Malingaliro omwe akuvomerezedwa pano m'maiko otukuka malinga ndi momwe kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungayang'aniwe pazachipatala kuli kovomerezeka komanso kopanda kukhulupirika kwa sayansi, popeza kumangowonetsera zandale zopanda maziko, komanso osati malingaliro omaliza asayansi.

Kuvota kwamanyazi kwa American Psychiatric Association (APA), komwe sikumachotsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamndandanda wazovuta zam'maganizo, kunachitika mu Disembala 1973. Izi zidatsogozedwa ndi zochitika zandale za 1960 - 1970. Society watopa ndi kulowererapo kwa America ku Vietnam ndi mavuto azachuma. Magulu azotsutsana ndi achinyamata adabadwa ndipo adatchuka kwambiri: kayendedwe ka ufulu wa anthu akuda, gulu la ufulu wa amayi, gulu lankhondo, gulu lotsutsana ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa anthu ndi umphawi; chikhalidwe cha hippie chinakula bwino ndi mtendere wamtendere ndi ufulu; kugwiritsa ntchito psychedelics, makamaka LSD ndi chamba, kufalikira. Kenako zikhalidwe zonse zachikhalidwe zimakhulupirira. Inali nthawi yopandukira olamulira alionse. ^[1].

Zonsezi zachitika mthunzi wa kuchuluka kowopseza ndi kufunafuna njira zolerera.

A Preston Cloud, omwe akuimira National Academy of Science, akufuna kulimbitsa “Mwa njira iliyonse” kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndipo adalimbikitsa boma kuti livomereze mimbulu ndi machitidwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ^[2].

A Kingsley Davis, m'modzi mwa anthu otsogola pakukhazikitsa njira zakulera, komanso kufalitsa njira zolerera, kuchotsa mimba ndi njira yolera yotseketsa, adalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo njira "zogonana".

"Nkhani zokhudzana ndi njira zachiwerewere komanso njira zachilendo zakugonana nthawi zambiri zimathetsedwa kapena kutsutsana, ngakhale kuti palibe amene amakayikira kuyenera kwa njira izi popewa kutenga pakati. Zinthu zikuluzikulu zofunika kuchititsa kuti kubereka kubereka ziyenera kukhala zosintha m'mabanja, momwe akazi ndi anzawo amafunikira. ” ^[3]

Mkazi wa a Davis, katswiri wazachikhalidwe, a Judith Blake, adalimbikitsa kuthetsa msonkho ndi ndalama zanyumba zomwe zimalimbikitsa kubereka ana ndikuchotsa milandu yovomerezeka pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ^[4].

Phungu Wamilandu Albert Blausteinomwe adatenga nawo gawo pakupanga madongosolo a mayiko ambiri, adanenansokuti kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndikofunikira kukonza malamulo ambiri, kuphatikiza paukwati, kuthandizana ndi mabanja, zaka zavomerezo, komanso kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Panalinso amene anadzudzula mosapita m'mbali kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha muvuto la kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi.

M'malo otembenuka mtima, pomwe magulu osintha (osangokhala) osatentha, malingaliro a Moore, Rockefeller ndi Ford adakulitsa kampeni yandale yovomereza kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yabwino komanso yabwino ^[5]. Mutu wamanyumba mpaka pano unachokapo madera a osayenerika kulowa m'malo opitilira muyeso, ndipo mkangano wosangalatsa pakati pa omutsatira ndi omwe amatsutsa zakuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kudachitika.

Ku 1969, mukulankhula kwake ku Congress, Purezidenti Nixon wotchedwa kuchuluka kwa anthu “Limodzi mwa zovuta zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zachitika m'tsogolo” ndipo adayitanitsa kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu ^[6]... Chaka chomwecho, a Frederic Jaffe, Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), adalemba chikumbutso chomwe "kulimbikitsa kukula kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha"Adalembedwa ngati imodzi mwanjira zakulera ^[7].

Mosakhalitsa, patatha miyezi itatu, zipolowe za ku Stonewall zidayamba, pomwe kwa masiku asanu magulu achiwawa achigawenga adachita zipolowe mumsewu, kuwononga, kuwotcha nyumba komanso kuwombana ndi apolisi. Zitsulo zazitsulo, miyala ndi ma cocktails a Molotov adagwiritsidwa ntchito. AT buku wolemba amuna kapena akazi okhaokha David Carter, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi "gwero lalikulu" m'mbiriyo, amafotokoza momwe omenyera ufulu adatsekereza Christopher Street ndikuyimitsa magalimoto ndikuwombera anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo kapena akana kugwirizana nawo. Woyendetsa dalaivala wosazindikira yemwe adalowa mumsewu mwangozi, wamwalira ndi vuto la mtima kuchokera pagulu lankhanza lomwe lidayamba kugwedezeka. Woyendetsa wina adamenyedwa pambuyo potuluka m'galimoto kuti akane mavu omwe akumadumphira  ^[8].

Posachedwa zipolowezo, omenyera ufulu adapanga Homosexual Liberation Front, yofanana ndi National Liberation Front ku Vietnam. Atalengeza zamisala ngati mdani nambala 1, adachita zaka zitatu zodabwitsika, makasitomala opweteka a APA komanso zolankhula za mapulofesa omwe amawona kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi matenda, ndipo mpaka amawaimbira usiku ndi kuwopseza. Mongaotenga nawo mbali pazochitika izi amalemba munkhani yake, m'modzi mwa iwo omwe adayesa kuteteza malingaliro awo asayansi ndikutsutsa kuyambitsa kukhazikitsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, katswiri pankhani yokhudza zamaganizidwe azakugonana, Pulofesa Charles Sokarides:

"Magulu ankhondo a ogonana omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akhazikitsa kampeni yotsutsa akatswiri omwe ali ndi mfundo zotsutsana kuti asatengere amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pagulu la zopatuka; adalowa mumsonkhanowu, pomwe kukambirana za vuto la kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunachitika, ndikutsatira mzere, kunyoza olankhula, komanso kusokoneza zisudzo. Chipinda champhamvu chogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pagulu komanso pofalitsa nkhani mwapadera chinalimbikitsa kufalitsa kwa zinthu motsutsana ndi omwe amalimbikitsa zachiyanjano chogonana. Zolemba zomwe zili ndi mayankho malinga ndi njira yasayansi yophunzirira zinanyozedwa ndikusemedwa ngati "tanthauzo lopanda tsankho komanso zabodza." Kuchita izi kunathandizidwa ndi makalata ndi mafoni omwe anali kunyoza komanso kuwaopseza zachiwawa komanso ngakhale ziwopsezo zauchigawenga. " ^[9]

M'mwezi wa Meyi wa 1970, omenyera ufulu wawo, omwe adalowa mgulu la msonkhano wa APA National Convention ku San Francisco, adayamba kufuula mwamwano komanso mwano, zomwe zidachititsa madotolo amanyazi komanso odandaula kuti asiya omvera. Tcheyamani adakakamizidwa kusokoneza msonkhano. Modabwitsa, palibe chomwe anachita kuchokera kwa alondawo kapena owalimbikitsa. Atalimbikitsidwa ndi kusalolera kwawo, omenyera ufulu wawo adalepheretsanso msonkhano wina wa APA, nthawi ino ku Chicago. Kenako, pamsonkhano ku Yunivesite ya Kumwera kwa California, olimbikitsa zachiwerewere adanenanso za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Othandizira adawopseza kuti awonongera msonkhano wapachaka ku Washington ngati gawo lowerengera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha silikhala ndi oimira gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. M'malo mopereka ziwopsezo zachiwawa komanso kusakhazikika kwa chidziwitso cha mabungwe okhazikitsa malamulo, okonza msonkhano wa APA adakumana ndi olanda ndipo adapanga bungwe osati la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ^[10].

Polankhula azithunzithunzi azakugonana amafuna kuti amisala:  
1) adasiya malingaliro ake oyipa okonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha;
2) yaletsa poyera "chiphunzitso cha matenda" mulimonse;
3) adayambitsa ntchito yothetsa "tsankho" pankhaniyi, ponse ponse pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ndi kusintha kwa malamulo;
4) idafunsana mosalekeza ndi oyimira gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

"Mitu yathu: "Agogo, onyada komanso athanzi" и "Gay ndi wabwino.". Nanu kapena ayi, tidzagwira ntchito mwamphamvu kulandira malamulowa ndikuthana ndi omwe akutitsutsa. ” ^[11]

Pali lingaliro lokhazikika kuti zachiwawa ndi zoyesazi sizinali kanthu kongosewera komwe osewera komanso ochepa mwa ochita zolimbitsa thupi omwe zochita zawo popanda chitetezo kuchokera kumwamba zitha kuyimitsidwa nthawi yomweyo. Izi zinali zofunikira pokhapokha ngati pali ufulu woponderezedwa "ndikudzilungamitsa kwachidziwitso chakugonjera kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, pomwe zonse zakumwambayo zidakonzedweratu. M'mawonekedwe wamba, kulowetsa kosaloledwa kwa hooligans pamsonkhano wotsekedwa kuyenera kuwoneka motere:

Mu 1970, wolemba chiphunzitsocho kusintha kwa demographic A Frank Noutstein, amalankhula ku National Mil Army College pamaso pa akuluakulu "Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kulimbikitsidwa kuti kumathandizira kuchepetsa kuchulukana"^[4].

Mzukulu wamkulu wa Purezidenti wa APA a John Spiegel, yemwe pambuyo pake adapereka nyimbo mwachidule. adanenamomwe, pokonzekera malo oti abwerere ku APA, adasonkhanitsa anthu amalingaliro omwe amadzitcha "GAPA" m'nyumba zawo, pomwe adakambirana njira zothetsera ufulu wa achinyamata ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'malo opatsidwa ulemu ^[12]. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro azakugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali ndi mwayi wolowerera mu utsogoleri wa APA.

Umu ndi momwe wasayansi komanso katswiri wa zamisala wotchuka ku America a Jeffrey Satinover akufotokozera zomwe zinachitika zaka zapitazo m'nkhani yake "Palibe Mwasayansi, kapena Mwademokalase" ^[13]:

"Ku 1963, New York Medical Academy idauza Komiti Yazachipatala ku Public Health kuti ipange lipoti la kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa choopa kuti azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha yogawidwa kwambiri m'magulu aku America. Komitiyi idazindikira izi:

" ..Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi matenda. Amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala osokonezeka m'maganizo omwe sangathe kupanga zibwenzi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ... Amuna ena ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha apitilira malo achitetezo ndikunena kuti kupatuka kumeneku ndi njira yabwino, yabwino komanso yosankhika ... "

Pambuyo pazaka za 10 zokha, mu 1973, popanda kufotokoza zofufuza zamasayansi zofunikira, popanda kufufuza ndi kuwunika koyenera, malingaliro a olimbikitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adasanduka chiphunzitso cha zamisala.

Mu 1970, Socarides adayesa kupanga gulu kuti liphunzire za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha malinga ndi zamankhwala komanso zasayansi, kulumikizana ndi nthambi ya APA ku New York. Mtsogoleri wa dipatimentiyi, Pulofesa Diamond, adathandizira a Socarides, ndipo gulu lomweli lidapangidwa ndi azachipatala makumi awiri ochokera kuzipatala zosiyanasiyana ku New York. Pambuyo pazaka ziwiri zakugwira ntchito komanso misonkhano khumi ndi isanu ndi umodzi, gululi lidakonza lipoti lomwe limanenanso mosapita m'mbali za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati vuto lamisala ndikupempha pulogalamu yothandizira achiwerewere. Komabe, Pulofesa Diamond adamwalira mu 1971, ndipo mtsogoleri watsopano wa nthambi ya APA New York anali wothandizira malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ripotilo lidakanidwa, ndipo olemba ake adanenedwa mosapita m'mbali kuti lipoti lililonse lomwe silinazindikire kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha likanakanidwa. Gululo linabalalika.

Robert Spitzer, yemwe sanatchule amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamndandanda wamavuto amisala, adagwira ntchito mu komiti ya DSM, yowunikira matenda amisala, ndipo sanadziwane ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zomwe adakumana nazo pankhaniyi ndikulankhula ndi Ron Gold, womenyera ufulu wa amuna okhaokha, yemwe akuumirira kuti samadwala, yemwe adatenga Spitzer kupita kuphwando ku malo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komwe adapeza mamembala akulu a APA. Atakhudzidwa ndi zomwe adawona, Spitzer adazindikira kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikukwaniritsa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda amisala, chifukwa sizimayambitsa mavuto nthawi zonse ndipo sizimakhudzana ndi kusokonekera kwa konsekonse kupatula amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.  "Ngati kulephera kugwira bwino ntchito kumaloko ndi vuto, ndiye kuti kusakwatirana kuyeneranso kuchitika ngati vuto." Anatinso, kunyalanyaza mfundo yoti kusakwatira ndi chisankho chodziwika bwino komwe kumatha kuyimitsidwa nthawi ina iliyonse, koma kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kulibe. Spitzer adatumiza malingaliro kwa gulu la oyang'anira a APA kuti asachotsere amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mndandanda wamagulu amisala yokhudza matenda amisala, ndipo mu Disembala 1973 mchaka, 13 ya mamembala a 15 (ambiri omwe asankhidwa posachedwa ndi mapuloteni a GeyP). Dr. Satinover pamwambapa nkhani imapereka umboni wa munthu yemwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe analipo kuphwando mu nyumba ya m'modzi wa mamembala a APA, pomwe adakondwerera kupambana ndi wokondedwa wake. 

Sizingatheke kutsimikizira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikofanana ndi zachipatala komanso zachilengedwe; mutha kungovotera. Njira “yasayansi” imeneyi inagwiritsidwa ntchito komaliza m’zaka za m’ma Middle Ages poyankha funso lakuti “kaya dziko lapansi n’lozungulira kapena lafulati.” Dr. Socarides anafotokoza chigamulo cha APA monga "chinyengo chamaganizo cha m'zaka za zana." Chinthu chokha chomwe chingadabwitse dziko lonse chikanakhala ngati nthumwi za msonkhano wa American Medical Association, mogwirizana ndi olimbikitsa makampani a inshuwalansi zachipatala ndi zipatala, adavota kuti alengeze kuti mitundu yonse ya khansa ilibe vuto ndipo motero safuna chithandizo.

Pambuyo pa voti, otsutsana ndi chisankho adatha kupanga chisankho pakati pa mamembala onse a APA pankhaniyi, zomwe zidawopseza gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kenako bungwe la gay NGTF, litalandira kuchokera kwa m'modzi mwa otsogolera APA ma adilesi a mamembala ake onse (kuposa 30 000), lidawatumizira makalata omwe, m'malo mwa utsogoleri wa APA, adalimbikitsa akatswiri azamisala kuti athandizire kusintha komwe kwasinthidwa. Ndiye kuti, kalatayo amawoneka ngati yatumizidwa ndi APA Board of Directors. Pafupifupi 10 ya zikwizikwi zaamisala adayankha kalatayo, yomwe 58% idathandizira kuvota mu komisheni. Chifukwa chake, mwa chiwerengero chonse cha akatswiri azamisala ku United States, 19% yokha ndi yomwe idalimbikitsa lingaliro lochotsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo unyinji, wophunzitsidwa ndi zowawa za anzawo, adakonda kusiya malingaliro awo chifukwa choopa zovuta. Kusintha kunatengedwa. Komabe, APA adalemba Otsatirawa:

"Ochita zachiwerewere mosakayikira anganene kuti akatswiri amisala azindikira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi "kwabwinobwino" monga kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Iwo adzakhala olakwa. Pochotsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamndandanda wa matenda amisala, tikungovomereza kuti sikukwaniritsa zofunikira zofotokozera matenda ...^[14]

Kanema mu Chingerezi: https://youtu.be/jjMNriEfGws

Chifukwa chake, kuwunika kwa302.0 ~ Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha"Adasinthidwa ndikuwunika kwa"302.00 ~ Kugonana kwa Amuna"Ndipo ndinasamukira pagulu la zovuta zogonana. Mwakutanthauzira kwatsopano, amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha omwe sasangalala ndi kukopa kwawo ndi omwe adzawonedwe kuti ndi odwala.  "Sitingalimbikitsenso kuti anthu azidziwika ngati ali ndi thanzi ndipo sakusonyeza kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito," APA adati. Nthawi yomweyo, popanda zifukwa zomveka, mfundo zotsimikizika za sayansi komanso umboni wazachipatala zinaperekedwa zomwe zingavomereze kusintha koteroko kwa zamankhwala pankhani yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Izi zimadziwika ngakhale ndi omwe adathandizira chisankho. Chifukwa chake, a Ronald Bayer, pulofesa ku yunivesite ya Columbia, yemwe ndi katswiri wazikhalidwe zamankhwala. zindikiranikuti kusankha kuchotsera amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikunatchulidwepo "Malingaliro oyenera ozikidwa pa chowonadi cha sayansi, ndi malingaliro a nthawi imeneyo":

“Zonsezi zimaphwanya mfundo zofunika kwambiri pakuthana ndi mavuto asayansi. M'malo mongowerengera mopanda tsankho, akatswiri azamisala anaponyedwa m'mikangano yandale. " ^[15]

"Amayi a Gulu Lankhondo la Gay," a Barbara Gitting, patatha zaka makumi awiri atalankhula ku Msonkhano wa APA, poyera adziwa:

"Sanasankhe zachipatala ndiye chifukwa chake zonse zimachitika mwachangu. Kupatula apo, kwadutsa zaka zitatu zokha kuchokera pomwe msonkhano woyamba wa APA udachita komanso chisankho cha komiti yoyang'anira kuti ichotse amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamndandanda wamavuto amisala. Zinali zosankha zandale ... Tidachiritsidwa usiku wonse ndikumenya kwa cholembera. " ^[16]

Kafukufuku woperekedwa ndi Evelyn Hooker, yemwe nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ngati umboni wa "sayansi" wa "zachilendo" za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, sizinagwirizane ndi mfundo za sayansi, chifukwa chitsanzo chake chinali chaching'ono, chosasinthika komanso chosayimira, ndipo njira yokhayo inasiya kufunidwa. Komanso, Hooker sanayese kutsimikizira kuti ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha monga gulu ndi anthu abwinobwino komanso okhazikika ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Cholinga cha kafukufuku wake chinali kupereka yankho ku funso lakuti: "Kodi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chizindikiro cha matenda?" Malinga ndi iye: "Zomwe tikufunika kuchita ndikupeza vuto limodzi." Ndiye kuti, cholinga cha kafukufukuyu chinali kupeza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe alibe mikhalidwe.

Kafukufuku wa Hooker adakhudza amuna 30 okha omwe adasankhidwa mosamala ndi Mattachine Society. Bungwe la gay limeneli lidachita mayeso oyambilira kwa ofuna kusankhidwa ndikusankha abwino kwambiri. Pambuyo poyesa otenga nawo mbali pamayeso atatu owonetsetsa (Rorschach Blots, TAT ndi MAPS) ndikuyerekeza zotsatira zawo ndi gulu lolamulira "ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", Hooker adafika pamfundo zotsatirazi.:

"Ndizosadabwitsa kuti amuna ena ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha aphwanya malamulo kwambiri, ndipo mpaka izi zimatheka kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chitetezo chokhazikika kwa psychosis yotseguka... Koma chomwe chimavuta kuti madotolo ambiri avomereze ndikuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kukhala anthu wamba, osadziwika, kupatula zizolowezi zogonana, kuchokera kwa anthu wamba omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ena sangakhale opanda matenda okhaokha (ngati simukuumirira kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndichizindikiro cha kudwala), komanso kuyimilira anthu abwino kwambiri, ogwira ntchito kwambiri.  ^[17]

Ndiko kuti, muyeso wa "zachilendo" mu phunziro lake unali kukhalapo kwa kusintha ndi momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito. Kukhalapo kwa magawo otere, komabe, sikumapatula kukhalapo kwa ma pathology. Choncho, ngakhale popanda kuganizira mphamvu zosakwanira zowerengera za kukula kwachitsanzo, zotsatira za phunziro lotere sangathe chitani ngati umboni kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si vuto lamisala. Hooker adavomerezanso "zotsatira zochepa" za ntchito yake ndipo adati kuyerekezera magulu a anthu 100 mwina kusiyanitsa. Adanenanso zakusakhutira kwamphamvu kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha muubwenzi wawo, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi gulu lolamulira. Kuphatikiza apo, pamayeso a Rorschach, akatswiri adapeza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu awiriwa pazifukwa zingapo (Wheeler Signs) ndipo adapeza zogonana mwa amuna 40%, poyerekeza ndi 25% mwachinyengo. Chifukwa chake, zomwe Hooker akuti sanapeze kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pamagulu awiriwa pazoyesedwa zake sizolondola.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa anthu omwe adawonetsa LGBT adawonetsa kuti pafupifupi 94% yaiwo anali ndi vuto limodzi ^[18] amene ali okwera kwambiri kuposa chimodzimodzi gulu logonana ^[19].

Kumapeto kwa 1977, patatha zaka 4 zitachitika izi, kafukufuku wosadziwika adachitika mu nyuzipepala yasayansi ya Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality pakati pa azamisala aku America omwe ndi mamembala a APA, malinga ndi momwe 69% ya azamisala omwe adafunsidwa adagwirizana kuti "kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, monga lamulo, ndi kusintha kwa matenda, mosiyana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe, ”ndipo 13% sanatsimikizire. Ambiri amanenanso kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala osasangalala kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (73%) komanso osakwanitsa kukhala achikulire, achikondi (60%). Pazonse, 70% ya akatswiri amisala adati zovuta za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimakhudzana kwambiri ndi mikangano yawo yamkati kuposa kusalidwa ndi anthu. ^[20].

Ndizosangalatsa kuti mchaka cha 2003 результаты Kafukufuku wapadziko lonse pakati pa akatswiri amisala yokhudza malingaliro awo pa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adawonetsa kuti ambiri amawona kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira zopatuka, ngakhale kuti sikunaphatikizidwe pamndandanda wamavuto amisala ^[21].

Mu 1987, APA idachotsa mwakachetechete kutchulidwa konse kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamndandanda wawo, nthawi ino osavutanso kuvota. World Health Organization (WHO) inangotsatira mapazi a APA ndipo mu 1990 inachotsanso kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'magulu ake a matenda, kumangowasunga. mwachitsanzo mawonetseredwe mu gawo la F66. Pazifukwa zakulondola kwa ndale, gulu ili la kupusa kwakukulu limaphatikizanso kuyanjana ndi amuna, omwe "Munthuyo akufuna kusintha poyerekeza ndi kusokonezeka kwa zamaganizidwe ndi zikhalidwe".

Nthawi yomweyo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti ndi mfundo zokhazokha zodziwira kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zasintha, koma osati maziko asayansi komanso azachipatala omwe amafotokoza kuti ndi matenda - i.e. Kupatuka kowawa kuchokera kuboma wamba kapena njira yachitukuko. Ngati madotolo avota mawa kuti chimfine si matenda, sizitanthauza kuti odwala adzachiritsidwa: zizindikilo ndi zovuta za matendawa sizidzapita kulikonse, ngakhale sizikhala pamndandanda. Kuphatikiza apo, American Psychiatric Association kapena World Health Organisation si mabungwe asayansi. WHO ndi bungwe la UN lokhalo lomwe limayang'anira zochitika zamaboma, ndipo APA ndi mgwirizano. WHO sikukuyesa kutsutsana mwanjira ina - ndizomwe zalembedwa mawu oyamba ku gulu lamagulu amisala mu ICD-10:

"Fotokozerani malangizo ndi malangizo osanyamula paokha tanthauzo la osanamizira Kumasulira kwatsatanetsatane komwe kulipo pakudziwitsa matenda amisala. Awo ndi magulu azizindikiro komanso ndemanga zomwe ambiri mwa alangizi ndi othandizira m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi avomera ngati njira yabwino yofotokozera malire azigawo zamagulu amisala. ” ^[22]

Malinga ndi sayansi ya sayansi, mawu awa akuwoneka ngati opanda pake. Gulu lazasayansi liyenera kukhazikitsidwa pazifukwa zomveka bwino, ndipo mgwirizano uliwonse pakati pa akatswiri utha kukhala chifukwa chakumasulira kwazidziwitso zamankhwala komanso zamphamvu, osatengera malingaliro amalingaliro, ngakhale othandizira kwambiri. Kuyang'ana vuto linalake kumadziwika makamaka chifukwa cha umboni wake, osati ndi chitsogozo chochokera kumwamba. Zikafika pa njira yothandizira, nthawi zambiri imayesedwa ngati kuyesa mu bungwe limodzi kapena angapo. Zotsatira za kuyesaku zimasindikizidwa munyuzipepala zasayansi, ndipo pamaziko a uthengawu, madokotala amasankha kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi mopitilira. Apa, zotsutsana ndi sayansi zandale zidatenga kupanda tsankho kwa asayansi komanso kuchita zinthu moyenera, ndipo zochitika zamankhwala komanso zamphamvu pazaka zopitilira zana, zikuwonetsa mosapita m'mbali kuti etiology ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, idatayidwa. Zomwe sizinachitikepo pambuyo pa njira ya Middle Ages yothetsera zovuta zovuta zasayansi ndikuwonjezeka kwa manja zimanyoza zamisala ngati sayansi yayikulu ndipo, kamodzinso, zimapereka chitsanzo cha uhule wa sayansi chifukwa cha magulu ena andale. Ngakhale Oxford Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry imanena kuti ngati m'malo ena, monga chiyambi cha schizophrenia kapena kukhumudwa, matenda amisala amayesa kukhala asayansi momwe angathere, ndiye pankhani zokhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, azamisala amachita ngati “Mdzakazi wa amisili ake andale” ^[23].

Mfundo Zakugonana Padziko Lonse 44 APA Div, yomwe imadziwika kuti "Society for the Psychology of Sexual Oriental and Gender Diversity", yomwe ili pafupifupi kwathunthu ndi omenyera ufulu wa LGBT. Ndi m'malo mwa APA yonse kuti amafalitsa mawu osafunikira omwe “Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuli ngati chibadwa pakati pa amuna ndi akazi”.

Dr. Dean Byrd, Purezidenti wakale wa National Association for the Study and Therapy of Homosexover, ananenetsa APA zachinyengo zasayansi:

"APA tsopano yakhala bungwe lazandale lokhala ndi pulogalamu yodzitetezera m'magulu osindikizidwa, ngakhale imadziyimira payokha ngati bungwe lasayansi lomwe limapereka umboni wa sayansi mosakondera. APA imaletsa kusanthula ndi kusanthula komwe kumatsimikiza kuti ndale ndi kuopseza mamembala ake omwe akutsutsana ndi izi pakuchitika kwa sayansi. Ambiri adakakamizidwa kuti akhale chete kuti asataye ntchito, ena anasankhidwa, ndipo mbiri yawo idawonongeka - osati chifukwa maphunziro awo sanatsimikizike kapena kufunika, koma chifukwa zotsatira zawo zinali zotsutsana ndi "lamulo" lomwe lakhazikitsidwa ".^[24]

Zotsatira

1. Gubanov IB. Cultural Renaissance komanso gulu lotsogola ku San Francisco ku 1966 - 67: kulengeza kubadwa kwa "anthu atsopano" (2008)
2. Robin Elliott, Kukula kwa Zachilengedwe a US ndi Kulera (1970)
3. Kingley Davis, Ndondomeko ya Chiwerengero cha Anthu: Kodi Mapulogalamu Omwe Pano Achita Bwino?
4. Matthew Connelly, Kuchulukitsa kwa Chiwerengero cha Anthu ndi Mbiri: Mitundu Yatsopano pa Campaign Yapadziko Lonse Lakuchepetsa Kukula kwa Chiwerengero cha anthu
5. A. Carlson. Society, Banja, Munthu (2003). Tsamba 104
6. Richard Nixon: uthenga wapadera ku Congress pa Mavuto a Kukula kwa Chiwerengero cha anthu (1969)
7. FS Jaffe, Ntchito Zothandiza Phunziro la Population Population for the United States (1969)
8. David Carter Stonewall: zipolowe zomwe zinayambitsa kusinthika kwa gay (2004), Tsamba 186.
9. Socarides CW. Ndale Zokhudza Kugonana Ndi Mfundo Zasayansi: Nkhani Yokhudza Kugonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha. The Journal of Psychohistory. 10th, ayi. 3 ed. Xnumx
10. Donn Teal. Gulu lankhondo la gay (1971)
11. Frank Kameny. Gay, Proud, ndi wathanzi (1972)
12. Mawu a 81: https://www.thisamericanlife.org/204/transcript
    
13. Satinover J. Osati mwasayansi kapena mwa demokalase. Linacre Quarterly. Vol. 66: Ayi. 2, Article 7. 1999; 84.
14. Kusokonekera kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso chisokonezo chakugonana: Kusintha kosindikizidwa mu DSM-II, 6th kusindikiza. APA Document Reference Na. 730008. - Publishing American Psychiatric Publishing, 1973. - ISBN 978-0-89042-036-2.
15. Bayer R. Kugonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Anzeru zaku America: The Politics of Diagnosis. Xnumx
16. Eric Marcus Kupanga mbiri: kulimbana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso ufulu wofanana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, 1945-1990 (1991)
17. E. Hooker. Kusintha Kwa Mamuna Ogonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Amuna (1957)
18. Jon Grant. Mavuto a Umunthu mu Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Chemally Dependent Patients (2011)
19. Kupezeka kwapakati pa mwezi wa 12 wauchidakwa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso zovuta zaumunthu ku United States: zotsatira kuchokera ku National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Contitions
20. Nthawi Amayi: Odwalanso, 1978
21. Kulekerera: umodzi pakati pa kusiyana. Udindo wa azamisala
22. ICD-10: Matenda a Mental and Behavioural, tsamba 21.
23. Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, vuto la kudziwika kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso zamisala // A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. - Oxford UP, 2005. C.127.
24. Dean Byrd. APA ndi Kugonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha: Nkhani ya Zachinyengo Zasayansi

Kuwonjezera:

Pavel Parfentiev: Momwe kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunasiya kukhala matenda

Kugonana amuna okhaokha: kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro kapena ayi?

Zaumoyo komanso zathanzi kwa anthu a LGBT