Kuyambira chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20, pansi pa choletsa cha "mavuto ochulukirachulukira", dziko lapansi lakhala likuchita kampeni yolimbikitsa dziko lonse lapansi yofuna kuchepetsa kuchepetsa kubadwa ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu. M'mayiko ambiri otukuka, kuchuluka kwa kubereka kudagwa kale kwambiri poyerekeza kuchuluka kwa kubereka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa okalamba kuli kofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa ana kapena ngakhale kupitilira pamenepo. Ukwati umachulukirabe mu ukwati ndipo umasinthidwa ndikukhalirana. Nkhani zakunja, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso zochitika zapamwamba za transgender zakhala patsogolo. Kuchulukana, osati nthano "yochulukitsa" kukhala zenizeni zadziko lapansi.

Woyambitsa lingaliro la njira zakulera padziko lapansi anali Thomas Malthus, yemwe adafotokoza izi mu ntchito yake ya 1798, "Essay on the Law of Population." Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Malthus, kuchuluka kwa anthu kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo njira zachitukuko zikukula kwambiri, choncho posachedwa anthu sadzapeza chakudya, ndipo malinga ndi director of the World Bank - ndi madzi ^[1]. Malinga ndi Malthus, ocheperako kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndiwokwera kwambiri.

Mal malingaliro a Malthusian adatengedwa ndi a feminist Margaret Sanger (Sanger), yemwe adawakomera mowolowa manja, amapanga mchaka cha 1921 "Birth Control League", yomwe ntchito yawo inali yopereka mimbayo komanso "kutulutsa mankhusu aanthu" - "otsika, oganiza bwino komanso oganiza bwino komanso ". Omalizira adaphatikizapo akuda, Asilavo, Ayuda, Italiya - okwanira 70% ya anthu padziko lapansi. "Njira zoyipa kwambiri masiku athu ano ndikulimbikitsa kuti pakhale mabanja akuluakulu omwe samavulaza mabanja okha, koma gulu lonse. Chinthu chachikulu kwambiri chomwe banja lalikulu lingachite ndi mwana wawo wamwamuna ndi kumupha. ”- analemba Sanger ^[2].

Posachedwa, mothandizidwa ndi ndalama zopanga ntchito za sayansi, League imayamba kulandira thandizo kuchokera kwa Rockefeller, Ford ndi Mallon. M'magazini ya 1932 League mu nkhani yomwe inali ndi "Peace Planning", Sanger adati kuti m'malo mwamtendere Padziko Lapansi, "zinthu zopanda pake" ziyenera kulimbikitsidwa ndikusiyanitsidwa ndikukhazikitsidwa m'misasa yandende.

"Poyang'ana gawo lalikululi la anthu athu chifukwa cha thanzi osati chilango, nkoyenera kunena kuti mamiliyoni khumi ndi asanu kapena makumi awiri a anthu athu adzakhala ankhondo otchinjiriza, kuteteza ana osabadwa ku zilema zawo ... Ndiye kuyesa kudzakhala yapangidwa kuti ichepe pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka kwa anthu mogwirizana ndi liwiro lokhazikika kuti asinthe kuchuluka kwa anthu kuti agwirizane ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri yazachuma ndi zachuma"^[3].

Ernst Rydin, membala wa chipani cha Nazi, yemwe amagwira ntchito ngati upangiri mu League ndipo pambuyo pake anaika malingaliro ake mu mapulogalamu a tatu a Reich monga Genetic Sterilization and Racial Hygiene, adasindikizidwa mu magazine yomweyo. Mu 1942, pakukula kwa nkhondo ndi Hitler, Sanger, pofuna kupewa mayanjano osakhazikika, amasinthanso "Birth Control League" kukhala "Planned Parenthood Association", yomwe kenako imasinthidwa kukhala International Federation - IPPF (idatanthauzidwanso ngati IFES), yomwe pambuyo pake idalandira udindo wa bungwe lachifundo, lomwe limaloleza kulandira zopereka popanda kupereka misonkho.

Sanger adasangalala ndi kuthandizidwa ndi otchuka monga a Juliusan Huxley, Albert Einstein, Prime Minister Nehru, Emperor Hirohito waku Japan, Henry Ford, Purezidenti Truman, Eisenhower ndi ena ambiri ^[4]... Ndale za neo-Malthusian zomwe amalimbikitsa zikukula padziko lonse lapansi.

Mu 1954, a Hugh Moore Foundation adasindikiza kabuku kofalitsidwa, The Bomb of the Population, komwe kanakweza chiwopsezo cha kuchuluka kwambiri kwa anthu m'maiko osatukuka ndikugogomezera kufunika kwakuchepetsa chonde. Ku 1958, UN iyamba kupereka ndalama ku mapulogalamu a IPPF m'maiko atatu ndipo World Bank iphatikizanso nawo. Mu 1959, dipatimenti ya US State idapereka lipoti lazomwe zikuchitika padziko lonse lapansi zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kukula msanga kukuwopseza kukhazikika kwa mayiko. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, zochita za Neo-Malthusians zidafalikira ku America yokha: Congress ya US idagawa madola miliyoni a 50 miliyoni chifukwa cha "kulera m'mabanja" mdziko muno ndikuwonjezera msonkho kwa mabanja okhala ndi ana awiri kapena kupitilira apo osakwatiwa komanso opanda mwana amalandila chithandizo ^[5].

Monga tafotokozera pa gawo ili, wolemba wa bizinesi ya Population Bomb yaposachedwa, Paul Erlich: “Kuti tithe kukopa mayiko ena kuti achepetse kubadwa kwawo, tiyenera kunena "chitani monga ife", osati "chitani monga momwe mwalamulira"». Cholinga china ndikuwonjezereka kwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu aku US pakuchepa kwa zinthu zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ngakhale kuti ku 1966 ku USA pafupifupi 6% ya anthu padziko lapansi adakhalamo, dziko lino lidadya 34% yopanga mphamvu zapadziko lonse, 29% yazachitsulo chonse ndi 17% ya kudula mitengo yonse. Manambalawa amatsogolera kutsimikizira kuti kubadwa kulikonse kwamu America kumapereka gawo lalikulu pakuchotsa zombo zachilengedwe - "Nthawi ya 25 koposa, kunena, kubadwa kwa India" Katswiri wa zamoyo Wayne Davis akutero^[6].

Mu 1964, United States idakhazikitsa "Uphungu Wokhudza Kugonana Ndi Maphunziro" (SIECUS). Mtsogoleri wawo wamkulu a Mary Calderon adalumikizana kwambiri ndi IPPF ndipo adathandizira malingaliro a Rudolf Dreikurs, omwe mwa awa anali:
• Kusokonezeka kwa magawo apansi ndi malo ogonana; 
• kumasulidwa kwa ana mabanja awo; 
• Kuthetsedwa kwa banja monga tikudziwira^[7].

Ku 1968, loya waku America Albert Blausteinomwe adatenga nawo gawo pakupanga madongosolo a mayiko ambiri, akuwonetsakuti kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, ndikofunikira kukonza malamulo ambiri, kuphatikiza paukwati, kuthandizana ndi mabanja, zaka zavomerezo, komanso kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Kingsley Davis, m'modzi mwa anthu apamwamba pantchito yolera, adadzudzula "okonza" mwa kusiya njira zodziletsa zodziletsa, monga kulimbikitsa kudziletsa, kuchotsa mimba и “Njira zachilendo zakugonana”... Malinga ndi iye malinga ndi, "Ngakhale anthu achikale kwambiri amadziwa momwe angachepetsere kuchuluka kwa ana kudzera pakusokoneza kugonana, kuchita chiwerewere, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchotsa mimba komanso kupha makanda." Kuphatikiza apo, adaumiriza kuti popanda kusintha kwamachitidwe ndi zachuma, kuchepetsedwa komwe kumafunikira pakubadwa sikungatheke.

“Nkhani za kulera ndi kugonana kosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala chete kapena kutsutsidwa, ngakhale palibe amene amakayikira kugwira ntchito kwa njirazi popewa kutenga pakati ... Kusintha kwakukulu komwe kumafunika kusonkhezera kubereka ana kuyenera kukhala kusintha kwa mabanja. , udindo wa akazi ndi nkhani zokhudza kugonana ... Dongosolo lazachuma limasankha kwambiri amene adzagwire ntchito, zomwe zingagulidwe, ndalama zolera ana, ndalama zomwe munthu angawononge. Sukulu zimatanthauzira maudindo a m'banja ndi zokonda zokhudzana ndi ntchito ndi zosangalatsa. Angathe, ngati n'koyenera, kutanthauziranso maudindo ogonana, kukulitsa zokonda kunja kwa banja, ndi kupereka chidziwitso chenicheni (mosiyana ndi makhalidwe abwino) chokhudza ukwati, khalidwe la kugonana, ndi nkhani za chiwerengero cha anthu. Tikawona izi, zikuwonekeratu kuti unduna wa zachuma ndi maphunziro, osati unduna wa zaumoyo, ndiwo uyenera kukhala gwero la mfundo za chiwerengero cha anthu.^[8].

Davis Wife, Wofufuza zamagulu Judith Blake Kuthetsa misonkho ndi nyumba zopindulitsa polimbikitsa kubereka ndikuchotsetsa milandu ndi chikhalidwe pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ^[9].

Ndemanga za banja lolemekezeka izi sizinasiyidwe osasamalidwa, ndipo mu 1969 Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti wa IPPF Frederic Jaffe akupereka chikumbutso chofotokozera njira zolerera, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuchotsa mimba, kudziletsa, kulera wotsutsa, kukakamiza azimayi kupita kuntchito, kuchepetsa tchuthi cha amayi oyembekezera mwana amapindula; komanso kulimbikitsa kukula kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Jaffe amalamula wapampando wa bungwe la Rockefeller Population Council, wasayansi yaumakhalidwe, Bernard Berelson, kuti achite kafukufuku wazomwe zimakhudza madera azakhalidwe, nyumba komanso zachuma pakubereka ana, komanso kusankha zoyenera kwambiri.

Mawu achidule ochokera pamememo:

"Ntchito yolembedwa ndi anthu onse imayendera limodzi ndi kukwera kwa mitengo chifukwa chake kukwera kwa ntchito kuli kololedwa. Komabe, kulumikizana pakati pantchito za amayi ndi chonde chochepa kwatsimikiziridwa, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa kukwera mtengo komwe kungachitike kapena kuyenera kukhala pachiwopsezo kuti akwaniritse kubadwa kotsika. Ndikofunikira kusintha chithunzithunzi cha banja labwino, kuphatikiza ana atatu kapena kupitilira apo, zomwe zingachititse kuchuluka kosavomerezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Kuti tipewe kugwirira ntchito limodzi, tifunika kukhazikitsa gulu lomwe njira zakulera zithandizire. Palibe chikaiko kuti njira zambiri zomwe zaperekedwa ngati njira zina m'malo mwa kulera sizidzakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana pamagulu osiyanasiyana a anthu. Gome lophatikizidwa likuyesera kuwonetsa kusanja koyambirira kwa miyeso yayikulu yomwe ikukambidwa molingana ndi chilengedwe chonse kapena kusankha kwawo. Mwachiwonekere, njira zachuma zokoka sizidzakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana pa khalidwe la mabanja olemera / apakati komanso anthu omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Kafukufuku awonetsa njira zomwe tidzafune komanso posachedwa. ”^[10].

M'chaka chomwecho, poyankhula ndi Congress, Purezidenti Nixon wotchedwa kuchuluka kwa anthu "Limodzi mwamavuto akulu kwambiri pamapeto aumunthu". Adatinso akufuna kuwonjezera ntchito zakulera ku US ndikukhazikitsa bungwe loti lithandizire kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padzikoli. ^[11]. Pambuyo pakufufuza zaka ziwiri, Wachiwiri kwa Commission John D. Rockefeller 3 adauza Purezidenti kuti kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa anthu sikothandiza:

"Pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri za kuyesayesa kwakukulu, tazindikira kuti m'kupita kwa nthawi sipadzakhala phindu lalikulu la kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu a dziko, ndipo kukhazikika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa chiwerengero chathu mwa njira zodzifunira kudzathandiza kwambiri. kutha kwa dziko kuthetsa mavuto ake. Tafufuza, koma sitinapeze, mtsutso wokhutiritsa wa zachuma pakukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Ubwino wa dziko lathu, bizinesi, kapena moyo wa nzika wamba sizidalira izi. ” ^[12].

Upangiri wa Sayansi kwa Purezidenti Nixon, Dr. Dubridge Urged "Mabungwe onse aboma - masukulu, mayunivesite, tchalitchi, mabanja, maboma ndi mabungwe ena onse - kukhazikitsa kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kukhala chinthu choyamba pamoyo wawo" [⁶].

Mphotho ya Nobel Laureate Dr. Shockley analimbikitsa lingaliro lotere: 
Anthu adzavotera kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe akufuna kuwonjezeka pachaka (akutsimikizira 0.3%), kenako Census Bureau iwone kuti ndi akazi angati omwe mayi aliyense amaloledwa kukhala nawo. Atsikana onse adzaphatikizidwa kapenanso kulera... Atakwanitsa zaka zambiri, msungwana aliyense azilandila satifiketi 22 pamwana. Anthu okwatirana azitha kugwiritsa ntchito 10 mwa awa kuti achotse kapisoziyo mpaka mwanayo atabadwa, pambuyo pake abwezeretsanso kapisoziyo. Pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa ana awiri, banjali litha kugulitsa ziphaso ziwiri zotsala, kapena kugula zina 2 pamsika waulere kuti zibereke mwana wawo wachitatu. Iwo omwe safuna ana azitha kugulitsa ziphaso zawo nthawi iliyonse [13].

A Preston Cloud, wapampando wa komiti yoona zachilengedwe ku National Academy of Science, adaitanitsa kuchuluka kwa anthu pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino ndikupempha kuti chiwonjezere “Mwa njira iliyonse” kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu ku USA ndi dziko lonse lapansi. M'mawu ake, adapempha, mwa zina, Congress ndi Purezidenti kuti alengeze mwatsatanetsatane kuti mabanja onse aku America asakhale ndi ana opitilira awiri, kuti kuchotsa mimbulu kukakhala kovomerezeka ndi kupezeka kwa aliyense, ngakhale kwaulere, komanso kuti zoletsa zololeza abambo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zidzachotsedwa. ^[6].

Wolemba malingaliro kusintha kwa demographic Frank Notestein, polankhula ku National War College kwa akuluakulu akuluakulu, adanena kuti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumatetezedwa chifukwa kumathandiza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu" ^[9].

Panali ena amene ananena mosapita m’mbali kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi “choyambitsa vuto la kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lapansi”:

Zingotenga zaka zochepa kuti olimbikitsa anthu olimbikitsa kugonana asinthe kuti azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti akhutiritse bungwe la American Psychiatric Association kuti lichotse kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamndandanda wazovuta zama psychosexual. "Sitidzaumiriranso kutchula matendawa kwa anthu omwe amadzinenera kuti ali ndi thanzi," idatero APA. Kusintha kumeneku m'malingaliro azachipatala okhudzana ndi matenda ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunachitika popanda kupereka mfundo zasayansi ndi umboni wachipatala wotsimikizira izi. Zambiri: https://pro-lgbt.ru/295/

Mu 2001 Encyclopedia of Birth Control, yofalitsidwa makamaka kwa mabungwe otengera kulera khomo ndi khomo, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwalembedwa kale ngati njira yovomerezeka yolerera:

“Popeza kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungabweretse pathupi, kulolera kapena kulimbikitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungaoneke ngati njira yochepetsera chiwerengero cha anthu, ngati si njira yolerera. Pafupifupi anthu onse ali ndi kuthekera kogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo kuchuluka kwake komwe kumaloledwa kudziwonetsera kumakhudza, makamaka, kuchuluka kwa ana obadwa. "

Mu 2004, mkonzi wa British Medical Journal (BMJ) Imre Lefler analemba zotsatirazi pamndandanda wake:

“Kufunika kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti anthu apulumuke kwagona pa kukwera kwa chiwerengero cha anthu. Aliyense wokhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ayenera kulimbikitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zowonadi, kungakhale kofunikira kuti anthu ambiri akhale ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndi kagawo kakang'ono kosankhidwa ka anthu kuchokera kugulu lililonse lodziwika bwino lomwe likukwaniritsa zosowa zazing'ono zakubereka zamitundu ...
Gulu loyenera la chikhalidwe cha anthu m’dziko lodzaza ndi anthu lino likanakhala limene ambiri akakhala m’chikwati cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngati kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukanakhala kozolowereka, chiwerengero cha anthu chikanatsika kwambiri ...
Tsankho loletsa maukwati a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha lidzachepa anthu akadzazindikira kuti bungwe lomwe langokhazikitsidwa kumeneli ndi limene limatsimikizira mfundo za “zachibadwa” za chiwerengero cha anthu.

M'chaka cha 1972 cha Kalabu ya ku Roma lipoti lidasindikizidwa "Kukula kwamalire", M'mene zofananira za 12 zakukula kwa anthu zidaperekedwa. Zochitika zonse zabwino zimafunikira kusintha kwandale komanso chikhalidwe, kuphatikiza zoletsa zolimba pakubwera kwachilengedwe.

Ku 1974, Nixon kuphunzitsa Kissinger kuti aphunzire za kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi pankhani zandale ndi zachuma ku United States ndikuti afotokozere momwe angachitire kanthu. Umu ndi momwe chikalata "NSSM-1990", chophatikizidwira ku 200, chidawonekera, chopangidwa ndi National Security Council, chomwe chimalankhula zakufunika kochepetsera kubereka padziko lonse lapansi. Cholinga chachikulu cha chikalatachi chinali kukwaniritsa kuchuluka kwa chonde ndi chaka cha 2000 (avareji ya ana a 2 pa banja lililonse) ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu osakwanitsa kukhala 8 biliyoni. Kugawidwa kwa chithandizo chakunja kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumadalira kufunitsitsa kwawo kutengera mapulogalamu odana ndi masoka. Chifukwa chake, pamene Nigeria idakana kuyambitsa mapulogalamu owunikira pakugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mayiko akumadzulo adamuwopseza kuthetsa thandizo lakunja. Maiko a 13 adazindikirika pomwe njira zoyenera kutsata ziyenera kuyikidwa patsogolo.

“…chiyembekezo chachikulu chiyenera kukhala maiko omwe akutukuka kumene omwe akutukuka kwambiri omwe ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi ndale komanso njira zaku United States. Mayikowa ndi India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nigeria, Mexico, Indonesia, Brazil, Philippines, Thailand, Egypt, Turkey, Ethiopia ndi Colombia. Onse pamodzi ndi 47% ya chiwonjezeko cha anthu.^[15].

Chikalata chikusonyeza Yang'anani pa maphunziro ndipo kuphunzira [Sic] m'badwo wachinyamata pankhani yofunitsitsa banja laling'ono ” natchulanso kufunika kochotsa mimba kuti muchepetse chonde.

Mu 1975, mothandizidwa ndi Purezidenti Ford, NSSM-200 idakhala yowongolera kuchitapo kanthu pazokhudza malamulo akunja yaku America. Chifukwa chake, chomwe kale chinali chizolowezi chachinsinsi cha akatswiri, tsopano chakhala pulogalamu yaboma yokhazikitsidwa ndi okhometsa misonkho. Palibe umboni kuti kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo a NSSM-200 kwasiya kukhala lamulo la United States.

Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa kubereka ku United States kumakhala kochepa kwambiri pobereka. Malinga ndi National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), ana ochepa kwambiri amabadwira ku United States ku 2017 zaka xnumx zapitazo. Kuchuluka kwa chonde panthawi imodzimodziyo kunali kotsika kwambiri pa nthawi yonse yowonera (ndiko kuti, zaka zoposa zana), ndipo chiwerengero cha kubadwa kwa amayi pa mkazi chinatsika pang'ono kuyambira 1978 - 1,76 ^[16].

Pamsonkha wa UN World Population Conference, womwe udachitikira ku 1974 ku Bucharest, maiko a 137 (onse kupatula Vatican) adapanga lumbiro pofuna kuchepetsa chonde, pambuyo pake kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kudatsika.

Kuchokera zolemba UN:

"WHO, komanso UNFPA ndi UNAIDS, akuthandiza mokwanira Lamulo Lapadziko Lonse Lapadziko Lonse Lapabanja (IPPF) Lamulo la Ufulu Wokhudza Kugonana ndi Uchembere ... ndikupempha maofesi azaumoyo kuti: ...
• Lemekezani ufulu wakugonana ndi ubereki, ndipo ngati pangafunika, bweretsani malamulo oyenera, makamaka pokhudza kuchotsa pakati komanso kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ” ^[17].

Ku Russia, malingaliro a neo-Malthusian anali, mwa zina, zomwe zimawonetsedwa pakupanga gulu la LGBT; zigawo Kufika paubwanakulimbikitsa kusowa kwa ana ndi njira yolera yotseketsa; Kampeni "Finyani", ncholinga chofuna kunyoza chithunzi cha mayi; kukhazikitsidwa kwa "matekinolo a achinyamata" ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nthambi zambiri za IPPF - choyambirira chodziwika bwino cha RAPS, kenako Russian Academy of Sayansi. Pamaphunziro a kusukulu "kugonana lumen»Ana amalimbikitsidwa kugona ndi anthu omwe amagonana, kudziletsa komanso chikhalidwe chogonana. Pakadali pano, ma NGO ambiri akuchita izi. obisalira ngati kupewa HIV. Malinga ndi kafukufuku yemwe bungwe la All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion mu Disembala 2017 linanena, kuchuluka kwa anthu aku Russia omwe anakana kutsatira banja lawo pazaka 12 anakula kuchokera pa zero mpaka sikisi ^[18].

Vutoli limakhalapo chifukwa anthu ochulukirapo sikuti amangofuna, komanso sangakhale ndi ana. Pafupipafupi maukwati opanda zipatso ku Russia ndi 15 - 20%. Malinga ndi WHO, chiwonetsero cha 15% ndichosoweka, pomwe kusabereka kungatengedwe ngati chinthu chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri zidziwitso mdziko muno ndikuyimira vuto lalikulu lakudziko. Zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri kusabereka ndikuchotsa mimba komanso matenda omwe amafala makamaka kudzera mukugonana. ^[19].

Lingaliro la kufunikira kwa njira zakulera ku Russia linaperekedwa mu 1987 Baranov A.A., koma idakanidwa ndi CPSU, popeza dzikolo likufunika anthu. Ndi kugwa kwa USSR mu Disembala 1991, IPPF, motsogozedwa ndi Raisa Gorbacheva, idalowa mu Russia ndipo ikugwirabe ntchito mmenemo. Kuletsa kubereka kunatengedwa ndi mwamuna wake Mikhail Gorbachev, yemwe adachititsa msonkhano wapadziko lonse ku 1995 pakufunika kolamulira dziko lonse lapansi, pomwe lingaliro lakachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi 90% lidatchulidwa:

“Zipembedzo ndi zimene zachititsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chichuluke. Tiyenera kulankhula momveka bwino za kugonana, za kulera, za kuchotsa mimba, za makhalidwe omwe amalamulira chiwerengero cha anthu, chifukwa mavuto a anthu ndizovuta zachilengedwe. Mukachepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi 90 peresenti, ndiye kuti sipadzakhalanso wowononga chilengedwe. ”^[20].

Mofananamo, wandale waku Russia Anatoly Chubais adatsogolera zokambirana zake ku 2011. Polankhula zofunikira kuchepetsa anthu, analankhula za kukhazikitsa njira yomwe ithandizire kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kukhala 2.5 - 1.5 mabiliyoni podzafika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 21.

"M'zaka za 21, kuwonjezeranso zochitika za 20 ndizosatheka. Zochitika pakupitiliza kukula siziphatikizidwa. Umunthu tsopano wakumana ndi zovuta zatsopano kwambiri pamlingo waukulu kwambiri. Dziko lathu latha kuthandiza kwambiri kuthetsa mavuto omwe anali asanakumanepo nawo. ” ^[21]

Pogwirira ntchito, EF Lakhova, mwa zina, adapereka lamulo lokhudza kukakamiza kwa "osayenera", ku Russia, pambuyo pa anzawo, mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana a "kulera" adakhazikitsidwa. Mawu akuti "Aloleni akhale mwana m'modzi, koma athanzi ndi oyenera" adayesedwa. Mothandizidwa ndi Unduna wa Zaumoyo, mazana a malo atsegulidwa mdziko muno zomwe zimayambitsa kufalitsa zachipongwe pobera ndalama za boma, zomwe zathandiza kwambiri pachiwopsezo cha anthu ku Russia. "Kuleredwa" kwa ana kunayambika, chifukwa chomwe matenda opatsirana pogonana amawonjezereka ^[22].  

Anthu adauzidwa kuti maphunziro azakugonana komanso kubereka kwa achinyamata kumachitika chifukwa chakuchepetsa pakati posakonzekera, koma zotsatira zake zidasinthidwa. Modabwitsa, kupezeka kwaulere kwa njira zakulera kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwa amayi apakati ndi kuchuluka kwa ochotsa mimba. Amafalikira mwachangu, ndikupeza mitundu yatsopano komanso yowopsa, monga ma STD, monga herpes ndi Edzi. Khansa ya khomo pachiberekero, yomwe inali isanadziwike mwa azimayi achichepere, tsopano ikufika pamlingo wofalikira, nthawi zambiri imalumikizana ndi ogonana ambiri. ^[23]... Chithunzichi ndichaponseponse:

Kuwerengera kuchuluka komwe kungachitike ku Russia, ngati kuchuluka kwa kubadwa ndi kufa kwa anthu kumakhalabe pamlingo wa 1990 pachaka, ndiye kuti mchaka cha 2002 ku Russia padzakhala anthu ochulukirapo a 9.4 miliyoni kuposa kumayambiriro kwa 90 ^[24]. Pakati pa 2000 ndi 2010 kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kunali 7.3 miliyoni miliyoni, pomwe kuchuluka kwake kudachitika zaka zoyambira ziro - pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni pachaka. Kuyambira 1995 mpaka lero, kupatula 2013 - 2015 ,imfa ku Russia imaposa kuchuluka kwa kubadwa ^[25].

Ngakhale adazindikiridwa ngati nthumwi yakunja ku 2015, Russian Academy of Science and Research ikugwirabe ntchito ndi anthu, ndipo Makomiti a State Duma, Unduna wa Zaumoyo, Komiti Yadziko ya Achinyamata Achinyamata, Unduna wa Maphunziro ndi mabungwe ena ambiri aboma ndi mabungwe akupitilizabe kuthandizirana nawo (mndandanda wathunthu).

Ngakhale malinga ndi ziwerengero zalamulo pali chizolowezi chakuchepa kwa chiwerengero chonse cha anthu ochotsa mimbayo, chomwe chimapangitsa ndichakuti kuchuluka kwa oyembekezera. Zabwino zomwe sizili zosasinthika: mimba zisanu ndi ziwiri mwa khumi zikupitilirabe kuchotsa m'mimba, zomwe zimadziwikabe kuti ndi njira yabwino yachipatala. ^[16]. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwa akatswiri, chiwerengero chenicheni cha anthu ochotsa mimbayo chimaposa kuchuluka kwa boma nthawi zingapo ndipo chimachokera ku 3.5 miliyoni kuchotsa mimba pachaka kufika ku 5 - 8 miliyoni ^[26, 27]. Dotolo wamkulu wa State Clinical Hospital No. 2 wa mzinda wa Orenburg adati pamsonkhano wa Public Chamber of the Russian Federation kuti ali ndi dongosolo lolamula kuti achotse mimbayo. 

"Ndimalandira ma ruble mamiliyoni 20 pachaka pochotsa mimbayo, koma osati ndalama imodzi yoletsa. Zaumoyo zimatipindulitsa kuchokera pakuchotsa mimbayo. Mpaka dongosolo lino lisinthe, osadikirira china chilichonse. ” ^[28]

Ngakhale IPPF imanena kuti satenga nawo mbali pankhani yochotsa mimbayo, Purezidenti wakale wake Fredrik Say, m'mawu ake ku 1993, adawonetsa kuti mabungwe omwe siali okonzeka kuchotsa mimbayo pochita kapena malingaliro sangadalire mamembala a IPPF. ^[29]. Mtsogoleri wakale wa Zachipatala wa IPPF a Malcolm Potz adati sizotheka kuyambitsa ndikukhazikitsa njira iliyonse yolerera popanda kuchotsa mimba ponseponse. Anatinso malamulo oletsa kuchotsa mimba ndiwachikale ndipo sagwirizana ndi zomwe zikuchitika masiku ano, chifukwa chake zingathe kuphwanyidwa ^[30]. Mawonedwe apadziko lapansi akhazikika mu malangizo a IPPF: 

Mabungwe othandizira kulera ndi mabungwe ena asagwiritse ntchito malamulo otsogolera kapena kupezeka kwa malamulo osatiyenerera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito. Kuchita zinthu mopyola lamulo, ngakhale kutsutsana ndi malamulo, ndi gawo limodzi la magwiridwe antchito. ” ^[31]

Marufut Sanger atamwalira ku 1966, atsogoleri onse a IPPF pambuyo pake adadzipereka kudzipereka kwawo pa mzere wa Sanger. Pakadali pano, IPPF, ndi bajeti yapachaka ya madola mabiliyoni a 1 ^[32], motsogozedwa ndi zolinga zabwino, amachititsa zochitika zake zodana nazo m'maiko opitilira 190. Palibe adafotokoza zolinga Federations - chisamaliro chazaumoyo, chitetezo cha amayi, kulimbikitsa kutchuka kwa banja, kupewa matenda opatsirana pogonana, ndi zina zambiri - sizinapezeke. Koma cholinga chenicheni chakwaniritsidwa - chiwerengero cha kubadwa chachepera.

Pakadali pano, "kayendedwe ka nyengo" komwe kakukula ndikuphatikizanso kuchepetsa kubereka pa mapulani ake. Mamembala ake adayambitsanso gululo Palibe Mtsogolo Palibe Ana, omwe amalonjeza kuti sadzakhala ndi ana mpaka maboma atachitapo kanthu mozama "kusintha kwa nyengo komwe kwapangidwa ndi anthu." Chijeremani mphunzitsi adatchuka atatulutsa buku lomwe amalimbikitsa anthu aku Germany kuti asabereke ana. Malinga ndi iye, mwana aliyense wosabadwa amapulumutsa dziko lapansi kuchokera ku matani a mpweya wa 9 441.

Tachotsa zojambula zopanda pake zoteteza "thanzi la amayi" ndi "ufulu waumunthu", tiona neo-Malthusianism monga zilili - kupandukira moyo wa anthu, miyambo ndi kupita patsogolo, kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru yoteteza ana ndikuwononga banja.

MABODZA

1. Mavuto enawo (1998)
2. Mkazi ndi Mtundu Watsopano (1920)
3. Pulani ya chidutswa (1932)
4. Mngelo wa Imfa: Biography ya Margaret Zanger, Woyambitsa IFPS (1995)
5. A. Carlson: Society, Banja, Umunthu (2003)
6. Kukula kwa Zachilengedwe a US ndi Kulera (1970)
7. Chozungulira chozungulira cha SIECUS: kusintha kwamunthu (1973)
8. Kingsley Davis, Malamulo a Chiwerengero cha Anthu: Kodi Mapulogalamu Amakono Apambana? (1967)
9. Matthew Connelly, Kuchulukitsa kwa Chiwerengero cha Anthu ndi Mbiri: Mitundu Yatsopano pa Campaign Yapadziko Lonse Lakuchepetsa Kukula kwa Chiwerengero cha anthu
10. FS Jaffe: Ntchito Zothandiza Phunziro la Population Population for the United States (1969)
11. Richard Nixon, uthenga wapadera ku Congress pa Mavuto a Kukula kwa Chiwerengero. Wolemba pa Gerhard Peters ndi John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project
12. Rockfeller Commission on Population Kukula Kwambiri ndi tsogolo la America (1972)
13. The Free Lance - Nyenyezi, Dec 19, 1967: Akufotokozera Mwayi Pulani Ya Khanda.
14. Ripoti la ALEC pa Alfred Kinsey
15. Memorandum 200 ya National Security Study, Zotsatira Za Kukula kwa Chiwerengero cha Anthu Padziko Lonse Lapansi Kuti A Chitetezo ku US ndi Zowonera Kwina, 1974
16. Chiwerengero cha akhanda ku United States chatsika pang'ono pazaka za 30
17. WHO: Kulera ndi Kulera Zaumoyo mu CEE ndi NIS (2000) tsamba 2
18. Poll: Anthu a ku Russia amakana dala kukhala ndi ana
19. Chitetezo cha demokalase ku Russia: Zizindikiro za dera, kuwunika kwa zotsatira
20. Wokambirana wokhazikika pa msonkhano wotsogola amafuna kuti 90% ichotse anthu padziko lapansi
21. Msonkhano wa RusNanoTech, 2011
22. Zotsatira za Syphilis ku Russia 1985 - 2001
23. Chuma cha Valerie: Kugonana Ndi Zomanga Anthu
24. Ma 90s adawononga Russia pafupifupi 10 miliyoni miyoyo: kafukufuku wa demographic
25. Rosstat: chonde, kupha anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe mwachilengedwe 1950 - 2016
26. AIF: M'mawerengero ndi zowona zake: Zakuchotsa mimba za 3,5 miliyoni pachaka zimapangidwa ndi amayi ku Russia
27. Lingaliro la ndondomeko zabanja la boma la Russian Federation kwa nthawiyo kufikira 2025
28. Kuzindikira kwa sing'anga wam'mutu: Ndimalandira kuchokera ku boma 20 mamiliyoni kuti ndichotse mimba
29. Kuchotsa Mimba Osatetezedwa Kuyenera Kuchitika Tsopano (1993)
30. Malcolm Potts (1970, 1979)
31. IPPF: Ufulu wa anthu wa kulera (1984)
32. AIF: Kodi tingapulumutse bwanji anthuwa?

Zowonjezera:

Gulu: Sayansi ya Choonadi

Zotsatira zakugonana