Chithandizo cha zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zisanachitike zolondola zandale

Milandu yambiri yothandiza kuchiritsa kwa anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kukopa akufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'mabuku akatswiri. Nenani Bungwe la National Association for the Study and Therapy of kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha likuwonetsa mwachidule umboni wopatsa chidwi, malipoti azachipatala ndi kafukufuku kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka pano, zomwe zimatsimikizira motsimikiza kuti abambo ndi amayi omwe ali ndi chidwi atha kusintha kuchokera pa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kupita amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Nyengo isanakhale yolondola pandale, zinali zodziwika bwino zasayansi, zomwe ndi zaulere analemba atolankhani apakati. Ngakhale American Psychiatric Association, kupatula kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamndandanda wazovuta zamaganizidwe mu 1974, adalemba, izo "Njira zamakono zamankhwala zimalola gawo lalikulu la ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akufuna kusintha malingaliro awo kuti atero".

Kutanthauzira kumatsatira zolemba kuchokera ku New York Times ya 1971.

Achinyamata ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kukhala amuna okhaokha

"Ndiwe munthu wopanda chisoni komanso womvetsa chisoni"Anatero Harold mu Orchestra ya Martha Crowley. - "Ndiwe amuna kapena akazi anzawo, sufuna kukhala, koma palibe chomwe ungachite kuti usinthe".

Chikhulupiriro chofala kuti, pokhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, munthu amakhala mpaka kalekale, chofotokozedwa mu sewero la Mr. Crowley, chimatsutsidwa nthawi zonse ndi akatswiri m'dziko lonselo. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zamaganizidwe, othandizira adapeza kuti anyamata omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe atsimikiza kusintha malingaliro awo ogonana ali ndi mwayi wabwino wopambana. Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri odziwa zamankhwala amati atathandizira 25 - 50% ya odwala omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapanga zolakwika pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, mosatengera zaka zawo kapena zoyambitsa zoyambirira.

Ngakhale kuti amuna ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha alibe chidwi chamankhwala, ndipo ambiri mwa omwe amakafunsira chithandizo safuna kuti akhale amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akatswiri othandizira zamankhwala akuti ambiri akukhala osakhutira amuna omwe akufuna kusintha malingaliro awo kapena, osinthika.

Mwachilengedwe

"Tidadziwika kuti timagonjera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, timazunguliridwa ndi zofunsa," - adalemba wina wa ku New York wazamisala yemwe amalemba zambiri pamutuwu.

Dr. William Masters ndi Virginia Johnson, ofufuza zokhudzana ndi kugonana komanso akatswiri azachipatala a St. Louis omwe zotsatira zake pogwira ntchito ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sanasindikizidwe, ati kuchuluka kwa odwala omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatchulidwa kuti nkhani ya ntchito yawo ifalikira mabwalo akatswiri.

Njira zochizira zimayambira njira yachikhalidwe yochizira matenda amisala yopita kuchipatala, mankhwala am'magulu, machitidwe othandizira, komanso kuphatikiza kulikonse. Kulowerera zamankhwala sikunapeze kanthu, monga kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna wamba.

Madotolo ati njira zawo zikugwiranso ntchito kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe. Komabe, amawonetsa kuti ochita zachiwerewere samakonda kulandira chithandizo, ndipo ngakhale atatero, nthawi zambiri safuna kusintha malingaliro awo.

Amuna amene amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akufuna kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zambiri amatembenukira kuchipatala chifukwa cha vuto lomwe limakhudzana ndi kugonana kwawo, mwachitsanzo, kuthyola chibwenzi, kukhumudwitsidwa ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuopa kuwululidwa ndi kutaya ntchito, kuopa kukalamba komanso kusafunikira wina aliyense, kapena kufuna kuyambitsa banja .

Madokotala othandizira kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhulupirira kuti ambiri mwa omwe angafune komanso kupindula ndi chithandizo chamankhwala samatembenukira kwina chifukwa chosataya chiyembekezo chakuya kwina komwe kukuchitika pagulu komanso akatswiri.

Pessimism idayamba kuzimiririka zaka za 8 zapitazo ndikulembera kafukufuku kwa gulu la akatswiri azamisala omwe adanenanso kuti 27% ya odwala omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 106 omwe adachitidwa psychotherapy adangokhala amuna okhaokha. Gulu lofufuzira lotsogozedwa ndi Dr. Irving Bieber waku New York College of Medicine adawayitanira "Zotsatira zabwino komanso zosangalatsa kwambiri mpaka pano".

Akatswiri azamisala omwe amalingalira cholinga chachikulu chothandizira kuchotseratu kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, adawona kuti kusintha kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatha kuchitika pambuyo pa chithandizo cha maola a 350 (zaka zitatu kapena kupitirira). Mwa omwe achitapo izi, pafupifupi theka wafika pachimodzimodzi.

Kusintha Kwa Khalidwe

Pambuyo pake, a psychiatrist a chipatala cha New York a Lawrence Hatterer ananena kuti pophatikiza njira zama psychoanalytic zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito mwanjira zina zatsopano zothandizira kusintha zizolowezi, "atha kukwaniritsa magawo a 50 zomwe zimatheka muzochitika zam'chiwopsezo zama psychianalysis mu magawo a 350."

M'bukhu lake lofalitsidwa posachedwapa, The Change in Hom ushoga in Men, Dr. Hatterer akulemba ntchito yake pazaka zapitazi za 15 ndi odwala opitilira kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 200, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu omwe adasinthiratu.

Monga psychoanalysts, Dr. Hatterer amayesetsa kuthandiza odwala ake kumvetsetsa komwe amayambukira amuna kapena akazi anzawo pofufuza maubale am'banja komanso zokumana nazo ali mwana. Nthawi yomweyo, akuyesera kusintha machitidwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pogwira ntchito ndi odwala ake kuti azindikire ndikupewa zochitika zina m'moyo zomwe zimayambitsa magawo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikuwasintha ndi zoyipa zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso maubale. Mwachitsanzo, atha kulangiza wodwalayo kuti akukana kupita kumalo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikupita kumalo omwera mowa m'malo mwake, kapena kusintha zolaula ndi zithunzi za amuna ndi zithunzi za akazi.

Dr. Hatterer amagwiritsanso ntchito matepi osungidwa a magawo oyenera omwe wodwalayo amamvera kunyumba akamafuna kuti achite zachiwerewere zomwe akufuna kupewa.

Dokotalayo adati wodwala wina wazaka 30 adakonza mwamtundu wina wamkazi m'miyezi itatu yamankhwala. Mwamuna wopanda chidziwitso chocheperapo chibwenzi adayamba kuchiritsa atatsala pang'ono kudzipha, atasiyana ndi munthu yemwe adakhala naye zaka ziwiri. "Atangokhala mphindi zisanu ndi zinayi zokha za 45 komanso 27 akumvetsera zojambulidwa, mwamunayo adagonana ndipo adasungabe kugonana kosangalatsa ndi mkwatibwi wake kangapo pamlunguHei, "akutero Dr. Hatterer.

Dr. Hatterer, Dr. Bieber, ndi ena omwe anachitapo zachiwerewere, amafotokoza zotsatirazi za odwala omwe amakonda kusintha amuna ndi akazi anzawo:

• Kukhala ndi cholinga chodzakwatirana.

• Kumayambiriro kogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (kutha msinkhu kapena uchikulire).

• Kuyamba kwa mankhwala zaka za 35 zisanachitike.

• Chidwi chilichonse pa akazi kapena amuna kapena akazi anzawo m'mbuyomu.

• Kumvera chisoni azimayi, osachepera pang'ono pagulu.

• Ntchito ndi moyo sizimayendetsedwa ndi kugonana komwe kumagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Komabe, Dr. Hatter, akuti, odwala ena omwe ali ndi zochepa mwazizindikiro izi, kapena alibe nkomwe, apindula kwambiri ndi zamankhwala. Chofunikira kwambiri pakalandira chithandizo ndikudziwitsa wodwalayo kuti pali mwayi wina wothandiza vuto lake.

Dr. Samuel Hadden, dokotala wamisala waku Philadelphia yemwe 15 zaka zapitazo adathandizira kupanga njira zothandizira magulu kuti agwirizanenso ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akutsutsa "kusachita chiyembekezo," komwe akuti "kumachitika m'maganizo a akatswiri ambiri azamisala."

Dr. Hadden akuwona kuti ali ndi chifukwa chokhalira ndi chiyembekezo. Kugwira ntchito ndi magulu a amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, adapeza kuti "Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse omwe amapitiliza kuthandizidwa (nthawi zambiri kwa zaka zingapo) amakwanitsa kusinthana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo"ndipo winayo amasinthiratu ndi kugonana kwawo.

Malinga ndi iye, njira yamaguluyi imapatsa odwala malingaliro kuti avomereze komanso imathandizira catharsis, popeza mamembala a gulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zokumana nazo komanso zomwe amachita. Membala aliyense mgululi, kuyesetsa kuchita bwino, amathandiza ndi kulimbikitsa kupambana kwa mamembala ena, ndipo, membala aliyense wopambana amapereka umboni wamoyo kwa ena kuti kuyambiranso kugonana kungatheke.

Chithandizo cha gulu la psychoanalytic njira ndiwotalikitsa, madokotala ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ngati masauzande ambiri a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe angapindule ndi chithandizo chofunafuna thandizo, njira yofulumira idzafunika.

Njira zitatu

Ku University of Temple Institute of Behaafual Therapy, Dr. Joseph Walp ndi anzawo amayesa kuchitira nkhanza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mwa kusintha zomwe amachita pogwiritsa ntchito njira zawo.

"Kugwidwa katatu" kumakhudzanso mantha omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakumana nawo, chidwi chake kwa abambo ndi mantha ake wamba. Mwachitsanzo, kuti athetse mantha okhudzana ndi azimayi, wodwalayo amalowa mumkhalidwe wotsitsimula, kenako ndikuyambitsa akazi. Kuti athetse chidwi chawo chogonana ndi abambo, odwala amadziwikanso ndi zovuta "zotere" monga kuwunikira kwa magetsi kwinaku akuwonetsa zithunzi za amuna amaliseche.

Popeza njira zophatikiza izi ndizatsopano, Dr. Walp akuti sanapeze ndalama zokwanira kuyerekezera zotsatira kapena kuwunika momwe anakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngakhale zili choncho, "lingaliro" lake ndi loti "pafupifupi 75%" ya odwala amadzayamba kugonana mosagwirizana ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.

Othandizira ena amakhulupirira kuti ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha popanda kugwiritsa ntchito akatswiri - mwakufuna, chidziwitso chozama chachipembedzo, kapena kukhazikitsidwa kwatsopano kwa filosofi. Komabe, kwa anthu ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akufuna kusintha moyo wawo koma sangathe kudzipata okha, kulandira chithandizo kumakhala kodula, kuwononga nthawi komanso kuvuta kupeza.

Gulu lowerengera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku National Institute of Mental Health posachedwapa lipemphanso kuti "kuyesetsa kuyesetsa kukhazikitsa njira zatsopano ndikuthandizira njira zochizira."

"Ngakhale sizingaganizidwe kuti gawo lalikulu la ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adzayamba kulandira chithandizo," - akutero gulu lofufuzira, - "Tikukhulupirira ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti njira zochiritsira zikakulirakulira ndikukula, anthu ambiri adzafunafuna modzifunira."

Kuzindikira izo "Akatswiri azamisala a 5000 adzafunika kuthandiza onse okonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha"Dr. Hatterer akuti akufuna kukhazikitsidwa "zipatala zaumoyo wamaubwenzi ogonana ndi". Pomwe kuchuluka kwa omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumadzaza, akuwona kukhazikika kwa magulu a "Achimuna Osadziwa Kuti Akazi Okhaokha" motengera mfundo zodzithandiza, zomwe zithandizire kwa omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zomwe "Osadziwika Oledzera" achita zidakwa ambiri.

The New York Times, Feb. 28, 1971

Boma, komabe mapulani ena pankhaniyi. Mu 1969, mukulankhula kwake ku Congress, Purezidenti Nixon, kuyimba kuchuluka kwa anthu "Limodzi mwa mavuto akulu kwambiri amtsogolo mwa anthu", amafuna njira zolerera mwachangu. Akatswiri asayansi ena apanga lingaliro lamalamulo ndipo kulimbikitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati njira imodzi yochepetsera kubadwa, ndipo mu 1974, idachotsedwa. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, monga Purezidenti wakale wa APA Nicholas Cummings akuchitira umboni, "Gulu la APA la gay rights limayendetsedwa ndi kulondola kwandale, osati sayansi". Dr. Cummings nawonso zanenedwazomwe mu 1959 - 1979 zaka. Amuna ogonana ndi 18 000 adatembenukira kuchipatala chake ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, omwe pafupifupi 1 600 adafuna kusintha mawonekedwe awo ogonana. Nthawi yamankhwala, ambiri asintha kwambiri mu psyche yawo, chifukwa cha zomwe odwala a 2 400 adasinthiratu.

¹ M'mawu a LGBT omwe cholinga chake ndi kunyoza kutembenuka kwa psychotherapy, munthu amatha kumva nkhani zowopsa za momwe atsikana omwe anali ndi vuto lachiwerewere ankazunzidwa ndimagetsi pafupifupi pampando wamagetsi. Bodza lamkunkhuniza lakonzedwa kuti liwopseze ndikuchotsa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amayamba kufunafuna njira zothetsera zokopa za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kukhala ndi moyo wosangalatsa (ndipo alipo ambiri). Bodza ili limatha kupha: pafupifupi onse omwe kale anali amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amafotokoza kuti malingaliro ofuna kudzipha sanayambike chifukwa chodana ndi chilengedwe, koma chifukwa chodzinyansa komanso malingaliro awo. kusowa chiyembekezochifukwa anali otsimikiza kuti alibe njira yosinthira.

Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani kwenikweni? Muzochita zamaganizidwe amisala, pali mitundu iwiri ya chithandizo komwe electroshock imagwiritsidwa ntchito: electroconvulsive и wotsutsa... Mu mankhwala a electroconvulsive, zotsatira zothandizira zimatheka podutsa magetsi ndi magetsi 70 - 460 volts kudzera muubongo wa wodwalayo kwa mphindi 0.1 mpaka 1. Pakadali pano, pafupifupi odwala 1 miliyoni pachaka amapita ku electroconvulsive chithandizo chothandizira matenda osiyanasiyana amisala ndi amitsempha, nthawi zambiri kukhumudwa kwakukulu, catatonia ndi manic syndrome. Njirayi, limodzi ndi zovuta zina, sizinagwiritsidwepo ntchito moyenera pothana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

chithandizo chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha — Chithandizo chowongolera (ma elekitirodi pamagetsi)

Chithandizo chobwezeretsa, kutengera mtundu wakale wa Pavlov, chimagwira pakapangidwe kopewa zoyipa zosafunikira pamalingaliro amalingaliro. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa mwauchidakwa zosokoneza bongo (kuyambira kutchova juga mpaka kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo), phobias, nkhanza, zovuta zogonana komanso ngakhale kukokana kwa wolemba. Izi zimatheka pothandizana ndi zolimbikitsa (ndudu, malingaliro azakugonana, zolaula, ndi zina zambiri) ndizomverera zosasangalatsa (kupweteka, nseru, mantha, ndi zina zambiri). Kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi kuti apange zovuta pamankhwala obwezeretsa m'malo m'malo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala chifukwa ndizosavuta, molondola kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo sakhala ndi zovuta zina. Electroshock yopangidwa zidaimagwira ntchito pa batire ya 9-volt, pomwe wodwalayo payekha amakhazikitsa gawo lamatenda omwe amalekerera kwa iye, omwe amayenda ndi cuffs pamphumi kapena mwendo wotsika. Njira iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chilolezo cha odwala kuti athetse zikakamizo zosayenera za ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pafupi ndi zaka za 70, zamankhwala zodziwika bwino zidatchuka kwambiri, ndipo mfuti zoziziritsa kukhosi zinagulitsidwa ngakhale kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba ngati njira yolimbikitsira amakhalidwe oyenera ndikuchotsa osafunikira.

kugwedezeka kwamagetsi — Kufotokozera kwa zida zamagetsi yamagetsi yamagetsi kunyumba

Zoyipa za njirayi

Aversive therapy amatanthauza psychotherapy yamakhalidwe, yomwe, monga dzina lake likusonyezera, imangogwira machitidwe - i.e. Zizindikiro zakunja zavutoli. Chifukwa chake, pakuthana ndi mavuto pamaziko am'maganizo (monga kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha), kugwira ntchito kwake sikungakhale kwa nthawi yayitali, popeza ntchitoyi sicholinga chothetsa zomwe zimayambitsa, koma kupondereza mawonetsedwe ake. Zinthu zowoneka bwino zimakhazikika pazochitika zina ndikusowa posakhalapo. Chifukwa chake, kuti tisasunthike kosasunthika pakukweza kwinakwake, kulimbikitsanso kwakale ndikofunikira. Pokhapokha ngati pali kulimbikitsidwa kwatsatanetsatane, kutha kwa mawonekedwe omwe adalipo kudzawonekeratu. Chifukwa chake kuphunzira 1968 idawonetsa kuti chifukwa chothandizidwa mosagwirizana ndi zolakwika zakugonana, kusintha kunachitika m'milandu 23 mwa 40 (57%), koma itayang'aniridwa patatha chaka chimodzi, zidapezeka kuti kupambana kwathunthu kudasungidwa m'milandu 6 yokha (15%). Kuchulukitsa kwamitengo ya transvestites, fetishists, ndi sadomasochists anali okwera, osachita chidwi ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso otsika kwambiri kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Poyerekeza, odwala omwe amaliza maphunziro a psychodynamic, adakhala kokha amuna ndi akazi komanso zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake.

Chithandizo chowongolera ndi gawo la miyezo ya chithandizo cha Federal ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mavuto angapo. Akatswiri amavomereza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandizirana ndikothekera ndikotheka ndipo nthawi zina nkofunikira, koma kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zabwino komanso zokhazikika, ndikofunikira kuti zichitike pamodzi ndi njira zina zama psychotherapeutic.