Nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva zonena zabodza zomwe Freud akuti adavomereza kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo amakhulupirira kuti anthu onse ndi "ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuyambira kubadwa." Tiyeni tiganizire.

M'buku lake lotchedwa Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, pofufuza lingaliro la zomwe zimapangitsa kuti amuna kapena akazi okhaokha azigonana (ndipo pamapeto pake amadzinena kuti ndizosavomerezeka), Freud adatchulapo lingaliro la Fliess loti "amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" (ndiye kuti, amuna kapena akazi okhaokha). Komabe, tikulankhula za thupi lawo, osati zokopa zogonana. Ichi ndiye chiphunzitso anatomicalm'malo mokhala ndi nzeru zamaganizidwe. Amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi machitidwe osiyana siyana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: ma nipples mwa amuna, clitoris mwa akazi, mahomoni azimayi ndi amuna amapangidwa m'thupi la onse, ndi zina zotero. Freud adakhulupirira kuti munthuyu ndi "kuphatikiza magawo awiri ophatikizika, imodzi ndi yaimuna, ndi inayo zachikazi," chifukwa chake aliyense angathe kuwonetsa zazimuna ndi zazimuna kapena zosowa zake. Komabe, akulozera zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zimagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, Freud amanyamula zolemba zachilengedwe ndipo anati:

"Ndizosatheka kuwonetsa kulumikizana kwakanthawi pakati pamalingaliro amalingaliro am'maganizo ndikukhazikitsa anatomical ... Palibe chifukwa kapena chifukwa chomvekera m'malo mwavuto lamaganizidwe ndi anatomical ... Lingaliro loti chilengedwe, pokhala ndi malingaliro odabwitsa, chidapanga 'kugonana kwachitatu' sikuyimira kuzipenda."^[1]

Ponena za kukopeka ndi kugonana, Freud adakhulupirira kuti poyamba sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito. Ana amadziwa bwino zakusiyana osati pakati pa amuna ndi akazi okhaokha, komanso ndi zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kugonana, ndipo amalumikizana kufunikira kofanana (Freud anachitcha "kupotoza polymorphic"). Ngakhale kuti kunyalanyaza kugonana ndi kwachilengedwe kwa ana, mwa akulu zikhoterero izi zimawonetsa kuphwanya kwa malingaliro ogonana, chifukwa cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Monga Freud adalemba:

"Amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sanathe kumaliza kuchuluka kwa nthawi yomwe amagonana."^[2]

Freud adalemba kuti njira iliyonse ya chitukuko imatenga mkati mwake mbewu ya matenda, yomwe imatha kudziwonetsa yokha ndikusokoneza.

"Kusokonezeka kwa njira zogwiririra ntchito zogonana, pakati pa zonyansa zina, kumatha kubweretsa zosokoneza, kuphatikizapo zochitika zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe nthawi zina zimatha kulimbikitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha."^[3]

Monga momwe wachipatala adawonekeradi muzochitika, munthu pazifukwa zingapo amatha kukhazikika pamlingo wapakatikati popanda kukulitsa luso lakelo. Zifukwa za izi zitha kuphatikizana ndi mikangano yosasinthika yamaganizidwe, kuponderezana, kukanidwa ndi anzawo, kusayenda bwino kwa banja, ubale wapamtima kwambiri ndi mayi wopondereza komanso wosasamala kwambiri, komanso bambo wofooka, wopanda chidwi kapena wosabereka. Malinga ndi Freud:

"Kukhalapo kwa bambo wamphamvu kulimbikitse mwana  zolondola kusankha chinthu chakugonana, chomwe ndi munthu wamkazi. ”^[4]

Pali magawo atatu achitukuko omwe amagonana:

1) Narcissistic (Ana adziyang'ana okha).

2) Kugonana Kwofanana (ana amakonda jenda yawo - anyamata amasewera ndi anyamata, atsikana ndi atsikana).

3) wachiwerewere (gawo lomaliza la chitukuko cha munthu yemwe wakwanitsa kuchita magawo am'mbuyomu).

Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi gawo la magawo oyambilira a chitukuko, kwinakwake pakati paubongo wamatsenga ndi kugonana kwaubwenzi, kuli pafupi kwambiri ndi narcissism, popeza chinthu chomwe chimakopa chimasankhidwa kuti chifanane nawo. Malinga ndi Freud:

"Tidapeza kuti anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la kugonana, monga opanduka komanso amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, amasankha zinthu zomwe amakonda chifukwa chokopa. Amadzitengera chitsanzo. ”^[5]

Ndiye kuti, ndikakhala kuti zinthu sizikuyenda bwino, gawo la autoerotic limasungidwa pang'ono, ndipo chidwi chazinthu zakunja (chinthu cathexis) chimachitika pamlingo wophatikizika. Zotsatira zake, bambo amafunafuna chinthu chachikondi chomwe chimadziimira, chomwe, ngati iye, amakakamizidwa kukhala ndi ziwalo zoberekera zamphongo. Chifukwa chake, munthuyu amalumikizana naye payekha komanso ndi ziwalo zake mwa munthu wina, kudzifanizira.

Choyambitsa chofala kwambiri cha kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, malinga ndi Freud, ndikutalikirana kwakutali komanso kwakukulu pa mayi pa lingaliro la Oedipus. Nthawi ya kutha ikadzakwana nthawi yoti alowe m'malo mwa mayi ndi chinthu china, mnyamatayo, m'malo momuchotsa kwa mayi, amadzidziwitsa yekha. Mwamaganizidwe, iye amadzisinthira ndikuyamba kuyang'ana zinthu zomwe zitha kusintha mawonekedwe ake ndikupereka chikondi ndi chisamaliro chomwe adakumana nacho kuchokera kwa amayi ake.^[6]

Pozindikiritsa ndi amayi, angayesere kutenga nawo gawo pomvera. Ngati kuzindikirika ndi abambo ndikulimba, awonetsa amuna ena kutenga nawo gawo, kuwasintha kukhala akazi ndipo nthawi yomweyo akuwonetsa kuti ali abambo. Kugonana kwa amuna okhaokha, motero, kumakhala njira imodzi yothanirana ndikulimbana ndi abambo ndikukwaniritsa chikhumbo chogonana nthawi yomweyo.

Freud amati kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha Zosokoneza^[7] (zopotozedwa), adagwiritsanso ntchito mawu oti - Kubwezera^[8] (chosinthira), amati “Kuchotsa”^[8] (kupatuka panjira), yotchedwa “Kupatuka”^[9] и “Kulakwitsa kusankha chinthu chogonana”. Adanenanso kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumalumikizidwa ndi paranoia.^[10] ndi ndewu^[11].

Kodi magwero achokera kuti a Freud "amavomereza" kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha?

Tikulankhula za mawu osakwanira otsatirawa:

"Kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikungakhale kopindulitsa, koma osati chifukwa chochititsira manyazi, kapena choyipa kapena chinyengo. Sangatchulidwe ngati matenda. Tikhulupirira kuti izi ndizosiyana ndi zogonana ... "

Pothetsa izi mwachidule, olimbikitsa a LGBT amabweretsa chitetezo chawo, atero, Freud mwiniyo adati izi ndizosiyana, osati matenda. Mawu osakwanirawa adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale ndi APA pamilandu ya Lawrence v. Texas, yomwe idayambitsa kuchotsedwa kwa malamulo a sodomy m'magawo a 14. Komabe, mawu onse akumveka motere:

"Tikukhulupirira kuti uku ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kugonana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zina kusiya kugonana ”. 

Ndiye kuti, KUDZAZA kumeneku ndikupatuka kupweteka kuchoka pachikhalidwe chokhazikika kapena njira zachitukuko.

Izi sizikugwirizana ndi ntchito ya Freud. Anatengedwa kuchokera ku kalata yoyankha ya 1935 ya chakacho kupita kwa mayi m'modzi yemwe adamupempha kuti apulumutse mwana wake wamwamuna pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Panthawiyo, odwala matenda amisala sanadziwebe njira yothandizirira amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa chake, chifukwa chosowa bwino, Freud adachita zomwe woimira ake adayenera kuchita - adathetsa kuvutika kwa amayi achisoni, kumutsimikizira kuti palibe cholakwika ndi mwana wake. Komabe, zomwe amalingalira kwambiri za kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimawonekera kuchokera pazomwe analemba.

Zaka XXUMX pambuyo pake, wolowa m'malo wa Freud, Edmund Bergler, adalemba izi:

"Ngakhale zaka za 10 zapitazo, zabwino kwambiri zomwe sayansi ikadapereka zinali kuyanjanitsa kwa ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi" zomwe zidachitika ", mwa kuyankhula kwina, kuchotsedwa kochimwa kozindikira. Zochitika zaposachedwa kwambiri zamisala komanso kufufuza kwatsimikizira kuti chiyembekezo chosasinthika cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (nthawi zina chimafotokozedwa kuti sichingachitike mwanjira yachilengedwe komanso mahomoni) kwenikweni ndi gawo losinthika la mitsempha. Chithandizo chamankhwala cham'mbuyo masiku ano chikutha pang'onopang'ono: masiku ano psychoanalytic psychotherapy ingathe kuchiritsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. ”^[12]

Mutha kuwerenga za mazana a zitsanzo zachiritsi. apa.

Tiyeni tiwunikenso zomwe zimatchedwa "psychoanalytic hypothesis of homophobia", malinga ndi zomwe "kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuponderezedwa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kumasandulika poyang'anira chitetezo cha "mapangidwe othawiranso" kukhala osakonda amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kulemba kwa lingaliro ili sikuli kwa Freud, monga amakhulupirira molakwika, koma kwa katswiri wazamisala waku Britain, wofufuza milandu komanso wachiwerewere Donald West, yemwe adalongosola izi koyamba mu 1977. Malingaliridwe awa siopanda kanthu koma malingaliro abwinobwino opangidwa kuti asokoneze otsutsa gulu lachiwerewere.

Ndipo ngakhale muzochitika zina, kudana kwachinyengo kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zofananira, tikulankhula za malingaliro ochenjera, pomwe "kupanga kotheka" kumachitika mosazindikira.

Wolemba mawu akuti "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha", Sigmund Freud, adamvetsetsa kuti ndi zokhazokha zokhazokha za kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa mwa aliyense payekhapayekha.

“Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri mwa aliyense ndi kulimbana pakati pa anthu awiri omwe amagonana. Kugonana kwamunthu yemwe wakula kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti asadzionetse ngati wagonana kwambiri. ”^[13]

Pansipa pali chitsanzo cha zotsatsa zenizeni zapagulu kuchokera ku 80s kuchokera ku atolankhani aku America pamutu wa "kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha":

Mu 1996, kuyesayesa kunachitika ku University of Georgia kuti apereke maziko a malingaliro a ku West, omwe sanapeze zotsatira zomaliza ndipo adatsutsidwa ndi kafukufuku wotsatira.

 

Kuchokera	Zitsanzo, chiwerengero cha amuna♂ ndi akazi♀	Chiwerengero cha Heteroanthu ogonana,%	Njira yowunikira chidwi chobisika cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha	Njira yowunikira kuchuluka kwa malingaliro otsutsa pazomwe zimachitika amuna kapena akazi anzawo	Kodi zotsatira zitha kuchitira umboni mokomera psychoanalysis? malingaliro
Adams xnumx	64♂	100	Plethysmography	Hudson xnumx	Inde, mwachikhalidwe
Mahaffey 2005a	87♂   91♀	100	Blinking Acoustic Kuyamba Kukonzanso	Gentry xnumx	No
Mahaffey 2005b	49♂	100			No
Mahaffey 2011	104♂	100			Chotsimikizirazotsatira zabwino
Steffens xnumx	32♂48♀	80	TSA	Herek 1994	No
Meier 2006	44♂	100	Kuthamanga kwa ntchitoyo ndi nthawi yayitali yowonera zithunzi	Hudson xnumx	No
Weinstein xnumx	27♂62♀	94	TCA pogwiritsa ntchito primers zobisika	Wright xnumx	Inde, mwachikhalidwe
	68♂114♀	90			No
	35♂154♀	94			Zotsutsana
	44♂140♀	sizinatchulidwe		LaMar 1998	Zotsutsana
MacInnis ndi Hodson 2013	85♂152♀	90	TSA	Herek 1988	No
Lazarevic 2015	122♂155♀	100	TSA	Jankovic 2000, Živanoviс 2014	No
Cheval 2016a	38♂	100	Kuthamanga kwa ntchitoyo ndi nthawi yayitali yowonera zithunzi	Morrison xnumx	Zotsutsana
Cheval 2016b	36♂	100	Zotsatira za ophunzira	Morrison xnumx	No
Roberts 2016	37♂	100	Plethysmography	Herek 1988, Morrison xnumx	No

 

Zotsatira:

1-11,13. Freud - Ntchito Zokwanira lolemba Ivan Smith: 2000, 2007, 2010.

12 . Bergler, E. Khalidwe logonana amuna okhaokha: matenda kapena njira ya moyo? New York, NY, US: Phiri & Wang.