"Homophobia"

Mawu oti "Homophobia", omwe adalembedwa kumapeto kwa 60 ndi wochita zachiwerewere a George Weinberg, akhala chida chofunikira kwambiri pazopanga atsogoleri andewu a LGBT ndi anzawo.

Kuwonongeka kwa mawuwo kunachitika mu zolaula zaku America zotsogola "Screw" kuchokera ku 23 pa Meyi 1969, pomwe izi zimatanthawuza kuwopa kwa amuna omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo kuti mwina akhoza kulakwitsa chifukwa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Patatha zaka zitatu, a Weinberg m'buku lake, Society and a Healthy Homosexual, adatanthauzanso Homophobia "Kuopa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuwopa matenda komanso kuchepa kwa nyumba ndi banja". Adanenanso kuti ndi vuto la kuchipatala.

Awiriwa otenga nawo mbali kuchokera ku Harvard adalemba motere:

Ndipo ngakhale mawu oti "kudana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" angakhale olondola kwambiri, "homophobia" imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri chifukwa imamveka ngati yosakhumudwitsa kwa anthu owongoka ndipo ikuwonetsa, m'njira yodziwika bwino, kuti malingaliro odana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amagwirizana ndi kusokonezeka kwamaganizidwe ndi malingaliro ake. kusatetezeka. (After The Ball, p.221)

Pulofesa wa Psychology ndi wofufuza a Gregory Herek akuti cholinga cha Weinberg chobweretsa "Homophobia" pafupi ndi zamankhwala chinali chazandale, osati zabodza. vomerezani ndi Madivelopa mabodza abodza ochokera ku Harvard University:

Olemba bukuli "Mchitidwe wakuzunza, Wakuthupi ndi Wakugonana"Funsani:

Magetsi achi Greek "phobia"Zimatanthawuza zosasangalatsa zathupi ndi zamaganizidwe, ndipo njira zozunkhira matenda a chifuwa zimaphatikizapo, kuchita zinthu mopanda nzeru, kusayenera ndi mantha osatha a chinthu kapena zochitika, komanso kufunitsitsa kwakutali kudzipatula. Mawu oti "homophobia" sakukwaniritsa izi chifukwa:
(a) Anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro olimbana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amawona zomwe amachita kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo ndizovomerezeka;
(b) mosiyana ndi nkhokwe zenizeni, "homophobia" sizimangokhala pachiwopsezo chogwirira ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha;
(c) "obwebweta" sakhala ndi vuto la m'maganizo chifukwa cha malingaliro awo oyipa ndipo samamva kufunika kothana nazo;
(d) Ku phobias, kupewa zochitika kapena zinthu zimalumikizana ndi mantha awo, pomwe "kunyoza" kutengera izi sikugwirizana ndi mantha, koma kunyansidwa kwathunthu ndipo kuphatikizidwa ndi kupsa mtima.
Chifukwa chake, liwu loti "homophobia" silikwanira komanso chifukwa, likuyang'ana kwambiri pamilandu payekhapayekha, kunyalanyaza chikhalidwe komanso zomwe zimayambitsa tsankho.

Mabuku asayansi amagwiritsa ntchito liwu lodziwika bwino, "homonegativism," pofotokoza malingaliro olakwika pa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma pazifukwa zodziwika bwino, sizinakhale ndi mawu pakulankhula kwatsiku ndi tsiku.

Ena oimira gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amapanga zomwe zimatchedwa "psychoanalytic hypothesis" pofotokoza "homophobia", malinga ndi zomwe malingaliro opondana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amathandizidwa ndi njira yoteteza "mawonekedwe othandiza" amasintha kukhala odana. Wolemba izi samakhala wa Freud, monga amakhulupirira molakwika, koma kwa wasayansi waku Britain wakutsogolo komanso munthu yemwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, dzina lake Donald West, yemwe mu 1977 adawatcha "kugonana kwamwano." Achangu a Gay nthawi yomweyo adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kugonana amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha" pazochita zawo zachinyengo kuti asokoneze omwe akuwatsutsa.

Buku lomwe talitchulalo la olimbikitsa zolaula la Harvard, lomwe limalongosola njira zosinthira malingaliro amtundu wa anthu kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, limapereka chitsanzo cha kutsatsa kwachikhalidwe cha anthu amtundu wa LGBT pamutu wonena za "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" pofotokozera za njira:

Chitsanzo cha kutsatsa kwachikhalidwe kuchokera ku media yaku America ya 80's ndi ndemanga za olemba.

Ngati zikukuvutani kupeza cholakwika ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye kuti amisala ali ndi tanthauzo kwa inu ... ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Zaka zambiri zapitazo, panali nthawi yomwe anthu amatha kubisa malingaliro awo okonda kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akuwombera mokweza mitundu ina. Koma nthawi yapita. Tsopano, mwa kupondereza gay, mumadzetsa kukayikira. Chifukwa chake muyenera kupitilira bizinesi yanu kuti ena asaganize kuti bizinesi yanu ndi yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha!
CHINSINSI: Kuthana ndi chiwerewere komanso kuletsa kutsata miseche, kulumikiza izi ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pangani owerenga kuti azikayikira mwakachetechete zolinga zawo zobwebweta. Apangeni kuti akhulupirire kuti kuwonetsa kuti akuwachitira chipongwe kungachititse kuti anthu asavomereze, koma kuti achite manyazi komanso kutaya ulemu wawo.
KULIMBITSA Momwe munthu angaganize kuti kulengeza kumeneku kumayesedwa kuti akhale pa bingu ndi zipolopolo kuchokera kumsasa wa adani osavomerezeka. Kulengeza kotere kumawapangitsa kuti akhale chete pakapita nthawi, koma cholinga chachikulu pano ndizosakayikira. Ngati kutsatsa kumeneku kungakhale kothandiza, okayikira ayamba kuzindikira kuwonerera kwawo. Kuphatikiza apo, chithunzi chowoneka cha otsatsa chikupitilizabe kugwedeza anthu, kuwalumikiza ndi zowopseza - gulu lina losadziwika la akunja.

Mwachilengedwe, malingaliro awa alibe maziko azasayansi komanso amangopeka zongoyerekeza, zopangidwa ndi ziwanda. Mu 1996 pokhapokha poyesa kugwirizanitsa "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ndi "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", zomwe zidachitika, zotsatira zake zidatsutsana, ndipo kafukufuku wotsatira khumi ndi ziwiri adatsimikiza za kulephera kwa "psychoanalytic hypothesis".

Tidzangowerengera kafukufuku wa Henry Adams, omwe nthawi ina adachita mitu yayikulu pamanyuzipepala. Adams adawonetsa makanema olaula okhudzana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso magulu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa magulu awiri a amuna, otchulidwa kuti "osakwatiwa" ndi "inhomophobes". Mayankho awo pakukhudzana ndi kugonana komwe adayesedwa adayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito penile plethysmography (zomwe zidawerengedwa, zomwe, mwadzidzidzi, zimawonedwa ngati zosadalirika ndipo sizovomerezeka khothi). Machitidwe ena okhudzana ndi ziwembu zomwe amuna amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amawona mu 54% pagulu la "zigawenga", komanso mu 24% pagulu la "osagwirizana ndi amuna anzawo". Adams amakhulupirira kuti izi ndizogwirizana ndi psychoanalytic hypothesis, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo zikuwonetsa kuti ziwonetsero zabwino za phallometric mukamayang'ana zokopa za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sizitanthauza kugonana kwamasiku ano, popeza zimadziwika kuti nkhawa komanso kusakhala ndi malingaliro abwino kumawonjezera chisangalalo komanso magazi amatuluka mbali zosiyanasiyana za thupi, kuphatikiza mbolo. ⁽³⁾ M'maphunziro a Munich Psychiatry Center, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimachitika pazovuta zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zopweteka. RP G zopweteka za galu akufa, unkachitika mu 45% (!) Ophunzira. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwamkati wamagazi kupita kumchiberekero kumatha kuchitika ndikuwopseza komanso zokumana nazo zina zomwe sizigwirizana ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kugonana. Popeza abambo "ogonana amuna okhaokha", zolaula za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kuyambitsa mavuto, ndiye kuti zochita zawo zodziwikiratu zikhala zodziwikiratu. Adams adanenanso kuti mitengo yokwezeka yomwe ili mgulu la "Homophobic" inali otsika ndipo osati osiyana kwambiri ndi gulu la "osawerengetsa anthu anzawo", ndipo akuwonetsa kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wowonjezereka ndi njira zodalirika zomwe zimaphatikizapo zinthu zodziwikiratu, zothandizirana komanso zamakhalidwe. Kafukufuku wotereyu anachitika mtsogolomo, koma zotsatira zawo sizinagwirizane ndi psychoanalytic hypothesis of homonegativism .

Njira Yotetezera Thupi

Maganizo olakwika pa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amafotokozedwa mosavuta Njira Yotetezera Thupi - bis (Chitetezo cha mthupi). Dongosololi ndimayendedwe amomwe amachititsa munthu kunyansidwa, omwe cholinga chake ndikuteteza munthu ku matenda omwe angatenge. Chifukwa chake, mwachilengedwe timamva kunyansidwa ndi anthu okonzedwa, kuyesa kupewa kutuluka kwa thupi, zowola ndi zina zotero. Kuzindikira machitidwe ndi mawonekedwe kungathenso kukhala chizindikiro cha matenda.

Kukhalapo kwa machitidwe a chitetezo cha mthupi kwadziwika m'mitundu yambiri ya nyama. Ngati munthu wina amene ali mumpingomo mwadzidzidzi ayamba kuwonetsa zosakhazikika komanso zooneka ngati zabwinobwino, ndiye kuti achibalewo amayamba kuzipewa, chifukwa izi zitha kuchitika chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana. Munthu wotere amayembekeza kudzipatula, kuchotsedwa, kapena kubwezedwa.

Anthu omwe ali m'magulu osadziwika omwe ali osiyana maonekedwe ndikuwonetsa mawonekedwe osazolowereka amadziwika kuti ndi omwe amatha kunyamula tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Pozindikira anthu oterowo, chitetezo chamthupi chimayatsidwa ndikuthanso kwadzidzidzi kudzutsidwa.

Kugonana kwina ndi omwe angathe kugonana nawo kumachititsanso kunyansidwa. Popeza kugonana nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi chiopsezo chotenga kachilombo, mitundu iyi yolumikizana yomwe imangotulutsa munthu pachilombo chokhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda popanda kumulonjeza chipambano chilichonse cha kubala imapangitsa kudana ndi kudana.

Nachi zitsanzo cha chondichitikira changa chomwe chimawonetsa motsimikiza momwe thupi limakhalira chitetezo. Pafupifupi zaka 10 zapitazo, pagulu la nyimbo zaku Western, munthu wina yemwe amagonana amuna okhaokha ochokera ku Germany adatumiza kanema wanyimbo wachinyengo ndi uthenga wachikondi kwa wina yemwe akuchita nawo zachiwerewere. Aliyense adaseka izi, ndipo mtsikana wazaka XXUMX wazaka India, yemwe anali asanamvepo za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, samatha kudziwa zomwe zimachitika. Pamene ine, popanda kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, ndidamufotokozera kuti pali abambo omwe amakonda amuna ena kuposa akazi, mayankho ake oyamba anali akuti: "Fu, koma izi ndizonyansa!" Chonde dziwani kuti izi sizinali chifukwa cha tsankho kapena malingaliro oyipa am'mbuyomu, ndipo adachokera munthawi yomweyo.

Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kunyansidwa ndi gawo limodzi la lingaliro loipa osati kungogonana amuna okhaokha, komanso lingaliro la LGBT lokha, lomwe limadziwika kuti ndiwopseza matenda (onse opatsirana komanso amakhalidwe), opatsirana ngati ma virus. maziko. Wosewera wotchuka Irina Alferova akuti:

Sizowona kuti sizikhudza anthu wamba. Pamene ndimaphunzira ku GITIS, aphunzitsi athu anali amuna ogona. Munthu wodziwika kwambiri. Anthu amabwera kwa iye kuchokera ku Russia konse kudzaphunzira, panali anyamata ambiri ochokera m'mabanja osawuka wamba - amuna wamba. Pakutha kwa maphunzirowo, maphunzirowo adasanduka amtambo.

Ndipo ngakhale ochita zachiwerewere ali ndi thovu pakamwa anganene kuti "Zolowera sizisintha ndipo palibe amene angathe kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", osati nzeru zadziko lapansi, komanso zasayansi kafukufuku onetsetsani izi. Wofufuza Wachidatchi amafotokoza milandu yomwe amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa chonyengerera.

Wofalitsa nkhani wa Lesbiano waku America a Camilla Paglia m'buku lake Vampampu & Zampampu alemba izi:

Ndizoseketsa kunena kuti gay ndimangokonda ma gay ena ndipo sadzawongolera maphokoso. Nditamva izi pa TV, ndinatsala pang'ono kuseka. Aliyense amene amapita kumalo olimbitsa thupi amadziwa bwino izi. Mavuto azakugonana komanso kuwunika ndi zinthu zofunika kupezeka, makamaka pakati pa anthu ogonana omwe sasiya kuyeserera kutenga aliyense wazomwe akuwona. Kuchepetsa kwa anthu owongoka ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zolakwika kwambiri pa zolaula za gay.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku InuGov "Amuna okwatirana mwamtheradi" pakati pa Britons azaka zapakati pa 18 ndi 24 ndi theka kuposa pakati pa achikulire (46% poyerekeza ndi 88%). Kusala kwazaka zodziwikirazi ndizomwe zimayambitsa zachinyengo za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zaka makumi angapo zaposachedwa, zomwe cholinga chake chachikulu ndi achinyamata.

Kondwerera Sodomy. Zithunzi kuchokera pagulu la LGBT.

Kafukufuku yemwe anachitika ku London Center for Hygiene and Tr tropical Medicine amapereka mndandanda wa matenda opatsirana omwe amachititsa kuti munthu asamvere, kuphatikizapo Edzi, syphilis ndi hepatitis. zimalumikizidwa ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Awa ndimatenda omwe amayanjanitsidwa ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Chifukwa chake, kutsutsana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yachilengedwe yachilengedwe yomwe imateteza munthu ndi gulu ku matenda ndi kuchepa kwamakhalidwe. Pa gawo la kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kukhala mawonekedwe amtundu wina, ntchito zonyansa zimafalikira mpaka pagulu lachiwonetsero, zomwe zimawonetsedwa pakutsutsana kwa chikhalidwe chotsutsana ndi chinyengo cha osokoneza chikhalidwe chazikhalidwe. machitidwe opotoka ndi magulu omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito, amafuna kupondereza ntchito yachilengedwechi.

Ndani amachita izi ndi chifukwa - mutu nkhani ina.