidwe cha anthu (Chapman 2009; Haidt 1997) Miller (1997) amakhulupirira kuti zoipa zonse nthawi zonse zimapangitsa kunyansidwa. Amanena kuti zoyipa, zonyansa, zoyipa komanso zoyipa zimatsutsidwa ndi zomwe zimachitika mkati mwanyumba, popanda kutsatira malingaliro apamwamba (Curtis 2001) Zomwe munthu amachita pakusintha zimasiyana kutengera umunthu ndi zomwe akumana nazo, komanso miyambo yakomweko ndi chikhalidwe chake (Curtis 2011b) Curtis (2011) imapereka mndandanda wa matenda opatsirana omwe amachititsa kunyansidwa, kuphatikizapo Edzi, syphilis, etc. (Curtis 2011a) Grey ndi anzawo adalemba ndemanga zawo (Gray 2013, p. 347) kuti malingaliro osautsa pa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro osalimbikitsa okhudzana ndi HIV komanso anthu omwe ali ndi HIV / AIDS.

Pali zingapo zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pakugwirizana pakati pa kunyansidwa ndi malingaliro osazindikira (Zhong 2006, 2010; Schall xnumx): Zochita ndi anthu omwe amaphwanya chikhalidwe chimakonda kunyansidwa (Curtis 2001,, kutengera kofanana kwa thupi ndi kutseguka kwa magawo aubongo kumawonedwa ndi kubadwa kwachilengedwe komanso mwamakhalidwe (chikhalidwe) (Chapman 2009; Schaich xnumx) Olatunji anena kuti kunyansidwa kumayambira pakukhudzana ndi kugonana chifukwa cha zochita zathupi, monga kusanza (Olatunji 2008, p. 1367). Fessler ndi Navarette akunena kuti "zikuwoneka kuti kusankha kwachilengedwe kwapangika njira yotetezera thupi ku tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso poizoni, komanso zimachotsanso mchitidwe wogonana womwe umachepetsa kupukula kwachilengedwe" (Fessler xnumx, p. 414). Haidt ndi anzawo akuwonetsa kuti ngakhale kupewetsa koyambira ndi njira yothandizira kuthetsa zakudya zomwe zingakhale zoopsa, gulu la anthu liyenera kupatula zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zokhudzana ndi kugonana ndi chiwerewere (Haidt 1997).

Zochita zina zogonana kapena omwe amuna omwe mukugona nawo amatha kunyansidwa (Tybur 2013; Rozin 2009) Tybur ndi ogwira nawo ntchito akuti chifukwa chogonana chimakhala ndi chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo ka kachiromboka, kulumikizana mwa kugonana komwe sikubweretsa phindu kapena kubereka pachiwopsezo cha zovuta zamtundu (i. Kugonana ndi anthu omwe si amuna okhaokha, ana, kapena anthu okalamba, abale apafupi), kumabweretsa kuti munthu ali pachiwopsezo chotenga kachilombo, nthawi imodzimodzi osakhala ndi mwayi wowonjezera kubereka bwino (Tybur 2013) Ndiye kuti, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kutanthauzira sikumapatsa mwayi kubereka, chifukwa chake lingaliro lokonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha limapangitsa kunyansidwa (mwachibadwa).Filip-crawford xnumx, p. 339; Curtis 2001).

Kuwoneka ngati kunyansidwa chifukwa chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumalumikizidwanso ndikugwirizana ndikuwopseza kufooka kophiphiritsa, motere machitidwe amakhazikitsidwa mozindikira, chitsogozo ndicho kupewa ngozi yakukhudzana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kufunitsitsa "kuyeretsa" (Golec de zavala xnumx, p. 2).

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