Pakadali pano, pali njira ziwiri zoperekera thandizo kwa anthu othandizana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo (omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amakana kugonana kwawo). Potengera ndi zoyambilira, ayenera kusintha njira yolumikizana ndi chilakolako chawo chogonana ndikuwathandiza kuti azolowera kukhala ndi moyo wokhala ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Awa ndi omwe amadziwika kuti ndi othandizira kapena gay affirmative therapy (eng. Tsimikizirani - kutsimikizira, kutsimikizira). Njira yachiwiri (kutembenuka, kusinthasintha zochitika pakugonana, kubwezeretsa, kusiyanitsa chithandizo) cholinga chake ndikuthandiza amuna ndi akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kusintha malingaliro awo. Yoyamba mwa njira izi idakhazikika pamalingaliro oti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikuti ndi vuto la m'maganizo. Zimawonetsedwa ku ICD - 10 ndi DSM - IV.

M'malingaliro athu, komanso lingaliro la otsogolera azachipatala a Ukraine ndi Russia (V.V. Krishtal, G.S. Vasilchenko, A.M. Svyadoshch, S.S. Libikh, A.A. Tkachenko), kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyenera kutchulidwa pamavuto okonda kugonana (paraphilia) [1, 2]. Malingaliro omwewo amagawidwa ndi akatswiri ambiri ku USA ndipo, makamaka, mamembala a National Association for Research and Therapy of Homosexuality; NARTH omwe adapangidwa mu 1992 [3]. Chokondweretsa ndi lingaliro pankhani iyi ya profesa-psychiatrist Yu. V. Popov - wothandizira. Director of Research, Mutu wa Dipatimenti ya Adolescent Psychiatry, St. Petersburg Psychoneurological Institute yotchedwa pambuyo V. M. Bekhterev, zomwe sizinatchulidwe m'mabuku athu akale pankhani yovuta yomwe takambirana. Adanenanso kuti "kuphatikiza pa chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, malamulo, omwe ndi othandizira kwambiri ndipo amatha kusiyana kwambiri wina ndi mzake m'maiko osiyanasiyana, mafuko ndi zipembedzo, ndichabwino kunena za chilengedwe. M'malingaliro athu, chitsimikizo chofunikira pakufotokozera kulikonse mwanjira yachilengedwe kapena matenda (mwachiwonekere, izi ndi zowona pazinthu zonse zamoyo) ziyenera kukhala yankho ku funso loti izi kapena kusintha kumeneku kumathandizira pakupulumuka komanso kubereka kwamitunduyo kapena ayi. Ngati tilingalira pamutu uno aliyense mwa oimira omwe amatchedwa zachiwerewere, ndiye kuti onsewo amapitilira muyeso wakubadwa ”[4].

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kusadziwika kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ngati njira yachiwerewere kumawonekeranso mu buku lachipatala "Zitsanzo zakuzindikira ndikuchiza matenda amisala" adakonzedwa ndi V. N. Krasnov, I. Ya. Gurovich [5], yomwe idavomerezedwa ndi 6 pa Ogasiti 1999. Order No. 311 ya Unduna wa Zaumoyo wa Russian Federation [6]. Zimawonetsa udindo wa Federal Science Science and Methodological Center for Medical Sexology and Sexopathology (Moscow) pankhaniyi. Maganizo omwewo amachitika ku department of sexology and Medical Psychology ya Kharkov Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine [7].

Pakadali pano, akatswiri azachipatala komanso anthu onse akuyesera kunena kuti njira yothandizira anthu kuti azigonana iyenera kuletsedwa, choyambirira, chifukwa anthu athanzi sangatenge mankhwala, monga ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo, chifukwa, chifukwa sizingakhale zothandiza. Pamsonkano wa American Psychiatric Association (APA) ku 1994, adakonzekera kupereka kwa alembedwe "Chiwonetsero chazachipatala pazamankhwala othandizira odwala matenda amisala omwe cholinga chake ndi kusintha malingaliro azakugonana", omwe avomerezedwa kale ndi gulu la matrasti a bungwe. Dongosololi, makamaka, linati: "American Psychiatric Association sichigwirizana ndi zamankhwala zirizonse zochokera ku malingaliro omwe amakhulupirira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi vuto la m'maganizo kapena cholinga chake ndikusintha malingaliro omwe munthu ali nawo pakugonana." Mawuwa adayenera kukhala chotsutsa chomaliza chothandizira kuchiritsanso (kutembenuka) monga mchitidwe wopanda tanthauzo. Komabe, NARTH, mothandizidwa ndi bungwe la Chikhristu Focus on the Family, adatumiza makalata kwa mamembala omwe amatsutsa "kuphwanya kusintha koyamba." Otsutsawo anali ndi zikwangwani zokhala ndi mawu ngati "APA si GAYPA." Zotsatira zake, chifukwa chosamveka bwino pamawu ena, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawuwa kunachedwetsedwa, komwe NARTH ndi Exodus International amawona [8] kukhala kupambana kwawo.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti Eksodo ndi gulu lachipembedzo chachipembedzo chofanana ndi nthambi za 85 ku 35, zomwe, makamaka, zikuyesetsa kukulitsa chikhumbo cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo ngati izi sizingatheke, thandizani ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti asagonane ndi oimira anzawo jenda. Kufikira izi, malangizo achipembedzo amaperekedwa, kuphatikizapo uphungu wamagulu. Kuyesaku kumayang'anitsitsa kuvulala kwa ana, omwe, malinga ndi malingaliro a kayendedwe kameneka, ndizomwe zimayambitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (kusowa kwa amayi kapena abambo, kuzunza ana, nkhanza za makolo). Zinanenedwa kuti mu 30% ya milandu, ntchitoyi imakhala ndi zotsatirapo zabwino [9]. Pambuyo pake (mu 2008) zofalitsa zingapo zidawonekera pa intaneti zikudziwitsa kuti akatswiri amisili ku America a Stan Jones ndi a Mark Yarhaus adachita kafukufuku pakati pa mamembala a 98 a bungweli, omwe ntchito yawo idachitika kuti asinthe malingaliro awo osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Malinga ndi iwo, zotsatira zabwino zinali 38%. Ofufuzawo adatsimikiza kuti kusintha komwe sikunabweretsa sikumabweretsa zotsatira zoyipa zamaganizidwe kwa anthu onse a 98, zomwe zimasemphana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa otsutsa zotsatira izi, omwe amati ndi zovulaza psyche yamunthu.

Mfundo zonsezi, zomwe zimabweretsa kuletsa kutembenuka mtima (kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi momwe zimakhalira, kutembenuka kwa mankhwalawa sikugwira ntchito), ndizosatheka. Pamenepa, mpofunika kunena kuti kupatula anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pa mndandanda wamavuto amisala DSM zinachitika motere. Pa Disembala 15, 1973, voti yoyamba ya Bureau of the American Psychiatric Association idachitika, pomwe ma 13 a mamembala ake a 15 adavotera kuti asatengere amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pazithunzithunzi zamavuto amisala. Izi zidayambitsa chionetsero kuchokera kwa akatswiri angapo omwe, pochitira ndemanga pankhaniyi, adatenga zisonyezo zofunika za 200. Mu Epulo 1974, kuvota kunachitika pomwe zisankho zochepa za 10 zikwizikwi za 5854 zazomwe zidatsimikiza kusankha kwa purezidenti. Komabe, 3810 sanamuzindikire. Nkhaniyi idatchedwa "epistemological Scenes" pazifukwa zothetsera "mwasayansi" povotera mbiriyakale ndi vuto lapadera [10].

Pokhudzana ndi kuyesa kufafaniza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, katswiri wodziwika kwambiri pankhani zakugonana ku Russia Profesa A. A. Tkachenko [11] akuti lingaliro la bungwe la American Psychiatric Association "lidakhudzidwa ndi kukakamizidwa kwa gulu lankhondo lankhondo lochita zankhondo", "ndipo" tanthauzo lake lidakwaniritsidwa, motere, (mwadzidzidzi, yowonjezeredwa mu ICD-10) imatsutsana ndi mfundo zakuzindikira zamankhwala, pokhapokha ngati sizimaphatikizira milandu yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi mavuto amisala zoperekedwa ndi ansognosia. " Wolemba adanenanso kuti lingaliro ili "silidatheke popanda kuwunikanso mfundo zazikuluzikulu za zamisala, makamaka tanthauzo la kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro m'mutu uliwonse". Njira yothetsera vutoli, ndi chigawo chapadera cha "chikhalidwe" chazomwe zimachitika pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Pofufuza mfundo yoti bungwe la American Psychiatric Association of Homosexuality linachotsedwa m'gulu lozindikira matenda, RV Bayer [12] akuti silinali chifukwa cha kafukufuku wasayansi, koma chinali lingaliro lamachitidwe oyambitsidwa ndi kutengera kwa nthawi. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kupereka zambiri zomwe zanenedwa ndi Kristl R. Wonhold [13]. Adanenanso kuti kuti mumvetsetse za APA, muyenera kubwerera pazomwe ndale za 60-70-s. Kenako zikhalidwe zonse zachikhalidwe zimakhulupirira. Inali nthawi yopandukira olamulira alionse. Munthawi imeneyi, kagulu kakang'ono ka amuna ogonana amuna okhaokha ku America adayambitsa kampeni yandale kuti azindikire kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yabwinobwino yosinthira moyo wawo. "Ndili wokondwa ndipo ndikusangalala nazo," anali mitu yawo yayikulu. Adatha kupambana komiti yomwe idawunikiranso DSM.

Mwakumvera kwakanthawi komwe chisanachitike chigamulochi, akatswiri azamisala yakale a Orthodox amatsutsidwa "kukondera kwa Freudian." Mu 1963, New York Medical Academy idauza Komiti Yawo Yazachipatala kuti ichititse lipoti la kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, yomwe imatsimikiza kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi vuto, ndipo kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi munthu wolumala, wosatha kupanga zibwenzi zodziwika bwino ubale. Kuphatikiza apo, lipotilo linati anthu ena ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "amangopita pakubwezera basi ndipo amayamba kutsimikizira kuti kupatuka kotere ndi moyo wabwino, wabwino komanso wokondedwa." Mu 1970, atsogoleri a gulu logonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mu APA adakonza "njira zatsatanetsatane zomwe zimasokoneza misonkhano yapachaka ya APA." Adateteza kuvomerezeka kwawo pazifukwa zokomera kuti APA imayimira "chithandizo chamisala ngati chikhalidwe cha anthu", osati monga gawo la zofuna za akatswiri.

Malingaliro omwe adalandiridwa adakhala othandiza ndipo mu 1971, povomera kukakamizidwa, omwe adakonza msonkhano wotsatira wa APA adagwirizana kuti akhazikitse komiti osati yokhudza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Wapampando wa pulogalamuyi anachenjezedwa kuti ngati mamembala a komitiyi sakuvomerezedwa, ndiye kuti misonkhano yazigawo zonse idzasokonezedwa ndi omenyera ufulu wa "gay". Komabe, ngakhale adavomereza kulola amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha kuti akambirane za komitiyi pamsonkhano wa 1971, omenyera ufulu wawo ku Washington adaganiza kuti apanganso vuto lina lamisala, popeza "kusintha kosavuta" kungalepheretse zida zake zazikulu - ziwopsezo zachiwawa. Pempho ku Gay Liberation Front linatsatira, likuyitanitsa chiwonetsero mu Meyi 1971. Pamodzi ndi utsogoleri wakutsogolo, njira yothetsera zipolowe idapangidwa mosamala. Pa Meyi 3, 1971, akatswiri azamisala omwe anali kutsutsa adalowa msonkhano wa oimira osankhidwa pantchito yawo. Iwo anatenga maikolofoniyo ndi kuipereka kwa wogwirizira wakunja yemwe anati: “Psychiatry ndi gulu loipa. Psychiatry ili pankhondo yosalekeza yowononga ife. Mutha kuwona ngati uku akumenyera nkhondo ... Tikukana kwathunthu kuti muli ndi ulamuliro pa ife. "

Palibe amene adatsutsa. Kenako omenyera izi adawoneka mu APA Committee on terminology. "Tcheyamani wawo adati mwina kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha si chizindikiro choti ali ndi vuto la maganizo komanso kuti njira yatsopano yothetsera vutoli iyenera kuwonekera mu Handbook of Diagnostics and Statistics." Pamene chaka cha 1973 Komiti idakumana pamsonkhano wovomerezeka pankhaniyi, lingaliro lomwe lidakonzedwa kale lidatengedwa pazitseko zotsekedwa (onani pamwambapa).

F. M. Mondimore [8] motere akufotokozera zomwe zidachitike izi zisanachitike. Wolemba uja akuti kupatula kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pagulu la zovuta kumayendetsedwa kwambiri ndi kulimbana kwa anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. 27 Pa Juni 1969 ku Greenwich Village (NY), kuwukira kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunayambitsidwa ndi kuphulika kwa apolisi pamsewu wa gay wa Stonewall Inn pa Christopher Street. Zinakhala usiku wonse, ndipo anyamata osatetezeka usiku womwe uja anasonkhananso m'misewu, pomwe amawakalipira apolisi odutsa, kuwaponya miyala, ndikuwotcha moto. Pa tsiku lachiwiri la chipolowe, apolisi mazana anayi adalimbana kale ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha oposa 3,000. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, yomwe imawoneka ngati poyambira kulimbana kwa anthu achimuna chifukwa cha ufulu wachibadwidwe, gulu ili, lomwe lidauzidwa ndi zitsanzo za kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wawo wakunja kwa anthu akuda ndi gulu lotsutsana ndi nkhondo ku Vietnam, lakhala lankhanza ndipo nthawi zina limasemphana ndi chilengedwe. Zotsatira za ndewu iyi, makamaka, kudali kuphedwa kwa ziwopsezo za apolisi pa zigawenga. "Atalimbikitsidwa ndi kupambana kwawo polimbana ndi kuzunzidwa apolisi, mamembala amgwilizano omenyera ufulu wama gay adatembenukira motsutsana ndi mdani wina wakale - wamisala. Mu 1970, olimbana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo adalowa nawo msonkhano wapachaka wa American Psychiatric Association ndipo adalimbikitsa zonena za Irving Bieber pankhani yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndikumutcha "mwana wa bitch" pamaso pa ogwira nawo ntchito omwe adadandaula. Momwe zionetsero zambiri zakakamiza azamisala kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa odwala matenda amisala ”[8].

Pachigawo choyamba, APA idaganiza kuti mtsogolomo kudziwika ngati "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati "abwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", kutanthauza kuti, pomwe mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha udatsogolera "kuvutika kooneka" kwa wodwalayo. Ngati wodwalayo angavomereze zogonana, tsopano zinaonedwa ngati zosavomerezeka kuzindikira kuti ndi "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha," ndiko kuti, wotsutsa yemwe adalowa m'malo mwake adadzasintha mayeso a akatswiri. Pa gawo lachiwiri, mawu oti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ndi "kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" adachotsedwa mu DSM, chifukwa kuzindikiridwa uku kumadziwika kuti ndi "tsankho" [13].

D. Davis, C. Neal [14] amafotokozera zamphamvu za terminology zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha motere. Amaona kuti mu 1973, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikunatengedwe mndandanda wamavuto amisala ndi American Psychiatric Association, koma mu 1980 adapezeka pamndandandawu pansi pa dzina la "kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha". Komabe, lingaliroli lidachotsedwa pamndandanda wamavuto amisili pakuwunikanso kwa DSM-III mu 1987. M'malo mwake, lingaliro la "vuto losadziwika" lidawonekera, kutanthauza "kulimbikira ndi kutchulidwa kwa mavuto omwe amabwera chifukwa chofuna kugonana ndi wina."

ICD-10 ikuti magawo omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amagonedwe amtunduwu samawoneka ngati kusokonezeka. Komanso, kachidindo ka F66.1 (ego-dystonic kugonana) sikwabwino, komwe kumawonetsa mkhalidwe momwe kukondera kapena kugonana sikukayikira, koma munthuyo amafuna kuti akhale osiyana chifukwa chazowonjezera zamaganizidwe kapena kavalidwe. angafune chithandizo kuti awasinthe. M'malingaliro akuti chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pagululi chomwe sichingaganizidwe sichimaganiziridwa ngati njira yokhayo, kufunitsitsa kuti tichotse izi, mwanjira iyi, titha kuwonedwa ngati kukhalapo kwa mtundu wina wamwano [7].

Komabe, a Christian R. Wonhold [13] akuti ku 1973, monga pakadali pano, kunalibe zonena za asayansi komanso umboni wazachipatala womwe ungalungamitse kusintha koteroko pankhani yokhudza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (kuvomerezedwa kuti ndi kwabwinobwino).

Mu 1978, patatha zaka zisanu APA itasankha kupatula "kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ku DSM, voti idatengedwa pakati pa akatswiri azamisala aku 10000 aku America omwe ali mamembala awa. 68% ya madotolo omwe adadzaza ndikubweza mafunso anaonabe kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi vuto [13]. Amanenanso kuti zotsatira za kafukufuku wapadziko lonse pakati pa akatswiri azamisala zokhudzana ndi malingaliro awo pa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zinawonetsa kuti ambiri aiwo amawona kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi machitidwe opatuka, ngakhale kuti sanatengeredwe mndandanda wazosokoneza m'maganizo [15].

Joseph Nicolosi (Joseph Nicolosi) mu gawo la Diagnosis Policy la buku lake la Reparative Therapy of Male Hom usho. Njira yachipatala yatsopano ”[16] motsimikizira motsimikizika kupanda maziko kwa sayansi kuchitapo kanthu koopsa. Adanenanso kuti palibe kafukufuku watsopano wamalingaliro kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amafotokoza zosintha izi ... Awa ndi mfundo yomwe yasiya kukambirana akatswiri. Omenyera ufulu wankhanza ... adadzetsa chidwi ndi chisokonezo mdziko la America. Anthu olimbikitsa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amalimbikitsa kuti kuvomereza kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungachitike popanda chilolezo cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. ”

Ponena za ICD, lingaliro lochotsa lingaliro la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mndandanda wamavuto amisala a gulu lino linapangidwa ndi mbali imodzi ya voti imodzi.

Dziwani kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungokhala kokha njira yomwe mumangoyendetsa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wapadera, kuvutika kwamisala m'magonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) ndizofala kwambiri kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kafukufuku woyimira mayiko omwe amachitika pamiyeso yayikulu ya ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha apeza kuti ambiri mwa anthu oyamba amoyo wonse (nthawi yayitali) ali ndi vuto limodzi kapena zingapo zamaganizidwe.

Kafukufuku wamkulu woimira adachitidwa ku Netherlands [17]. Ichi ndi zitsanzo zosasimbika za amuna ndi akazi a 7076 azaka za 18 zaka 64, zomwe zidawerengedwa kuti zidziwike kuchuluka kwa zovuta (zam'maganizo) ndi zovuta zamavuto, komanso kudalira mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa moyo wonse komanso m'miyezi yapitayi ya 12. Pambuyo poti anthu omwe sanagonane nawo m'miyezi yapitayi ya 12 (anthu a 1043), ndi omwe sanayankhe mafunso onse (anthu a 35), anthu a 5998 adatsala. (Amuna a 2878 ndi akazi a 31220). Mwa amuna omwe adafufuzidwa, 2,8% ya anthu anali ndi zibwenzi zogonana, ndipo mwa azimayi omwe adawunika, 1,4%.

Kuwunikira kwa kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunachitika, zomwe zinawonetsa kuti m'moyo wonse komanso m'miyezi yaposachedwa ya 12, amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali ndi zovuta zamaganizidwe ambiri (othandizira, kuphatikizapo kukhumudwa, ndi nkhawa) poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhalanso ndi chidakwa champhamvu kwambiri. A Lesbians anali osiyana ndi azimayi omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kupsinjika, komanso mowa kwambiri komanso mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Makamaka, zidapezeka kuti amuna ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (56,1%) ndi akazi (67,4%) ali ndi vuto limodzi kapena angapo amisala m'miyoyo yawo yonse, pomwe ambiri amachita amuna ndi akazi (58,6%) ndi azimayi (60,9 %) m'moyo wonse analibe matenda amisala.

Pakufufuza izi, zidawonetsedwanso kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumagwirizana ndi kudzipha. Kafukufukuyu adafufuza kusiyanasiyana kwa zizindikiro zakudzipha pakati pa amuna ndi akazi omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Olembawo adanenetsa kuti ngakhale m'dziko lomwe lingakhale lolekerera kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali pachiwopsezo chodzipha kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Izi sizingathe kufotokozedwa chifukwa cha malingaliro awo apamwamba. Mwa akazi, kudalira kotsimikizika kotero sikunawululidwe [18].

Ku United States, kafukufuku adachitika mazana ambiri aku America omwe cholinga chake chowerenga kuopsa kwa kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro pakati pa anthu omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha `[19]. Omwe adafunsidwa adafunsidwa za kuchuluka kwa amayi ndi abambo omwe adagonana nawo pazaka zapitazi za 5. Amuna a 2,1% a amuna ndi 1,5% azimayi akuti adalumikizana ndi akazi amodzi kapena angapo ogonana amuna okhaokha zaka XXUMX zapitazi. Zawululidwa kuti awa omwe adayankha m'miyezi yapitayi ya 5. panali kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zovuta zamavuto, kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, kusokonezeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zama psychoactive, komanso malingaliro odzipha komanso malingaliro, kuposa omwe adakumana ndi anthu omwe si amuna okhaokha. Olembawo adatsimikiza kuti kuyang'ana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kukhalapo kwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kumalumikizidwa ndi chiwopsezo cha zovuta zakumwambazi, komanso kudzipha. Adanenanso kuti kafukufuku wina amafunikira kuti adziwe zoyambitsa mayanjano.

Ku Netherlands, kafukufuku wachitika pa ubale womwe ulipo pakati pazolingalira zokhudzana ndi kugonana pakuthandizira odwala matenda amisala [20]. Olembawo akuwonetsa kuti zomwe amaganiza kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sangafune thandizo kuchipatala kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa amadalira njira zamankhwala zochepa. Cholinga cha phunziroli chinali kuphunzira za kusiyana komwe kudapempha thandizo ili, komanso kuchuluka kwa kudalirika kwa oyang'anira zaumoyo kutengera chikhalidwe chawo. Chiwonetsero cha odwala mwachisawawa (anthu a 9684) omwe adalemba ntchito kwa akatswiri wamba adayesedwa. Zinapezeka kuti mkhalidwe waumoyo unali woipa mwa amuna ndi akazi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha poyerekeza ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Palibe kusiyana kwamalingaliro akugonana pakudalira paumoyo wathanzi komwe kudadziwika. Amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zambiri amawathandizidwa ndimavuto amisala komanso amisala ena kuposa amuna omwe amakhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso akazi ogonana amuna ndi akazi nthawi zambiri amawagwiritsa ntchito ndimavuto amisala kuposa azimayi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zadziwika kuti kuchuluka kwapafupipafupi kofunafuna chithandizo kuchokera kwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kuyerekezera ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungathe kufotokozedwa pang'ono pokha pakusiyana kwawo paumoyo wawo. Kuti mumvetsetse bwino zomwe zapezedwa, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi chidziwitso chakutsogolo chofufuza thandizo kuchokera kwa amuna ndi akazi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

DM Fergusson et al. [21] yanena kafukufuku wazaka makumi awiri wa ana a 1265 obadwa ku New Zealand. 2,8% aiwo anali amuna ogonana amuna okhaokha kutengera machitidwe awo ogonana kapena kugonana. Zambiri zinasonkhanitsidwa pamafayilo amisala yamavuto mwa anthu kuyambira zaka za 14 mpaka zaka za 21. Anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha anali ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri la kukhumudwa kwakukulu, kusokonezeka kwa nkhawa, kusokonezeka kwa chikumbumtima, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ena osokoneza bongo komanso / kapena kusokoneza, zovuta zingapo, malingaliro ofuna kudzipha, komanso kuyesa kudzipha. Zotsatira zina zinali izi: 78,6% ya ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyerekeza ndi 38,2% ya akazi amtunduwu anali ndi vuto la misala iwiri kapena kupitirirapo; 71,4% ya ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha poyerekeza ndi 38,2% ya akazi kapena akazi okhaokha adakumana ndi mavuto akulu; 67,9% ya ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha poyerekeza ndi 28% ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adanena kuti amodzi amafuna; 32,1% ya ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha poyerekeza ndi 7,1% ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha adanena kuti akufuna kudzipha. Zinapezeka kuti achinyamata omwe ali ndi zibwenzi zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ndi chiopsezo chodzipha kwambiri.

ST Russell, M. Joyner [22] adanenanso za kafukufuku woimira dziko lonse wapa achinyamata aku US. Achinyamata a 5685 achinyamata ndi atsikana a 6254 achinyamata adayesedwa. Maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "adanenedwa ndi 1,1% ya anyamata (n = 62) ndi 2,0% ya atsikana (n = 125)" (Joyner, 2001). Zotsatira zidawululidwa: kuyesa kudzipha kunali ndi mwayi wa 2,45 nthawi zambiri pakati pa anyamata omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuposa anyamata omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; kuyesera kudzipha anali 2,48 nthawi zambiri pakati pa atsikana omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuposa atsikana omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

King et al. [23] adaphunzira zofalitsa zamaphunziro a 13706 pakati pa Januwale 1966 ndi Epulo 2005. Njira imodzi kapena zingapo mwa njira zinayi zofunikira zofunika kuphatikizidwira kusanthula kwa meta zidakumana ndi 28 osachepera: zitsanzo kuchokera kuchuluka wamba m'malo mwa gulu losankhidwa, zitsanzo zosasinthika, 60% kapena kutalika kochulukirapo, gawo lazitsanzo ndilofanana kapena lalikulu kuposa anthu a 100. Kuwunika kwa meta kwamaphunziro apamwamba apamwamba a 28 awa akuti mwatsatanetsatane 214344 heterosexual and 11971.

Zotsatira zake, zidapezeka kuti ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala ndi zovuta zamaganizidwe ambiri kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chifukwa chake, makamaka, zidapezeka kuti, poyerekeza ndi amuna omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ogonana amuna ndi akazi pamoyo wawo wonse (kuchuluka kwa moyo wonse) ali ndi izi:

Nthawi za 2,58 zowonjezera chiopsezo;

Nthawi ya 4,28 chiwopsezo chowonjezeka cha kuyesa kudzipha;

Nthawi za 2,30 zowonjezera chiopsezo chodzivulaza mwadala.

Kufanizira kufalikira kwa kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro m'miyezi yapitayi ya 12. (Kufalikira kwa mwezi wa 12) kwawulula kuti amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi:

Nthawi za 1,88 zowopsa zowonjezera nkhawa;

2,41 imachulukitsa chiopsezo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

King et al. [16] yapezanso kuti poyerekeza ndi akazi omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ogonana amuna ndi akazi pamoyo wawo wonse (kuchuluka kwa moyo wonse) ali ndi:

Nthawi za 2,05 zowonjezera chiopsezo;

1,82 imachulukitsa chiopsezo chowonjezeka cha kuyesa kudzipha.

Kufanizira kufalikira kwa kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro m'miyezi yapitayi ya 12. (Kufalikira kwa mwezi wa 12) kuwulula kuti amayi omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ali ndi:

4,00 imachulukitsa chiopsezo cha zidakwa;

Nthawi za 3,50 zowonjezera chiopsezo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo;

3,42 imachulukitsa chiwopsezo cha vuto lililonse lamaganizidwe ndi chikhalidwe chochitika chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu.

Kuchepa kocheperako kwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumawonetsedwa ndikuwunika kwa moyo wabwino (QOL) pamafotokozedwe omwe ali pamwambawa a amuna achi Dutch [24]. Amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma osati akazi, anali osiyana ndi amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pazizindikiro zosiyanasiyana za QOL. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zidasokoneza QOL mwa amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chinali kuchepa kwawo kodzikweza. Zadziwika kuti kusowa kwa ubale pakati pa malingaliro azakugonana ndi moyo wabwino mwa amayi kumawonetsa kuti ubalewu umapangidwa pazinthu zina.

J. Nicolosi, L. E. Nicolosi [25] amafotokoza kuti nthawi zambiri udindo wambiri wamavuto amisala pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (amuna ndi akazi) umadzazidwa ndi gulu lawo lopondereza. Ngakhale olemba amadziwa kuti pali zoona zenizeni pamawu awa, sizingatheke kufotokoza zomwe zikuchitika pakali pano chifukwa cha izi zokha. Kafukufuku wina adapeza zovuta zapamwamba zamaganizidwe pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso m'maiko omwe anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amathandizidwa bwino (Netherlands, Denmark), komanso komwe mawonekedwe ake samatsutsa [26].

Kungonena kuti chithandizo cha kutembenuka sichingagwire ntchito kumakhalanso kolakwika. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa deta. Zotsatira (J. Nicolosi et al., 2000) ofufuza oyambilira akukonzekera bwino za kuthekera kwa kutembenuka mtima (kusanthula anthu a 882, zaka zapakati - zaka za 38, 96% - anthu omwe chipembedzo chawo kapena zauzimu ndizofunika kwambiri, 78% - amuna, nthawi yayitali chithandizo (pafupifupi zaka za 3,5) chikuwonetsa kuti 45% ya omwe amadziona kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, anasintha malingaliro awo ogonana kuti akhale amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena adayamba kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [9]

Ndizosangalatsa kudziwa kuti pulofesa wa ku University of Columbia RL Spitzer, woyang'anira American Classifier of Mental Illness (DSM), yemwe nthawi ina adaganiza zopatula amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mndandanda wamavuto amisala, adanena kuti zotsatira za kubwezeretsanso mankhwala kwa anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'njira zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, mu 2003, nyuzipepala ya Archives of Sexual Behavior inafalitsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wake kuti ayesere malingaliro akuti, mwa anthu ena, malingaliro omwe ali ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha angasinthe chifukwa chamankhwala. Hypothesis iyi idatsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wa anthu a 200 amuna ndi akazi onse (amuna a 143, akazi a 57) [27].

Omwe adayankha adasinthira kukuwongolera kuchoka pa amuna okhaokha kapena akazi okhaokha, komwe kumapitilira zaka 5 kapena kupitilira apo. Omwe adawafunsa anali odzipereka, nthawi yayitali ya abambo anali 42, azimayi - 44. Pa zoyankhulana, 76% ya amuna ndi 47% azimayi adakwatirana (asanayambe mankhwala, motero, 21% ndi 18%), 95% mwa omwe adafunsidwa anali oyera, 76% adamaliza maphunziro awo ku koleji, 84% amakhala ku USA, ndi 16% - ku Europe. 97% inali ndi mizu yachikhristu, ndipo 3% anali Achiyuda. Ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa (93%) adati chipembedzo ndichofunika kwambiri m'miyoyo yawo. 41% ya anthu omwe adawafunsa adanena kuti kwa nthawi yayitali asanalandire chithandizo anali gay (poyera amuna kapena akazi anzawo). Oposa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a omwe adafunsidwa (37% ya amuna ndi 35% ya azimayi) adavomereza kuti nthawi ina adaganiza kwambiri zodzipha chifukwa chokopa. 78% idayankhula m'malo moyesetsa kusintha malingaliro awo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Kufunsidwa kwa miniti ya 45 mphindi kuphatikizapo mafunso a 114 ogwidwa kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kusintha komwe kunachitika chifukwa cha mankhwalawa. Kafukufuku wa RL Spitzer adangoganizira izi: kukopa kugonana, kudziwonetsa kuti ndi wogonana, kusawoneka bwino chifukwa cha malingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchuluka kwa zochitika zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kuchuluka kwa zikhumbo zokhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kufunitsitsa kukhala nazo, kuchuluka kwa magawo olakwika omwe amatsatiridwa ndi malingaliro amalingaliro ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. , kuchuluka kwa malembedwe amtunduwu ndi malingaliro amtundu wachisembwere komanso kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe Ndili ndi zithunzi zolaula.

Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu, zidapezeka kuti ngakhale zochitika zosintha “kwathunthu” m'maganizo zidalembedwa kokha mwa 11% ya amuna ndi 37% azimayi, ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwa adanena kuti zasintha kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chachikulu cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe adachitapo chisanachitike chithandizo chazomwe amachita. Zotsatira zamankhwala obwezeretsanso (kutembenuka). Ngakhale zimanenedwa kuti zosinthazi zikuwoneka mu amuna ndi akazi, akazi adalinso ndi zochulukirapo. Zomwe zidapezedwa zidawonetsa kuti atatha kulandira chithandizo, ambiri mwa omwe adafunsidwawo adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kowoneka ngati amuna ndi akazi ndipo amakhutira nazo. Anthu omwe anali pabanja adawonetsa kukhutitsidwa kwakukhalana muukwati [27].

Poganizira zotsatira zake, RL Spitzer amadzifunsa ngati chithandizo chobwezeretsanso ngozi nchosavulaza. Ndipo iyenso, poyankha, akuti palibe umboni woterewu pokhudzana ndi omwe adatenga nawo kafukufukuyu. Komanso, m'malingaliro ake, kutengera zomwe zapezedwa, kafukufukuyu adapeza phindu lalikulu pamathandizidwe otere, kuphatikiza madera osakhudzana ndi kugonana. Kutengera izi, RL Spitzer akuti American Psychiatric Association iyenera kusiya kugwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri zomwe zimaganizira za kubwezeretsanso mankhwala, zomwe zimawona kuti ndizoyipa komanso sizothandiza, komanso kuthandizira anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zimavomereza. Kuphatikiza apo, pomaliza, RL Spitzer adatsimikiza kuti akatswiri azaumoyo ayenera kusiya njira yawo yoletsa, yomwe cholinga chake ndi kusintha magonedwe. Adanenanso kuti odwala ambiri omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chakulephera komwe angayesere kusintha momwe amagonana, malinga ndi chilolezo, atha kusankha mwanzeru zokhudzana ndi ntchito kuti apititse patsogolo mwayi wawo wogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo [27].

Mu 2004, zomverera zinali mawonekedwe pamsonkhano wa NARTH wa purezidenti wakale wa American Psychological Association, Dr. Robert Perloff, wasayansi wodziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi. Chodabwitsachi ndikuti m'mbuyomu iyemwini anali membala wa bungwe loyang'anira zazing'ono zachiwerewere. Polankhula pamsonkhanowu, a R. Perlov adalengeza kuthandiza kwake kwa othandizira omwe amalemekeza zikhulupiliro za kasitomala ndikumupatsa chithandizo chowonetsa ngati akufuna. Adanenanso "kukhudzika kochokera pansi pamtima kuti ufulu wosankha uyenera kuyang'anira zochitika zogonana ... Ngati amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akufuna kusintha kugonana kwawo kuti akhale amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndiye kuti izi ndi lingaliro lawo, ndipo palibe gulu lomwe lingachite nawo, ngakhale gulu la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, liyenera kulowererapo ... Pali ufulu wa munthu kusankha payekha kugonana. "

Potengera kuvomereza kwake pa udindo wa NARTH, R. Perlov adatsimikiza kuti "NARTH imalemekeza lingaliro la kasitomala aliyense, ufulu wake komanso ufulu wakudzisankhira ... aliyense ali ndi ufulu wofalitsa ufulu wokhala ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Ufulu wothandizidwa kuti asinthe malingaliro azakugonana umawonedwa ngati wodziwikiratu komanso wopanda tanthauzo. ” Adanenanso kuti amagonjera kwathunthu ku NARTH iyi. Dr. Perlov adatinso kafukufuku owonjezereka omwe amatsutsana ndi lingaliro lotchuka ku US kuti kusintha malingaliro ogonana ndizosatheka. Pozindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa mayankho a kutembenuka mtima kwakula m'zaka zaposachedwa, adalimbikitsa othandizira kuti adziwe ntchito ya NARTH, ndipo adanenanso zoyesayesa za olimbikitsa maubwenzi gay kuti athetse kapena kutsutsa izi ngati "zopanda tsankho, zoyankha komanso zosagwirizana kale" [28, 29].

Tikuyenera kunena kuti vuto loti lingagwiritsidwe ntchito mankhwala othandizira komanso kutanthauzira kwake ndilabwino kwambiri. Izi zinawonekera m'mawu akuti momwe mtundu uwu wa chithandizo uyenera kukhazikitsidwa panjira poyesa kusintha mtundu kapena mtundu wakuda, anthu a "dziko la Caucasian" komanso Ayuda. Chifukwa chake, iwo omwe akukhulupirira kuti ndizotheka kusintha malingaliro akugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akuyesa kusala, kuwayika pamtundu ndi osankhana, anti-Semites, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndi mitundu yonse ya kusankhana mitundu. Komabe, kuyesayesa koteroko sikungaganizidwe kukhala koyenera, popeza kufunikira kwa mtundu kapena kufunikira kwa mtundu kapena dziko ndi kuchotsa zizindikiritso zaufuko ndi mayiko sikungathe kudzutsidwa chifukwa kupusa kwathunthu. Kudzera pamisala yotere, olimbikitsa kutembenuka mtima amafuna kuti achite mantha kuti mwina sangakhale bwino.

Kumapeto kwa Ogasiti 2006, panali uthenga wonena zakusokonekera kwa Purezidenti wa American Psychological Association, Dr. Herald P. Koocher, omwe adapanga mwezi womwewo. Malinga ndi zonena zake, adasiyanso pomwe gulu lino lakhala likulimbana ndi "chithandizo chanthawi zonse" cha ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. A Cooker adanenanso kuti gululi lithandizira chithandizo chazeru kwa omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo. Polankhula ndi dotolo wama psychology a Joseph Nicolosi, yemwe anali purezidenti panthawiyo, pamsonkhano wapachaka wa American Psychological Association ku New Orleans, adanena kuti bungweli "silikugwirizana ndi akatswiri azamisala omwe amathandizira omwe akhudzidwa ndi kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi anzawo." Adanenanso kuti, ngati wodwalayo athe kudziyimira pawokha / kudziyimira pawokha komanso kulemekeza zomwe wasankha, njira zoyendetsera mgwirizanowu, zingaphatikizepo chithandizo chamankhwala kwa iwo omwe akufuna kuti athetse kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

American Psychological Association yakhala ikutsutsana ndi ntchito ya NARTH, ikuti kuyesa kusintha malingaliro ofuna kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti asankhe. Pothirirapo ndemanga izi, Dr. Dean Byrd, katswiri wazamisala ku NARTH, yemwe nthawi ina anali Purezidenti wawo, adati malingaliro awo ofotokozedwa ndi Dr. Cooker lero ndi ofanana ndi udindo wa NARTH. Adanenanso kuti akuyembekeza kuti kukambirana kopindulitsa pakati pa mabungwe awiriwa kuyambika pankhani yofunika kwambiri iyi [30].

Pankhani imeneyi, ziyenera kudziwidwa, makamaka, kuti mu magazini ya American Psychological Association "Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Exercise, Training" ("Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Exercise, Training") nkhani idalembedwa mu 2002, momwe adanenanso kuti chithandizo chogwirizira (kutembenuka) mwakugonana, poganizira phindu la munthu, zitha kukhala zoyenera [31].

Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti, ngakhale adanenedwa ndi Purezidenti wa American Psychological Association, palibe mgwirizano pakati pa mamembala ake pankhani yokhudza kutembenuka mtima kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, cholinga chake ndikusintha njira yolakalaka zogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chifukwa chake, pa 29 pa Ogasiti 2006, bungwe laofalitsa nkhani ku cybercast News Service lidalengeza mawu omwe woimira bungwe lino adanena kuti palibe chifukwa chilichonse chotsimikizira za sayansi pamankhwala otere, ndipo sizoyenera [malinga ndi 30].

Pankhani imeneyi, mawu a Clinton Anderson, mkulu wa American Psychological Association Office of Lesbian, Gay ndi Bisexual Concerns, omwe amafunikira kumveredwa ndikuwunikira, ndiwokondweretsa kwambiri. . Malinga ndi iye, satero kuti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumasiya anthu ena", ndipo saganiza kuti wina aliyense angasemphane ndi lingaliro la mwayi wosintha. Kupatula apo, zimadziwika kuti amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kukhala amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chifukwa chake, zikuwoneka zomveka kuti amuna kapena akazi ogonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Vutoli silikhala ngati malingaliro azakugonana angasinthe, koma kaya chithandizo chitha kusintha [malinga ndi 32].

A Joseph Nicolosi anathirira ndemanga motere: "Athu omwe talimbana kwa nthawi yayitali ku APA (American Psychological Association) kuti tithe kuzindikira kuti angasinthe amayamika kuvomerezedwa kwa Mr. Anderson, makamaka chifukwa ndi Chairman wa APA gay and lesales. Koma sitikumvetsa chifukwa chake akuganiza kuti kusinthaku sikuchitika muofesi yachipatala. ” Dr. Nicolosi adanenanso kuti Anderson akufuna kulandila malongosoledwe onena za chinthu chomwe chimanenedwa kuti ndiofesi yamankhwala ndikulepheretsa chidwi chakugonana. Malinga ndi a J. Nicolosi, njira zomwe zimachitika munthawi ya mankhwalawa zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe kwambiri ndipo zimaposa mipata yomwe ilipo kunja kwa ofesi [malinga ndi 32].

Kuchotsa kwa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pagulu la matenda amisala kunatsatana ndi kulepheretsa kafukufuku wake ndipo adakhala chinthu chachikulu cholepheretsa chithandizo chake. Izi zidathandizanso kulumikizana kwa akatswiri pa akatswiri pankhaniyi. Opepuka pa kafukufukuyu sanachitike chifukwa cha umboni wina watsopano wasayansi wosonyeza kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi mtundu wabwinobwino komanso wamavuto ogonana ndi anthu. M'malo mwake, kwakhala bwino kwambiri kuti musakambirane izi [16].

J. Nicolosi anatchulanso zifukwa ziwiri zothandizira anthu zomwe zathandiza kuti asagwiritsidwe ntchito amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mndandanda wamavuto amisala. Loyamba mwa izi ndi loti odwala matenda amisala amayembekeza kuthetsa kusankhana mitundu pochotsa mchitidwe wankhanza womwe amayamba chifukwa cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha [12, 33]. Tidachokapo poti popitilizabe kuzindikira za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, tidzalimbikitsa tsankho la pagulu komanso zowawa za anthu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Chifukwa chachiwiri, malinga ndi wolemba wotchulidwa, ndikuti akatswiri azamisala sangathe kuzindikira bwino zomwe zimayambitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa chake, amapanga chithandizo chamankhwala chodalirika. Kuthandiza kuchiritsa kunali kotsika, ndipo kwa omwe kafukufuku omwe adanenanso kuti kutembenuka kwa mankhwala adayenda bwino (kuchuluka kwa makasitomala omwe adasinthidwa kukhala heterosexuality kuyambira 15% mpaka 30%), panali funso ngati zotsatira zake zidasungidwa kwanthawi yayitali. Komabe, kupambana kapena kulephera kwa mankhwalawa sikuyenera kukhala njira yodziwira zofananira. Kupanda kutero, tikulankhula za malingaliro, momwe, ngati china sichingakonzedwe, ndiye kuti sichiduswa. Vutoli kapena matendawa sangakanidwe pokhapokha ngati palibe chithandiziro chamankhwala ake [16].

Kukanidwa kwa mankhwala otembenuka mtima kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kutengera kupatula pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera pagulu la zamisala, kwapangitsa kuti tsankho liyambike kwa iwo omwe chikhalidwe chawo komanso chikhalidwe chawo chimakana kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. "Tinaiyiwala za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe, chifukwa chosiyana ndi kukhulupirika kwawo, akufuna kusintha mothandizidwa ndi psychotherapy. Tsoka ilo, amuna awa adapatsidwa gawo la omwe ali ndi vuto la kuvutika maganizo (kutaya mtima), osati kwa amuna olimba mtima, chomwe ali, amuna odzipereka ku masomphenya owona / owona ... Zimakhala zowopsa kwambiri kuti kasitomala mwiniyo akhumudwitsidwa, ngati katswiri kwa yemwe amafufuza, amamuuza kuti sivuto, ndipo akuyenera kuulandira. Izi zimapangitsa kuti kasitomala asokonezeke ndipo zimapangitsa kuti nkhondo yake yolimbana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ikhale yovuta kwambiri ”[16, p. 12 - 13].

Anthu ena, analemba kuti John Nicolosi [16], amatanthauzira munthu, amangoganizira za machitidwe ake. Komabe, makasitomala omwe amamuthandiza amazindikira malingaliro awo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso zachilendo. Kwa abambo awa, zamakhalidwe, zikhalidwe ndi miyambo zimazindikira kuti ndiwotani kuposa malingaliro ogonana. Khalidwe logonana, wolemba akutsimikizira, ndi gawo limodzi lokha lazomwe munthu ali, zomwe zimakonda kukula, kukulira komanso kusintha ubale wake ndi ena.

Pomaliza, adanenanso kuti sayansi yamaganizidwe ndiyofunika kutenga nawo gawo posankha ngati moyo wamtunduwu uli wathanzi komanso kuti chizindikiritso chawo ndi chachilendo, ndipo akatswiri azamisala ayenera kupitiriza kuphunzira zomwe zimayambitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikuwongolera chithandizo chake. Wolemba sakhulupirira kuti moyo wama gay ungakhale wathanzi, ndipo chizindikiritso cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndichimodzimodzi-synthonic [16].

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti kutembenuka kumachitika, makamaka, kugwiritsa ntchito kukokomeza, maphunziro osinthika, kuchita m'maganizo, machitidwe (machitidwe), kuzindikira, kuwongolera gulu ndi zomwe zimayambitsa chipembedzo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, njira yotsimikiza ndi kukonza ndi kuyendetsa kwamaso (DPDG) [34] yopangidwa ndi Francis Shapiro [35] yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi.

G.S. Kocharyan

Kharkov Medical Academy ya Maphunziro Omaliza Maphunziro

Mawu ofunikira: malingaliro osagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, psychotherapy, njira ziwiri.

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