Zinthu zambiri pansipa zimasindikizidwa mu lipoti la kafukufuku. "Zosangalatsa za mayanjano ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha molingana ndi mfundo za sayansi". do:10.12731/978-5-907208-04-9, ISBN 978-5-907208-04-9

Zotsatira Zofunikira

(1) Pali maziko olimba a umboni wamankhwala ndi zamankhwala kuti kukopa osagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungathetsedwe.
(2) Chofunikira pakuthandizira kwa kubwezeretsanso kwa chithandizo chamankhwala ndichoti wodwala azitenga nawo mbali komanso akufuna kusintha.
(3) Nthawi zambiri, chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chomwe chimatha kutha msambo, chimatha popanda chododometsa pamsinkhu wokhwima kwambiri.

Mau oyamba

Kusamalidwa kwapadera kwa anthu omwe akufuna kuti athetse kukopa kosagwirizana ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo (NGV) amatchedwa chithandizo chobwezeretsa, SOCE.¹ kapena obwezeretsa mankhwala. Komanso, chithandizo choterechi chimatchedwa kuti kusinthika, kutembenuka, kusinthika kwa hetero-affirmative kapena kudziwikanso.

Popeza zowonadi zakuchipatala zakuchotsa bwino kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kusintha moyo wamunthu wamba Amakhala ngati wopanda ntchito komanso wowopsa, komanso kwa ochita zachipembedzo komanso okonda zipembedzo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za kayendedwe ka "LGBT +" ndichokhulupirira kuti thandizo la akatswiri akuti silingathetse GBV. Izi sizowona.

Kuthetsa kwa NVG pogwira ntchito ndi akatswiri

Mu chaka cha 1973, kupatula egosyntonic (i.e. zovomerezeka kwa wodwalayo) kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera mndandanda wazovuta zamaganizidwe, American Psychiatric Association lofalitsidwa chikalatachomalinga ndi izi: 

"... Njira zamakono zamankhwala zimaloleza anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akufuna kusintha malingaliro awo kuti achite izi ..." (Spitzer, 1973).

Mawuwa adavomerezedwa ndi Assembly of Association, Komiti Yachidziwitso ndi Bungwe La Matrasti - khonsolo yopangidwa ndi anthu achimasomaso okhala ndi ufulu wovotera kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. APA idatsogozedwa ndi Leona Tyler mfundomalinga ndi zomwe zonena za akatswiri azamisala zimangoyenera kuchokera pazidziwitso zasayansi komanso chidziwitso chenicheni cha akatswiri. Monga Purezidenti wakale wa American Psychological Association, Nicholas Cummings, akuchitira umboni, pafupi ndi zaka za 90, bungwe lidasiya kutsatira mfundo izi kuti lisangalatse ndale.

Kanema mu Chingerezi

Komabe, mu 2009, American Psychological Association imafalitsa zoyeserera zamankhwala amisala amakono zanenedwa Otsatirawa:

"Umboni waposachedwa uku ukutanthauza kuti kusinthana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kungasinthidwe mchithandizo kwa makasitomala olimbikitsidwa, ndikuti kuyesayesa kokonzanso chithandizo sikubweretsa vuto." 
(Psychopathology Yofunikira ndi Chithandizo Chake (2009), 3d ed. p. 468, 

Komabe, miyezi ingapo pambuyo pake, ndikuwonetsa kukayikira, APA imafalitsa kuti kubwezeretsanso mankhwala sikothandiza (APA 2009) Awa ndi mawu akuti omwe amatsatira za LGBT + amatanthauzira - mayendedwe pakukambirana za kuthekera kwa chidwi chofuna kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Gulu la APA mamembala omwe alinso mamembala a Alliance for Therapeutic Choice organised organised², poyankha mawu a APA mchaka chomwechi adasindikiza ndemanga ya mawu a APA, omwe adalemba zolakwika zotere mu lipoti la APA ngati kusankha magwero (Phelan 2009a, p. 45), kugwiritsa ntchito mosasinthaPhelan 2009a, p. 48), kugwiritsa ntchito miyezo iwiri (Phelan 2009a, p. 49), ndi ena.

Nanga, ndi chiyani chomwe chikuwonetsedwa mu mawu a APA, ngati mumasanthula mosamala? Mapeto ake onse anali kutsutsidwa kwa kukonzanso mankhwala ngati kosagwira ntchito komanso kovulaza. Komabe, ngati mukuyang'ana patsamba lomaliza lomaliza, mutha kuwona zowona zomwe olemba lipotilo adakakamizidwa kuzindikira kuti apewe kupanga zachinyengo, koma saziphatikiza ndi izi m'mawu awo ndi mawu atolankhani:

"... Tidapeza kuti njira zosinthira komanso zamakono zamankhwala othandizirana sizinafufuzidwe bwino. Popeza tili ndi kafukufuku wocheperako pang'ono, sitingadziwe ngati njira zamakono zogwiritsira ntchito mothandizidwazo ndizothandiza kapena ayi ... "(APA 2009, p. 43).

Kodi akatswiri a APA amalankhula chiyani? Zoti sanapeze umboni wowonekeratu kuti kubwezeretsanso mankhwalawa sikothandiza. Sangokhala ndi chidziwitso cholondola kuti athe kuzindikira izi, ngakhale adachita zonse zotheka kuti athe kutsitsa, momwe angathere malinga ndi kusanthula kwasayansi, kufunikira kwa maphunziro omwe sagwirizana ndi kutanthauzira kolakwika kwa kuchiritsa kwina³. Pomaliza, pazowona zomwe zalembedwa muzolemba zomwezo za APA, pali umboni wokhawo kuti chithandizo chothandizanso - mwanjira zina, chomwe chachikulu ndicho chikhumbo cha wodwala kusintha - chikugwira ntchito. Otsutsa a LGBT + - mayendedwe akuyesera kulumikiza kukopa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi zamankhwala ndi genetics, akunena kuti sizingasinthe, koma mawonekedwe awa akutsutsana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku osiyanasiyana wolembedwa pamawu a APA.

Ganizirani mawu omwe alembedwa mu APA:

“… HE Adams ndi Sturgis (1977) adasanthula maphunziro asanu ndi awiri omwe adawawona ngati olamulidwa mwanjira zomwe adazipeza ndipo adapeza kuti 34% mwa anthu 179 adachepa ndi chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha…. Mwa maphunziro omwe adawalemba ngati njira yosalamulirika, apeza kuti 50% ya anthu 124 adachepetsa kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (tsamba 36)

- McConaghy (1976) adapeza kuti pafupifupi theka la amuna omwe amatsata imodzi mwa njira zinayi zamankhwala adanenanso kuchepa kwa chidwi chogonana ndi amuna pambuyo pa miyezi ya 6. Ophunzira ambiri adazindikira kuchepa kwa chidwi chogonana amuna akamalandira chithandizo (p. 3)

- McConaghy ndi Barr (1973) adapeza kuti pafupifupi theka la abambo omwe adalandira chithandizo chamankhwala anena kuti kuchepa kwa ma drive amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (p. 38).

- Tanner (1975) adapeza kuti chifukwa cha mankhwalawa, kuchuluka kwa mawonekedwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumachepa poyankha chidwi chowoneka (p. 38).

- Birk ndi anzawo (1971) adapeza kuti 62% ya amuna omwe amathandizidwa adawonetsa kuchepa kwa magalimoto a amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (p. 38).

- McConaghy ndi anzawo (1981) adanenanso kuti 50% ya omwe adayankha chithandizo akuti adatsitsa chilakolako chogonana pambuyo pa 1 pachaka (p. 38).

- Pakufufuza kwina, HE Adams ndi Sturgis (1977) adanenanso kuti 68% ya omwe anali nawo pa 47 adanenanso kuchepa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (p. 37).

- McConaghy (1976) adapeza kuti patatha chaka chimodzi chithandizo, 25% ya amuna idasiya zonse zogonana, mu 50% ya amuna maulendo awo amachepera, ndipo 25% idasinthiratu (p. 38).

- Pakufufuzira kwina, McConaghy ndi Barr (1973) adanena kuti 25% ya amuna omwe amalandila chithandizo amachepetsa zochitika zawo zogonana amuna ndi akazi pambuyo pa 1 pachaka (p. 38).

- Tanner (1975) adanenanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuyendetsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa chamankhwala (p. 38).

- Bancroft (1969) adazindikira kuti 4 ya 10 imachitidwa ndi amuna amachepetsa zochitika zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha panthawi yotsatira. Freeman ndi Meyer (1975) adanenanso kuti 7 ya abambo a 9 pakuphunzira kwawo adasiya kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha 18 miyezi ingapo atalandira chithandizo (p. 38).

- Malinga ndi zofalitsa zina zomwe zinali ndi milandu yazachipatala komanso kafukufuku wamilandu, panali kuchepa kapena kutha kwa mchitidwe wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa omwe amalandira chithandizo (Grey 1970; Huff 1970; B. James 1962, 1963; Kendrick & McCullough 1972; Larson 1970; LoPiccolo 1971; Segal & Sims 1972 (tsamba 39) ... "(APA 2009).

Chifukwa chake, ngakhale APA sichinenapo pomaliza pake kuti chithandizo sichothandiza. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa 30 - 50% ndikofunikira mokwanira m'njira iliyonse yofufuzira, pokhapokha pokhapokha mutatengere mawonekedwe a njira ngati "yopanda ntchito".

Kuphatikiza apo, NARTH idasindikiza lipoti lake chaka chomwecho, Zomwe Kafukufuku Akuwonetsa: Kuyankha kwa NARTH ku Zonena za American Psychological Association's (APA) Zokhudza Kugonana Kwa Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha.Phelan 2009b) Mu lipotili, kuwunikira kwa zofalitsa kunachitika m'njira yofotokozera zamankhwala azachipatala pochita, kuyesedwa koyesedwa ndikuwona pazaka zana zapitazi.

Zofalitsa za 100 za Chingerezi zomwe zikufotokozera bwino za zotsatira za chithandizo chobwezeretsanso zikuwonetsedwa pansipa.

Kuchokera	Mtundu wa mankhwala	chifukwa
Carl Jung wogwidwa mawu Fordham 1935	psychodynamic mankhwala	adalongosola za chithandizo chabwino cha amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Gordon 1930	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera bwino chithandizo cha wodwala yemwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Stekel 1930	psychodynamic mankhwala	inafotokoza chithandizo chopambana cha odwala anayi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Achinyamata xnumx	njira zama hypnosis	adaona kuyenera kwa machitidwe malinga ndi machitidwe
London 1950	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo chokwanira cha amuna awiri ogonana
Allen 1952	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera za kupambana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha,  amuna ndi akazi
Poe 1952	kusintha mankhwala	adalongosola za chithandizo chabwino cha amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Kaprio xnumx	psychodynamic mankhwala	adalongosola za chithandizo chabwino cha akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: "Ambiri mwa omwe kale anali amuna ogonana ndi amuna anzeru amandiuza kale chithandizo ... kuti sadzayambiranso moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha»(P. 299)
Eliasberg 1954	gulu mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 12, kupambana kunatheka mu milandu ya 5 (42%)
Bergler 1956	psychodynamic mankhwala	inafotokoza bwino chithandizo cha odwala omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, omwe ndi 100% ya milandu yonse yamankhwala
Eidelberg mu Lorand xnumx	psychodynamic mankhwala	chithandizo chathanzi la odwala a 2 ochokera ku 5 (40%)
Ellis 1956	psychodynamic mankhwala	chithandizo chabwino cha odwala a 40 (18 ♂, 12 ♀)
Berg 1958	psychodynamic mankhwala	bwino mankhwala a Xnumx odwala
Hadn xnumx	gulu mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 3, kupambana kudachitika mu 1 kesi (33%)
Hadfield xnumx	psychodynamic mankhwala	bwino mankhwala a Xnumx odwala
Ross 1958	kuphatikiza kwa waluso	adaona kuyenera kwa machitidwe malinga ndi machitidwe
Robertiello 1959	psychodynamic mankhwala	chithandizo chabwino cha wodwala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Ellis 1959	machitidwe othandizira	adalongosola za chithandizo chabwino cha amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Monroe 1960	psychodynamic mankhwala ndi njira yoyanjana momasuka	chithandizo chabwino cha amuna ogonana amuna ndi akazi a xnumx
Finny xnumx	kuphatikiza kwa waluso	adaona kuyenera kwa machitidwe malinga ndi machitidwe
Glover 1960	psychodynamic mankhwala mu 7 milandu timadzi timadzi	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 113, kupambana komwe kudachitika mu 44%
Beukenkamp xnumx	munthu ndi gulu psychodynamic mankhwala	adalongosola za chithandizo chabwino cha amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Stevenson xnumx	maphunziro olimbikitsa	inafotokoza bwino chithandizo cha amuna ogonana a xnumx
Bieber xnumx	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 106, kupambana komwe kudachitika mu 27%
Amapangira 1962	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 45; kusintha (kuthetsa malingaliro a kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) kunatheka mu milandu ya 7 (16%)
Ovesey 1963	psychodynamic mankhwala	inafotokoza bwino chithandizo cha amuna ogonana ndi xnumx
Buki xnumx	kuphatikiza kuchokera kwa akatswiri	adaona kuyenera kwa machitidwe malinga ndi machitidwe
Cappon 1965	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 150, kupambana kudachitika mu 30% ya amuna, 50% ya azimayi, komanso pakati pa odwala omwe ali ndi mitundu iwiri - 90%
Mayerson mkati Marmor xnumx	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 19, kupambana kudachitika mu 47% ya milandu
Mintz xnumx	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha amuna ogonana amuna ndi akazi a 10, kupambana kunadziwika mu 3 (30%)
Sonyezani xnumx	zamankhwala zochiritsira komanso njira zosinthira	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 36, kupambana kudachitika muzochitika za 25 (69%)
Hadn xnumx	gulu mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 32, kupambana komwe kudachitika mu 38%
Kaye xnumx, p. 633	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera zamankhwala a akazi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 15, kupambana kudachitika mu 8 (55%)
Alexander 1967	njira zama hypnosis	adaona kuyenera kwa machitidwe malinga ndi machitidwe
Ochita bwino xnumx	njira zama hypnosis	adaona kuyenera kwa machitidwe malinga ndi machitidwe
MacCulloch 1967	othandizira	kupambana pochita xnumx amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Zojambula xnumx	psychodynamic therapy ndipo dongosolo desensitization	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Serban 1968	machitidwe othandizira	inafotokoza bwino za odwala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a Xnumx
Miller 1968	kuphatikiza kwa waluso	adaona kuyenera kwa machitidwe malinga ndi machitidwe
Ramsay xnumx	njira zoperekera mphamvu	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Freud 1968, p. 251	psychodynamic mankhwala	kupambana pochiza odwala 2 ochokera ku 4 (50%)
Jacobi 1969	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 60, kupambana kudadziwika mu 6 (10%)
Fooms 1969	othandizira	adalongosola bwino pochiza odwala 60% ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
McConaghy 1969	othandizira	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Lamberd 1969	psychodynamic mankhwala	inafotokoza bwino za odwala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a Xnumx
Bergin 1969	njira zoperekera mphamvu	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Ovesey 1969	psychodynamic mankhwala	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna gay a Xnumx
Wallace xnumx	psychodynamic mankhwala	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Larson xnumx	machitidwe othandizira	adalongosola momwe njirayi imagwirira ntchito molingana ndi machitidwe awo, koma sanapereke kuchuluka kwake
Birk xnumx, p. 37	gulu mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 26, kupambana kudachitika muzochitika za 9 (35%)
Huff xnumx	njira zoperekera mphamvu	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Bancroft mkati Kuwotcha xnumx	njira zoperekera mphamvu	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 15, kupambana kudachitika muzochitika za 5 (33%)
Zojambula xnumx	psychodynamic therapy ndipo dongosolo desensitization	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
McConaghy 1970	othandizira	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Mandel xnumx	njira zoperekera mphamvu	anafotokozera phindu la njira yozolowera
Hatterer xnumx	machitidwe othandizira	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 149, kupambana kudachitika muzochitika za 49 (34%)
Cautela 1971	machitidwe othandizira	adafotokoza bwino mu 37% ya milandu
Bieber mkati Kaplan 1971	gulu mankhwala	adafotokoza bwino mu 40% ya milandu
Truax 1971	gulu mankhwala	adaona momwe njirayi imagwirira ntchito poyerekeza ndi gulu lowongolera
Hadn xnumx	gulu mankhwala	adafotokoza bwino mu 30% ya milandu
Birk xnumx	machitidwe othandizira	anafotokozera bwino xnumx%
Pittman xnumx	gulu mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 6, kupambana kudachitika muzochitika za 2 (33%)
Feldman xnumx, p. 156	machitidwe othandizira	anafotokozera chithandizo cha amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 63, kupambana kudachitika mu 29% ya milandu
Van den Aardweg 1971	machitidwe othandizira	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 20, kupambana kudachitika muzochitika za 9 (42%)
Shealy xnumx	machitidwe othandizira	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Kendrick xnumx	njira zoperekera mphamvu	anafotokozera phindu la njira yozolowera
Segal 1972	njira zoperekera mphamvu	anafotokozera phindu la njira yozolowera
McConaghy 1972	othandizira	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Barlow xnumx	machitidwe a mankhwala	anafotokozera bwino xnumx%
McConaghy 1973	Reflex akatswiri	anafotokozera bwino xnumx%
Maletzky 1973	machitidwe othandizira	anafotokozera chithandizo cha amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 10, kupambana kudachitika mu 90% ya milandu
Herman 1974	luso la Reflex	anafotokozera chithandizo cha amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 3, kupambana kudachitika mu 33% ya milandu
Birk xnumx, p. 41	gulu mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 66, kupambana kudachitika mu 52% ya milandu
Bancroft xnumx	machitidwe othandizira	anafotokozera bwino xnumx%
Cantón-Dutari 1974	njira zopewetsa mtima, njira yododometsa	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 54, kupambana kudachitika muzochitika za 48 (89%)
Orwin 1974	othandizira	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Tanner xnumx	othandizira	adalongosola momwe njirayi imagwirira ntchito mu amuna omwe ali ndi amuna gay a 8
Freeman xnumx	machitidwe othandizira	anafotokozera bwino xnumx%
McConaghy 1975	othandizira	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Cantón-Dutari 1976	njira zopewetsa mtima, njira yododometsa	anafotokozera chithandizo chokwanira mu 11 cha milandu ya 22 ya amuna ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (50%)
Kalla mkati Krumboltz 1976	njira zoperekera mphamvu	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Phillips 1976	njira desensitization njira	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Socarides 1978, p. 406	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala a 44, kupambana kudachitika mu 20 (45%)
James 1978	njira desensitization njira	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Bieber xnumx, p. Xnumx	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha odwala opitilira kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 1000; chithandizo chopambana kuyambira 30% mpaka 50%
Birk mkati Marmor xnumx	gulu mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a 14, kupambana kunatheka mu milandu ya 10 (71%)
Pradhan xnumx	machitidwe othandizira	anafotokozera zamankhwala a amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, 13 (8%)
Cafiso 1983	njira zama hypnosis	adalongosola bwino ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha
Van den Aardweg 1986a; 1986b	chithandizo chamankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha wodwala wa 101, kupambana kudadziwika mu 30%, kusintha - mu 60%
Siegel 1988	psychodynamic mankhwala	anafotokozera chithandizo cha akazi ogonana amuna ndi akazi a 12, kupambana kumadziwika mu 50%
Berger 1994, p. 255	psychodynamic mankhwala	inafotokoza bwino za odwala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a Xnumx
Consiglio 1993	chisamaliro chaubusa	walongosola kusinthika kwathunthu ku zochitika zamisili mu 85%
MacIntosh 1994	psychodynamic mankhwala	kusanthula kwamilandu yothandizira 1215 kwa odwala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kupambana kumawonedwa mu 23%, ndipo mu 84% zotsatira zazikulu zamankhwala zimadziwika
Schaeffer xnumx	chisamaliro chaubusa	anafotokozera kuti pagululi la omwe ali nawo pa 140, mu 29% kusinthika kwazinthu zokhudzana ndi kugonana kumadziwika
Nicolosi 2000	psychodynamic chithandizo, kusamalira abusa, kuphunzitsa	adafotokoza kuti pagulu la odwala a 882 (amuna a 689 ndi akazi a 193) mu 34,3% ya milandu kusinthika kwathunthu kumachitidwe ophatikizika kapena amuna okhaokha amadziwika. Asanalandire chithandizo, 67% idawonetsa chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; pambuyo pa chithandizo, 12,8%.
Shidlo 2002	psychodynamic mankhwala	Olembawo poyambirira adakhazikitsa cholinga cha phunziroli kuti adziwe zovuta za kuchira. Mwachitsanzo, zotsatsa kuti apeze mamembala zimayikidwa m'magazini ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pamutu wakuti “Tithandizireni Kulemba Zovulaza! " Olembawo adafotokoza gulu la odwala a 202 (amuna a 182 ndi akazi a 20), omwe 12,9% adawona kuti kusintha kwa zochitika zamkati mwa amuna okhaokha zimachita bwino.
Spitzer 2003	psychodynamic chithandizo, chisamaliro chaubusa	anafufuza gulu la odwala a 200 (amuna a 143 ndi azimayi a 57) omwe adachitanso chithandizo chamankhwala ena ndikuwona zotsatira zake kukhala zopambana. Onse omwe adafunsapo adawona kuti pali amuna omwe amakopeka ndi amuna anzawo, mu 17% ya amuna ndi 54% ya akazi izi zimakopa kwambiri. Asanalandire chithandizo cha 46,% ya amuna ndi 42% azimayi adawonetsa kukopeka ndi amuna okhaokha, atatha chithandizo - 0%.
Karten 2006, chosasindikizidwa pagwero lowunikiridwa ndi anzanu	psychodynamic mankhwala	adafufuza gulu la abambo a 117 omwe akuchita chithandizo chamankhwala obwezeretsanso. Kuchepa kwakukulu kwa zokopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuchokera ku 4,81 mpaka 2,57 pamlingo wa Kinsey kunadziwika
Cummings 2007, chosasindikizidwa pagwero lowunikiridwa ndi anzanu	psychodynamic mankhwala	kuyankhula pamsonkhano PA NTHAWI adanenedwa mu 2005 kuti mu 1959 - 1979 Amuna ogonana ndi 18000 adatembenukira kuchipatala chake ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana, omwe pafupifupi 1 600 adafuna kusintha mawonekedwe awo ogonana. Pochiritsira, odwala ambiri adasinthika mu psyche, chifukwa cha momwe 2400 ya iwo adasinthana.
Jones 2007	chisamaliro chaubusa	anafotokozera kuti pagululi la omwe ali nawo pa 73 ku 15% kuchepa kwakukulu kwa chiwongolero cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kuwonjezereka kwa chiwonetsero cha amuna ndi akazi
Phelan 2017	psychodynamic mankhwala	adalongosola gulu la amuna a 30, omwe patatha chaka chimodzi atamaliza kulandira chithandizo, zidadziwika kuti: kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - 23% (0% isanachitike chithandizo), makamaka kwa anyamata kapena atsikana - 17% (0% isanachitike chithandizo), momwe ndiye digiri kwa anyamata kapena atsikana ndi 10% (0% musanalandire chithandizo).

Pofotokoza mwachidule umboni womwe wapezeka mpaka pano, titha kunena kuti pafupifupi munthu mmodzi mwa atatu alionse omwe amatenga nawo mbali pakubwezeretsa zamankhwala amalankhula za kutha kwa kukopeka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikupanga zokopa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, chifukwa chachitatu - kusintha kwakukulu kwa kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kusintha kwakukulu pamalingaliro amunthu komanso magwiridwe antchito, ndipo lipoti lachitatu kusowa kwa zotsatira. Chofunikira kwambiri pakubwezeretsanso chithandizo cham'mbuyomu ndicho chidwi cha wodwalayo, kuzindikira zifukwa zomwe amakopeka ndi kugonana kwake komanso zomwe zimapangitsa.

Mabungwe azachipatala akumadzulo omwe amatsutsa chithandizo cha kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha osaganizira kuti ndi "chowopsa", akupusitsa anthu posafotokoza izi: 

(1) onse Ntchito zamavuto azamisala pamavuto onse amwini komanso apakati zimatha kukhala zovulaza; 
(2) Sayansi yodalirika siyinawonetsebe ngati kuti chiwopsezo chovulaza mankhwalawa pamagalimoto osavomerezeka omwe ali amuna kapena akazi anzanu ndiochulukirapo, momwemo, kapena mochepera chiopsezo cha psychotherapy ina iliyonse. (Sutton 2015

Kafukufuku chiwonetserokuti pafupifupi 5 - 10% ya odwala omwe akuchita chithandizo cha psychotherapeutic amatha kukhala ndi "vuto" - kutanthauza kukulira kwawo. Zotsatira zakuthandizira zimaphatikizapo mtundu wotsika wa ubale wapakati, kulekerera pang'ono mpaka kuda nkhawa, kulimbikitsidwa kochepa, ndi zina zambiri.

Kusinthasintha koyendetsa zogonana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wabwino mwa amuna

Momwe asayansi a LGBT amanama zomaliza za kafukufuku wamankhwala obwezeretsa

Kuthetsa mwachisawawa kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha

Kubwerera mchaka cha 1916, Freud mu nkhani yake "Leonardo da Vinci: Kafukufuku wamaganizidwe a Wopanda Zachinyamata" adatinso:

"... Pakuwona mwachindunji nkhani zomwe tili nazo, tidatha kuwonetsa kuti bambo yemwe amawoneka ngati angathe kuyankha pazachikondwerero zachimuna amayankha zoyeserera zachikazi, ngati munthu aliyense, koma nthawi iliyonse amafotokozera kukondweretsa kwa chinthu chamunayo ..." (Freud 1916, III: 14).

Izi zikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku amakono (Mphepo yamkuntho 1980, Tolman & Daimondi 2014)

M'chaka cha 1992, Shechter adalongosola za kusintha kwa zochitika zodzipatula kuchokera pa kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kupita kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kwa bambo yemwe adachita maphunziro a psychoanalytic, koma osati chifukwa cha NVH, koma chifukwa china (Shechter 1992) Mwamunayo anasiya kuyanjana ndi wokondana naye, anasiya kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, adayamba kuganiza zofanizira ndi akazi. Atayamba kugonana ndi mkazi, adalongosola za momwe aliri:

“… Sindingathe kudzichotsa kwa iye ndipo amakonda kwambiri! ... Kodi wina, ngati ine, atha kuyamba kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha? ... "(Shechter 1992, p. 200).

Ofufuza Michael ndi anzawo mchaka cha 1994, potengera zotsatira za kusanthula kwakukulu, adapeza kuti mwa anthu ena, kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kumene, popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandizirana, kumadzakhala amuna okhaokha (Michael 1994).

Pulofesa Lisa Diamond, wofufuza zama psychology, membala wa komiti ya akatswiri ya APA, yemwe samabisa zomwe amakonda, amagwiritsa ntchito mwachidule zotsatira za zaka zambiri akugwira ntchito poyankhulana ndi New Scientist:

"Kugonana kumasintha ... tiyenera kuvomereza kuti chiwerewere chimatha kusintha" (Grossman xnumx)

Munkhani mu The Journal of Sex Research, Diamond adafotokozera kafukufuku wasayansi, malinga ndi momwe 26 - 45% ya amuna ndi 46 - 64% azimayi amafotokoza kusintha kwa magwiridwe azakugonana nthawi yayitali (kuchokera pa 3 mpaka zaka za 10), ambiri a iwo kunena za kusintha, akuti kwasintha kusasiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. (Diamond 2016).

Dziwani kuti mosiyana ndi zomwe olengeza za LGBT, chikhalidwe cha chilakolako chogonana chimatha kusintha mosasiyana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Milandu ya amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chifukwa chochita monyanyira zamanyazi ndi kukopeka ndi kugonana kwabwinobwino (Krafft-Ebing 1909), posachedwa kwa nthawi yayitali ya bwenzi lanu, komanso chifukwa chonyengerera (Meijer 1993) Zowonadi zazamoyo zodziwikiratu mosakayikira zimawonetsa kuti matupi amoyo onse ogonana ndi amuna okhaokha. Komabe, zolengedwa zina zapamwamba kwambiri, zomwe zimaphatikizapo anthu, zimatha kuchita zachiwerewere nthawi zina zomwe zimapitilira dongosolo lachilengedwe, osati ndi amuna okhaokha, komanso ndi zogonana zilizonse. Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe komanso kulimba kwa malingaliro olakwika a munthu ndi yemwe makamaka amatsitsa chidwi chake cha kugonana (Ndalama & Tucker 1975, Mphepo yamkuntho 1980)

Komabe, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi kokhazikika nthawi zina za 25 kuposa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Ofufuzawo a Savin-Williams ndi Ream adayang'anira zaka zambiri za achinyamata kuyambira azaka za 17 ndikuwunika momwe magwiridwe antchito amasinthidwe ogonana. Adapeza kuti mu 75% ya achinyamata omwe akuwonetsa chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pazaka zilizonse zaka 17-21, pambuyo pake amakopeka ndi amuna okhaokha, pomwe 98% ya achinyamata omwe akuwoneka mosiyana ndi amuna amakhalabe m'tsogolo (Savin-Williams 2007).

Whitehead ndi Whitehead's (2007) adamaliza kuwunikira mwatsatanetsatane maphunziro a Savin-Williams ndi Ream (2007), Michael ndi anzawo (1994), ndi ena, ndipo adatsimikiza kuti nthawi zina chidwi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chimakhala chosiyana popanda kugonana (Whitehead 2007)

Pakufufuza kochokera kwa Ott ndi anzawo (2011) chifukwa cha kusanthula kwa gulu la achinyamata a 13 840, zidapezeka kuti 66% ya omwe amadzinenera kuti "alibe chitsimikizo" pazokonda zawo pakugonana pambuyo pake amadzakhala amuna okhaokha (Ott xnumx).

Komanso, kusanthula kwamilandu yosintha kuchoka kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kupita kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, yomwe imapezeka m'mabuku ofalitsa, inachitika ku 2007 ku Sorba (Sorba xnumx, masamba 61 - 73).

Kuthandiza akatswiri ndi nkhani za machiritso opambana a NGV

1956 ndi katswiri wazamisala wodziwika bwino wa nthawi yake Edmund Bergler analemba izi:

"Zaka 10 zapitazo, chabwino kwambiri chomwe sayansi ingapereke chinali kuyanjanitsa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi" tsogolo "lake, mwanjira ina, kuthetsa malingaliro akudzimva olakwa. Zomwe adakumana nazo posachedwapa zamankhwala ndi kafukufuku wasonyeza mosatsutsika kuti zomwe zimawoneka kuti sizingasinthike kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (nthawi zina ngakhale zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe sizipezeka m'thupi ndi mahomoni) ndichithandizo chogawana cha neurosis. Kukayikira kwakale kwakale m'mbuyomu kukuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono: lero psychoanalytic psychotherapy itha kuchiritsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha "... Kodi tingachiritse amuna kapena akazi okhaokha? - Ayi. Zofunikira zina zofunika ndizofunikira, ndipo koposa zonse, kufunitsitsa kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti asinthe ...

Koyamba, vuto lachiwerewere limaphatikizidwa nthawi zonse ndikudziwononga koopsa, komwe kumadziwonetsera kunja kwa gawo logonana, popeza limakhudza umunthu wonse. Mdani weniweni wa ogonana amuna kapena akazi si zolakwika zake, koma umbuli wake woti atha kuthandizidwa, kuphatikiza mawonekedwe ake amisala, zomwe zimamupangitsa kupewa chithandizo. Umbuli umachirikizidwa ndi atsogoleri achigololo ... "(Bergler 1956).

Pulofesa wa Psychiatry Nikolai Vladimirovich Ivanov (1907 - 1976), m'modzi mwa omwe adayambitsa sexopathology, adatchulapo zinthu zitatu zofunika kuchitira bwino kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha: (1) malingaliro a wodwala - kodi amakana kukopeka, kodi amalephera chifukwa cha kukopa kwake? Kodi chimayembekezera zotsatira zakubwera anthu akachokapo? (2) kupezeka kwa wodwalayo yemwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - izi zidapangitsa kuti N. V. Ivanov azindikire. Ngati wodwala ndi mnyamata kapena mtsikana, komanso kukopeka ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi maloto ndipo ndiubwenzi wocheperako - chithandizo chamankhwala chofunikira chofunikira chikufunika, chomwe chidzakhala chotsimikizika, chikubweretsa kukonzanso kwathunthu kokopa pa chikhalidwe cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha; (3) gulu la zinthu zina zamkati ndi zakunja zomwe zimakopa wodwalayo - kuzindikira kwa wodwalayo nthawi yakusintha (mwachitsanzo, chithunzi champhamvu kwambiri chogonana popanda zofunikira zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zisanachitike msambo, mwa mawu ena kukonzekera kugonana); adafotokozera mavuto amunthu wamunthu yemwe amakhala muubwenzi kapena wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kupezeka kwa kukopeka ndi nthawi yomweyo,Ivanov 1966, p. 134).

Pulofesa Ivanov amawona "kukhazikitsa malamulo" kapena kubwezera mwaubwino ngati zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa chithandizo chotsatira (koma pano, malinga ndi a psychiatrist, palibe chifukwa chokana chithandizo); chiyembekezo cha "piritsi" (chozizwitsa); kukayikira wodwala (ndiye kuti, osafuna kusintha).

Pazochitika zonsezi, Ivanov anganene kuti wodwalayo "akana poyera chithandizo, ponena kuti alibe vuto lakunja, tchulani kuti wodwalayo abwerere kwa dokotala pamene moyo wawo wokha ndi wovuta uukitsa funso loti sangathe kupitilizanso zina kukhalabe ndi zosokonekera, pomwe akufuna kumchotsera matenda athu onse ”(Ivanov 1966, p. 134).

Wophunzira wa Ivanov, Dr. Yan Genrikhovich Goland, anagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro a mphunzitsiyo popanga njira yothandizirana yolimbikitsa kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, yomwe agwiritsa ntchito mpaka pano. Mankhwalawa amakhala masitepe atatu:
1) kukhazikitsidwa kwa phukusi logonana komwe kumabweretsa malingaliro osagwirizana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi;
2) mapangidwe okongoletsa malingaliro a mkazi ndikukopa kwa iye.
Maubwenzi apamtima a 3 ndi mkazi, kuphatikiza chikhalidwe
Goland amavomereza kulandira chithandizo okhawo omwe ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amawonetsa kuti akufunitsitsa kuti athetse chibwenzi chawo, ndipo amadziwitsa zamankhwala achifundo oyandikira 100%.

Wofufuza waku America Jeffrey Satinover amavomereza izi, malinga ndi momwe, mu gulu losankhidwa bwino la anthu olimbikitsidwa, kuchuluka kwa chithandizo chamankhwala obwezeretsanso kuli pafupi ndi 100%, pomwe mu njira yotsutsana, zotsatira zabwino zimakhala pafupifupi 50% (Satinover xnumx, p. 51).

Dokotala wazamisala waku America Joseph Nicolosi (1947 - 2017) idapanga njira yabwino yothandizira pakubwezeretsa, potengera lingaliro lakuti kukopa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi chifukwa cha "kusowa kwa chizindikiritso cha amuna" omwe amayamba chifukwa chotsutsana ndi jenda limodzi, kusowa kwa thandizo kuchokera kwa makolo ndi abwenzi pakupanga kudziwika ngati amuna komanso akazi kuyesa kwa anthu (Nicolosi 1991, 1993, 2009) Nicolosi adasindikizanso mapepala angapo asayansi mumabuku owunikiranso⁴.

Katswiri wama psychology waku Spain Elena Lorenzo Rego⁵ Kuthandiza bwino achinyamata ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kufunafuna thandizo. Muzochita zake, pali kale kuchuluka kwamilandu yotsutsana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kusintha kwa ubale ndi anyamata kapena atsikana (Portaluz 2014).

Mmodzi mwa akatswiri odziwika kwambiri olankhula Chirasha pachipatala cha NGV ku Eastern Europe ndi a psychiatrist aku Kiev komanso katswiri wazakugonana Profesa Garnik Surenovich Kocharyan.

Kwa zaka zambiri, mavumbulutsidwe a anthu ambiri omwe asiya moyo wawo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo akhala akukopa amuna okhaokha. Mwachitsanzo, W. Aaron adalemba m'nkhani yake:

"... Kwa zaka 20 ndakhala ndikugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (...) lero, zaka zambiri pambuyo pake (...) Ndimakhala ndi moyo wogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikusangalala nawo ..." (Aaron 1972, p. 14).

Zitsanzo zina zimawonetsedwa mu ntchito. Ma Rekers (1995), Worthen (1984), Konrad (1987), Comiskey (1988), Judkins (1993). Breedlove (1994), Wamphamvu (1994), Davies (1993), Goldberg (2008), Pabon (2015), Baley (xnumx), Glatze (2007). About 100 autobiographical zitsanzo za kukana bwino kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimaperekedwa m'buku la Voices of Hope: Latter-day Saint Perspectives on Same-Gender Attraction - An Anthology of Gospel Teachingings and Personal Essays (2011) (Mansfield xnumx).

Umboni wambiri ndi mavumbulutso zasonkhanitsidwa pamasamba omwe amagwirizanitsa anthu omwe amachotsa chisangalalo cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mwachitsanzo, "Kusinthidwa»,«Zosintha»,«Zilonjezo za Chiyembekezo"Ndipo"Mawu a osalankhula".

Zikhulupiriro zabodza za Aversive Therapy

Mu "LGBT +" - rhetoric yomwe cholinga chake ndi kuletsa kuchira, nthano yomwe kale, mpaka ma 1970, ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ankathandizidwa pokhapokha atapereka magetsi kudzera mu ubongo, amakhala ndi malo otchuka. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva zachifundo ndi malingaliro omwe cholinga chake ndi kuchititsa kuti pakhale chikondi pakati pa anthu osadziwa mbiri yakale, monga momwe anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi amuna kapena akazi anzawo adaponyedwa pafupi ndi mpando wamagetsi.

Ili ndi bodza. Amapangidwa kuti aziwopseza ndikuthamangitsa omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akuyesera kuti apeze mwayi wochotsa NGV. Ripoti lili pamwambapa (Phelan 2009b) zikuwonetsa motsimikiza kuti abambo ndi amayi omwe akufuna kuthetsa NVH adakwaniritsa cholinga chawo popanda "kupititsa magetsi kudzera mu ubongo". Mu ma 1970, ichi chinali chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha sayansi, chomwe atolankhani apakati adalemba za iwo.

Mwachitsanzo, nkhani mu nyuzipepala ya The New York Times ya chaka cha 1971, yotchedwa "Achinyamata ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amathandizidwa kuti akhale amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" imafotokoza njira zingapo zochizira - psychodynamics, chithandizo cha gulu, njira zophatikizidwira, ndi zina zina.

"… Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo zamaganizidwe, asing'anga apeza kuti achinyamata ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe atsimikiza mtima kusintha malingaliro awo ogonana ali ndi mwayi wopambana. Kuphatikiza apo, othandizira akuti adathandizira 25-50% ya odwala omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kuti akwaniritse zakugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu wawo kapena zoyambitsa zawo zoyambirira (...) Njira zochiritsira zimachokera kuchipatala cha psychoanalytic kupita kuchipatala cha psychotherapy, chithandizo chamagulu, chithandizo chamakhalidwe, ndi kuphatikiza kulikonse kwa izi. (…) [Dr. Lawrence] Hatterer amayesetsa kuthandiza odwala ake kumvetsetsa komwe amachokera kuti amachita zogonana pofufuza maubale am'banja komanso zokumana nazo zaubwana. Nthawi yomweyo, amayesetsa kusintha machitidwe ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pogwira ntchito ndi odwala ake kuti azindikire ndikupewa mbali zina za moyo zomwe zimayambitsa magawo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndikuwachotsera zoyipa zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso maubale. Mwachitsanzo, atha kunena kuti wodwalayo apewe kuyendera malo ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndikupita kumalo omwa mowa m'malo mwake, kapena kusintha zolaula ndi zithunzi za amuna ndi zithunzi za akazi.

Dokotalayo adati wodwala wina wazaka 30 adakonza mwamtundu wina wamkazi m'miyezi itatu yamankhwala. Mwamuna wopanda chidziwitso chochepa kwambiri cha abambo ake adayamba kuchiritsa atatsala pang'ono kudzipha, atasiyana ndi munthu yemwe adakhala naye zaka ziwiri. "Pambuyo pa mphindi zisanu ndi zinayi zokha za 45 komanso 27 akumvetsera zojambulidwa, mwamunayo adagonana ndikukhalabe ndi chibwenzi chopambana ndi chibwenzi chake kangapo pa sabata," akutero Dr. Hatterer.

Chofunikira kwambiri pakalandira chithandizo ndikudziwitsa wodwalayo kuti pali mwayi wina wothandiza vuto lake.

Pa Institute of Behavioral Therapy ku Temple University, Dr. Joseph Walp ndi ogwira nawo ntchito amayesetsa kuchitira zachinyengo amuna okhaokha mwa kusintha zomwe amachita pogwiritsa ntchito njira zawo.

"Kuukira kwawo katatu" kumakhudza mantha ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ogonana ndi akazi, kukopa kwawo amuna, komanso mantha omwe amakhala nawo pakati pawo. Mwachitsanzo, kuti athetse mantha azimayi, wodwalayo amapuma ndikumadziwitsa amayi. Pofuna kuthana ndi chidwi chawo chogonana mwa amuna, odwala nawonso amakumana ndi zovuta "zobwezeretsa" monga magetsi amagetsi akuwonetsa zithunzi za amuna amaliseche ... "(Wamagazi xnumx).

Chifukwa chake, apa pali - kutchulidwa zamagetsi! Kodi chinachitika ndi chiyani kwenikweni?

Mankhwala, pali njira yothandizira ngati kupititsa magetsi kudzera muubongo wa wodwala kwa 0.1 mpaka masekondi a 1 - amatchedwa electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Njira iyi idapangidwira mu 1938 pochiza matenda oopsa a schizophrenic (Wilson 2017) ECT imagwiritsidwabe ntchito masiku ano pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana amisala omwe mitundu ina ya chithandizo ilibe. Monga taonera mu ndemanga mu magazini yolemba za anzawo ya Clinical Psychopharmacology ndi Neuroscience:

"Mankhwala a Electroconvulsive ndi njira yomwe imayesedwa nthawi yayitali pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana amisala. Pazaka makumi ambiri, njira ya ECT yalandila zingapo. Ngakhale amatsutsidwa kwambiri, ECT imagwiritsidwabe ntchito pano pamankhwala ogwirira ... "(Singh ndi Kumar Kann 2017).

Pakadali pano, pafupifupi odwala 1 miliyoni pachaka amatembenukira ku electroconvulsive tiba pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana amisala ndi mitsempha, omwe amakhala ndi nkhawa kwambiri, catatonia ndi manic syndrome. Monga BBC Psychology imalemba:

"... Chithandizo chamagetsi chimathandizira odwala 80% ya milandu - koma manyazi omwe amapezeka chifukwa cha njirayi akuwonetsa kuti ECT siyithandiza anthu onse kuti ingathandize ..." (Riley 2018)

Zachidziwikire, pamakhala kukangana kokhudza kutha, chitetezo ndi malingaliro a ECT. Koma sizothandiza pamutuwu - ECT sinagwiritsidwepo ntchito monga mankhwala ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.

Zithunzi zowopsa za anthu omwe akumenya ndikuzimitsa wamagetsi ndikuwonetsa za a Jack Nicholson kuchokera ku kanema "Kuyendetsa ndege ya Cuckoo's Nest" ya 1975 chaka, zomwe zinali zodzaza ndi "LGBT +" - kayendedwe pamutu wazachipatala - sizikugwirizana ndi vutoli.

Kugwedezeka kwa magetsi komwe kukufotokozedwa m'nkhani ija pamwambapa mu New York Times kukugwirizana ndi njira yothandizira anthu panjira. Chithandizo chosiyana si chithandizo cha electroconvulsive. Ndi chithandizo chakubweza, magetsi samadutsa mu ubongo wa wodwalayo.

Chithandizo chowongolera, kutengera mawonekedwe apamwamba a Pavlov, chikuchitika pakupanga zosinthika zosafunikira pamlingo wa Reflex. Njira iyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito modzifunira kuti athetse machitidwe awo mwakufuna kwawo, phobias, nkhanza, mavuto azakugonana komanso ngakhale ma spasms (McGuire ndi Vallance 1964) Izi zimatheka chifukwa cholumikizana ndi chinthu chosasangalatsa (ndudu, malingaliro achiwerewere, zolaula, ndi zina) ndi malingaliro osasangalatsa (kupweteka, nseru, mantha, ndi zina). Mphamvu yamagetsi imapangidwa ndi chipangizo choyenda pa batire la 9-volt, pomwe wodwalayo mwiniyo amakhazikitsa gawo lotulutsa lomwe limalekerera, lomwe limaperekedwa kudzera mu cuff electrode kupita ku biceps kapena gawo lamiyendo yam'munsi (osagwirizana ndi dera lachiberekero).

Imeneyi inali njira yododometsa yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chilolezo cha odwala kuti athetse HBV. Pazaka za 70, zamankhwala zodziwika bwino zidatchuka kwambiri, ndipo mfuti zododometsa zimagulitsidwa ngakhale kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba.

Kupatula kosagwirizana, chithandizo champhamvu chamagetsi chamagetsi sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano pochita NGV chifukwa cha zovuta zingapo zomwe zimakhudzana ndi kusakhazikika kwa zotsatira. Chithandizo chowongolera chimatanthauzanso zochizira, zomwe dzina lake limatanthawuza, zimangokhala ndi machitidwe - i.e. Zizindikiro zakunja zavutoli. Pothetsa mavuto motengera zofunikira zamaganizidwe (monga amuna kapena akazi okhaokha), kugwira ntchito kwake sikungakhale kwa nthawi yayitali, popeza ntchitoyi sicholinga chothetsa zomwe zimayambitsa, koma poletsa mawonetsedwe ake owoneka. Zinthu zowoneka bwino zimakhazikika pazochitika zina ndikusowa posakhalapo. Chifukwa chake, kuti tisasunthike kosasunthika pakukweza kwinakwake, kulimbikitsanso kwakale ndikofunikira. Pokhapokha ngati pali kulimbikitsidwa kwatsatanetsatane, kutha kwa mawonekedwe omwe adalipo kudzawonekeratu. Chifukwa chake, kafukufuku wa 1968 wa chaka adawonetsa kuti chifukwa cha njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magwiridwe azinthu zachiwerewere asinthe, kusintha kumachitika mu 23 ya milandu ya 40 (57%), koma pakuyang'ana patatha chaka chimodzi zidapeza kuti kupambana kwathunthu kumangosungidwa pazochitika za 6 (15%) (Bancroft ndi Marks 1968) Mitengo yosinthira yama transvestites, fetishists, and sadomasochists inali yayikulu, zotsatira zake sizinali zokongola kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, komanso zotsika kwambiri kwa anthu amtundu wa transgender. Poyerekeza, odwala omwe adamaliza maphunziro a pshododynamic chithandizo adangokhala amuna okhaokha komanso zaka makumi awiri pambuyo pake (Bieber ndi Bieber 1979, p. 416).

Chithandizo chowongolera ndi gawo la miyezo ya chithandizo cha Federal ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza mavuto angapo. Akatswiri amavomereza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala othandizirana ndikothekera ndikotheka ndipo nthawi zina nkofunikira, koma kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira zabwino komanso zokhazikika, ndikofunikira kuti zichitike pamodzi ndi njira zina zama psychotherapeutic.

Dziwani kuti oyambitsa gulu la "LGBT +", omwe akufuna kuti aletse njira zilizonse kuchitira chidwi anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo, amatanthauza "zoopsa ndi kuzunza" omwe akuwazunza anthu omwe amati amuchita izi. Mwachitsanzo, pamilandu yokhudza kuletsa kubwezeretsanso mankhwala khothi la US ku 2013, umboni wa Briel Goldani (bambo yemwe adachitapo lingaliro lazachipatala ndi zovomerezeka posintha kukhala mkazi) adamvedwa. Malinga ndi maumboni awa, ali ndi zaka za 13 (chaka cha 1997), makolo ake adamukakamiza kupita naye ku "malo achikonzedwe achikristu" omwe amatchedwa "Mayendedwe Achowonadi" ku Ohio, komwe ana amakakamizidwa kupita kumatchalitchi achizungu ndikudziwonera zachiwerewere. , adalandira zokongoletsa zamkati ndipo ma elekitirodi okhala ndi zida anaziika m'manja mwa maola awiri. Zimamveka zowopsa komanso zowopsa: "Msasa wamagaulo achikristu."

Komabe, chifukwa chofufuzidwa bwino, palibe umboni wotsimikizira kuti a Goldani wapezeka, palibe ana ena omwe akuti amalandila chithandizo pamsasapo omwe adawonekera, cheke cha woimira milandu sichinatsimikizire kuti kampu yotereyi ilipo. Malo okhawo omwe panali "msasa wokonzanso amuna okhaokha" wotchedwa "Direct Directions" panali ... kanema waku Hollywood waku 1999, motsogozedwa ndi wamkulu wa akazi okhaokha, wokhala ndi RuPaul wodziwika bwino (Doyle 2013; Sprigg 2014) Mwachiwonekere, palibe milandu yomwe idapezedwa chifukwa cha kuzunza kwa Goldany.

Chitsanzo china chofanana ndi chofanana ndi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha a Samuel Brinton, omwe adadzudzula makolo ake kuti "amumenya chifukwa cha kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha" ali mwana, komanso adamupititsa ku msasa "wowongolera" womwe, komwe "adalowetsedwa ndi singano zowonda pansi pa misomali yake, kudzera momwe ndinapereka magetsi, ndikuyika ayezi ndi zotenthetsera maliseche kwinaku ndikuwonera zithunzi za amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. ” Kupereka (zolipira) zofunsidwa mafunso, Brinton adakula kwambiri, ndipo tsatanetsatane wa kuzunzidwa mwankhanza adayamba kuwonjezereka. Komabe, cheke mawu ake, ngakhale ochokera kwa ena omwe ndi "LGBT +", sanatchule chilichonse chomwe chingatsimikizire zomwe adanena - m'malo mwake, zowona zambiri zotsutsana komanso zowona zidapezeka.Sprigg 2014).

Bodza losagwirali ndi cholinga choti liwopseze komanso kuthana ndi amuna omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe akuyamba kufunafuna njira zothetsera kukopeka ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zomwe zimawalepheretsa kukhala ndi moyo wokwanira (ndipo alipo ambiri). Bodzali limatha kukhala loopsa: pafupifupi onse omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amati malingaliro awo ofuna kudzipha sanachokere kuzunza chilengedwe, koma chifukwa chodzinyenga okha komanso malingaliro awo kusowa chiyembekezochifukwa anali otsimikiza kuti alibe njira yosinthira.

Zomwe zidalimbikitsa anthu kuti athe kuthana ndi kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso kukhala amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimasokoneza maziko enieni amachitidwe achinyengo, omwe amati kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi katundu wosasinthika, monga mtundu, chifukwa chake olimbana ndi LGBT samanyansidwa ngakhale nthano zachabe kwambiri.

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Mfundo

1 Chingerezi: "kusintha malingaliro ofuna kugonana" - "kuyesa kusintha magonedwe"

2 Yemwe kale anali National Association for Research and Therapy of kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (NARTH)

Mwachitsanzo, 3, gwiritsani ntchito njira zolimbikira kwambiri, musanyalanyaze zochitika za kuchipatala zothandizadi, koma dziwani milandu yofananayo, zotsatira zake.

4 https://www.josephnicolosi.com/published-papers/

Xnumx Elena Lorenzo Rego

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Zowonjezera

Zowonjezera ndi zambiri zitha kupezeka m'mabuku otsatirawa:

1. https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#WitnessesPhelan JE, et al. Zomwe Kafukufuku Akuwonetsa: Kuyankha kwa NARTH ku APA Zokhudza Kugonana Amuna Amayiiye National Association for Research and Therapy ya Kugonana Amuna Kapena Akazi Okhaokha. Zolemba Za Kugonana Kwa Anthu. 2009b; Voliyumu 1.
2. Pofika chaka cha AD, Phelan JE Zowona ndi Zonena Zokhudza Njira Zosinthira Poyambirira Pazithandizo Zosagwirizana Ndi Amuna Osafuna Kugonana. Alliance for Therapeutic Choice ndi Science Confity, 2005.
3. Tsamba la akatswiri a heteroaffirmative Therapists: https://iftcc.org/
4. Tsamba la anthu omwe ali ndi chidwi chofanana ndi amuna kapena akazi, omwe adakwanitsa kusintha: https://changedmovement.com/
5. Umboni wa Zosintha: https://www.voicesofthesilenced.com/#Witnesses

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