Amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amayamba kusiya kukangana "obadwa motere"

"Ndili pamsewu woyenera, ndinabadwa motero" - amatitsimikizira nyimbo imodzi yotchuka. "Sindingasinthe, ngakhale nditayesetsa, ngakhale nditafuna," - imamuwuzanso mnzake.

Ma sentensi awiriwa akuwonetsa malingaliro oyambilira a "LGBT harakati", omwe amati kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi mkhalidwe wabwinobwino, wosasintha komanso wosasintha womwe umafunikira kumvetsetsa, kukhululukidwa, kuvomerezedwa. Posocheretsedwa ndi mabodza a LGBT, gawo lalikulu la anthu limakhulupirira kuti pali umboni wambiri wazomwe umakhalapo pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma zoona zake, "umboni" wotchulidwa ndiamenewo ndi mzere wa zigawo zomangika pamodzi.

Mosiyana ndi malingaliro olakwika ofala pachikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri, m'gulu la asayansi palibe wofufuza m'modzi yekha amene angayesere kunena kuti wapeza umboni wazomwe zimapangitsa chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Zotheka, ofufuza ena khulupiriranikuti multifactorial causation wa malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana atha kuphatikizira chinthu chachilengedwe chomwe kutali kwambiri kuchokera pamenepoChifukwa chake, lingaliro la "kugonana mkati mwa" amuna kapena akazi okhaokha silimadziwika zenizeni za sayansi, koma malingaliro andale komanso malingaliro achipongwe a olimbana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osatengera malingaliro, mfundo kapena malingaliro wamba.

Kufunikira kwa lingaliro la "kugonana kwamkati" anafotokoza mmbuyo kumapeto kwa 80 ndi omenyera awiri a Harvard omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mabodza omwe amapanga njira zabodza zokhudza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"Anthu ayenera kukhulupilira kuti amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhudzidwa ndi zochitika zina, komanso kuti asankha zogonana posankha mtundu wawo kapena utoto wawo ... Povomereza poyera kuti kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chisankho, timatsegula bokosi la Pandora ndi mawu oti" kusankha mwamakhalidwe ndi tchimo "Ndipo apatseni adani athu ndodo kuti amenyere ... Pazifukwa zonse, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha akuyenera kuwonedwa ngati adabadwa mwanjira imeneyi ... ndipo popeza alibe chisankho, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikudzalangidwanso kuposa umuna.

Lingaliro loti kukopeka amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunayambitsidwa ndi biology komwe kunayambika m'zaka za zana lino, koma tsopano, patadutsa zaka zana ndi theka, ngakhale kuyesayesa kopitilira muyeso kokakamira kuti apeze maziko a sayansi, sikungokhala chabe lingaliro lonyowa komanso loto lamtundu wa anthu omwe amapotozedwa. zizolowezi. Zimagwira momwe zimamvekera Nkhani ya 1916 ya chaka:

“Tsopano ndikotchuka kuyimira mkhalidwe wawo wobadwiranso motero osasintha kapena kukopa; "Onse amadziona ngati obwezera ndipo angasangalale kupeza thandizo la asayansi kuti afotokozere malingaliro awo ndi zochita zawo."

Monga momwe tawonera, kuyambira momwe nkhaniyi idasindikizidwira mpaka pano, liwu loti "kulowererani" lidasinthidwa ndi liwu loti "gay", koma zina zonse sizinasinthe.

Kafukufuku yemwe adawerengera mapasa awiriwa (kukhalapo kwa mawonekedwe ena onse) adatsimikizira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungayambike chifukwa cha zamoyo. Constitution yachilengedwe yamapasa ofanana ali pafupi ndi 100%; ndi ma clones achilengedwe, ma DVD awo amasiyana wina ndi mzake, koma nthawi yomweyo mawonekedwe awo okopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi amodzi mwa otsika kwambiri pazikhalidwe zonse: 7% mwa amuna ndi 5% mwa akazi. Poyerekeza, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chimodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri pamachitidwe onse ndikufika pa 94%. Ntchito zina zimapatsa kuchuluka komweko, ndipo zambiri kuchokera ku kafukufuku wakale owonetsa concordance yapamwamba tsopano zadziwika chifukwa cha zitsanzo zosasankhidwa zomwe zidalembedwa kudzera pa malonda a makanema atolankhani. M'mawu osavuta, ngati mmodzi wa mapasawo ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mapasa achiwiri, monga lamulo, sichoncho.

Kuwunikira kwa meta pa maphunziro onse oyenera omwe adafalitsidwa ndi asayansi otsogola kuchokera ku Johns Hopkins Research University ku 2016 adatsimikiza kuti:

"Kuzindikira kuyang'ana pakugonana ngati chinthu cham'kati, chofotokozedwa mwachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika - lingaliro loti anthu" amabadwa mwanjira yomweyo "- sapeza chitsimikiziro mu sayansi."⁽⁵⁾

Popewa milandu yomwe anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti ndi "yopanda tsankho" komanso "yankho lakunyumba" kwa owerenga omwe amawerengetsa anthu omwe safuna kuyankhula mawu okhawo omwe anganene za gulu la LGBT ndi malingaliro ake, tinene kuti Mwa olemba lipotilo, Dr. Lawrence Meyer, adakhala katswiri pazoyeserera zingapo za boma komanso milandu yalamulo, kuphatikizanso mbali ya LGBT.

Tiyenera kudziwa kuti si onse ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe anali okonzeka kusiya malingaliro asayansi m'malo mokomera atsogoleri andale. Pulofesa Camilla Paglia kumbuyo ku 1994 analembakuti "Palibe amene amabadwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo malingaliro awo ndi opusa ”.⁽⁶⁾

Pulofesa Edward Stein, yemwe sabisa zomwe amakonda amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amakhulupirira kuti chiphunzitso cha "jini" chimakhala chowopsa kuposa chabwino ndipo amalimbikitsa magulu omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti achisiye ndikupanga kafukufuku wasayansi, chifukwa akhoza kutsimikizira kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yoyambira:

"Kugwirizanitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu ndi mtundu wina wa malingaliro a sayansi, osavomerezedwa konse, ndiwangozi. Mantha anga ndikuti polimbikitsa kafukufuku wa sayansi m'derali pazifukwa zandale, tidzangotithandizanso kuti tizigonana. ”

Wofufuza zakugonana Lisa Diamond, membala wolemekezeka wa APA, alimbikitsanso olimbikitsa zokhudzana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti asiyane ndi kufalitsa nkhani zabodza zomwe anthu amakhala nazo:

"Magulu a LGBT ali ndi nyengo komanso alibe tanthauzo. Amawonetsa malingaliro omwe amakhalapo mchikhalidwe chathu, koma samayimira zochitika zomwe zimapezeka mwachilengedwe. Gulu la Queer liyenera kusiya kunena kuti: "Tithandizeni, tinabadwa motero ndipo sitingasinthe" ngati mkangano pamilandu. Kutsutsana uku kungotitsutsa, popeza umboni wokwanira wakwaniritsidwa, womwe adani athu sadziwa zoyipa kuposa zomwe ife timadziwa. Kusiyanasiyana ndi mbali yodziwika bwino yokhudza kugonana kwa anthu. ”

"Kugonana ndi madzi. Yakwana nthawi yosiya mkangano "wobadwa chonchi" kumbuyo. Ufulu wa gay suyenera kudalira momwe munthu adakhalira gay, ndipo tiyenera kuvomereza mfundo yakuti kugonana kungasinthe.

Daimondi amatchula zifukwa zitatu zazikulu zosiya malingaliro awa:

1) Mfundo yoti "Tidabadwa mwanjira iyi ndipo sitingathe kusintha 'ndiyosadalirika.
2) Poganizira za zisankho zamilandu zaposachedwa, mkanganowu sufunikanso.
3) Mtsutsowu ndiwosachita bwino chifukwa umasankha magulu osiyanasiyana mdera la LGBT.

Martin Duberman, woyambitsa wa LGBT Research Center (CLAGS), adavomereza moona mtima kuti:

"Palibe sayansi yomwe yatsimikiza kuti anthu amabadwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha."

A Esther Newton, omwe amadziwika kuti akuchita upainiya wofufuza zokhudzana ndi amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ku America, amatcha lingaliro lachiwerewere "ndilopusa."

"Katswiri aliyense wazokhudzana ndi zochitika zanyama amadziwa kuti izi sizingatheke, chifukwa kugonana kumagwirizana mosiyanasiyana ... Umboni wonse, ngakhale uli ndi magawo angati, umatsimikizira izi."

Ngakhale American Psychological Association, yomwe kuyesayesa kwake kuti kuchititse kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha padziko lonse lapansi, kukakamizidwa kudziwa kusowa kwa mgwirizano pakati pa asayansi komanso kulephera kwa kafukufuku:

"Pali kusagwirizana pakati pa asayansi pazifukwa zodziwika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kapena amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ngakhale kafukufuku wambiri adawunikira momwe zimathandizira kuti chibadwa chikhale, mahomoni, chikhalidwe, komanso chikhalidwe pazokhudza kugonana, palibe umboni womwe wapezeka wolola asayansi kuti kuganiza kuti kugonana kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chilichonse kapena zifukwa zina. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe ndi kulera limodzi zimachita mbali yofunika pa izi. Anthu ambiri amakhala ndi malingaliro osankha (kapena osakwanira) pankhani zogonana. ”

Tchera khutu ku mawu "Zowonjezera" motengera izi. Kumverera kwa kusowa kwa kusankha kumatanthauza kuti chisankhocho chinapangidwa mosadziwa, osati chifukwa chakuti sichoncho. Izi, momveka bwino, akuwonetsa ndi American College of Pediatrician:

"Ngakhale chidwi cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sichingakhale chosankha chanzeru, zimadalira kuti anthu ambiri asinthe."

Koma ngakhale ndizowona, zomveka komanso zodziwika bwino, mawu ophatikiza "wobadwa mwabadwa", ovala nseru, amakhalabe pachiwonetsero pazandale za "LGBT" pazifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, zidapezeka kuti anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amabadwa mwanjira imeneyi, achisoni, amawonetsa kulolerana kwakukulu; Kachiwiri, kudandaulira "kusasankha" komanso "kusataya chiyembekezo" kumakuthandizani kuti muwonetse bwino kutsutsa kwa otsutsa, kuwawonetsera ngati owonetsa molakwika; Chachitatu, kukhudzika kosavuta kumeneku kumapereka chiyembekezo kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti atuluke mu liwongo ndi udindo pazomwe adzivulaza.

Nthawi yomweyo, m'maiko omwe anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, atalandira kuvomerezedwa ndi malamulo, okhazikika mu chisokonezo chakuipa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, nthano ya "innate" imayamba kupereka zonena za chikhalidwe chosiyana kotheratu. Ngakhale gwero la ovomereza-gay The Guardian, patatha milungu iwiri chilolezo chovomerezeka cha maukwati a amuna okhaokha kapena amuna okhaokha ku America, adasindikiza nkhani yonena kuti mawu andale "adabadwa mwanjira imeneyi" sakukhudzana ndi mfundo za sayansi:

"Ponena za kugonana kwathu, ndizokayikitsa kwambiri kuti" tidabadwa motero. " Ngakhale kuti biology mwachidziwikire imakhala ndi gawo, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizomwe zimapanga zikhumbo zathu zakugonana kwakukulu. Izi, monga zina, titha kuthana nazo ngati tikufuna. Ngati tikufuna kuchita izi, bwanji osatero? ”⁽¹²⁾

Amuna ena ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amavomereza poyera kuti "jini" inali nthano ya malo ochezera amuna okhaokha:

Chithunzi chachisoni cha "wogwiridwayo" mwamwano, chofunikira pachiyambi cha kampeni, sichikhala chosafunikira ndipo chimalepheretsa wina kuti adziwonetse "kunyada" kwake. Tsopano lingaliro loti kuchepetsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kukhala ngati cholengedwa mwa mphamvu yonse yakudziwikiratu kwachilengedwe kwayamba kukhala kwapamwamba, kuchititsa manyazi ulemu wake waumunthu. "Inde, sitinabadwe motero. Inde, tinapanga chisankho. Ndiye? Ufulu wathu suyenera kutengera izi. Tikufuna kufanana pakati poti sitingathe kuchita chilichonse ndi ife tokha, koma chifukwa ndife anthu ndi nzika, ”akutero nyuzipepala yaku Western yolankhula.

Mtolankhani Brandon Ambrosino m'nkhaniyo “Sindinabadwe mwanjira imeneyi, ndimasankha kukhala wogonana"Amalemba izi:

"Yafika nthawi yoti anthu a LGBT asiye kuopa mawu oti" chisankho "ndikubwezeretsa ulemu wakugonana. Zotsutsana ndi mawuwa mdera lathu zimachokera ku chikhulupiriro chakuti popanda kukonzekera kwachilengedwe, palibe chifukwa chofunira kufanana. Sindikuwona chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti zokhazokha zofunikira zogonana ndizofunika kuziteteza. Kupatula apo, kodi kusinthana sakukhudzidwa ndikukhulupirira kuti boma lili ndi udindo woteteza aliyense wa ife, ngakhale titasankha zogonana? Kodi sichitetezo cha bisexual kutengera mtundu womwewo wa kudziyimira pawokha?

Pakufuna kwathu kupanga ufulu wama gay ufulu watsopano wakuda, tidaganiza kuti zogonana ndizofanana ndi khungu. Sindikuganiza kuti izi ndi zowona. Kunena zowona, ndinakopa abambo angapo kuti ayese kugonana kwanga, koma sindinathe kuyesa khungu lawo.

Mfundo yoti kugonana kwathu idakhazikitsidwa mwanjira zofananira monga mtundu kungakhale kuti idalimbitsa zolemba zathu zaka zingapo zapitazo, koma kodi tsopano tikufuna mikangano yotere? Ku America, tili ndi ufulu wokhala, komanso ufulu wosankha. Ine ndi ma queers ena tiwonetsetsa kuti, kuphatikiza pa chibadwa, pali zinthu zina zomwe zimapangitsa kugonana kwathu. Nthawi zonse ndikalandiridwa chifukwa chibadwa changa chimandinyinyirika, ndimakhala wopepukidwa kuposa kukhala ndi ufulu. ”⁽¹³⁾

Onerani pa intaneti mipando, zolemba ndi сайты LGBT yokhala ndi uthenga wonga:

"Ndife gulu la anthu omwe atopa ndi mfundo" palibe choti zichitike "," abadwe choncho "," palibe amene asankhe kukhala LGBT ". Tikhulupirira kuti kusankha kungatheke, ndipo tili ndi ufulu wonse wosankha. ”

Nthawi yomweyo, sizokhudza kusankha kuzindikira chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi anzawo, koma kusankha chisangalalo chokha.

Nkhani mu magazini ya lesbo-feminist akuti:

"Inde, uku ndi kusankha, koma bwanji? Timapanga chisankho pazinthu zina zonse m'miyoyo yathu - kokhala, chakudya, mavalidwe, koma sitingasankhe kuti timakondana ndi ndani? Zachidziwikire timachita. Mwachilengedwe, pali chinthu china chachilengedwe chokhudza kugonana, koma chimaperekedwa ndi chikhumbo chonse cha kugonana. Njala ndiyachilengedwe, koma kuikhutiritsa ndi chokoleti ndi chisankho.
Ngakhale anthu ena amaganiza kuti adabadwa mwanjira imeneyi chifukwa sakudzikumbukira okha, sizitanthauza kuti ndizoona. Sindimakana malingaliro a anthu, koma ndikuganiza kuti momwe anthu amatanthauzira malingaliro awo zitha kukhala zolakwika. Kupatula apo, bwanji tikuganiza kuti munthu amamvetsa bwino chibadwa chake kuposa sayansi?
Sindikugwirizana ndikuti chikhulupiriro chomwe chikukula kuti kwa ena ndichilengedwe, koma kwa ena sichoncho. Komanso sindikuwona umboni wotsimikizika kapena kufotokozera koyenera kuti izi ndizabodza kwa aliyense; Ndimawona zomwe anthu ena amawona kuti akudziwa zomwe zimayambitsa.
Amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakonda amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa amakonda kwambiri kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. ”

Chikhulupiriro ichi chimagawidwa ndi wolemba nkhani mu bukhuli Atlantic, yemwe akuti, adapanga chisankho chanzeru pankhani yokhudza kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha:

"Kukhala ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nthawi zina kumakhala kovuta: kuulula kwa banja, kutukwana komanso kuwopseza mumsewu, ndipo mafilimu ambiri achinyengo ndi owopsa. Zikadatengera ife, tikadaleka kuzunzidwa ndi kusalidwa? Zapezeka kuti si tonsefe. Ena anazindikira kuti ngakhale pali zovuta, kusala komanso kusayanjidwa ndi mabanja athu, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungakhale kodabwitsa. ”

Wosintha Cynthia Nixon mu kuyankhulana kwa magazini ya New York Times inanena kuti kwa iye, kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chisankho.

"Ndikumvetsetsa kuti ambiri sizili choncho, koma kwa ine ndi kusankha, ndipo palibe amene anganditsimikizire kuti ndimagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Gawo la mdera lathu limakhulupirira kuti izi sizingawonedwe ngati chisankho, chifukwa ngati ndichisankho, ndiye kuti chitha kusiyidwa. Mwina izi zimapatsa otentheka malingaliro omwe amafunikira, koma sindikuganiza kuti ayenera kudziwa zomwe zimatsutsidwa. ”

Mu 2020, izi "zopita patsogolo" zomwe zachedwa kuzolowera zidafika m'mbali mwathu:

Zitsanzo zoterezi zikadatha kutchulidwa kwanthawi yayitali, koma mwina lingaliroli likuwonekeratu: amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sanabadwe, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amafa. Ngati pali chilichonse mwachilengedwe chomwe chapezeka, mothandizidwa ndi chomwe chingadziwe zomwe munthu angafune - kugonana, mawonekedwe aubongo, kutalika kwa chala, ndi zina - - izi zimapangitsa kuzindikira anthu otere pamoyo kapena ngakhale asanabadwe komanso. ngati kuli kotheka, khalani ndi chithandizo chamankhwala pochotsa zomwe zimayambitsa. Tangolingalirani kuti izi zikutanthauza chiyani m'maiko omwe malamulo a Sharia ...

Koma amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mwamwayi kwa iwo, alibe zizindikilo zachilengedwe zowasiyanitsa ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi njira yodziwikiratu m'maganizo ndi m'makhalidwe, osati choikidwiratu chamoyo. Ngati kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungaperekedwe mwachilengedwe, ndiye kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amabadwa ndi mawonekedwe oyenera amtundu (mwachitsanzo, kulimbitsa epithelium ya rectal, zotupa zopaka mafuta, ndi zina zotero), kuwalola kuchita zomwe amakonda "zachibadwa" popanda zotsatirapo zomvetsa chisoni. Komabe, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumasemphana ndi chibadwa cha munthu ndi mmene thupi limagwirira ntchito ndipo posapita nthawi zimatha kulephera.

Akuwuza yemwe anali amuna kapena akazi anzawo:

“Panali ndewu yopitilira pakati pakapangidwe kazinthupi yanga ndi zomwe ndimafuna kuchita nayo. Ndinkamvetsetsa kuti ndimataya, komabe, nthawi zonse ndimapeza chilimbikitso kwa abwenzi omwe anali ndi mavuto omwewo komanso mumasewera osangalatsa a gulu la anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuvina pamavuto onse komanso matenda. Pafupifupi zaka 20 atachotsedwa machitidwe otere, nthabwala zoyipa kwambiri ndizakuti nthawi zina ndimayenera kuvala ma diap. Mnyamata yemwe amafuna kukhala bambo adakakamira paukhanda. Kugonana ndi amuna sikunasinthe kukhala munthu, koma kungowononga thupi lake.

Ndinagwera m'ngalande, kusanza magazi, ndi kuphwanya mwadzidzidzi m'mimba mwanga kukakamiza m'matumbo mwanga kukhuthula zomwe zili mkatimo. Ndinafikira zovala zanga zamkati - ndimatuluka magazi mkatimo. Moyo wanga unachokera kumapeto onse awiri. Pomwe m'malingaliro mwanga mudali khomo lakukwezedwa, ndidagwetsa njira yopita kuimfa ...

Gawo lina la rectum lathu linachotsedwa chifukwa chovuta kwambiri mkati. Monga womangidwa wandende ya Marquis de Sade, sphincter wanga adasoka ndi chingwe cholimba. Anandipatsa mndandanda wautali wa ma emollients ndi ma laxatives kuti zitheke kuyenda matumbo kudzera mu dzenje lopapatiza kwambiri. Kusamala sikunathandize, ndipo ndinachotsa ma seams. Kuti ndisiye magazi, ndinayika thaulo m'makabudula anga ndikulowera kuchipinda chadzidzidzi ...

Pang'onopang'ono thupi langa linali kuchira, komabe, ndinapitilizabe kudziipitsa. Opaleshoni ina idzatsatira, kenako ina ... Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, ndikupitilizabe kuvutika ndi kusadziletsa pang'ono. Ngakhale zinali zovuta, kumva kupweteka komanso kuchita manyazi nthawi zina, ndimadziona kuti ndine wodala chifukwa ndinatha kuthawa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha osavulala poyerekeza ndi anzanga ambiri. ”

Werengani zambiri za zomwe zimachitika muzogonana. Kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: kuwunikira zotsatira zaumoyo и Zaumoyo komanso zathanzi kwa anthu a LGBT